In this guide (7)
Sources before conclusions
We prioritise scientific institutions, official authorities and organisations describing their own work. We distinguish self-published information from independent checks. Every guide includes references for further reading.
The initial edition was prepared with AI assistance and checked against the listed references. This does not replace field verification, specialist taxonomic editing, or medical review by a doctor or veterinarian.
Dates and uncertainty
The update date records substantive changes to a page, not a fresh check of every fact. Global conservation status, legal protection and local conditions are different matters. Unknown information is not converted to zero.
Emergency guides are compiled from the official sources they list and approved for publication by the editor. They are not reviewed by a veterinarian or wildlife expert, and their label says so. They give no animal first aid and no catching or handling steps; for people, the guides give only official WHO and Ministry of Health advice: wash a bite or scratch from an animal that can carry rabies and go to a health facility, and go to a health facility straight away after a snakebite. Readers should still contact professionals through official sources.
Useful corrections
If information is incorrect or has changed, send the page address, a short explanation and supporting sources. Do not send patient information, other people’s private details or sensitive wildlife locations.
Factual corrections we have made are listed publicly, with dates and sources, in the corrections log.
Legal protection status
We describe an animal as protected only when its species is named in the annex to Environment and Forestry Ministerial Regulation P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 or, for certain marine species, a Marine Affairs and Fisheries ministerial decision. Those pages name the regulation and the annex entry.
If a guide does not state a protection status, that does not mean the animal is unprotected. Check the current official list or contact the local BKSDA office.
Fact re-checks
A “Facts checked” label on a guide means its scientific and common names, IUCN Red List category, range in Indonesia and key claims were re-checked on that date against authoritative sources such as IUCN, BirdLife, taxonomic databases and official Indonesian sources. The check is AI-assisted and is not an expert review.
Errors found are corrected and listed in the corrections log.
Cite this page
Credit PanduanHewan when referring to this page. Check the original evidence sources before reusing a claim.
PanduanHewan. Our editorial approach. Last substantive update: 1 October 2026. https://panduanhewan.org/en/editorial-policy/