PANDUANHEWAN · INDONESIA

Nocturnal and diurnal animals of Indonesia: meaning and examples

What nocturnal (night-active) and diurnal (day-active) mean, with Indonesian examples of animals active at night, by day or at dawn and dusk, each with its source.

Nocturnal animals are active mainly at night and rest by day, while diurnal animals are active mainly by day. Some are crepuscular, most active at dawn and dusk, and some cathemeral, active irregularly by day and night. Of the 250 Indonesian animals in this guide with a sourced activity pattern, 71 are nocturnal, 157 diurnal, 5 crepuscular and 17 cathemeral.

71nocturnal 157diurnal 5crepuscular 17cathemeral

Examples of nocturnal animals in Indonesia

Mainly active at night and resting during the day, like slow lorises, tarsiers and many bats. Encyclopaedia Britannica — Nocturnal animal ↗

Name	Group	Note and source
American cockroach Periplaneta americana	Invertebrates	Novikova & Zhukovskaya 2025/2026, Long-term exposure to extreme illumination regimes alters behavioral responses to light in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana L. (J Comp Physiol A), PubMed abstract ↗
Asian Common Toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus	Amphibians	Juveniles are sometimes active on sunny days. Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Asian common toad) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology ↗
Asian House Gecko Hemidactylus frenatus	Reptiles	ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time' ↗
Asian house shrew Suncus murinus	Mammals	Suncus murinus (Asian house shrew) – Animal Diversity Web ↗
Asian Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus	Mammals	Exploring temporal activity of dholes, their prey, and competitors in East Java, Indonesia (Havmøller et al. 2024, Ecology and Evolution; PMC) ↗
Banded krait Bungarus fasciatus	Reptiles	ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time' ↗
Banded Malaysian coral snake Calliophis intestinalis	Reptiles	Calliophis intestinalis - Flora & Fauna Web, National Parks Board (NParks) Singapore ↗
Barn owl Tyto alba	Birds	Tyto alba (barn owl) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan ↗
Bawean deer Axis kuhlii	Mammals	Comes out into clearings around dusk. Ultimate Ungulate ↗
Black rat Rattus rattus	Mammals	Rattus rattus (black rat) – Animal Diversity Web ↗
Blacktip Reef Shark Carcharhinus melanopterus	Marine	Activity peaks in the early evening just after dusk and is lowest by day. Papastamatiou et al. 2015, Drivers of Daily Routines in an Ectothermic Marine Predator: Hunt Warm, Rest Warmer? PLOS ONE (PMC4489509) ↗
Brown rat Rattus norvegicus	Mammals	Also active at dusk. Rattus norvegicus (brown rat) – Animal Diversity Web ↗
Brown-banded Bamboo Shark Chiloscyllium punctatum	Marine	Brownbanded Bambooshark, Discover Fishes, Florida Museum of Natural History ↗
Coconut crab Birgus latro	Invertebrates	Sometimes also active by day; on islands with many people it is active only at night. Animal Diversity Web ↗
Common Four-clawed Gecko Gehyra mutilata	Reptiles	ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time' ↗
Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog Polypedates leucomystax	Amphibians	Polypedates leucomystax - Flora & Fauna Web, National Parks Board (NParks) Singapore ↗
Common Wolf Snake Lycodon capucinus	Reptiles	ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time' ↗
Crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci	Marine	Large individuals and outbreak populations may also feed by day. Ling et al. 2020, Homing behaviour by destructive crown-of-thorns starfish is triggered by local availability of coral prey, Proceedings of the Royal Society B (abstract via Europe PMC) ↗
Diadem Roundleaf Bat Hipposideros diadema	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
Double-spotted Gecko Gekko monarchus	Reptiles	ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time' ↗
Fawn Roundleaf Bat Hipposideros cervinus	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
Giant featherback Chitala lopis	Freshwater fish	Probably active at dusk and at night; not directly studied in this species. FishBase ↗
Green Paddy Frog Hylarana erythraea	Amphibians	Near water it is also seen and heard calling by day. Common Greenback - Hylarana erythraea, Ecology Asia (Nick Baker) ↗
Gursky's Spectral Tarsier Tarsius spectrumgurskyae	Mammals	Gursky's Spectral Tarsier - Tarsius spectrumgurskyae - Ecology Asia ↗
Hasselt's Toad Leptobrachium hasseltii	Amphibians	AmphiBIO v1 (Oliveira et al. 2017, Scientific Data 4:170123), AmphiBIO_v1.csv ↗
Horsfield's tarsier Cephalopachus bancanus	Mammals	Handbook of the Mammals of the World (via Zenodo) ↗
Indonesian coelacanth Latimeria menadoensis	Marine	Based on coelacanth studies in Africa; in Indonesia one has been seen outside a cave by day. Sakaue et al. 2021, New Insights About the Behavioral Ecology of the Coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae Video Recorded in the Absence of Humans Off South Africa, Frontiers in Marine Science ↗
Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark Hemiscyllium freycineti	Marine	Setyawan et al. 2026, First assessment of life history and spatial ecology of the endemic Raja Ampat epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium freycineti) in the Dampier Strait, Indonesia, Frontiers in Fish Science ↗
Javan leopard Panthera pardus melas	Mammals	In some areas Javan leopards are instead most active at dawn and dusk. Exploring temporal activity of dholes, their prey, and competitors in East Java, Indonesia (Havmøller et al. 2024, Ecology and Evolution; PMC) ↗
Javan Porcupine Hystrix javanica	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
Javan slow loris Nycticebus javanicus	Mammals	Environment shapes sleep patterns in a wild nocturnal primate (Reinhardt et al. 2019, Scientific Reports; PMC) ↗
Keeled Slug Snake Pareas carinatus	Reptiles	ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time' ↗
Large Flying-fox Pteropus vampyrus	Mammals	Pteropus vampyrus (large flying fox) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan ↗
Lesser false vampire bat Megaderma spasma	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat Macroglossus minimus	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
Lesser short-nosed fruit bat Cynopterus brachyotis	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
Malay civet Viverra tangalunga	Mammals	Activity peaks just after dark and shortly before dawn. Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 1 Carnivores (Wilson & Mittermeier eds., Lynx Edicions 2009), Viverridae: Viverra tangalunga account (Plazi treatment) ↗
Malayan krait Bungarus candidus	Reptiles	By day it usually hides underground or under buildings. Hodges, D'souza & Jintapirom (2020) Diurnal observation of a Malayan Krait Bungarus candidus feeding inside a building in Thailand. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(8): 15947-15950 ↗
Malayan pit viper Calloselasma rhodostoma	Reptiles	Calloselasma rhodostoma (Kuhl, 1824) - Malaysia Biodiversity Newsletter, Malaysia Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS), Baharom & Munian ↗
Malayan porcupine Hystrix brachyura	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
Malayan tapir Tapirus indicus	Mammals	Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 2 Hoofed Mammals (Wilson & Mittermeier eds., Lynx Edicions 2011), Tapiridae: Tapirus indicus account (Plazi treatment) ↗
Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko Cyrtodactylus marmoratus	Reptiles	ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time' ↗
Muller's Narrowmouth Frog Kaloula baleata	Amphibians	In the late dry season it mostly stays in its burrow. Auffenberg, W. (1980) The herpetofauna of Komodo, with notes on adjacent areas. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences 25(2): 39-156 ↗
New Guinea crocodile Crocodylus novaeguineae	Reptiles	Crocodilian Species List (IUCN Crocodile Specialist Group) ↗
Northern Common Cuscus Phalanger orientalis	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
Philippine slow loris Nycticebus menagensis	Mammals	Slow Lorises - Nycticebus spp. - Ecology Asia ↗
Poisonous Rock Frog Odorrana hosii	Amphibians	Rana hosii Boulenger 1891 - treatment from Teynié, David & Ohler (2010) Note on a collection of Amphibians and Reptiles from Western Sumatra (Indonesia), Zootaxa 2416; Plazi TreatmentBank ↗
Puff-faced Water Snake Homalopsis buccata	Reptiles	Puff-faced Water Snake - Homalopsis buccata, Ecology Asia (Nick Baker) ↗
Pygmy tarsier Tarsius pumilus	Mammals	Also active at dusk and dawn; sleeps on vertical branches by day. Tarsius pumilus (pygmy tarsier) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan ↗
Reticulated Python Malayopython reticulatus	Reptiles	By day it often rests, for example on branches above rivers. Reticulated Python - BiodiversitySG, National Parks Board (NParks) Singapore ↗
River Toad Phrynoidis asper	Amphibians	It is sometimes also seen active by day. Phrynoidis asper (Gravenhorst 1829) - treatment from Teynié, David & Ohler (2010) Note on a collection of Amphibians and Reptiles from Western Sumatra (Indonesia), Zootaxa 2416; Plazi TreatmentBank ↗
Saltwater crocodile Crocodylus porosus	Reptiles	It will also hunt by day when an opportunity arises, and often basks by day. Estuarine Crocodile - The Australian Museum ↗
Sambar deer Rusa unicolor	Mammals	Activity peaks around dusk and dawn; where hunted, sambar are more strictly nocturnal. Rusa unicolor (sambar) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan ↗
Scalloped hammerhead shark Sphyrna lewini	Marine	Schools by day, then disperses to hunt at night. Scalloped hammerhead shark, Save Our Seas Foundation (World of Sharks species profile) ↗
Selayar tarsier Tarsius tarsier	Mammals	Also active at dusk; data come from spectral tarsiers in general. Tarsius tarsier (spectral tarsier) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan ↗
Spinner Dolphin Stenella longirostris	Mammals	Feeds offshore at night and rests in shallow bays by day. Spinner Dolphin - NOAA Fisheries species page ↗
Sumatran rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis	Mammals	This pattern may partly reflect poaching pressure. Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 2 Hoofed Mammals (Wilson & Mittermeier eds., Lynx Edicions 2011), Rhinocerotidae: Dicerorhinus sumatrensis account (Plazi treatment) ↗
Sunda Colugo Galeopterus variegatus	Mammals	Colugo - Galeopterus variegatus - Ecology Asia ↗
Sunda pangolin Manis javanica	Mammals	Activity peaks in the hours before dawn; young animals are sometimes active by day. Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 2 Hoofed Mammals (Wilson & Mittermeier eds., Lynx Edicions 2011), Manidae: Manis javanica account (Plazi treatment) ↗
Sunda scops owl Otus lempiji	Birds	Vocal Individuality of Sunda Scops-Owl (Otus lempiji) in Peninsular Malaysia - Journal of Raptor Research 50(4), BioOne (abstract) ↗
Sunda slow loris Nycticebus coucang	Mammals	Nycticebus coucang (Sunda slow loris) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan ↗
Tasselled Wobbegong Eucrossorhinus dasypogon	Marine	Rests in caves or under ledges by day, but may ambush passing fish. Tasselled Wobbegong, Discover Fishes, Florida Museum of Natural History ↗
Tatar Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus tatar	Mammals	Rhinolophidae (horseshoe bats) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan ↗
Tokay Gecko Gekko gecko	Reptiles	Gekko gecko (Tokay gecko) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology ↗
Wagler's Pit Viper Tropidolaemus wagleri	Reptiles	ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time' ↗
Waigeo Spotted Cuscus Spilocuscus papuensis	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
Western long-beaked echidna Zaglossus bruijnii	Mammals	Also active at dusk and dawn. Animal Diversity Web ↗
White-lipped Island Pitviper Trimeresurus insularis	Reptiles	ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time' ↗
White-lipped Pit Viper Trimeresurus albolabris	Reptiles	ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time' ↗
Whitetip Reef Shark Triaenodon obesus	Marine	Whitetip Reef Shark, Discover Fishes, Florida Museum of Natural History ↗
Yellow-lipped Sea Krait Laticauda colubrina	Reptiles	Most of its activity is at night or at dusk. Laticauda colubrina (yellow-lipped sea krait) – Animal Diversity Web ↗

Examples of diurnal animals in Indonesia

Describes animals that are active mainly during the day; the opposite of nocturnal. KBBI — diurnal ↗

Name	Group	Note and source
Agile gibbon Hylobates agilis	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Asian Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Asian honey bee Apis cerana	Invertebrates	In East Java, foraging flights peak in the morning and around midday. Temporal resource partitioning of the flight activities of three bee species in East Java, Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 21(3), 2024 ↗
Asian small-clawed otter Aonyx cinereus	Mammals	Reported to become nocturnal or crepuscular when living close to people. Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 1 Carnivores (Wilson & Mittermeier eds., Lynx Edicions 2009), Mustelidae: Aonyx cinereus account (Plazi treatment) ↗
Asian water monitor Varanus salvator	Reptiles	ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time' ↗
Asian Weaver Ant Oecophylla smaragdina	Invertebrates	Under daytime predation pressure, some colonies can switch to foraging at night. Exélis et al. 2024, Elucidating the daily foraging activity pattern of Oecophylla smaragdina to minimize bite nuisances in Asia large agro-system plantations, Heliyon 10(4): e26105 (PubMed abstract) ↗
Bali myna Leucopsar rothschildi	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Bay cat Catopuma badia	Mammals	Not strictly diurnal. Older sources call it nocturnal, but more recent camera-trap records catch it mostly by day. HOSCAP Borneo ↗
Bearded pig Sus barbatus	Mammals	Bearded pigs travel at night during migrations and near oil-palm plantations. Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 2 Hoofed Mammals (Wilson & Mittermeier eds., Lynx Edicions 2011), Suidae: Sus barbatus account (Plazi treatment) ↗
Black Giant Squirrel Ratufa bicolor	Mammals	Ratufa bicolor (black giant squirrel) – Animal Diversity Web ↗
Black Sunbird Leptocoma sericea	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Black-capped lory Lorius lory	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Black-naped Fruit Dove Ptilinopus melanospilus	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Black-naped Monarch Hypothymis azurea	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Black-naped Oriole Oriolus chinensis	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Black-striped Squirrel Callosciurus nigrovittatus	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike Hemipus hirundinaceus	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Black-winged myna Acridotheres melanopterus	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Blue-crowned hanging parrot Loriculus galgulus	Birds	Oiseaux.net (AVONET/Birds of the World traits) ↗
Blue-tailed Bee-eater Merops philippinus	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Blyth's Hornbill Rhyticeros plicatus	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Bornean orangutan Pongo pygmaeus	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
Bornean White-bearded Gibbon Hylobates albibarbis	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Brown Honeyeater Lichmera indistincta	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Brown-throated Sunbird Anthreptes malacensis	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Cave Swiftlet Collocalia linchi	Birds	Spends the day catching insects on the wing and returns to its roost at night. Collocaliini (swiftlets) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan (tribe account) ↗
Cerulean Kingfisher Alcedo coerulescens	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Collared kingfisher Todiramphus chloris	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Common hill myna Gracula religiosa	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Common Iora Aegithina tiphia	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos	Birds	Migrates at night. Actitis hypoleucos (common sandpiper) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan ↗
Common Sun Skink Eutropis multifasciata	Reptiles	ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time' ↗
Coppersmith Barbet Psilopogon haemacephalus	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Crested black macaque Macaca nigra	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
Crested serpent eagle Spilornis cheela	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Crocodile monitor Varanus salvadorii	Reptiles	ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time' ↗
Emerald Tree Skink Lamprolepis smaragdina	Reptiles	ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time' ↗
Eurasian tree sparrow Passer montanus	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Flores hawk-eagle Nisaetus floris	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Freckle-breasted Woodpecker Dendrocopos analis	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Glossy Swiftlet Collocalia esculenta	Birds	Flocks near roosts at dawn and dusk when leaving and returning. Dhamorikar et al. 2020, Crepuscular hunting of swiftlets by Besra in the urban areas of the Andaman Islands, India - Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(17) (PDF) ↗
Golden-bellied Gerygone Gerygone sulphurea	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon Treron griseicauda	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Gray-rumped Treeswift Hemiprocne longipennis	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Great argus Argusianus argus	Birds	It also often calls at night: in Sabah about 20% of its calls were recorded between 18:00 and 06:00. PLOS ONE ↗
Great Crested Canopy Lizard Bronchocela jubata	Reptiles	ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time' ↗
Great Crested Tern Thalasseus bergii	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Great Eggfly Hypolimnas bolina	Invertebrates	Rutowski 1992, Male mate-locating behavior in the common eggfly, Hypolimnas bolina (Nymphalidae), Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 46(1): 24-38 (PDF, Yale Peabody Lepidopterists' Society archive) ↗
Great Egret Ardea alba	Birds	Feeding times also follow the tides; most active near dawn and dusk. Eastern Great Egret - Herons of the World, HeronConservation (IUCN SSC Heron Specialist Group) ↗
Great Mormon Swallowtail Papilio memnon	Invertebrates	Butterfly Species (Papilio Memnon), IPB University biodiversity news, 6 Oct 2025 ↗
Greater bird-of-paradise Paradisaea apoda	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Greater blue-ringed octopus Hapalochlaena lunulata	Marine	Greater Blue-ringed Octopus, Online Learning Center species page, Aquarium of the Pacific ↗
Green Imperial Pigeon Ducula aenea	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Green Junglefowl Gallus varius	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Green peafowl Pavo muticus	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Green turtle Chelonia mydas	Marine	Females come ashore to nest at night. Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas) - Texas Parks and Wildlife Department ↗
Hair-crested Drongo Dicrurus hottentottus	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys imbricata	Marine	Young hawksbills forage by day and rest at night. van Dam & Diez 1997, Diving behavior of immature hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) in a Caribbean reef habitat, Coral Reefs 16:133–138 ↗
Helmeted Friarbird Philemon buceroides	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Helmeted hornbill Rhinoplax vigil	Birds	Calls throughout the day. Kennedy et al. 2023, Evidence for acoustic niche partitioning depends on the temporal scale in two sympatric Bornean hornbill species - Biotropica (abstract via Europe PMC) ↗
Horsfield's Treeshrew Tupaia javanica	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
House Swift Apus nipalensis	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Humphead wrasse Cheilinus undulatus	Marine	Cheilinus undulatus, Humphead wrasse, species summary, FishBase ↗
Indian Garden Lizard Calotes versicolor	Reptiles	ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time' ↗
Indo-Chinese Rat Snake Ptyas korros	Reptiles	ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time' ↗
Javan Flying Dragon Draco volans	Reptiles	Active from about 8 to 11 a.m. and again from 1 p.m. into the afternoon. Draco volans (Flying lizard) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology ↗
Javan gibbon Hylobates moloch	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
Javan hawk-eagle Nisaetus bartelsi	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Javan Lutung Trachypithecus auratus	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
Javan Munia Lonchura leucogastroides	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Javan pied starling Gracupica jalla	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Javan Pond-Heron Ardeola speciosa	Birds	Probably most active in the morning and evening. Javan Pond-Heron - Herons of the World, HeronConservation (IUCN SSC Heron Specialist Group) ↗
Javan Surili Presbytis comata	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
Knobbed hornbill Rhyticeros cassidix	Birds	Oiseaux.net (AVONET/Birds of the World traits) ↗
Komodo dragon Varanus komodoensis	Reptiles	At night and in very hot weather it shelters in burrows. Varanus komodoensis (Komodo dragon) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology ↗
Lar Gibbon Hylobates lar	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
Lesser Coucal Centropus bengalensis	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Lesser Frigatebird Fregata ariel	Birds	Can stay aloft for several days and nights. Fregatidae (frigatebirds) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan (family account) ↗
Little Egret Egretta garzetta	Birds	Little Egret - Herons of the World, HeronConservation (IUCN SSC Heron Specialist Group) ↗
Long-tailed macaque Macaca fascicularis	Mammals	Macaca fascicularis (long-tailed macaque) – Animal Diversity Web ↗
Malaysian Pied-Fantail Rhipidura javanica	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Maleo Macrocephalon maleo	Birds	Activity peaks in the morning (06:00–09:00) and late afternoon (16:00–18:00); rests at night. Rosalia et al. 2025, A spatial and temporal assessment of Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo) nesting behavior and habitat preferences - Journal of Earth Kingdom 3(1): 18-33 (PDF) ↗
Marbled cat Pardofelis marmorata	Mammals	Spatio-temporal ecology of sympatric felids on Borneo. Evidence for resource partitioning? (Hearn et al. 2018, PLoS ONE) ↗
Metallic Starling Aplonis metallica	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Moluccan Eclectus Eclectus roratus	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Moluccan king parrot Alisterus amboinensis	Birds	The World Parrot Trust notes it has been seen flying out of the forest at dusk, so it may sometimes also be active at night. Oiseaux.net (AVONET/Birds of the World traits) ↗
Moor Macaque Macaca maura	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
Nias hill myna Gracula robusta	Birds	Oiseaux.net (AVONET/Birds of the World traits) ↗
Northern Fantail Rhipidura rufiventris	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Olive-backed Tailorbird Orthotomus sepium	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard Takydromus sexlineatus	Reptiles	ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time' ↗
Oriental magpie-robin Copsychus saularis	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Oriental Whipsnake Ahaetulla prasina	Reptiles	Ahaetulla prasina – The Reptile Database ↗
Pacific Bluetail Skink Emoia caeruleocauda	Reptiles	ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time' ↗
Pacific swallow Hirundo javanica	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Painted Bronzeback Dendrelaphis pictus	Reptiles	ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time' ↗
Painted terrapin Batagur borneoensis	Reptiles	Females nest on beaches at night at low tide. ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time' ↗
Palm cockatoo Probosciger aterrimus	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Pink-necked Green-Pigeon Treron vernans	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Plaintive Cuckoo Cacomantis merulinus	Birds	Often heard calling by day or night, especially in the breeding season. EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Plantain Squirrel Callosciurus notatus	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
Prevost's Squirrel Callosciurus prevostii	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
Proboscis monkey Nasalis larvatus	Mammals	Most active from late afternoon until dark. Nasalis larvatus (proboscis monkey) – Animal Diversity Web ↗
Rainbow Bee-eater Merops ornatus	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Red bird-of-paradise Paradisaea rubra	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Red-cheeked Parrot Geoffroyus geoffroyi	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Rhinoceros hornbill Buceros rhinoceros	Birds	Calls throughout the day. Kennedy et al. 2023, Evidence for acoustic niche partitioning depends on the temporal scale in two sympatric Bornean hornbill species - Biotropica (abstract via Europe PMC) ↗
Rock Pigeon Columba livia	Birds	Columba livia (rock pigeon) – Animal Diversity Web ↗
Rufous-tailed shama Copsychus pyrropygus	Birds	Oiseaux.net (AVONET/Birds of the World traits) ↗
Sacred Kingfisher Todiramphus sanctus	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Sahul Brush Cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Salmon-crested cockatoo Cacatua moluccensis	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Scarlet Skimmer Crocothemis servilia	Invertebrates	Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1773), Flora & Fauna Web, National Parks Board Singapore ↗
Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker Dicaeum trochileum	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Siamang Symphalangus syndactylus	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
Silvered Leaf Monkey Trachypithecus cristatus	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
Slender Skimmer Orthetrum sabina	Invertebrates	Putri, Wimbaningrum & Setiawan 2019, Keanekaragaman jenis capung anggota ordo Odonata di area persawahan Kecamatan Sumbersari Kabupaten Jember, Bioma 8(1) (Universitas PGRI Semarang) ↗
Smooth-coated otter Lutrogale perspicillata	Mammals	Rests around midday; may become nocturnal where disturbed. Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 1 Carnivores (Wilson & Mittermeier eds., Lynx Edicions 2009), Mustelidae: Lutrogale perspicillata account (Plazi treatment) ↗
Snoring rail Aramidopsis plateni	Birds	Oiseaux.net (AVONET/Birds of the World traits) ↗
Sooty-headed bulbul Pycnonotus aurigaster	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Southern cassowary Casuarius casuarius	Birds	Can be active at any time, but forages by day and rests around midday. Pangau-Adam et al. 2015, Human impacts on two endemic cassowary species in Indonesian New Guinea, Oryx (Cambridge Core) ↗
Southern Pig-tailed Macaque Macaca nemestrina	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
Spotted dove Spilopelia chinensis	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Spotted seahorse Hippocampus kuda	Marine	The main evidence comes from observations in captivity. Apale & Foster 2016, The life history and ecology of seahorses in the Philippines (draft report), Project Seahorse ↗
Standardwing bird-of-paradise Semioptera wallacii	Birds	Oiseaux.net (AVONET/Birds of the World traits) ↗
Straw-headed bulbul Pycnonotus zeylanicus	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Sulawesi babirusa Babyrousa celebensis	Mammals	Most foraging takes place in the morning. Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 2 Hoofed Mammals (Wilson & Mittermeier eds., Lynx Edicions 2011), Suidae: Babyrousa celebensis account (Plazi treatment) ↗
Sumatran orangutan Pongo abelii	Mammals	Pongo abelii (Sumatran orangutan) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan ↗
Sumatran Surili Presbytis melalophos	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
Sumatran tiger Panthera tigris sondaica	Mammals	Near settlements, Sumatran tigers are more active at night and at twilight. Terrestrial mammal community richness and temporal overlap between tigers and other carnivores in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra (Allen et al. 2020, Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 43: 97-107; author PDF) ↗
Sun bear Helarctos malayanus	Mammals	In heavily disturbed areas such as oil-palm plantations, sun bears are mostly nocturnal. Carnivores and their prey in Sumatra: Occupancy and activity in human-dominated forests (Widodo et al. 2022, PLoS ONE; PMC) ↗
Sunda king cobra Ophiophagus bungarus	Reptiles	Based on king cobra records from Singapore; occasionally also active at night. Lim, Leong & Lim (2011) The king cobra, Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor) in Singapore. Nature in Singapore 4: 143-156, Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National University of Singapore ↗
Tapanuli orangutan Pongo tapanuliensis	Mammals	Orangutans (Pongo spp.) Fact Sheet: Summary - San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance Library ↗
Thomas’s Langur Presbytis thomasi	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
Twelve-wired bird-of-paradise Seleucidis melanoleucus	Birds	Oiseaux.net (AVONET/Birds of the World traits) ↗
Uniform Swiftlet Aerodramus vanikorensis	Birds	Spends the day catching insects on the wing and returns to its cave at night. Collocaliini (swiftlets) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan (tribe account) ↗
Victoria crowned pigeon Goura victoria	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Wallace's golden birdwing Ornithoptera croesus	Invertebrates	More active in the morning than at midday or in the afternoon. Mas'ud, Corebima, Amin & Rohman 2019/2020, Kupu-Kupu Endemik Pulau Bacan Ornithoptera croesus dan Strategi Konservasinya (research-based book; PDF hosted by FMIPA Universitas Negeri Malang) ↗
White-bellied Sea Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster	Birds	Haliaeetus leucogaster (white-bellied sea eagle) – Animal Diversity Web ↗
White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus	Birds	Most vocal at dawn and dusk, and sometimes calls at night. White-breasted Waterhen - Oiseaux-Birds (species card) ↗
White-breasted Woodswallow Artamus leucorhynchos	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
White-headed Munia Lonchura maja	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
White-nest Swiftlet Aerodramus fuciphagus	Birds	Leaves caves or swiftlet houses around dawn and returns at dusk. Dhamorikar et al. 2020, Crepuscular hunting of swiftlets by Besra in the urban areas of the Andaman Islands, India - Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(17) (PDF) ↗
White-rumped shama Copsychus malabaricus	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
White-shouldered Triller Lalage sueurii	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Whitish Dwarf Squirrel Prosciurillus leucomus	Mammals	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt ↗
Willie Wagtail Rhipidura leucophrys	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti	Invertebrates	Bites most in the morning and late afternoon, but can bite at night in well-lit places. Dengue and the Aedes aegypti mosquito, CDC Division of Vector-Borne Diseases fact sheet (copy hosted by Hawaii State Department of Health) ↗
Yellow-crested cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Yellow-vented bulbul Pycnonotus goiavier	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Zebra Dove Geopelia striata	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗
Zitting Cisticola Cisticola juncidis	Birds	EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt ↗

Examples of crepuscular animals in Indonesia

Name	Group	Note and source
Binturong Arctictis binturong	Mammals	At forest edges and in disturbed forest, binturongs shift to more night-time activity. Binturong ecology and conservation in pristine, fragmented and degraded tropical forests - Oryx 58(2), 2024, Cambridge University Press ↗
Dollarbird Eurystomus orientalis	Birds	Most active from late afternoon to dusk and in early morning. Distribution, behaviour, and provenance of Oriental Dollarbirds Eurystomus orientalis in Micronesia - Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 140(1), 2020 (BioOne) ↗
Domestic cat Felis catus	Companions	Pet cats often adjust their active hours to their owners' routine. Parker, M. et al. (2022) Comparison of Locomotor and Feeding Rhythms between Indoor and Outdoor Cats Living in Captivity. Animals 12(18):2440 (MDPI; PMC9494968) ↗
Purple Heron Ardea purpurea	Birds	Sometimes also feeds by day in dense cover. Ardea purpurea (purple heron) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan ↗
Southern red muntjac Muntiacus muntjak	Mammals	Also active during the day, but less than at dawn and dusk. Exploring temporal activity of dholes, their prey, and competitors in East Java, Indonesia (Havmøller et al. 2024, Ecology and Evolution; PMC) ↗

Examples of cathemeral animals in Indonesia

Name	Group	Note and source
Banteng Bos javanicus	Mammals	It becomes more nocturnal where people encroach on its range. Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 2 Hoofed Mammals (Wilson & Mittermeier eds., Lynx Edicions 2011), Bovidae: Bos javanicus account (Plazi treatment) ↗
Bornean elephant Elephas maximus borneensis	Mammals	Activity often peaks at night, with rest around midday. Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 2 Hoofed Mammals (Wilson & Mittermeier eds., Lynx Edicions 2011), Elephantidae: Elephas maximus account (Plazi treatment) ↗
Domestic Water Buffalo Bubalus bubalis	Mammals	In hot weather it wallows for much of the day and is more active at dusk and dawn. Bubalus bubalis (water buffalo) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan ↗
Dugong Dugong dugon	Marine	Its feeding times follow the tides more than day or night. Sheppard, J.K. (2008) The spatial ecology of dugongs: applications to conservation management. PhD thesis, James Cook University (ResearchOnline@JCU) ↗
Flat-tailed House Gecko Hemidactylus platyurus	Reptiles	In towns it often hunts insects drawn to artificial lights at night. Flat-tailed Gecko - Hemidactylus platyurus, Ecology Asia (Nick Baker) ↗
Javan spitting cobra Naja sputatrix	Reptiles	Auffenberg, W. (1980) The herpetofauna of Komodo, with notes on adjacent areas. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences 25(2): 39-156 ↗
Leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea	Marine	Dives day and night, and its feeding times vary between sites. ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time' ↗
Loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta	Marine	ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time' ↗
Lowland anoa Bubalus depressicornis	Mammals	Most active in early morning and late afternoon, but more nocturnal where hunted. Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 2 Hoofed Mammals (Wilson & Mittermeier eds., Lynx Edicions 2011), Bovidae: Bubalus depressicornis (Anoa) account (Plazi treatment) ↗
Mountain anoa Bubalus quarlesi	Mammals	Little studied; the available data cover both anoa species. Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 2 Hoofed Mammals (Wilson & Mittermeier eds., Lynx Edicions 2011), Bovidae: Bubalus depressicornis (Anoa, incl. Mountain Anoa quarlesi) account (Plazi treatment) ↗
Pacific Reef Heron Egretta sacra	Birds	Feeding is timed mainly by the tides, so it can be by day or at night. Eastern Reef Heron - Herons of the World, HeronConservation (IUCN SSC Heron Specialist Group) ↗
Pig-nosed turtle Carettochelys insculpta	Reptiles	A study in Australia found it active day and night, not only at night. Georges, Doody, Eisemberg, Alacs & Rose (2008) Carettochelys insculpta Ramsay 1886 - Pig-Nosed Turtle, Fly River Turtle. Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises, Chelonian Research Monographs 5 (IUCN/SSC TFTSG) ↗
Striated Heron Butorides striata	Birds	Feeds by day, in the evening and at night, and is drawn to lights to feed. Striated Heron - Herons of the World, HeronConservation (IUCN SSC Heron Specialist Group) ↗
Sumatran elephant Elephas maximus sumatranus	Mammals	Activity often peaks at night, with rest around midday. Elephas maximus (Asian elephant) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan ↗
Sunda clouded leopard Neofelis diardi	Mammals	Most active at night and around dawn, least active at midday. Spatio-temporal ecology of sympatric felids on Borneo. Evidence for resource partitioning? (Hearn et al. 2018, PLoS ONE) ↗
Timor deer Rusa timorensis	Mammals	Exploring temporal activity of dholes, their prey, and competitors in East Java, Indonesia (Havmøller et al. 2024, Ecology and Evolution; PMC) ↗
Wild Boar Sus scrofa	Mammals	More nocturnal where hunted or near people. Sus scrofa (wild boar) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan ↗

An activity pattern is listed only where a source states it for that species; nothing is guessed from the animal group. Many animals shift their activity, for example becoming more nocturnal near people.

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