Amphibians of Indonesia: frogs and toads

Asian Common Toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus). Asian common toads use many human-modified habitats; genetic research suggests the name may encompass a more complex set of lineages.

Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog (Polypedates leucomystax). The Southeast Asian tree frog builds foam nests near water for its eggs; a nest site should be left undisturbed.

Crab-eating Frog (Fejervarya cancrivora). Crab-eating frogs use brackish habitats; salinity studies document tadpole tolerance, but laboratory limits do not justify moving animals into seawater.

Green Paddy Frog (Hylarana erythraea). The green paddy frog occurs in Southeast Asia and formerly appeared under Rana; wetland observations do not measure local abundance or status.

Hasselt's Toad (Leptobrachium hasseltii). Hasselt's litter frog was once a broad name for Southeast Asian populations; current taxonomy narrows confident identification and calls for comparison with relatives.

Muller's Narrowmouth Frog (Kaloula baleata). Müller's narrowmouth frog is a microhylid with a rounded body; skin condition and age can change its appearance.

Poisonous Rock Frog (Odorrana hosii). Hose's frog is associated with rocky stream settings in Southeast Asia; a common name is no reason to handle an unidentified frog.

River Toad (Phrynoidis asper). The river toad is a Southeast Asian bufonid; 'giant' is a relative common name, not a fixed size for every individual.

Schlegel's Frog (Chalcorana chalconota). Schlegel's frog once covered stream-frog populations later split into other species; Sumatran and Javan identifications need current taxonomy.