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Animals

Animals of Indonesia: 286 species guides

Indonesia’s fauna from forest to sea: mammals, birds, reptiles, marine animals, amphibians and insects, with scientific names, habitats, diet, classification, IUCN status and legal protection.

Other guides & information

Guides

Small steps that matter for animals. Practical guides to care, adoption and responsible participation.

Other guides & information

Wildlife habitats of Indonesia

Every animal belongs to a bigger story. Explore the ecosystems that sustain life across Indonesia.

Care & help

Get involved

Help is not always financial. Your time, knowledge and everyday choices can make a difference.

Animals

Birds of Indonesia: characteristics and examples

Meet 105 bird species recorded in Indonesia, including the red bird-of-paradise, Bali myna and Javan hawk-eagle, with scientific names, families, IUCN status (16 threatened) and sources.

Animals

Marine animals of Indonesia: species list

Meet 29 marine animal species recorded in Indonesia, including the green turtle, dugong and whale shark, with scientific names, families, IUCN status (15 threatened) and sources.

Animals

Insects of Indonesia: characteristics and examples

Meet 15 insect and invertebrate species recorded in Indonesia, including the Slender Skimmer, Great Eggfly and Asian Weaver Ant, with scientific names, families, IUCN status (1 threatened) and sources.

Animals

Threatened animals of Indonesia

92 Indonesian animals listed as Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, including the Sumatran orangutan, Komodo dragon and Sumatran tiger, with what each category means and the sources.

Animals

Animals endemic to Indonesia

Animals endemic to Indonesia — found naturally nowhere else — grouped by island: Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku and Papua.

Animals

Similar Indonesian animals compared

28 comparisons of Indonesian animals that are often confused, such as the Komodo dragon and water monitor, or the Bali myna and black-winged myna, built from sourced data.

Animals

Sumatran tiger vs Javan leopard: the differences

How do the Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica) and Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas) differ? Classification, features, range, diet, size, IUCN status and legal protection, from cited sources.

Animals

Banded krait vs Malayan krait: the differences

How do the Banded krait (Bungarus fasciatus) and Malayan krait (Bungarus candidus) differ? Classification, features, range, diet, size, IUCN status and legal protection, from cited sources.

Animals

Green turtle vs Hawksbill turtle: the differences

How do the Green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) differ? Classification, features, range, diet, size, IUCN status and legal protection, from cited sources.

Animals

Asian House Gecko vs Tokay Gecko: the differences

How do the Asian House Gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus) and Tokay Gecko (Gekko gecko) differ? Classification, features, range, diet, size, IUCN status and legal protection, from cited sources.

Animals

Crab-eating Frog vs Asian Common Toad: the differences

How do the Crab-eating Frog (Fejervarya cancrivora) and Asian Common Toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) differ? Classification, features, range, diet, size, IUCN status and legal protection, from cited sources.

Animals

Lowland anoa vs Mountain anoa: the differences

How do the Lowland anoa (Bubalus depressicornis) and Mountain anoa (Bubalus quarlesi) differ? Classification, features, range, diet, size, IUCN status and legal protection, from cited sources.

Animals

Sumatran elephant vs Bornean elephant: the differences

How do the Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) and Bornean elephant (Elephas maximus borneensis) differ? Classification, features, range, diet, size, IUCN status and legal protection, from cited sources.

Animals

Bali myna vs Black-winged myna: the differences

How do the Bali myna (Leucopsar rothschildi) and Black-winged myna (Acridotheres melanopterus) differ? Classification, features, range, diet, size, IUCN status and legal protection, from cited sources.

Animals

Javan gibbon vs Siamang: the differences

How do the Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) and Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) differ? Classification, features, range, diet, size, IUCN status and legal protection, from cited sources.

Animals

Black rat vs Brown rat: the differences

How do the Black rat (Rattus rattus) and Brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) differ? Classification, features, range, diet, size, IUCN status and legal protection, from cited sources.

Animals

Bawean deer vs Timor deer: the differences

How do the Bawean deer (Axis kuhlii) and Timor deer (Rusa timorensis) differ? Classification, features, range, diet, size, IUCN status and legal protection, from cited sources.

Animals

Bay cat vs Marbled cat: the differences

How do the Bay cat (Catopuma badia) and Marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata) differ? Classification, features, range, diet, size, IUCN status and legal protection, from cited sources.

Other guides & information

Animal appeals explained: types and how to check them

Symbolic adoption, sponsorship, food funds, sterilisation and emergency rescue: what each type of appeal pays for, how to check fundraising permits and legal status in Indonesia, red flags and where to report.

Learning & worksheets

Nocturnal and diurnal animals quiz

A 10-question quiz: is this Indonesian animal active at night, by day or at dusk? With answers, sources and explanations.

Learning & worksheets

Worksheet: animal diets and reproduction

A printable worksheet on herbivores, carnivores and omnivores, and on oviparous, viviparous and ovoviviparous animals, using Indonesian examples, with an answer key.

Learning & worksheets

Animal myths and facts: true or false?

Are tokay geckos venomous, bats blind, or will birds reject a chick a person has touched? Short answers to popular animal myths in Indonesia, with scientific sources.

Learning & worksheets

Food chains and food webs (Grade 5)

Learn arrow direction, rice-field chains, producers, consumers and decomposers through tables, simple diagrams, a quiz and worksheet.

Animals

Protected animals of Indonesia

108 animals in this guide are named as protected species in Regulation P.106/2018 or a Marine Affairs and Fisheries decree, including the Sumatran orangutan, Komodo dragon and Sumatran tiger, with annex entries, IUCN status and what protection means.

Animals

Domestic cat

Understand cats at home and in your neighbourhood: safe spaces, suitable food, natural behaviour, and a lifelong responsibility for their care.

Animals

Domestic dog

Dogs need social connection, space to rest, suitable exercise, and planned care. Understand the individual animal before making an adoption commitment.

Animals

Sumatran orangutan

A great ape of northern Sumatra’s forest canopy. Its future depends on connected forests, regenerating trees, and safe coexistence with people.

Animals

Komodo dragon

The largest living lizard, native to a small group of islands in East Nusa Tenggara. Explore its links with prey, dry habitats, and island-specific conservation.

Animals

Sumatran tiger

The last surviving Sunda Island tiger population lives in Sumatra. Protecting forest, prey, and movement routes supports a whole living landscape.

Animals

Sumatran elephant

A large herbivore that disperses seeds and shapes forests. Its conservation needs connected movement space and solutions developed with communities living nearby.

Animals

Javan rhinoceros

A one-horned rhinoceros with a single surviving wild population in Ujung Kulon. Strong protection and careful habitat management underpin its future.

Animals

Proboscis monkey

A Borneo-endemic primate closely linked to river forests, mangroves, and swamps. The male’s large nose is only one of its distinctive adaptations.

Animals

Javan slow loris

A nocturnal, tree-dwelling primate of Java threatened by wildlife trade. Understanding its behaviour helps turn curiosity into respectful observation.

Animals

Red bird-of-paradise

A forest bird of Raja Ampat whose males carry red plumes and two long tail ribbons. Its striking displays connect birdwatching with forest conservation.

Animals

Green turtle

A marine reptile connecting seagrass meadows, coastal waters, and nesting beaches. Global recovery does not remove the threats turtles face at individual sites.

Animals

Bali myna

A distinctive white bird of Bali with blue skin around the eyes. Its story connects the bird trade, habitat, conservation breeding, and community stewardship.

Animals

Bornean orangutan

A great ape of Borneo’s forests, including Kalimantan’s peat swamps. Population diversity and connections between habitats are central to its conservation.

Animals

Tapanuli orangutan

An orangutan species described in 2017 from Batang Toru. Its exceptionally restricted range makes protection of remaining forest especially important.

Animals

Sumatran rhinoceros

The smallest living rhino and the only two-horned Asian rhino. Isolated populations make finding mates and protecting habitat particular challenges.

Animals

Lowland anoa

A small buffalo relative from Sulawesi and Buton. Forest life, water sources, and hunting pressures are central to the anoa’s conservation story.

Animals

Sulawesi babirusa

A Sulawesi wild pig whose males have upper tusks curving through the snout’s skin. This profile distinguishes it from babirusas on other islands.

Animals

Javan gibbon

A silvery small ape dependent on Java’s forest canopy. Calls, family relationships, and routes through the trees shape its life.

Animals

Siamang

The largest gibbon, with a throat sac that amplifies its calls. Group life connects communication, infant care, and connected forest.

Animals

Malayan tapir

The black-and-white tapir is Asia’s only tapir. Forest, water, and safe movement space support its life in Sumatra.

Animals

Banteng

An Asian wild cattle species related to Bali cattle. Its global status changed to Critically Endangered in 2024, underlining the need to protect wild populations.

Animals

Timor deer

A plant-eating deer using grasslands and wooded areas. Population origins matter because people have introduced this species to many locations.

Animals

Javan leopard

A big cat endemic to Java with spotted and black forms. Connected forests and careful management of human encounters matter for its survival.

Animals

Sunda clouded leopard

A cloud-patterned forest cat from Sumatra and Borneo. Long-term research helps reveal the life of this rarely seen animal.

Animals

Sun bear

The world’s smallest bear climbs trees and uses varied forest foods. Its Indonesian name, honey bear, does not describe its entire diet.

Animals

Sunda pangolin

A scaled, ant- and termite-eating mammal threatened by illegal trade. Climbing and secretive behaviour make direct observation difficult.

Animals

Dugong

A seagrass-eating marine mammal dependent on healthy coastal waters. Dugong life connects seagrass meadows, sheltered bays, and human activity in shallow seas.

Animals

Mahakam Irrawaddy dolphin

A profile of the Mahakam River dolphin population, rather than all Irrawaddy dolphins worldwide. Its future is connected to fish, wetlands, river traffic, and local livelihoods.

Animals

Whale shark

The largest living fish, with distinctive spots and filter-feeding behaviour. Its protection involves ocean movements, boats, fisheries, and tourism.

Animals

Reef manta ray

A large ray that filters zooplankton and uses coastal and reef areas. Learn its identity, feeding behaviour, and why observation needs to leave it space.

Animals

Hawksbill turtle

A pointed-beaked turtle closely associated with coral reefs. Shell trade, accidental capture, and habitat loss connect human choices with its future.

Animals

Olive ridley turtle

A relatively small turtle that travels through open seas and returns to beaches to nest. Not every population performs its famous mass-nesting behaviour.

Animals

Saltwater crocodile

A large reptile capable of using both salt and fresh water. Understanding its habitat and respecting its space matters for community safety and conservation.

Animals

Javan hawk-eagle

A crested eagle endemic to Indonesia that depends on the forests of Java and, as recent records show, Bali. Nest trees, parental care, and movement space make its protection a long-term commitment.

Animals

Maleo

A Sulawesi bird that uses environmental heat to incubate its eggs. Its survival connects forest living areas with highly specialised nesting grounds.

Animals

Yellow-crested cockatoo

A white, yellow-crested cockatoo whose island populations need careful distinction. Feeding, nesting, and roosting trees complement efforts to prevent harmful trade.

Animals

Southern cassowary

A large flightless bird that disperses seeds through its feeding. This profile concerns Casuarius casuarius, one of the cassowary species in the New Guinea region.

Animals

Green peafowl

A large bird with a shimmering green neck that uses wooded landscapes and openings. Green peafowl are distinct from the blue peafowl often seen in captivity.

Animals

Helmeted hornbill

A forest hornbill with long central tail feathers and a solid casque. Hunting for casque trade makes habitat protection and reduced demand particularly important.

Animals

Sulawesi bear cuscus

A tree-dwelling marsupial of Sulawesi. Leaves, connected canopy, and low human disturbance matter to this often slow-moving forest animal.

Animals

Crested black macaque

The crested black macaque is a distinctive North Sulawesi primate. Tangkoko field studies connect fruit availability, ranging and the future of its forest habitat.

Animals

Pygmy tarsier

A small Sulawesi mountain primate studied in Central Sulawesi’s forest. Live animals found again in 2008 enabled new research, while much of its ecology and population remains poorly known.

Animals

Bornean elephant

A northern Borneo population of Asian elephant shared by North Kalimantan and Sabah. Its future depends on a connected cross-border landscape and reducing conflict with people.

Animals

Long-tailed macaque

A social primate using forests, riversides, mangroves and settlement edges. Food and human encounters vary by place; frequent sightings do not describe the condition of the whole population.

Animals

Asian water monitor

A large semi-aquatic lizard living near rivers, swamps, mangroves and some human-used areas. As both predator and scavenger, it connects aquatic and terrestrial food webs.

Animals

Eurasian tree sparrow

A small bird with a chestnut crown and a black spot on each white cheek. Its proximity to people makes it easy to notice, but sighting records do not measure its population.

Animals

Yellow-vented bulbul

A songbird with a conspicuous yellow vent that often uses gardens, parks and forest edges. Local studies document fruit and insect feeding.

Animals

Spotted dove

A small, long-tailed dove with white spots on a black neck patch. It uses open land, gardens and forest edges while searching for seeds.

Animals

Pacific swallow

A small swallow that catches insects in flight and builds a mud nest. Its scientific name matters because Pacific swallow taxonomy has changed.

Animals

Collared kingfisher

A blue-green kingfisher with a white collar, often seen in mangroves and on coasts. Numerous subspecies make older names worth checking carefully.

Animals

Cave Swiftlet

Cave Swiftlet (Collocalia linchi). This swiftlet occurs on Java, Bali and Lombok (with nearby islands such as Madura, Bawean, Kangean and Nusa Penida) and in parts of Sumatra; species accounts describe woodland foraging and cave nesting.

Animals

Scaly-breasted Munia

Scaly-breasted Munia (Lonchura punctulata). Adults show scale-like marks across the breast and belly, a brown back and a stout dark bill; young birds are plainer.

Animals

Zebra Dove

Zebra Dove (Geopelia striata). This small dove has a relatively long tail, fine black-and-white barring over grey-brown plumage and a soft repeated coo.

Animals

Javan Pond-Heron

Javan Pond-Heron (Ardeola speciosa). The Javan pond-heron forages in shallow freshwater and coastal wetlands, taking small fish, insects and crabs.

Animals

Glossy Swiftlet

Glossy Swiftlet (Collocalia esculenta). The glossy swiftlet is an apodid that searches for food in flight; in its current narrower sense it ranges from Sulawesi and the Moluccas east to Papua and the islands beyond.

Animals

White-breasted Woodswallow

White-breasted Woodswallow (Artamus leucorhynchos). The accepted scientific name is Artamus leucorynchus (used by BirdLife Australia and eBird); GBIF uses the variant spelling leucorhynchos. Its white chest contrasts with a dark-grey head.

Animals

Javan Munia

Javan Munia (Lonchura leucogastroides). The Javan munia occurs in southern Sumatra, Java, Bali and Lombok, while some populations elsewhere reflect human introduction.

Animals

Little Egret

Little Egret (Egretta garzetta). The little egret is smaller than the great egret; wetland identification benefits from checking size, bill and leg characters together.

Animals

Brahminy Kite

Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus). The brahminy kite is an accipitrid raptor often associated with coastal landscapes; its pale head and breast contrast with a reddish-brown body.

Animals

Common Sandpiper

Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos). This small sandpiper uses water edges and moves between regions; an Indonesian sighting does not by itself indicate local breeding.

Animals

Olive-backed Tailorbird

Olive-backed Tailorbird (Orthotomus sepium). The olive-backed tailorbird is now placed in Cisticolidae rather than the older broad Old World warbler grouping; names should follow current taxonomy.

Animals

Brown-throated Sunbird

Brown-throated Sunbird (Anthreptes malacensis). The brown-throated sunbird uses semi-open Southeast Asian habitats; flower visits and bill shape can be observed without assuming every visit pollinates a plant.

Animals

Sahul Brush Cuckoo

Sahul Brush Cuckoo (Cacomantis variolosus). The Sahul brush cuckoo belongs to Cuculidae; voice, plumage and locality matter because common names and species limits in this group change.

Animals

Common Iora

Common Iora (Aegithina tiphia). The common iora uses scrub and forest edges; plumage varies among populations, so a photograph from one region may differ from another.

Animals

Red-cheeked Parrot

Red-cheeked Parrot (Geoffroyus geoffroyi). The red-cheeked parrot is a stout parrot of eastern Indonesia and New Guinea; subspecies labels should not be treated as evidence for every population's range.

Animals

White-breasted Waterhen

White-breasted Waterhen (Amaurornis phoenicurus). This waterhen has a dark body and conspicuously white face and breast; records should include the waterside vegetation where it was seen.

Animals

Black Sunbird

Black Sunbird (Leptocoma sericea). The black sunbird is a nectariniid; current bird lists (BirdLife/IUCN, eBird and IOC) name it Leptocoma aspasia, while GBIF still files it under the synonym Leptocoma sericea.

Animals

Blyth's Hornbill

Blyth's Hornbill (Rhyticeros plicatus). Blyth's hornbill is a large canopy hornbill of Wallacea and Melanesia; ground observations may reveal only its silhouette or calls.

Animals

White-nest Swiftlet

White-nest Swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus). The edible-nest swiftlet makes a nest largely of hardened saliva; nest harvesting is a human activity separate from the bird's own life cycle.

Animals

Helmeted Friarbird

Helmeted Friarbird (Philemon buceroides). The helmeted friarbird belongs to the honeyeater family Meliphagidae; its helmet-like head does not make it a hornbill.

Animals

Pink-necked Green-Pigeon

Pink-necked Green-Pigeon (Treron vernans). The pink-necked green-pigeon is a green pigeon often noticed in fruiting trees; its English name refers to the pink neck, not a parrot.

Animals

Willie Wagtail

Willie Wagtail (Rhipidura leucophrys). The willie wagtail actively flicks its tail while foraging; locality matters across its Australian, New Guinean and eastern Indonesian range.

Animals

Malaysian Pied-Fantail

Malaysian Pied-Fantail (Rhipidura javanica). The Malaysian pied-fantail is a rhipidurid; a fanned tail and black-and-white pattern aid identification around forest edges and gardens.

Animals

Blue-tailed Bee-eater

Blue-tailed Bee-eater (Merops philippinus). The blue-tailed bee-eater catches flying insects, and some populations move seasonally; a dated record is more informative than an undated sighting.

Animals

Black-naped Oriole

Black-naped Oriole (Oriolus chinensis). The black-naped oriole occupies wooded Asian landscapes; its dark nape pattern and voice help separate it from other yellow birds.

Animals

Purple Heron

Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea). The purple heron is a long-necked heron associated with marsh vegetation; brownish colour alone is insufficient without checking shape.

Animals

Uniform Swiftlet

Uniform Swiftlet (Aerodramus vanikorensis). The uniform swiftlet has grey-brown plumage, darker upperparts and a shallow forked tail; lookalike swiftlets make clear photos and locality valuable.

Animals

Golden-bellied Gerygone

Golden-bellied Gerygone (Gerygone sulphurea). The golden-bellied gerygone is a small acanthizid occurring in Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries; the English name describes its belly.

Animals

Striated Heron

Striated Heron (Butorides striata). The striated heron is a small heron often using mangrove edges and shallow water; its current name distinguishes it from the American green heron.

Animals

Moluccan Eclectus

Moluccan Eclectus (Eclectus roratus). Eclectus parrots show striking male-female colour differences; island origin also matters because species limits in the eclectus complex have changed.

Animals

Great Egret

Great Egret (Ardea alba). The great egret is a widespread large white heron; compare body size, bill shape and leg colour with smaller egrets.

Animals

Great Crested Tern

Great Crested Tern (Thalasseus bergii). The great crested tern forages over coastal sea and nests in colonies on coasts and islands; disturbance at a colony can affect many nests.

Animals

White-shouldered Triller

White-shouldered Triller (Lalage sueurii). The white-shouldered triller is a campephagid of Indonesia and Timor-Leste; its white wing markings should be read alongside body shape.

Animals

Coppersmith Barbet

Coppersmith Barbet (Psilopogon haemacephalus). The coppersmith barbet has a red forehead and throat; its repeated metallic-sounding call may be noticed before the perched bird.

Animals

Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker

Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker (Dicaeum trochileum). The scarlet-headed flowerpecker is an Indonesian-endemic dicaeid; the male's red head is a clue, making sex and age relevant to identification.

Animals

Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove

Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove (Macropygia doreya). Sultan's cuckoo-dove ranges from the northern Moluccas and Sulawesi towards New Guinea; its taxonomy reflects a split from a former cuckoo-dove complex.

Animals

Zitting Cisticola

Zitting Cisticola (Cisticola juncidis). The zitting cisticola uses open grassy cover; its repeated short call in flight can reveal it before plumage details are clear.

Animals

Plaintive Cuckoo

Plaintive Cuckoo (Cacomantis merulinus). The plaintive cuckoo is a widely distributed Asian cuckoo; voice and place are valuable because several small cuckoos look alike.

Animals

Metallic Starling

Metallic Starling (Aplonis metallica). The metallic starling ranges from the Moluccas and New Guinea to northern Australia; its apparent iridescence changes with light.

Animals

Lesser Frigatebird

Lesser Frigatebird (Fregata ariel). The lesser frigatebird is relatively small for a frigatebird and spends much of its time airborne above tropical seas.

Animals

Pacific Reef Heron

Pacific Reef Heron (Egretta sacra). The Pacific reef heron uses rocky coasts and reefs; pale and dark colour forms make habitat and shape important in identification.

Animals

Green Imperial Pigeon

Green Imperial Pigeon (Ducula aenea). The green imperial pigeon is a large forest pigeon; its size and green wings help separate it from smaller green-pigeons.

Animals

Gray-rumped Treeswift

Gray-rumped Treeswift (Hemiprocne longipennis). The grey-rumped treeswift belongs to Hemiprocnidae rather than the true swift family and may be seen perched as well as flying.

Animals

Cerulean Kingfisher

Cerulean Kingfisher (Alcedo coerulescens). This Indonesian kingfisher is metallic blue and white; size and pattern matter because other kingfishers also appear blue.

Animals

Pied Bushchat

Pied Bushchat (Saxicola caprata). The pied bush chat uses open country; male and female plumage differs, so black-and-white appearance alone does not describe every bird.

Animals

Dollarbird

Dollarbird (Eurystomus orientalis). The Oriental dollarbird has rounded blue wing patches visible in flight, the field mark behind its English name.

Animals

Black-naped Monarch

Black-naped Monarch (Hypothymis azurea). The black-naped monarch is a slim, agile flycatcher; sexes differ, and its dark nape band informs the English name.

Animals

Freckle-breasted Woodpecker

Freckle-breasted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos analis). The freckle-breasted woodpecker is a picid; Indonesian records should use head and wing pattern plus locality to distinguish lookalikes.

Animals

Black-naped Fruit Dove

Black-naped Fruit Dove (Ptilinopus melanospilus). Male black-naped fruit-doves have a pale grey head, dark nape and mostly green body; females may look different.

Animals

Sacred Kingfisher

Sacred Kingfisher (Todiramphus sanctus). The sacred kingfisher uses mangroves, open woodland and river valleys; movement in some populations makes date and locality useful.

Animals

Northern Fantail

Northern Fantail (Rhipidura rufiventris). Under the BirdLife/IUCN and Burung Indonesia taxonomy, Rhipidura rufiventris is the Timor fantail of Timor and nearby islands in Nusa Tenggara; fantails of Maluku and Papua once included in it (such as the northern fantail, R. isura) are now separate species, although the IOC list still lumps them as the northern fantail. A fanned tail identifies the family but not the species by itself.

Animals

Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon

Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon (Treron griseicauda). The grey-cheeked green-pigeon is Indonesian-endemic; cheek and nape colour help separate it from other green-pigeons in fruiting trees.

Animals

Lesser Coucal

Lesser Coucal (Centropus bengalensis). The lesser coucal often uses dense low vegetation, including marsh edges; brief distant views can be confused with other coucals.

Animals

White-headed Munia

White-headed Munia (Lonchura maja). The white-headed munia uses wetlands and grassy places; the adult's white head helps identification, while young birds are harder to separate.

Animals

Ashy Drongo

Ashy Drongo (Dicrurus leucophaeus). Ashy drongos vary across populations in grey tone and movement; photographs and dates improve the interpretation of sightings.

Animals

Barn Swallow

Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica). The barn swallow has blue upperparts, pointed wings and a deeply forked tail; Indonesian records may include seasonal visitors.

Animals

White-bellied Sea Eagle

White-bellied Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster). The white-bellied sea eagle has a white head, rump and underside with dark-grey upperwings; it uses coasts and major rivers.

Animals

Brown Honeyeater

Brown Honeyeater (Lichmera indistincta). The brown honeyeater is a meliphagid with a brush-tipped tongue adapted to nectar; flower visits should not automatically be counted as pollination.

Animals

Asian Emerald Dove

Asian Emerald Dove (Chalcophaps indica). The Asian emerald dove uses tropical forest floor and edges; its iridescent green wings are easier to judge in good light.

Animals

House Swift

House Swift (Apus nipalensis). The house swift is an apodid spending much time on the wing; wing shape and nesting context are safer clues than unverified claims about flight physiology.

Animals

Hair-crested Drongo

Hair-crested Drongo (Dicrurus hottentottus). The hair-crested drongo is a dicrurid formerly grouped with another drongo; record the taxonomy and region used by each source.

Animals

Rock Pigeon

Rock Pigeon (Columba livia). Rock pigeons include wild-type birds and free-living domestic descendants; an urban record need not represent an original wild population.

Animals

Rainbow Bee-eater

Rainbow Bee-eater (Merops ornatus). The rainbow bee-eater catches flying insects and is well known from Australia and nearby regions; Indonesian records need locality and movement context.

Animals

Green Junglefowl

Green Junglefowl (Gallus varius). The green junglefowl is a junglefowl of Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara; males are more conspicuous than females, and domestic chickens should be distinguished.

Animals

Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike

Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike (Hemipus hirundinaceus). The black-winged flycatcher-shrike belongs to a debated woodshrike lineage; citing the scientific name and taxonomic source avoids a misleading family label.

Animals

Plantain Squirrel

Plantain Squirrel (Callosciurus notatus). The plantain squirrel uses trees in Southeast Asian forests, gardens and settlements; body stripes and colour help separate similar squirrels.

Animals

Javan Lutung

Javan Lutung (Trachypithecus auratus). Javan lutungs are usually glossy dark as adults, while young may be orange; age-related colour should not be mistaken for another species.

Animals

Tatar Horseshoe Bat

Tatar Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus tatar). Tatar horseshoe bats are known from Sulawesi; public species accounts are sparse, so field identification needs expert and acoustic evidence.

Animals

Thomas’s Langur

Thomas’s Langur (Presbytis thomasi). Thomas's langur is restricted to northern Sumatra; habitat loss is reported as a pressure, while each local group needs separate assessment.

Animals

Southern Pig-tailed Macaque

Southern Pig-tailed Macaque (Macaca nemestrina). The southern pig-tailed macaque has a relatively short pig-like tail; it differs from long-tailed macaques and occurs on the Malay Peninsula (southern Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia), Sumatra, Bangka and Borneo.

Animals

Silvered Leaf Monkey

Silvered Leaf Monkey (Trachypithecus cristatus). Silvered leaf monkeys use coastal, mangrove and riverine forest; presence at one site cannot stand for their status across Borneo or Sumatra.

Animals

Gursky's Spectral Tarsier

Gursky's Spectral Tarsier (Tarsius spectrumgurskyae). Gursky's spectral tarsier was separated from a broader spectral-tarsier concept on Sulawesi; older records may use a different name.

Animals

Black Giant Squirrel

Black Giant Squirrel (Ratufa bicolor). The black giant squirrel is a large forest tree-squirrel; its size and bushy tail distinguish it from the much smaller plantain squirrel.

Animals

Waigeo Spotted Cuscus

Waigeo Spotted Cuscus (Spilocuscus papuensis). The Waigeo spotted cuscus is a marsupial native to Waigeo Island; outlying records need scrutiny before being treated as natural range.

Animals

Horsfield's Treeshrew

Horsfield's Treeshrew (Tupaia javanica). Horsfield's treeshrew belongs to Tupaiidae rather than the squirrel family and is reported from Sumatra, Java, Bali and Nias.

Animals

Wild Boar

Wild Boar (Sus scrofa). Wild boar have both native and human-transported populations; wild, domestic and feral animals must not be combined into a single population claim.

Animals

Sumatran Surili

Sumatran Surili (Presbytis melalophos). The Sumatran surili is a forest primate endemic to Sumatra, with forest loss and fragmentation reported as pressures in parts of its range.

Animals

Asian Palm Civet

Asian Palm Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus). The Asian palm civet can use varied habitats; captivity and civet-coffee production should be distinguished from its wild behaviour.

Animals

Diadem Roundleaf Bat

Diadem Roundleaf Bat (Hipposideros diadema). The diadem roundleaf bat belongs to Hipposideridae, not Rhinolophidae; nose shape matters, but a single photograph may not settle identification.

Animals

Domestic Water Buffalo

Domestic Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Water buffalo are domesticated bovids with a long Asian husbandry history; Indonesian records should not be mapped as an original wild-buffalo range.

Animals

Spinner Dolphin

Spinner Dolphin (Stenella longirostris). Spinner dolphins are known for rotating leaps, but each leap need not have the same function; vessel encounters should maintain distance.

Animals

Fawn Roundleaf Bat

Fawn Roundleaf Bat (Hipposideros cervinus). The fawn roundleaf bat is a hipposiderid recorded across parts of Southeast Asia and Australia; colour alone is unreliable for similar bats.

Animals

Lesser false vampire bat

Lesser false vampire bat (Megaderma spasma). The lesser false vampire bat does not drink blood; accounts describe cave and tree-hollow roosts and an insect diet.

Animals

Moor Macaque

Moor Macaque (Macaca maura). The moor macaque has dark brown-to-black fur and a paler rump patch; it differs from the crested macaque of northern Sulawesi.

Animals

Black-striped Squirrel

Black-striped Squirrel (Callosciurus nigrovittatus). The black-striped squirrel occurs on Java, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula; its dark side stripe can assist identification in a clear view.

Animals

Javan Porcupine

Javan Porcupine (Hystrix javanica). The Javan or Sunda porcupine is an Indonesian rodent with defensive quills; it is endemic to Java, Bali and the Lesser Sunda Islands and lives mainly in lowlands, including secondary and degraded habitats.

Animals

Large Flying-fox

Large Flying-fox (Pteropus vampyrus). The large flying fox is a Southeast Asian fruit bat; its size and fruit-feeding ecology differ from many smaller insect-eating bats.

Animals

Sunda Colugo

Sunda Colugo (Galeopterus variegatus). The Sunda colugo is neither lemur nor bat; a skin membrane between its limbs lets it glide between trees.

Animals

Northern Common Cuscus

Northern Common Cuscus (Phalanger orientalis). The northern common cuscus is a New Guinean-region marsupial; some island populations may reflect human movement.

Animals

Whitish Dwarf Squirrel

Whitish Dwarf Squirrel (Prosciurillus leucomus). The whitish dwarf squirrel is endemic to Sulawesi and nearby islands; its scientific name separates it from wider-ranging striped squirrels.

Animals

Javan Surili

Javan Surili (Presbytis comata). The Javan surili is endemic to western Java; the word 'Javan' should not be read as an even range across the whole island.

Animals

Prevost's Squirrel

Prevost's Squirrel (Callosciurus prevostii). Prevost's squirrel shows strongly contrasting fur colours that vary regionally and occupies forests in Sumatra, Borneo and the Malay Peninsula.

Animals

Lar Gibbon

Lar Gibbon (Hylobates lar). The lar gibbon is a tailless, long-armed canopy primate; Sumatran records need care near the ranges of other gibbons.

Animals

Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat

Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat (Macroglossus minimus). The lesser long-tongued fruit bat feeds at flowers and is much smaller than large flying foxes; size alone cannot identify it reliably.

Animals

Bornean White-bearded Gibbon

Bornean White-bearded Gibbon (Hylobates albibarbis). The Bornean white-bearded gibbon inhabits southern Borneo and is separated from the agile gibbon by some taxonomies; sources place it between the Kapuas and Barito rivers.

Animals

Mainland Leopard Cat

Mainland Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis). Leopard-cat taxonomy has changed, separating some Sunda populations; Indonesian records under this name need checking against the Sunda leopard cat split.

Animals

Tokay Gecko

Tokay Gecko (Gekko gecko). The tokay gecko is a large mostly nocturnal tree gecko with a conspicuous call; a call need not reveal the animal's exact position.

Animals

Flat-tailed House Gecko

Flat-tailed House Gecko (Hemidactylus platyurus). The flat-tailed house gecko has a noticeably flattened tail; tail and body form help distinguish it from other building-dwelling geckos.

Animals

Common Sun Skink

Common Sun Skink (Eutropis multifasciata). The common sun skink uses open basking places; smooth scales and lengthwise pattern should be compared with other skinks.

Animals

Indian Garden Lizard

Indian Garden Lizard (Calotes versicolor). The oriental garden lizard can change colour with condition and behaviour; that does not make it a true chameleon.

Animals

Asian House Gecko

Asian House Gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus). The Asian house gecko often lives on buildings and hunts insects around lights; separate it from flat-tailed house geckos.

Animals

Great Crested Canopy Lizard

Great Crested Canopy Lizard (Bronchocela jubata). The maned forest lizard is a slender arboreal agamid with a crest along the neck and back; its local 'chameleon' label is not a taxonomic classification.

Animals

Oriental Whipsnake

Oriental Whipsnake (Ahaetulla prasina). The oriental whipsnake is exceptionally slender and often found in vegetation; green colour alone cannot separate it from other tree snakes.

Animals

Painted Bronzeback

Painted Bronzeback (Dendrelaphis pictus). The painted bronzeback is a slender active snake ranging across Southeast Asia and southern China; side pattern must be checked with head shape.

Animals

Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard

Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard (Takydromus sexlineatus). The long-tailed grass lizard often has a tail several times its body length; never pull it by the tail, which can be shed.

Animals

Javan Flying Dragon

Javan Flying Dragon (Draco volans). The Javan flying dragon glides on rib-supported skin membranes; it has neither bird wings nor bat wings.

Animals

Common Four-clawed Gecko

Common Four-clawed Gecko (Gehyra mutilata). The four-clawed gecko is widespread; its common name points to foot structure, while species identification still needs toe detail and locality.

Animals

White-lipped Island Pitviper

White-lipped Island Pitviper (Trimeresurus insularis). The Sunda island pitviper is venomous; older sources treated it as a white-lipped pitviper subspecies, so taxon names need checking.

Animals

Reticulated Python

Reticulated Python (Malayopython reticulatus). The reticulated python can grow exceptionally long and subdues prey by constriction; it is nonvenomous but large animals still require distance.

Animals

Keeled Slug Snake

Keeled Slug Snake (Pareas carinatus). The keeled slug snake is a pareid associated with feeding on slugs and snails; a group name does not prove every individual meal.

Animals

Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko

Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko (Cyrtodactylus marmoratus). The marbled bent-toed gecko is an Indonesian gecko known mainly from Java; mottled pattern should be considered with toe shape and photo locality.

Animals

Pacific Bluetail Skink

Pacific Bluetail Skink (Emoia caeruleocauda). The Pacific bluetail skink can show a blue tail, especially at some ages; colour changes and other skinks also have blue tails.

Animals

Yellow-lipped Sea Krait

Yellow-lipped Sea Krait (Laticauda colubrina). The yellow-lipped sea krait has dark-and-light bands and uses both sea and land during its life cycle; it is venomous and should not be handled.

Animals

Puff-faced Water Snake

Puff-faced Water Snake (Homalopsis buccata). The puff-faced water snake occurs in tropical Southeast Asian waters; head shape and wet habitat matter more than colour alone.

Animals

Double-spotted Gecko

Double-spotted Gecko (Gekko monarchus). The double-spotted gecko occurs from southern Thailand and the Malay Peninsula through Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi and Maluku to New Guinea and the Philippines; spots alone are insufficient without body shape and locality.

Animals

Common Wolf Snake

Common Wolf Snake (Lycodon capucinus). The common wolf snake is named for enlarged front teeth, not kinship with wolves; building encounters are often misidentified.

Animals

Indo-Chinese Rat Snake

Indo-Chinese Rat Snake (Ptyas korros). The Indo-Chinese rat snake is a Southeast Asian ratsnake; the common name does not imply every individual eats only rodents.

Animals

Wagler's Pit Viper

Wagler's Pit Viper (Tropidolaemus wagleri). Wagler's pitviper is a venomous Southeast Asian snake; the 'temple' nickname comes from a well-known site, not every habitat.

Animals

White-lipped Pit Viper

White-lipped Pit Viper (Trimeresurus albolabris). The white-lipped pitviper is venomous and has lookalike relatives; safe-distance photographs and locality are better than handling for identification.

Animals

Emerald Tree Skink

Emerald Tree Skink (Lamprolepis smaragdina). The emerald tree skink is a bright green arboreal skink; green colour alone cannot distinguish it from other green lizards.

Animals

Blacktip Reef Shark

Blacktip Reef Shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus). The blacktip reef shark has dark tips on several fins, especially the first dorsal fin; it differs from the whitetip reef shark.

Animals

Bluespotted Fantail Ray

Bluespotted Fantail Ray (Taeniura lymma). The bluespotted fantail ray inhabits Indo-Pacific reefs; blue spots should be checked with disc and tail shape to separate similar maskrays.

Animals

Tasselled Wobbegong

Tasselled Wobbegong (Eucrossorhinus dasypogon). The tasselled wobbegong blends into shallow reef bottoms near New Guinea and northern Australia; branched head fringes add to its camouflage.

Animals

Whitetip Reef Shark

Whitetip Reef Shark (Triaenodon obesus). The whitetip reef shark often rests near the reef bottom; white tips on the dorsal and tail fins separate it from blacktip reef sharks.

Animals

Bluespotted Maskray

Bluespotted Maskray (Neotrygon caeruleopunctata). The bluespotted maskray belongs to a taxonomically revised Neotrygon complex; blue spots alone do not establish species identity without form and locality.

Animals

Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark

Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark (Hemiscyllium freycineti). The Indonesian speckled carpetshark is known from shallow Raja Ampat waters; older accounts included populations now assigned to other species.

Animals

Oriental Bluespotted Maskray

Oriental Bluespotted Maskray (Neotrygon orientale). The Oriental bluespotted maskray is reported from Indonesia and nearby countries; sources use orientale and orientalis spellings, so taxonomy should be cited.

Animals

Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray

Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray (Neotrygon moluccensis). The Moluccan bluespotted maskray is a narrowly defined Neotrygon; generic blue-spotted ray records cannot automatically be assigned to it.

Animals

Brown-banded Bamboo Shark

Brown-banded Bamboo Shark (Chiloscyllium punctatum). The brownbanded bamboo shark is an Indo-Pacific bottom-dweller; banding is particularly noticeable in young animals and changes with age.

Animals

Oceanic Manta Ray

Oceanic Manta Ray (Mobula birostris). The giant oceanic manta ray differs from Indonesia's reef manta; size, habitat and body characters should be considered together rather than the word 'manta' alone.

Animals

Asian Common Toad

Asian Common Toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus). Asian common toads use many human-modified habitats; genetic research suggests the name may encompass a more complex set of lineages.

Animals

Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog

Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog (Polypedates leucomystax). The Southeast Asian tree frog builds foam nests near water for its eggs; a nest site should be left undisturbed.

Animals

Schlegel's Frog

Schlegel's Frog (Chalcorana chalconota). Schlegel's frog once covered stream-frog populations later split into other species; Sumatran and Javan identifications need current taxonomy.

Animals

Paddy Field Frog

Paddy Field Frog (Fejervarya limnocharis). The paddy field frog belongs to a complex revised by molecular studies; older records under this name may not match today's species limits.

Animals

River Toad

River Toad (Phrynoidis asper). The river toad is a Southeast Asian bufonid; 'giant' is a relative common name, not a fixed size for every individual.

Animals

Green Paddy Frog

Green Paddy Frog (Hylarana erythraea). The green paddy frog occurs in Southeast Asia and formerly appeared under Rana; wetland observations do not measure local abundance or status.

Animals

Poisonous Rock Frog

Poisonous Rock Frog (Odorrana hosii). Hose's frog is associated with rocky stream settings in Southeast Asia; a common name is no reason to handle an unidentified frog.

Animals

Crab-eating Frog

Crab-eating Frog (Fejervarya cancrivora). Crab-eating frogs use brackish habitats; salinity studies document tadpole tolerance, but laboratory limits do not justify moving animals into seawater.

Animals

Muller's Narrowmouth Frog

Muller's Narrowmouth Frog (Kaloula baleata). Müller's narrowmouth frog is a microhylid with a rounded body; skin condition and age can change its appearance.

Animals

Hasselt's Toad

Hasselt's Toad (Leptobrachium hasseltii). Hasselt's litter frog was once a broad name for Southeast Asian populations; current taxonomy narrows confident identification and calls for comparison with relatives.

Animals

Slender Skimmer

Slender Skimmer (Orthetrum sabina). The slender skimmer ranges widely from Asia to Australia; its green-and-black pattern and perching behaviour aid recognition.

Animals

Great Eggfly

Great Eggfly (Hypolimnas bolina). Great eggflies show sex-linked differences in wing pattern; one photograph cannot represent all population variation.

Animals

Asian Weaver Ant

Asian Weaver Ant (Oecophylla smaragdina). Asian weaver ants join leaves into nests with silk produced by larvae; one colony can occupy several nests in a tree.

Animals

Straight-edge Red Parasol

Straight-edge Red Parasol (Neurothemis terminata). The straight-edge red parasol can use artificial wetlands and ranges from Southeast Asia towards the Lesser Sundas.

Animals

Red Percher

Red Percher (Neurothemis ramburii). Neurothemis ramburii is a libellulid; identification requires wing and body pattern rather than generic red colour.

Animals

Chalky Percher

Chalky Percher (Diplacodes trivialis). The chalky percher is often seen low to the ground; mature males can differ in colour from females and young individuals.

Animals

Blue Pansy

Blue Pansy (Junonia orithya). Junonia orithya has region-dependent common names and many subspecies; wing eyespots and locality should be recorded together.

Animals

Great Mormon Swallowtail

Great Mormon Swallowtail (Papilio memnon). Female great Mormon swallowtails occur in several colour forms, including mimics; these forms should not automatically be treated as different species.

Animals

Scarlet Skimmer

Scarlet Skimmer (Crocothemis servilia). Scarlet skimmers are native to East and Southeast Asia with introductions elsewhere; red males do not represent every age or sex.

Animals

Lime Swallowtail

Lime Swallowtail (Papilio demoleus). Lime swallowtails use citrus among larval host plants; garden records should distinguish eggs, caterpillars and adult butterflies.

Animals

Malayan pit viper

The Malayan pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma) is a haemotoxic viper of Java that hides in leaf litter and tends to stay still when approached.

Animals

White-rumped shama

The white-rumped shama (Copsychus malabaricus) is a forest songbird with a rich song whose Indonesian populations have fallen through trapping for trade.

Animals

Straw-headed bulbul

The straw-headed bulbul (Pycnonotus zeylanicus) is a large, straw-crowned bulbul now Critically Endangered because of trapping for the bird trade.

Animals

Sooty-headed bulbul

The sooty-headed bulbul (Pycnonotus aurigaster) is a black-capped bulbul native to Java and Bali, common in gardens and towns but widely trapped for sale.

Animals

Oriental magpie-robin

The oriental magpie-robin (Copsychus saularis) is a black-and-white songbird that was once common on Java but is now rare there because of trapping.

Animals

Common hill myna

The common hill myna (Gracula religiosa) is a glossy black myna with yellow wattles, famous for its ability to mimic human speech.

Animals

Black-winged myna

The black-winged myna (Acridotheres melanopterus) is a white, black-winged starling endemic to Java and Bali, almost wiped out in the wild by the bird trade.

Animals

Rhinoceros hornbill

The rhinoceros hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros) is a large hornbill with an upturned orange-red casque, found in Sumatra, Java and Borneo; Vulnerable.

Animals

Greater bird-of-paradise

The greater bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea apoda) is a yellow-plumed bird-of-paradise of the Aru Islands and the southern lowlands of New Guinea.

Animals

Victoria crowned pigeon

The Victoria crowned pigeon (Goura victoria) is a giant pigeon with a lacy blue crest, living in lowland forest in northern Papua, Yapen and Biak.

Animals

Palm cockatoo

The palm cockatoo (Probosciger aterrimus) is a large black cockatoo with red cheek patches from New Guinea and the Aru Islands, known for drumming.

Animals

Flores hawk-eagle

The Flores hawk-eagle (Nisaetus floris) is a white-headed forest eagle endemic to Nusa Tenggara, from Lombok to Alor, and listed as Endangered.

Animals

Barn owl

The barn owl (Tyto alba) is a pale, heart-faced owl that hunts rats in rice fields, oil palm plantations and villages across Indonesia.

Animals

Javan mouse-deer

The Javan mouse-deer (Tragulus javanicus) is a tiny, antlerless chevrotain found only in the forests of Java, where it is a protected species.

Animals

Southern red muntjac

The southern red muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) is a small deer with short antlers and tusks, found in Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Bali and Lombok.

Animals

Sambar deer

The sambar (Rusa unicolor) is Indonesia's largest deer, found in the forests of Sumatra and Borneo; it is Vulnerable and protected in Indonesia.

Animals

Binturong

The binturong (Arctictis binturong) is the largest civet, a tree-dwelling mammal with a gripping tail, found in the forests of Sumatra, Borneo and Java.

Animals

Asian small-clawed otter

The Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) is the world's smallest otter, living in family groups in rivers, rice fields and mangroves in Indonesia.

Animals

Sunda slow loris

The Sunda slow loris (Nycticebus coucang) is a slow, venomous nocturnal primate of Sumatra, threatened by the pet trade and protected in Indonesia.

Animals

Mountain anoa

The mountain anoa (Bubalus quarlesi) is a dwarf wild buffalo endemic to Sulawesi and Buton, smaller and shaggier than the lowland anoa.

Animals

Marbled cat

The marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata) is a small, marble-patterned wild cat with a very long, bushy tail, living in the forests of Sumatra and Borneo.

Animals

Agile gibbon

The agile gibbon (Hylobates agilis) is a tailless small ape of Sumatra's forest canopy, known for its white brow band and its dawn songs.

Animals

Bearded pig

The bearded pig (Sus barbatus) is a wild pig with a bristly facial beard from the forests of Borneo and Sumatra, known for mass migrations that follow fruiting.

Animals

Smooth-coated otter

The smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) is Indonesia's largest otter, with short sleek fur, living in family groups in rivers, swamps and mangroves.

Animals

Malay civet

The Malay civet (Viverra tangalunga) is a ground-dwelling, black-spotted civet with a black-and-white banded tail, common in the forests of Sumatra and Borneo.

Animals

Leatherback turtle

The leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) is the world's largest turtle, with a leathery shell; in Indonesia it nests mainly in Tambrauw, Southwest Papua.

Animals

Indonesian coelacanth

The Indonesian coelacanth (Latimeria menadoensis) is a rare, deep-water lobe-finned fish known from Sulawesi to Papua, first recognised in 1997.

Animals

Scalloped hammerhead shark

The scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini) is a hammer-headed shark with a notched snout, found across Indonesian seas and listed as Critically Endangered.

Animals

Humphead wrasse

The humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) is the largest wrasse, a hump-headed reef fish threatened by the live reef fish trade.

Animals

Giant clam

The giant clam (Tridacna gigas) is the world's largest bivalve, living on shallow coral reefs; it is now very rare across most of Indonesia.

Animals

Spotted seahorse

The spotted seahorse (Hippocampus kuda) is a small horse-headed fish whose males carry the young; it lives in seagrass and estuaries and is widely traded.

Animals

False gharial

The false gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii) is a slender-snouted crocodilian of the peat swamps of Sumatra and Borneo, listed as Endangered by the IUCN.

Animals

Rote Island snake-necked turtle

The Rote Island snake-necked turtle (Chelodina mccordi) is a freshwater turtle of Rote Island, NTT, left Critically Endangered by the pet trade.

Animals

Painted terrapin

The painted terrapin (Batagur borneoensis) is a Critically Endangered estuary and mangrove turtle; breeding males show a white head with a red stripe.

Animals

Pig-nosed turtle

The pig-nosed turtle (Carettochelys insculpta) is a flipper-limbed freshwater turtle of southern Papua, threatened by egg harvest and hatchling smuggling.

Animals

Crocodile monitor

The crocodile monitor (Varanus salvadorii) is a large tree-climbing monitor lizard found only on New Guinea, with a very long tail and serrated teeth.

Animals

Wallace's golden birdwing

Wallace's golden birdwing (Ornithoptera croesus) is a large birdwing butterfly with an orange-gold male, found only in North Maluku, Indonesia.

Animals

Sunda king cobra

The Sunda king cobra (Ophiophagus bungarus) is a venomous snake-eater of Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Bali, separated from O. hannah in 2024.

Animals

Javan spitting cobra

The Javan spitting cobra (Naja sputatrix) is a venomous spitting cobra of Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara that often turns up around homes.

Animals

Banded krait

The banded krait (Bungarus fasciatus) is a neurotoxic krait with full black-and-yellow rings, found in Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Bali.

Animals

Malayan krait

The Malayan krait (Bungarus candidus) is a highly venomous black-and-white banded krait of Sumatra, Java and Bali that is active at night.

Animals

Loggerhead turtle

The loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) is a big-headed sea turtle that is very rare in Indonesian waters and fully protected by law.

Animals

Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin

The Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) is a coastal dolphin with a spotted belly that is fully protected in Indonesia.

Animals

Crown-of-thorns starfish

The crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster) is a venomous, spiny, coral-eating starfish whose population outbreaks can devastate coral reefs.

Animals

Greater blue-ringed octopus

The greater blue-ringed octopus (Hapalochlaena lunulata) is a small octopus with blue rings whose bite carries tetrodotoxin and can kill a person.

Animals

Tiger shark

The tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) is a large striped shark that eats almost anything and is among the sharks most often involved in bites on people.

Animals

Yellow fever mosquito

The yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) is a black-and-white, day-biting mosquito and the main carrier of dengue virus in Indonesia.

Animals

Black rat

The black rat (Rattus rattus) is a long-tailed climbing rat that nests in ceilings and walls and can spread leptospirosis to people.

Animals

Brown rat

The brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) is a large burrowing rat of drains, settlements and ports, and one of the animals that spread leptospirosis.

Animals

Asian house shrew

The Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus) is a small, musky, insect-eating mammal with a pointed snout; it looks like a rat but is not a rodent.

Animals

American cockroach

The American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) is a large reddish-brown cockroach of drains and buildings that can carry disease-causing bacteria.

Animals

Asian honey bee

The Asian honey bee (Apis cerana) is a native Indonesian honey bee that nests in cavities, pollinates plants and is kept for honey.

Animals

Sunda scops owl

The Sunda scops owl (Otus lempiji) is a small owl with short ear tufts that lives in forest, gardens and wooded parks in Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Bali.

Animals

Crested serpent eagle

The crested serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela) is a snake-eating eagle of forest edges in Sumatra, Java, Bali and Borneo, and is protected in Indonesia.

Animals

Javan pied starling

The Javan pied starling (Gracupica jalla) is a black-and-white starling of Java and Bali that may now be extinct in the wild because of the cagebird trade.

Animals

Salmon-crested cockatoo

The salmon-crested cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) is a large cockatoo endemic to Seram and Ambon in Maluku, listed as Endangered because of trapping for trade.

Animals

Black-capped lory

The black-capped lory (Lorius lory) is a red, black-capped parrot of Papua's forests. It is protected in Indonesia yet is among Papua's most-traded birds.

Animals

Lesser short-nosed fruit bat

The lesser short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus brachyotis) is a common small fruit bat of Indonesian towns and forests that spreads seeds and pollinates flowers.

Animals

Philippine slow loris

The Philippine slow loris (Nycticebus menagensis) is a small, venomous, nocturnal primate of coastal north and east Borneo, threatened by the pet trade.

Animals

Selayar tarsier

The Selayar tarsier (Tarsius tarsier) is a tiny nocturnal primate found only on Selayar Island, South Sulawesi, often sleeping in thorny bamboo clumps.

Animals

Malayan porcupine

The Malayan porcupine (Hystrix brachyura) is a large, quilled, nocturnal rodent of Sumatra and Borneo that is widely hunted for meat and trade.

Animals

Reinwardt's flying frog

Reinwardt's flying frog (Rhacophorus reinwardtii) is a green, broadly webbed tree frog of the forests of Java and Sumatra that lays eggs in foam nests.

Animals

Banded Malaysian coral snake

The banded Malaysian coral snake (Calliophis intestinalis) is a small venomous snake with a red tail and black-and-white belly from western Indonesia.

Animals

Giant featherback

The giant featherback (Chitala lopis) is a knife-backed predatory freshwater fish of Java, Sumatra and Borneo, and South Sumatra's identity animal.

Animals

Java stingaree

The Java stingaree (Urolophus javanicus) is a small ray known from a single 1862 Jakarta specimen, declared extinct by the IUCN in December 2023.

Animals

Bawean deer

The Bawean deer (Axis kuhlii) is a small deer found only on Bawean Island, East Java. It is Critically Endangered, with an estimated few hundred animals.

Animals

Dingiso

The dingiso (Dendrolagus mbaiso) is a black-and-white tree-kangaroo that lives mostly on the ground, found only in the mossy forests of Papua's Sudirman Range.

Animals

Western long-beaked echidna

The western long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus bruijnii) is a spiny, egg-laying mammal of Papua's Bird's Head region, Critically Endangered by hunting.

Animals

Bay cat

The bay cat (Catopuma badia) is a small wild cat found only on Borneo, with a rusty-red or grey coat, and one of the world's least known cats.

Animals

Asian arowana

The Asian arowana (Scleropages formosus) is a large-scaled freshwater fish of Sumatra and Borneo, a costly ornamental fish with threatened wild populations.

Animals

Coconut crab

The coconut crab (Birgus latro) is the world's largest land arthropod, a giant hermit crab that eats fruit and carrion, threatened by hunting for restaurants.

Animals

New Guinea crocodile

The New Guinea crocodile (Crocodylus novaeguineae) is a medium-sized freshwater crocodile found only on New Guinea, smaller than the saltwater crocodile.

Animals

Horsfield's tarsier

Horsfield's tarsier (Cephalopachus bancanus), or mentilin, is a big-eyed, insect-eating primate and Bangka Belitung's identity animal, hit by forest loss.

Animals

Great argus

The great argus (Argusianus argus) is a large pheasant with eye-spotted wings from the forests of Sumatra and Borneo, and West Sumatra's identity animal.

Animals

Nias hill myna

The Nias hill myna (Gracula robusta), or beo nias, is the largest hill myna, endemic to Nias, North Sumatra's identity animal, and Critically Endangered.

Animals

Blue-crowned hanging parrot

The blue-crowned hanging parrot (Loriculus galgulus) is a tiny green parrot that sleeps hanging upside down, and the identity animal of Riau province.

Animals

Rufous-tailed shama

The rufous-tailed shama (Copsychus pyrropygus), Aceh's ceumpala kuneng, is a forest songbird of Sumatra and Borneo and Aceh's identity animal.

Animals

Knobbed hornbill

The knobbed hornbill (Rhyticeros cassidix) is a large fig-eating hornbill endemic to Sulawesi, with a red casque, and South Sulawesi's identity animal.

Animals

Snoring rail

The snoring rail (Aramidopsis plateni) is a flightless rail endemic to Sulawesi with a snore-like call, and the identity animal of West Sulawesi.

Animals

Standardwing bird-of-paradise

The standardwing (Semioptera wallacii) is a North Maluku bird-of-paradise whose males dance with long white wing plumes; the province's identity animal.

Animals

Twelve-wired bird-of-paradise

The twelve-wired bird-of-paradise (Seleucidis melanoleucus) is a swamp-forest bird-of-paradise of New Guinea and the identity animal of Papua province.

Animals

Moluccan king parrot

The Moluccan king parrot (Alisterus amboinensis) is a red, blue and green parrot of the forests of Maluku and Papua, and Maluku province's identity animal.

Animals

Bali tiger

The Bali tiger (Panthera tigris balica) was the tiger of Bali. It is extinct; the last confirmed records date from the late 1930s.

Animals

Dhole

The dhole (Cuon alpinus) is Asia’s wild dog. It lives in packs in the forests and savannas of Sumatra and Java; the IUCN lists it as Endangered.

Animals

Agile wallaby

The agile wallaby (Notamacropus agilis) is a small kangaroo of the southern Papua savannas, including Wasur National Park, Merauke.

Animals

Clown anemonefish

The clown anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris) is an orange, white-barred reef fish that lives among sea anemone tentacles across most of Indonesia.

Animals

Sumatran striped rabbit

The Sumatran striped rabbit (Nesolagus netscheri) is a striped, nocturnal rabbit found only in Sumatra's mountain forests, and is very rarely seen.

Animals

Buffy fish owl

The buffy fish owl (Ketupa ketupu) is an ear-tufted, fish-eating owl of forests and waterways in Sumatra, Java, Bali and Borneo.

Organisations

JAAN Indonesia

Wildlife rescue and rehabilitation in Indonesia.

Organisations

WWF-Indonesia

Forest, wildlife, marine, and fisheries conservation.

Organisations

Gili Eco Trust

Reef and island environment protection in the Gilis.

Organisations

WCS Indonesia Program

Wildlife and terrestrial and marine habitat conservation through research and partnerships in Indonesia.

Organisations

Burung Indonesia

Conservation of wild birds, habitats, and landscapes with communities.

Organisations

Yayasan Palung

Orangutan and forest protection in the Gunung Palung landscape, West Kalimantan.

Organisations

Kalaweit

Care for gibbons and siamangs from the wildlife trade and village forest protection in Central Kalimantan and West Sumatra.

Organisations

Animal Friends Jogja (AFJ)

Animal welfare campaigns, spay and neuter, adoption and education from Yogyakarta, including the dog meat trade.

Organisations

Konservasi Indonesia (KI)

National foundation for land and marine ecosystem conservation, continuing Conservation International's work in Indonesia.

Organisations

Coral Triangle Center (CTC)

Bali-based marine conservation foundation working on marine protected areas, training and ocean literacy.

Organisations

Reef Check Indonesia

Coral reef monitoring, manta ray research and coastal community empowerment, based in Denpasar, Bali.

Organisations

Forum HarimauKita

Civil society forum for Sumatran tiger conservation, with a secretariat in Bogor, West Java.

Organisations

Selamatkan Yaki

Conservation, research and education programme for the yaki (Macaca nigra) in North Sulawesi.

Organisations

Macaca Nigra Project (MNP)

Research and conservation education project on crested black macaques in Tangkoko Nature Reserve, North Sulawesi.

Organisations

Alobi Foundation

Wildlife rescue and rehabilitation centre, with slow loris and tarsier research, in the Bangka Belitung Islands.

Organisations

Little Fireface Project (LFP)

Long-term research and conservation of the Javan slow loris through ecology, education and empowerment in Cipaganti, West Java.

Care & help

Finding an Animal Injured on the Road

Do not step into traffic. Pull over somewhere safe, call the police on 110 if the animal endangers traffic, then contact a vet or the BKSDA.

Care & help

Snake in the Home

Snake in the house? Move everyone away, watch it from a safe distance and call Damkar (113 or 112). If anyone is bitten, go to hospital at once.

Care & help

Suspected Rabies Exposure

Bitten or scratched by a dog, cat or monkey? Wash the wound with soap and running water for 15 minutes, then go straight to a puskesmas or hospital.

Care & help

Reporting Suspected Animal Cruelty

Witnessing animal cruelty? Do not confront anyone. Record the facts from a safe place, then report to a police SPKT desk, or call 110 in an emergency.

Care & help

Finding a Stranded Marine Animal

Found a stranded whale or dolphin? Do not drag or push it back to sea. Keep your distance, note the location and call KKP on 141.

Care & help

Finding a Young Wild Animal

Baby bird on the ground? If it is feathered and hopping, it is probably learning to fly. Leave it, keep cats and dogs away, and watch from a distance.

Care & help

Animal Safety During Disasters

Include your animals in the family evacuation plan: prepare an emergency bag, ID and a destination that accepts animals before disaster strikes.

Care & help

Lost or Found Pets

Lost a pet? Search nearby, call clinics and shelters, share photos. Found one? Check its ID or microchip and confirm the owner before handing it over.

Care & help

Finding a Trapped Animal

Animal stuck in a well, on a roof, in a drain or in a snare? Do not risk a rescue yourself. Call Damkar (113/112); for wildlife, contact the BKSDA.

Care & help

Fostering Animals

Fostering provides a temporary home with agreed responsibilities and support.

Other guides & information

Tropical Rainforests

Rainforests connect life from the forest floor to the canopy.

Other guides & information

Mangroves

Mangroves connect land, tides, and coastal life.

Other guides & information

Coral Reefs

Coral reefs are living ecosystems, beyond an underwater view.

Other guides & information

Savannas

Open landscapes have seasonal rhythms and wildlife different from dense forest.

Other guides & information

Freshwater Wetlands

Rivers, lakes, marshes, and floodplains are connected by water.

Other guides & information

Urban Habitats

Parks, trees, rivers, and gardens shape life in cities.

Care & help

Monkey in a Residential Area

Monkey in the house? Stay calm, keep your distance, do not feed or corner it, hide food, protect children, then call Damkar or the BKSDA.

Care & help

Fleas, ticks and mites in cats and dogs

Fleas, ticks and mites are external parasites that make cats and dogs itch, spread disease and can affect people. In the tropics, prevent them year-round.

Care & help

Cat flu: signs, spread and vaccination

Cat flu is an upper respiratory infection caused mainly by feline herpesvirus and calicivirus. Learn the signs, spread, vaccination and when to see a vet.

Care & help

FIP in cats: causes, signs and diagnosis

FIP is a serious disease caused by a mutated feline coronavirus. Learn the signs of wet and dry FIP, why diagnosis needs a vet, and how to lower the risk.

Care & help

Dog vomiting: when to see a vet

A single vomit can be minor, but repeated or bloody vomiting, retching with a swollen belly, or vomiting in a puppy needs a vet urgently.

Other guides & information

Data sources and responsible use

Understand where animal information comes from, the limits of observation data, and the permissions to check before reusing photos or data.

Other guides & information

About PanduanHewan

A guide to understanding animals and finding the right help in Indonesia.

Other guides & information

Our editorial approach

Traceable sources, clear limits to our knowledge, and a way to correct mistakes.

Other guides & information

Support and funding

PanduanHewan does not accept or process donations, including donations from Indonesia.

Other guides & information

Privacy

We ask for the information needed to review submissions and corrections.

Other guides & information

Accessibility

Animal information that is easier to use across devices and circumstances.

Other guides & information

Terms of use

Use this guide as a starting point for information and help.

Other guides & information

Corrections log

A dated record of the factual errors we have corrected on PanduanHewan, with the sources behind each fix.

Other guides & information

Contact PanduanHewan

How to contact PanduanHewan about corrections, organisation submissions and questions about the site. Not an emergency service.

Vets & animal services

BKSDA conservation offices in Indonesia

All 26 Indonesian BKSDA conservation offices by province, with official work areas, verified websites and contacts, and a warning about fake BKSDA sites.

Other guides & information

57 national parks in Indonesia: wildlife and entry fees

All 57 national parks in Indonesia by island, from official KSDAE data: area, year established, the wildlife they protect, entry ticket classes and fees (PP 36/2024), and the Komodo visitor quota.

Other guides & information

Glossary of animal and conservation terms

What terms such as oviparous, viviparous, herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, endemic, nocturnal, IUCN Red List, CITES and protected species mean, with their official sources.

Other guides & information

Animal days calendar: wildlife and nature days

Wildlife and nature days observed in Indonesia through the year, from Indonesian Primate Day and World Wildlife Day to National Flora and Fauna Day, with their origins and official sources.

Other guides & information

Open data and AI access

Download PanduanHewan species, IUCN status and organisation data (JSON, CSV), or connect an AI assistant through the MCP server.

Learning & worksheets

Schoolyard animal observation journal

An enrichment activity for observing birds and insects from a distance, recording observations and comparing data. Includes a printable sheet.