# Nocturnal and diurnal animals of Indonesia: meaning and examples

> What nocturnal (night-active) and diurnal (day-active) mean, with Indonesian examples of animals active at night, by day or at dawn and dusk, each with its source.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/nocturnal-and-diurnal-animals/ · Updated 1 October 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/hewan-nokturnal-diurnal/
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## nocturnal (active at night) (71)

| Name | Scientific name | Group | Detail |
|---|---|---|---|
| [American cockroach](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/american-cockroach/) | *Periplaneta americana* | Invertebrates | \[Novikova & Zhukovskaya 2025/2026, Long-term exposure to extreme illumination regimes alters behavioral responses to light in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana L. (J Comp Physiol A), PubMed abstract\](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41348274/) |
| [Asian Common Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/duttaphrynus-melanostictus/) | *Duttaphrynus melanostictus* | Amphibians | Juveniles are sometimes active on sunny days. \[Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Asian common toad) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Duttaphrynus\_melanostictus/) |
| [Asian House Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-frenatus/) | *Hemidactylus frenatus* | Reptiles | \[ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time'\](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/ReptTraits\_a\_comprehensive\_database\_of\_ecological\_traits\_in\_reptiles/24572683) |
| [Asian house shrew](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-house-shrew/) | *Suncus murinus* | Mammals | \[Suncus murinus (Asian house shrew) – Animal Diversity Web\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Suncus\_murinus/) |
| [Asian Palm Civet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/paradoxurus-hermaphroditus/) | *Paradoxurus hermaphroditus* | Mammals | \[Exploring temporal activity of dholes, their prey, and competitors in East Java, Indonesia (Havmøller et al. 2024, Ecology and Evolution; PMC)\](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11224129/) |
| [Banded krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banded-krait/) | *Bungarus fasciatus* | Reptiles | \[ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time'\](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/ReptTraits\_a\_comprehensive\_database\_of\_ecological\_traits\_in\_reptiles/24572683) |
| [Banded Malaysian coral snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banded-malaysian-coral-snake/) | *Calliophis intestinalis* | Reptiles | \[Calliophis intestinalis - Flora & Fauna Web, National Parks Board (NParks) Singapore\](https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/fauna/6/4/6450) |
| [Barn owl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/barn-owl/) | *Tyto alba* | Birds | \[Tyto alba (barn owl) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tyto\_alba/) |
| [Bawean deer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bawean-deer/) | *Axis kuhlii* | Mammals | Comes out into clearings around dusk. \[Ultimate Ungulate\](https://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Axis\_kuhlii.html) |
| [Black rat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-rat/) | *Rattus rattus* | Mammals | \[Rattus rattus (black rat) – Animal Diversity Web\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rattus\_rattus/) |
| [Blacktip Reef Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/carcharhinus-melanopterus/) | *Carcharhinus melanopterus* | Marine | Activity peaks in the early evening just after dusk and is lowest by day. \[Papastamatiou et al. 2015, Drivers of Daily Routines in an Ectothermic Marine Predator: Hunt Warm, Rest Warmer? PLOS ONE (PMC4489509)\](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4489509/) |
| [Brown rat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/brown-rat/) | *Rattus norvegicus* | Mammals | Also active at dusk. \[Rattus norvegicus (brown rat) – Animal Diversity Web\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rattus\_norvegicus/) |
| [Brown-banded Bamboo Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chiloscyllium-punctatum/) | *Chiloscyllium punctatum* | Marine | \[Brownbanded Bambooshark, Discover Fishes, Florida Museum of Natural History\](https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/chiloscyllium-punctatum/) |
| [Coconut crab](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/coconut-crab/) | *Birgus latro* | Invertebrates | Sometimes also active by day; on islands with many people it is active only at night. \[Animal Diversity Web\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Birgus\_latro/) |
| [Common Four-clawed Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gehyra-mutilata/) | *Gehyra mutilata* | Reptiles | \[ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time'\](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/ReptTraits\_a\_comprehensive\_database\_of\_ecological\_traits\_in\_reptiles/24572683) |
| [Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/polypedates-leucomystax/) | *Polypedates leucomystax* | Amphibians | \[Polypedates leucomystax - Flora & Fauna Web, National Parks Board (NParks) Singapore\](https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/fauna/4/4/446) |
| [Common Wolf Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lycodon-capucinus/) | *Lycodon capucinus* | Reptiles | \[ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time'\](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/ReptTraits\_a\_comprehensive\_database\_of\_ecological\_traits\_in\_reptiles/24572683) |
| [Crown-of-thorns starfish](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crown-of-thorns-starfish/) | *Acanthaster planci* | Marine | Large individuals and outbreak populations may also feed by day. \[Ling et al. 2020, Homing behaviour by destructive crown-of-thorns starfish is triggered by local availability of coral prey, Proceedings of the Royal Society B (abstract via Europe PMC)\](https://europepmc.org/article/MED/33143585) |
| [Diadem Roundleaf Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-diadema/) | *Hipposideros diadema* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [Double-spotted Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gekko-monarchus/) | *Gekko monarchus* | Reptiles | \[ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time'\](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/ReptTraits\_a\_comprehensive\_database\_of\_ecological\_traits\_in\_reptiles/24572683) |
| [Fawn Roundleaf Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-cervinus/) | *Hipposideros cervinus* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [Giant featherback](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/giant-featherback/) | *Chitala lopis* | Freshwater fish | Probably active at dusk and at night; not directly studied in this species. \[FishBase\](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Chitala-lopis.html) |
| [Green Paddy Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylarana-erythraea/) | *Hylarana erythraea* | Amphibians | Near water it is also seen and heard calling by day. \[Common Greenback - Hylarana erythraea, Ecology Asia (Nick Baker)\](https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/amphibians/common\_greenback.htm) |
| [Gursky's Spectral Tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tarsius-spectrumgurskyae/) | *Tarsius spectrumgurskyae* | Mammals | \[Gursky's Spectral Tarsier - Tarsius spectrumgurskyae - Ecology Asia\](https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/mammals/gurskys-spectral\_tarsier.htm) |
| [Hasselt's Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leptobrachium-hasseltii/) | *Leptobrachium hasseltii* | Amphibians | \[AmphiBIO v1 (Oliveira et al. 2017, Scientific Data 4:170123), AmphiBIO\\\_v1.csv\](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/AmphiBIO\_v1/4644424) |
| [Horsfield's tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/horsfields-tarsier/) | *Cephalopachus bancanus* | Mammals | \[Handbook of the Mammals of the World (via Zenodo)\](https://zenodo.org/records/6631834) |
| [Indonesian coelacanth](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/indonesian-coelacanth/) | *Latimeria menadoensis* | Marine | Based on coelacanth studies in Africa; in Indonesia one has been seen outside a cave by day. \[Sakaue et al. 2021, New Insights About the Behavioral Ecology of the Coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae Video Recorded in the Absence of Humans Off South Africa, Frontiers in Marine Science\](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.755275/full) |
| [Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemiscyllium-freycineti/) | *Hemiscyllium freycineti* | Marine | \[Setyawan et al. 2026, First assessment of life history and spatial ecology of the endemic Raja Ampat epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium freycineti) in the Dampier Strait, Indonesia, Frontiers in Fish Science\](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/fish-science/articles/10.3389/frish.2026.1820382/full) |
| [Javan leopard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-leopard/) | *Panthera pardus melas* | Mammals | In some areas Javan leopards are instead most active at dawn and dusk. \[Exploring temporal activity of dholes, their prey, and competitors in East Java, Indonesia (Havmøller et al. 2024, Ecology and Evolution; PMC)\](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11224129/) |
| [Javan Porcupine](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hystrix-javanica/) | *Hystrix javanica* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [Javan slow loris](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-slow-loris/) | *Nycticebus javanicus* | Mammals | \[Environment shapes sleep patterns in a wild nocturnal primate (Reinhardt et al. 2019, Scientific Reports; PMC)\](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6616475/) |
| [Keeled Slug Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pareas-carinatus/) | *Pareas carinatus* | Reptiles | \[ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time'\](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/ReptTraits\_a\_comprehensive\_database\_of\_ecological\_traits\_in\_reptiles/24572683) |
| [Large Flying-fox](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pteropus-vampyrus/) | *Pteropus vampyrus* | Mammals | \[Pteropus vampyrus (large flying fox) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pteropus\_vampyrus/) |
| [Lesser false vampire bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/megaderma-spasma/) | *Megaderma spasma* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macroglossus-minimus/) | *Macroglossus minimus* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [Lesser short-nosed fruit bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lesser-short-nosed-fruit-bat/) | *Cynopterus brachyotis* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [Malay civet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malay-civet/) | *Viverra tangalunga* | Mammals | Activity peaks just after dark and shortly before dawn. \[Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 1 Carnivores (Wilson & Mittermeier eds., Lynx Edicions 2009), Viverridae: Viverra tangalunga account (Plazi treatment)\](https://treatment.plazi.org/GgServer/xhtml/FC03440BFFE6FF87EA934917FAB6F695) |
| [Malayan krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-krait/) | *Bungarus candidus* | Reptiles | By day it usually hides underground or under buildings. \[Hodges, D'souza & Jintapirom (2020) Diurnal observation of a Malayan Krait Bungarus candidus feeding inside a building in Thailand. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(8): 15947-15950\](https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/download/5746/6780/30753) |
| [Malayan pit viper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-pit-viper/) | *Calloselasma rhodostoma* | Reptiles | \[Calloselasma rhodostoma (Kuhl, 1824) - Malaysia Biodiversity Newsletter, Malaysia Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS), Baharom & Munian\](https://www.mybis.gov.my/nl/323137) |
| [Malayan porcupine](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-porcupine/) | *Hystrix brachyura* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [Malayan tapir](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-tapir/) | *Tapirus indicus* | Mammals | \[Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 2 Hoofed Mammals (Wilson & Mittermeier eds., Lynx Edicions 2011), Tapiridae: Tapirus indicus account (Plazi treatment)\](https://treatment.plazi.org/GgServer/xhtml/039CED53FFC4FF88FA5021E814549604) |
| [Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cyrtodactylus-marmoratus/) | *Cyrtodactylus marmoratus* | Reptiles | \[ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time'\](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/ReptTraits\_a\_comprehensive\_database\_of\_ecological\_traits\_in\_reptiles/24572683) |
| [Muller's Narrowmouth Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/kaloula-baleata/) | *Kaloula baleata* | Amphibians | In the late dry season it mostly stays in its burrow. \[Auffenberg, W. (1980) The herpetofauna of Komodo, with notes on adjacent areas. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences 25(2): 39-156\](https://flmnhbulletin.com/index.php/flmnh/article/download/flmnh-vol25-no2/vol25-no2/829) |
| [New Guinea crocodile](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/new-guinea-crocodile/) | *Crocodylus novaeguineae* | Reptiles | \[Crocodilian Species List (IUCN Crocodile Specialist Group)\](https://crocodilian.com/cnhc/csp\_cnov.htm) |
| [Northern Common Cuscus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/phalanger-orientalis/) | *Phalanger orientalis* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [Philippine slow loris](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/philippine-slow-loris/) | *Nycticebus menagensis* | Mammals | \[Slow Lorises - Nycticebus spp. - Ecology Asia\](https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/mammals/slow-lorises.htm) |
| [Poisonous Rock Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/odorrana-hosii/) | *Odorrana hosii* | Amphibians | \[Rana hosii Boulenger 1891 - treatment from Teynié, David & Ohler (2010) Note on a collection of Amphibians and Reptiles from Western Sumatra (Indonesia), Zootaxa 2416; Plazi TreatmentBank\](https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/xhtml/03D087F8FF98FF8DAADDFDB0FB7DFC04) |
| [Puff-faced Water Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/homalopsis-buccata/) | *Homalopsis buccata* | Reptiles | \[Puff-faced Water Snake - Homalopsis buccata, Ecology Asia (Nick Baker)\](https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/snakes/puff-faced\_water-snake.htm) |
| [Pygmy tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pygmy-tarsier/) | *Tarsius pumilus* | Mammals | Also active at dusk and dawn; sleeps on vertical branches by day. \[Tarsius pumilus (pygmy tarsier) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tarsius\_pumilus/) |
| [Reticulated Python](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayopython-reticulatus/) | *Malayopython reticulatus* | Reptiles | By day it often rests, for example on branches above rivers. \[Reticulated Python - BiodiversitySG, National Parks Board (NParks) Singapore\](https://biodiversitysg.nparks.gov.sg/our-biodiversity/reptiles/snakes/reticulated-python/) |
| [River Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/phrynoidis-asper/) | *Phrynoidis asper* | Amphibians | It is sometimes also seen active by day. \[Phrynoidis asper (Gravenhorst 1829) - treatment from Teynié, David & Ohler (2010) Note on a collection of Amphibians and Reptiles from Western Sumatra (Indonesia), Zootaxa 2416; Plazi TreatmentBank\](https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/xhtml/03D087F8FF91FF84AADDFBAFFCA5F9D4) |
| [Saltwater crocodile](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/saltwater-crocodile/) | *Crocodylus porosus* | Reptiles | It will also hunt by day when an opportunity arises, and often basks by day. \[Estuarine Crocodile - The Australian Museum\](https://australian.museum/learn/animals/reptiles/estuarine-crocodile/) |
| [Sambar deer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sambar-deer/) | *Rusa unicolor* | Mammals | Activity peaks around dusk and dawn; where hunted, sambar are more strictly nocturnal. \[Rusa unicolor (sambar) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rusa\_unicolor/) |
| [Scalloped hammerhead shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/scalloped-hammerhead-shark/) | *Sphyrna lewini* | Marine | Schools by day, then disperses to hunt at night. \[Scalloped hammerhead shark, Save Our Seas Foundation (World of Sharks species profile)\](https://saveourseas.com/worldofsharks/species/scalloped-hammerhead-shark/) |
| [Selayar tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/selayar-tarsier/) | *Tarsius tarsier* | Mammals | Also active at dusk; data come from spectral tarsiers in general. \[Tarsius tarsier (spectral tarsier) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tarsius\_tarsier/) |
| [Spinner Dolphin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/stenella-longirostris/) | *Stenella longirostris* | Mammals | Feeds offshore at night and rests in shallow bays by day. \[Spinner Dolphin - NOAA Fisheries species page\](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/spinner-dolphin) |
| [Sumatran rhinoceros](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-rhino/) | *Dicerorhinus sumatrensis* | Mammals | This pattern may partly reflect poaching pressure. \[Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 2 Hoofed Mammals (Wilson & Mittermeier eds., Lynx Edicions 2011), Rhinocerotidae: Dicerorhinus sumatrensis account (Plazi treatment)\](https://treatment.plazi.org/GgServer/xhtml/5E3FD96DFFEB721E49E6FE2BF88F79D6) |
| [Sunda Colugo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/galeopterus-variegatus/) | *Galeopterus variegatus* | Mammals | \[Colugo - Galeopterus variegatus - Ecology Asia\](https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/mammals/colugo.htm) |
| [Sunda pangolin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-pangolin/) | *Manis javanica* | Mammals | Activity peaks in the hours before dawn; young animals are sometimes active by day. \[Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 2 Hoofed Mammals (Wilson & Mittermeier eds., Lynx Edicions 2011), Manidae: Manis javanica account (Plazi treatment)\](https://treatment.plazi.org/GgServer/xhtml/EC7D87A1FFF2FF89E2E9F90AC6CDF38D) |
| [Sunda scops owl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-scops-owl/) | *Otus lempiji* | Birds | \[Vocal Individuality of Sunda Scops-Owl (Otus lempiji) in Peninsular Malaysia - Journal of Raptor Research 50(4), BioOne (abstract)\](https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-raptor-research/volume-50/issue-4/JRR-15-76.1/Vocal-Individuality-of-Sunda-Scops-Owl-Otus-lempiji-in-Peninsular/10.3356/JRR-15-76.1.short) |
| [Sunda slow loris](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-slow-loris/) | *Nycticebus coucang* | Mammals | \[Nycticebus coucang (Sunda slow loris) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nycticebus\_coucang/) |
| [Tasselled Wobbegong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eucrossorhinus-dasypogon/) | *Eucrossorhinus dasypogon* | Marine | Rests in caves or under ledges by day, but may ambush passing fish. \[Tasselled Wobbegong, Discover Fishes, Florida Museum of Natural History\](https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/eucrossorhinus-dasypogon/) |
| [Tatar Horseshoe Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhinolophus-tatar/) | *Rhinolophus tatar* | Mammals | \[Rhinolophidae (horseshoe bats) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rhinolophidae/) |
| [Tokay Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gekko-gecko/) | *Gekko gecko* | Reptiles | \[Gekko gecko (Tokay gecko) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gekko\_gecko/) |
| [Wagler's Pit Viper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tropidolaemus-wagleri/) | *Tropidolaemus wagleri* | Reptiles | \[ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time'\](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/ReptTraits\_a\_comprehensive\_database\_of\_ecological\_traits\_in\_reptiles/24572683) |
| [Waigeo Spotted Cuscus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spilocuscus-papuensis/) | *Spilocuscus papuensis* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [Western long-beaked echidna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/western-long-beaked-echidna/) | *Zaglossus bruijnii* | Mammals | Also active at dusk and dawn. \[Animal Diversity Web\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Zaglossus\_bruijni/) |
| [White-lipped Island Pitviper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trimeresurus-insularis/) | *Trimeresurus insularis* | Reptiles | \[ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time'\](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/ReptTraits\_a\_comprehensive\_database\_of\_ecological\_traits\_in\_reptiles/24572683) |
| [White-lipped Pit Viper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trimeresurus-albolabris/) | *Trimeresurus albolabris* | Reptiles | \[ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time'\](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/ReptTraits\_a\_comprehensive\_database\_of\_ecological\_traits\_in\_reptiles/24572683) |
| [Whitetip Reef Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/triaenodon-obesus/) | *Triaenodon obesus* | Marine | \[Whitetip Reef Shark, Discover Fishes, Florida Museum of Natural History\](https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/triaenodon-obesus/) |
| [Yellow-lipped Sea Krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/laticauda-colubrina/) | *Laticauda colubrina* | Reptiles | Most of its activity is at night or at dusk. \[Laticauda colubrina (yellow-lipped sea krait) – Animal Diversity Web\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Laticauda\_colubrina/) |

## diurnal (active by day) (157)

| Name | Scientific name | Group | Detail |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Agile gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/agile-gibbon/) | *Hylobates agilis* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [Ashy Drongo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-leucophaeus/) | *Dicrurus leucophaeus* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Asian Emerald Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcophaps-indica/) | *Chalcophaps indica* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Asian honey bee](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-honey-bee/) | *Apis cerana* | Invertebrates | In East Java, foraging flights peak in the morning and around midday. \[Temporal resource partitioning of the flight activities of three bee species in East Java, Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 21(3), 2024\](https://jurnal.pei-pusat.org/index.php/jei/article/view/867) |
| [Asian small-clawed otter](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-small-clawed-otter/) | *Aonyx cinereus* | Mammals | Reported to become nocturnal or crepuscular when living close to people. \[Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 1 Carnivores (Wilson & Mittermeier eds., Lynx Edicions 2009), Mustelidae: Aonyx cinereus account (Plazi treatment)\](https://treatment.plazi.org/GgServer/xhtml/038F87D4CA4BFFA4CAAC30ACF6DFF56A) |
| [Asian water monitor](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/varanus-salvator/) | *Varanus salvator* | Reptiles | \[ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time'\](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/ReptTraits\_a\_comprehensive\_database\_of\_ecological\_traits\_in\_reptiles/24572683) |
| [Asian Weaver Ant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oecophylla-smaragdina/) | *Oecophylla smaragdina* | Invertebrates | Under daytime predation pressure, some colonies can switch to foraging at night. \[Exélis et al. 2024, Elucidating the daily foraging activity pattern of Oecophylla smaragdina to minimize bite nuisances in Asia large agro-system plantations, Heliyon 10(4): e26105 (PubMed abstract)\](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38434038/) |
| [Bali myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bali-myna/) | *Leucopsar rothschildi* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Barn Swallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hirundo-rustica/) | *Hirundo rustica* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Bay cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bay-cat/) | *Catopuma badia* | Mammals | Not strictly diurnal. Older sources call it nocturnal, but more recent camera-trap records catch it mostly by day. \[HOSCAP Borneo\](https://hoscap-borneo.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/s33rbz165-172\_bay-cat.pdf) |
| [Bearded pig](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bearded-pig/) | *Sus barbatus* | Mammals | Bearded pigs travel at night during migrations and near oil-palm plantations. \[Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 2 Hoofed Mammals (Wilson & Mittermeier eds., Lynx Edicions 2011), Suidae: Sus barbatus account (Plazi treatment)\](https://treatment.plazi.org/GgServer/xhtml/038087E8553756388B1B0A4218E0F33A) |
| [Black Giant Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ratufa-bicolor/) | *Ratufa bicolor* | Mammals | \[Ratufa bicolor (black giant squirrel) – Animal Diversity Web\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ratufa\_bicolor/) |
| [Black Sunbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leptocoma-sericea/) | *Leptocoma sericea* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Black-capped lory](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-capped-lory/) | *Lorius lory* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Black-naped Fruit Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ptilinopus-melanospilus/) | *Ptilinopus melanospilus* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Black-naped Monarch](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hypothymis-azurea/) | *Hypothymis azurea* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Black-naped Oriole](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oriolus-chinensis/) | *Oriolus chinensis* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Black-striped Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-nigrovittatus/) | *Callosciurus nigrovittatus* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemipus-hirundinaceus/) | *Hemipus hirundinaceus* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Black-winged myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-winged-myna/) | *Acridotheres melanopterus* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Blue-crowned hanging parrot](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/blue-crowned-hanging-parrot/) | *Loriculus galgulus* | Birds | \[Oiseaux.net (AVONET/Birds of the World traits)\](https://www.oiseaux.net/birds/blue-crowned.hanging.parrot.html) |
| [Blue-tailed Bee-eater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/merops-philippinus/) | *Merops philippinus* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Blyth's Hornbill](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhyticeros-plicatus/) | *Rhyticeros plicatus* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Bornean orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-orangutan/) | *Pongo pygmaeus* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [Bornean White-bearded Gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylobates-albibarbis/) | *Hylobates albibarbis* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [Brahminy Kite](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/haliastur-indus/) | *Haliastur indus* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Brown Honeyeater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lichmera-indistincta/) | *Lichmera indistincta* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Brown-throated Sunbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/anthreptes-malacensis/) | *Anthreptes malacensis* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Cave Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/collocalia-linchi/) | *Collocalia linchi* | Birds | Spends the day catching insects on the wing and returns to its roost at night. \[Collocaliini (swiftlets) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan (tribe account)\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Collocaliini/) |
| [Cerulean Kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/alcedo-coerulescens/) | *Alcedo coerulescens* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Collared kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/todiramphus-chloris/) | *Todiramphus chloris* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Common hill myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/common-hill-myna/) | *Gracula religiosa* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Common Iora](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aegithina-tiphia/) | *Aegithina tiphia* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Common Sandpiper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/actitis-hypoleucos/) | *Actitis hypoleucos* | Birds | Migrates at night. \[Actitis hypoleucos (common sandpiper) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Actitis\_hypoleucos/) |
| [Common Sun Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eutropis-multifasciata/) | *Eutropis multifasciata* | Reptiles | \[ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time'\](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/ReptTraits\_a\_comprehensive\_database\_of\_ecological\_traits\_in\_reptiles/24572683) |
| [Coppersmith Barbet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/psilopogon-haemacephalus/) | *Psilopogon haemacephalus* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Crested black macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-black-macaque/) | *Macaca nigra* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [Crested serpent eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-serpent-eagle/) | *Spilornis cheela* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Crocodile monitor](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocodile-monitor/) | *Varanus salvadorii* | Reptiles | \[ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time'\](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/ReptTraits\_a\_comprehensive\_database\_of\_ecological\_traits\_in\_reptiles/24572683) |
| [Emerald Tree Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lamprolepis-smaragdina/) | *Lamprolepis smaragdina* | Reptiles | \[ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time'\](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/ReptTraits\_a\_comprehensive\_database\_of\_ecological\_traits\_in\_reptiles/24572683) |
| [Eurasian tree sparrow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/passer-montanus/) | *Passer montanus* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Flores hawk-eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/flores-hawk-eagle/) | *Nisaetus floris* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Freckle-breasted Woodpecker](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dendrocopos-analis/) | *Dendrocopos analis* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Glossy Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/collocalia-esculenta/) | *Collocalia esculenta* | Birds | Flocks near roosts at dawn and dusk when leaving and returning. \[Dhamorikar et al. 2020, Crepuscular hunting of swiftlets by Besra in the urban areas of the Andaman Islands, India - Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(17) (PDF)\](https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/download/5397/7186/36694) |
| [Golden-bellied Gerygone](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gerygone-sulphurea/) | *Gerygone sulphurea* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-griseicauda/) | *Treron griseicauda* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Gray-rumped Treeswift](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemiprocne-longipennis/) | *Hemiprocne longipennis* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Great argus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/great-argus/) | *Argusianus argus* | Birds | It also often calls at night: in Sabah about 20% of its calls were recorded between 18:00 and 06:00. \[PLOS ONE\](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0246564) |
| [Great Crested Canopy Lizard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bronchocela-jubata/) | *Bronchocela jubata* | Reptiles | \[ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time'\](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/ReptTraits\_a\_comprehensive\_database\_of\_ecological\_traits\_in\_reptiles/24572683) |
| [Great Crested Tern](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/thalasseus-bergii/) | *Thalasseus bergii* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Great Eggfly](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hypolimnas-bolina/) | *Hypolimnas bolina* | Invertebrates | \[Rutowski 1992, Male mate-locating behavior in the common eggfly, Hypolimnas bolina (Nymphalidae), Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 46(1): 24-38 (PDF, Yale Peabody Lepidopterists' Society archive)\](https://images.peabody.yale.edu/lepsoc/jls/1990s/1992/1992-46(1)24-Rutowski.pdf) |
| [Great Egret](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-alba/) | *Ardea alba* | Birds | Feeding times also follow the tides; most active near dawn and dusk. \[Eastern Great Egret - Herons of the World, HeronConservation (IUCN SSC Heron Specialist Group)\](https://heronconservation.org/herons-of-the-world/list/eastern-great-egret/) |
| [Great Mormon Swallowtail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/papilio-memnon/) | *Papilio memnon* | Invertebrates | \[Butterfly Species (Papilio Memnon), IPB University biodiversity news, 6 Oct 2025\](https://www.ipb.ac.id/news/index/2025/10/butterfly-species-papilio-memnon/) |
| [Greater bird-of-paradise](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/greater-bird-of-paradise/) | *Paradisaea apoda* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Greater blue-ringed octopus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/greater-blue-ringed-octopus/) | *Hapalochlaena lunulata* | Marine | \[Greater Blue-ringed Octopus, Online Learning Center species page, Aquarium of the Pacific\](https://www.aquariumofpacific.org/onlinelearningcenter/species/greater\_blue\_ringed\_octopus1) |
| [Green Imperial Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ducula-aenea/) | *Ducula aenea* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Green Junglefowl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gallus-varius/) | *Gallus varius* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Green peafowl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-peafowl/) | *Pavo muticus* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Green turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-turtle/) | *Chelonia mydas* | Marine | Females come ashore to nest at night. \[Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas) - Texas Parks and Wildlife Department\](https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/species/greentur/) |
| [Hair-crested Drongo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-hottentottus/) | *Dicrurus hottentottus* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Hawksbill turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hawksbill-turtle/) | *Eretmochelys imbricata* | Marine | Young hawksbills forage by day and rest at night. \[van Dam & Diez 1997, Diving behavior of immature hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) in a Caribbean reef habitat, Coral Reefs 16:133–138\](https://www.widecast.org/What/Country/PuertoRico/Docs/vanDam&Diez\_(1997)\_Hawksibll\_dive\_behavior\_in\_Caribbean\_reef\_habitat.pdf) |
| [Helmeted Friarbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/philemon-buceroides/) | *Philemon buceroides* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Helmeted hornbill](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/helmeted-hornbill/) | *Rhinoplax vigil* | Birds | Calls throughout the day. \[Kennedy et al. 2023, Evidence for acoustic niche partitioning depends on the temporal scale in two sympatric Bornean hornbill species - Biotropica (abstract via Europe PMC)\](https://europepmc.org/article/AGR/IND607958200) |
| [Horsfield's Treeshrew](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tupaia-javanica/) | *Tupaia javanica* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [House Swift](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/apus-nipalensis/) | *Apus nipalensis* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Humphead wrasse](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/humphead-wrasse/) | *Cheilinus undulatus* | Marine | \[Cheilinus undulatus, Humphead wrasse, species summary, FishBase\](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Cheilinus-undulatus.html) |
| [Indian Garden Lizard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/calotes-versicolor/) | *Calotes versicolor* | Reptiles | \[ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time'\](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/ReptTraits\_a\_comprehensive\_database\_of\_ecological\_traits\_in\_reptiles/24572683) |
| [Indo-Chinese Rat Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ptyas-korros/) | *Ptyas korros* | Reptiles | \[ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time'\](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/ReptTraits\_a\_comprehensive\_database\_of\_ecological\_traits\_in\_reptiles/24572683) |
| [Javan Flying Dragon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/draco-volans/) | *Draco volans* | Reptiles | Active from about 8 to 11 a.m. and again from 1 p.m. into the afternoon. \[Draco volans (Flying lizard) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Draco\_volans/) |
| [Javan gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-gibbon/) | *Hylobates moloch* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [Javan hawk-eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-hawk-eagle/) | *Nisaetus bartelsi* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Javan Lutung](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-auratus/) | *Trachypithecus auratus* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [Javan Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-leucogastroides/) | *Lonchura leucogastroides* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Javan pied starling](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-pied-starling/) | *Gracupica jalla* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Javan Pond-Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardeola-speciosa/) | *Ardeola speciosa* | Birds | Probably most active in the morning and evening. \[Javan Pond-Heron - Herons of the World, HeronConservation (IUCN SSC Heron Specialist Group)\](https://heronconservation.org/herons-of-the-world/list/javan-pond-heron/) |
| [Javan Surili](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-comata/) | *Presbytis comata* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [Knobbed hornbill](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/knobbed-hornbill/) | *Rhyticeros cassidix* | Birds | \[Oiseaux.net (AVONET/Birds of the World traits)\](https://www.oiseaux.net/birds/knobbed.hornbill.html) |
| [Komodo dragon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/komodo-dragon/) | *Varanus komodoensis* | Reptiles | At night and in very hot weather it shelters in burrows. \[Varanus komodoensis (Komodo dragon) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Varanus\_komodoensis/) |
| [Lar Gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylobates-lar/) | *Hylobates lar* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [Lesser Coucal](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/centropus-bengalensis/) | *Centropus bengalensis* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Lesser Frigatebird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/fregata-ariel/) | *Fregata ariel* | Birds | Can stay aloft for several days and nights. \[Fregatidae (frigatebirds) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan (family account)\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Fregatidae/) |
| [Little Egret](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-garzetta/) | *Egretta garzetta* | Birds | \[Little Egret - Herons of the World, HeronConservation (IUCN SSC Heron Specialist Group)\](https://heronconservation.org/herons-of-the-world/list/little-egret/) |
| [Long-tailed macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-fascicularis/) | *Macaca fascicularis* | Mammals | \[Macaca fascicularis (long-tailed macaque) – Animal Diversity Web\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macaca\_fascicularis/) |
| [Malaysian Pied-Fantail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-javanica/) | *Rhipidura javanica* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Maleo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/maleo/) | *Macrocephalon maleo* | Birds | Activity peaks in the morning (06:00–09:00) and late afternoon (16:00–18:00); rests at night. \[Rosalia et al. 2025, A spatial and temporal assessment of Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo) nesting behavior and habitat preferences - Journal of Earth Kingdom 3(1): 18-33 (PDF)\](https://journal-iasssf.com/index.php/JEK/article/download/2031/1355/11771) |
| [Marbled cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/marbled-cat/) | *Pardofelis marmorata* | Mammals | \[Spatio-temporal ecology of sympatric felids on Borneo. Evidence for resource partitioning? (Hearn et al. 2018, PLoS ONE)\](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200828) |
| [Metallic Starling](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aplonis-metallica/) | *Aplonis metallica* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Moluccan Eclectus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eclectus-roratus/) | *Eclectus roratus* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Moluccan king parrot](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/moluccan-king-parrot/) | *Alisterus amboinensis* | Birds | The World Parrot Trust notes it has been seen flying out of the forest at dusk, so it may sometimes also be active at night. \[Oiseaux.net (AVONET/Birds of the World traits)\](https://www.oiseaux.net/birds/moluccan.king.parrot.html) |
| [Moor Macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-maura/) | *Macaca maura* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [Nias hill myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/nias-hill-myna/) | *Gracula robusta* | Birds | \[Oiseaux.net (AVONET/Birds of the World traits)\](https://www.oiseaux.net/birds/nias.hill.myna.html) |
| [Northern Fantail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-rufiventris/) | *Rhipidura rufiventris* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Olive-backed Tailorbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/orthotomus-sepium/) | *Orthotomus sepium* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/takydromus-sexlineatus/) | *Takydromus sexlineatus* | Reptiles | \[ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time'\](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/ReptTraits\_a\_comprehensive\_database\_of\_ecological\_traits\_in\_reptiles/24572683) |
| [Oriental magpie-robin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oriental-magpie-robin/) | *Copsychus saularis* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Oriental Whipsnake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ahaetulla-prasina/) | *Ahaetulla prasina* | Reptiles | \[Ahaetulla prasina – The Reptile Database\](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Ahaetulla&species=prasina) |
| [Pacific Bluetail Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/emoia-caeruleocauda/) | *Emoia caeruleocauda* | Reptiles | \[ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time'\](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/ReptTraits\_a\_comprehensive\_database\_of\_ecological\_traits\_in\_reptiles/24572683) |
| [Pacific swallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hirundo-javanica/) | *Hirundo javanica* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Painted Bronzeback](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dendrelaphis-pictus/) | *Dendrelaphis pictus* | Reptiles | \[ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time'\](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/ReptTraits\_a\_comprehensive\_database\_of\_ecological\_traits\_in\_reptiles/24572683) |
| [Painted terrapin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/painted-terrapin/) | *Batagur borneoensis* | Reptiles | Females nest on beaches at night at low tide. \[ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time'\](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/ReptTraits\_a\_comprehensive\_database\_of\_ecological\_traits\_in\_reptiles/24572683) |
| [Palm cockatoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/palm-cockatoo/) | *Probosciger aterrimus* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Pied Bushchat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/saxicola-caprata/) | *Saxicola caprata* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Pink-necked Green-Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-vernans/) | *Treron vernans* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Plaintive Cuckoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cacomantis-merulinus/) | *Cacomantis merulinus* | Birds | Often heard calling by day or night, especially in the breeding season. \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Plantain Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-notatus/) | *Callosciurus notatus* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [Prevost's Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-prevostii/) | *Callosciurus prevostii* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [Proboscis monkey](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/proboscis-monkey/) | *Nasalis larvatus* | Mammals | Most active from late afternoon until dark. \[Nasalis larvatus (proboscis monkey) – Animal Diversity Web\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nasalis\_larvatus/) |
| [Rainbow Bee-eater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/merops-ornatus/) | *Merops ornatus* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Red bird-of-paradise](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/red-bird-of-paradise/) | *Paradisaea rubra* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Red-cheeked Parrot](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/geoffroyus-geoffroyi/) | *Geoffroyus geoffroyi* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Rhinoceros hornbill](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhinoceros-hornbill/) | *Buceros rhinoceros* | Birds | Calls throughout the day. \[Kennedy et al. 2023, Evidence for acoustic niche partitioning depends on the temporal scale in two sympatric Bornean hornbill species - Biotropica (abstract via Europe PMC)\](https://europepmc.org/article/AGR/IND607958200) |
| [Rock Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/columba-livia/) | *Columba livia* | Birds | \[Columba livia (rock pigeon) – Animal Diversity Web\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Columba\_livia/) |
| [Rufous-tailed shama](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rufous-tailed-shama/) | *Copsychus pyrropygus* | Birds | \[Oiseaux.net (AVONET/Birds of the World traits)\](https://www.oiseaux.net/birds/rufous-tailed.shama.html) |
| [Sacred Kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/todiramphus-sanctus/) | *Todiramphus sanctus* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Sahul Brush Cuckoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cacomantis-variolosus/) | *Cacomantis variolosus* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Salmon-crested cockatoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/salmon-crested-cockatoo/) | *Cacatua moluccensis* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Scaly-breasted Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-punctulata/) | *Lonchura punctulata* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Scarlet Skimmer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocothemis-servilia/) | *Crocothemis servilia* | Invertebrates | \[Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1773), Flora & Fauna Web, National Parks Board Singapore\](https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/fauna/5/6/5611) |
| [Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicaeum-trochileum/) | *Dicaeum trochileum* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Siamang](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/siamang/) | *Symphalangus syndactylus* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [Silvered Leaf Monkey](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-cristatus/) | *Trachypithecus cristatus* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [Slender Skimmer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/orthetrum-sabina/) | *Orthetrum sabina* | Invertebrates | \[Putri, Wimbaningrum & Setiawan 2019, Keanekaragaman jenis capung anggota ordo Odonata di area persawahan Kecamatan Sumbersari Kabupaten Jember, Bioma 8(1) (Universitas PGRI Semarang)\](https://journal.upgris.ac.id/index.php/bioma/article/download/4697/2728) |
| [Smooth-coated otter](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/smooth-coated-otter/) | *Lutrogale perspicillata* | Mammals | Rests around midday; may become nocturnal where disturbed. \[Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 1 Carnivores (Wilson & Mittermeier eds., Lynx Edicions 2009), Mustelidae: Lutrogale perspicillata account (Plazi treatment)\](https://treatment.plazi.org/GgServer/xhtml/038F87D4CA4BFFA3CFA4300BF823F936) |
| [Snoring rail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/snoring-rail/) | *Aramidopsis plateni* | Birds | \[Oiseaux.net (AVONET/Birds of the World traits)\](https://www.oiseaux.net/birds/snoring.rail.html) |
| [Sooty-headed bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sooty-headed-bulbul/) | *Pycnonotus aurigaster* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Southern cassowary](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/southern-cassowary/) | *Casuarius casuarius* | Birds | Can be active at any time, but forages by day and rests around midday. \[Pangau-Adam et al. 2015, Human impacts on two endemic cassowary species in Indonesian New Guinea, Oryx (Cambridge Core)\](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/human-impacts-on-two-endemic-cassowary-species-in-indonesian-new-guinea/875900063705C9003574BB9AC63170A6) |
| [Southern Pig-tailed Macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-nemestrina/) | *Macaca nemestrina* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [Spotted dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spilopelia-chinensis/) | *Spilopelia chinensis* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Spotted seahorse](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spotted-seahorse/) | *Hippocampus kuda* | Marine | The main evidence comes from observations in captivity. \[Apale & Foster 2016, The life history and ecology of seahorses in the Philippines (draft report), Project Seahorse\](https://projectseahorse.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Foster-Apale-2016-Life-history-ecology-seahorses-Philippines.pdf) |
| [Standardwing bird-of-paradise](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/standardwing-bird-of-paradise/) | *Semioptera wallacii* | Birds | \[Oiseaux.net (AVONET/Birds of the World traits)\](https://www.oiseaux.net/birds/standardwing.html) |
| [Straw-headed bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/straw-headed-bulbul/) | *Pycnonotus zeylanicus* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Sulawesi babirusa](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sulawesi-babirusa/) | *Babyrousa celebensis* | Mammals | Most foraging takes place in the morning. \[Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 2 Hoofed Mammals (Wilson & Mittermeier eds., Lynx Edicions 2011), Suidae: Babyrousa celebensis account (Plazi treatment)\](https://treatment.plazi.org/GgServer/xhtml/038087E8553956368E100EEC141EFD47) |
| [Sumatran orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-orangutan/) | *Pongo abelii* | Mammals | \[Pongo abelii (Sumatran orangutan) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pongo\_abelii/) |
| [Sumatran Surili](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-melalophos/) | *Presbytis melalophos* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [Sumatran tiger](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-tiger/) | *Panthera tigris sondaica* | Mammals | Near settlements, Sumatran tigers are more active at night and at twilight. \[Terrestrial mammal community richness and temporal overlap between tigers and other carnivores in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra (Allen et al. 2020, Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 43: 97-107; author PDF)\](https://maxallen.inhs.illinois.edu/files/2020/02/Allen-et-al.-2020-BBSNP-Community-Monitoring.pdf) |
| [Sun bear](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sun-bear/) | *Helarctos malayanus* | Mammals | In heavily disturbed areas such as oil-palm plantations, sun bears are mostly nocturnal. \[Carnivores and their prey in Sumatra: Occupancy and activity in human-dominated forests (Widodo et al. 2022, PLoS ONE; PMC)\](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8932565/) |
| [Sunda king cobra](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-king-cobra/) | *Ophiophagus bungarus* | Reptiles | Based on king cobra records from Singapore; occasionally also active at night. \[Lim, Leong & Lim (2011) The king cobra, Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor) in Singapore. Nature in Singapore 4: 143-156, Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National University of Singapore\](https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/06/2011nis143-156.pdf) |
| [Tapanuli orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tapanuli-orangutan/) | *Pongo tapanuliensis* | Mammals | \[Orangutans (Pongo spp.) Fact Sheet: Summary - San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance Library\](https://ielc.libguides.com/sdzg/factsheets/orangutans) |
| [Thomas’s Langur](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-thomasi/) | *Presbytis thomasi* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [Twelve-wired bird-of-paradise](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/twelve-wired-bird-of-paradise/) | *Seleucidis melanoleucus* | Birds | \[Oiseaux.net (AVONET/Birds of the World traits)\](https://www.oiseaux.net/birds/twelve-wired.bird-of-paradise.html) |
| [Uniform Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aerodramus-vanikorensis/) | *Aerodramus vanikorensis* | Birds | Spends the day catching insects on the wing and returns to its cave at night. \[Collocaliini (swiftlets) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan (tribe account)\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Collocaliini/) |
| [Victoria crowned pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/victoria-crowned-pigeon/) | *Goura victoria* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Wallace's golden birdwing](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/wallaces-golden-birdwing/) | *Ornithoptera croesus* | Invertebrates | More active in the morning than at midday or in the afternoon. \[Mas'ud, Corebima, Amin & Rohman 2019/2020, Kupu-Kupu Endemik Pulau Bacan Ornithoptera croesus dan Strategi Konservasinya (research-based book; PDF hosted by FMIPA Universitas Negeri Malang)\](https://fmipa.um.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Naskah\_BUKU-KUPU-ENDEMIK\_FATCHUR-ROHMAN\_UM.pdf) |
| [White-bellied Sea Eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/haliaeetus-leucogaster/) | *Haliaeetus leucogaster* | Birds | \[Haliaeetus leucogaster (white-bellied sea eagle) – Animal Diversity Web\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Haliaeetus\_leucogaster/) |
| [White-breasted Waterhen](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/amaurornis-phoenicurus/) | *Amaurornis phoenicurus* | Birds | Most vocal at dawn and dusk, and sometimes calls at night. \[White-breasted Waterhen - Oiseaux-Birds (species card)\](https://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-white-breasted-waterhen.html) |
| [White-breasted Woodswallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/artamus-leucorhynchos/) | *Artamus leucorhynchos* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [White-headed Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-maja/) | *Lonchura maja* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [White-nest Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aerodramus-fuciphagus/) | *Aerodramus fuciphagus* | Birds | Leaves caves or swiftlet houses around dawn and returns at dusk. \[Dhamorikar et al. 2020, Crepuscular hunting of swiftlets by Besra in the urban areas of the Andaman Islands, India - Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(17) (PDF)\](https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/download/5397/7186/36694) |
| [White-rumped shama](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/white-rumped-shama/) | *Copsychus malabaricus* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [White-shouldered Triller](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lalage-sueurii/) | *Lalage sueurii* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Whitish Dwarf Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/prosciurillus-leucomus/) | *Prosciurillus leucomus* | Mammals | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), MamFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/MamFuncDat.txt) |
| [Willie Wagtail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-leucophrys/) | *Rhipidura leucophrys* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Yellow fever mosquito](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/yellow-fever-mosquito/) | *Aedes aegypti* | Invertebrates | Bites most in the morning and late afternoon, but can bite at night in well-lit places. \[Dengue and the Aedes aegypti mosquito, CDC Division of Vector-Borne Diseases fact sheet (copy hosted by Hawaii State Department of Health)\](https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/files/2015/11/CDC\_aegypti\_factsheet.pdf) |
| [Yellow-crested cockatoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/yellow-crested-cockatoo/) | *Cacatua sulphurea* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Yellow-vented bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pycnonotus-goiavier/) | *Pycnonotus goiavier* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Zebra Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/geopelia-striata/) | *Geopelia striata* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |
| [Zitting Cisticola](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cisticola-juncidis/) | *Cisticola juncidis* | Birds | \[EltonTraits 1.0 (Wilman et al. 2014, Ecology 95:2027), BirdFuncDat.txt\](https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/178/BirdFuncDat.txt) |

## crepuscular (active at dawn and dusk) (5)

| Name | Scientific name | Group | Detail |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Binturong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/binturong/) | *Arctictis binturong* | Mammals | At forest edges and in disturbed forest, binturongs shift to more night-time activity. \[Binturong ecology and conservation in pristine, fragmented and degraded tropical forests - Oryx 58(2), 2024, Cambridge University Press\](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/binturong-ecology-and-conservation-in-pristine-fragmented-and-degraded-tropical-forests/B6E908E96306D0EC47B7B871931EADA8) |
| [Dollarbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eurystomus-orientalis/) | *Eurystomus orientalis* | Birds | Most active from late afternoon to dusk and in early morning. \[Distribution, behaviour, and provenance of Oriental Dollarbirds Eurystomus orientalis in Micronesia - Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 140(1), 2020 (BioOne)\](https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-british-ornithologists-club/volume-140/issue-1/bboc.v140i1.2020.a9/Distribution-behaviour-and-provenance-of-Oriental-Dollarbirds-Eurystomus-orientalis-in/10.25226/bboc.v140i1.2020.a9.full) |
| [Domestic cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/) | *Felis catus* | Companions | Pet cats often adjust their active hours to their owners' routine. \[Parker, M. et al. (2022) Comparison of Locomotor and Feeding Rhythms between Indoor and Outdoor Cats Living in Captivity. Animals 12(18):2440 (MDPI; PMC9494968)\](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9494968/) |
| [Purple Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-purpurea/) | *Ardea purpurea* | Birds | Sometimes also feeds by day in dense cover. \[Ardea purpurea (purple heron) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ardea\_purpurea/) |
| [Southern red muntjac](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/southern-red-muntjac/) | *Muntiacus muntjak* | Mammals | Also active during the day, but less than at dawn and dusk. \[Exploring temporal activity of dholes, their prey, and competitors in East Java, Indonesia (Havmøller et al. 2024, Ecology and Evolution; PMC)\](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11224129/) |

## cathemeral (active irregularly by day and night) (17)

| Name | Scientific name | Group | Detail |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Banteng](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banteng/) | *Bos javanicus* | Mammals | It becomes more nocturnal where people encroach on its range. \[Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 2 Hoofed Mammals (Wilson & Mittermeier eds., Lynx Edicions 2011), Bovidae: Bos javanicus account (Plazi treatment)\](https://treatment.plazi.org/GgServer/xhtml/03F507139948FFF303ABFE8AF6C9FA2B) |
| [Bornean elephant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-elephant/) | *Elephas maximus borneensis* | Mammals | Activity often peaks at night, with rest around midday. \[Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 2 Hoofed Mammals (Wilson & Mittermeier eds., Lynx Edicions 2011), Elephantidae: Elephas maximus account (Plazi treatment)\](https://treatment.plazi.org/GgServer/xhtml/29264D66FFCB9819F6C82A2AF9F4FBAE) |
| [Domestic Water Buffalo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bubalus-bubalis/) | *Bubalus bubalis* | Mammals | In hot weather it wallows for much of the day and is more active at dusk and dawn. \[Bubalus bubalis (water buffalo) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bubalus\_bubalis/) |
| [Dugong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dugong/) | *Dugong dugon* | Marine | Its feeding times follow the tides more than day or night. \[Sheppard, J.K. (2008) The spatial ecology of dugongs: applications to conservation management. PhD thesis, James Cook University (ResearchOnline@JCU)\](https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/2097/13/JCU\_2097\_Sheppard\_2008\_thesis.pdf) |
| [Flat-tailed House Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-platyurus/) | *Hemidactylus platyurus* | Reptiles | In towns it often hunts insects drawn to artificial lights at night. \[Flat-tailed Gecko - Hemidactylus platyurus, Ecology Asia (Nick Baker)\](https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/lizards/flat-tailed\_gecko.htm) |
| [Javan spitting cobra](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-spitting-cobra/) | *Naja sputatrix* | Reptiles | \[Auffenberg, W. (1980) The herpetofauna of Komodo, with notes on adjacent areas. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences 25(2): 39-156\](https://flmnhbulletin.com/index.php/flmnh/article/download/flmnh-vol25-no2/vol25-no2/829) |
| [Leatherback turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leatherback-turtle/) | *Dermochelys coriacea* | Marine | Dives day and night, and its feeding times vary between sites. \[ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time'\](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/ReptTraits\_a\_comprehensive\_database\_of\_ecological\_traits\_in\_reptiles/24572683) |
| [Loggerhead turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/loggerhead-turtle/) | *Caretta caretta* | Marine | \[ReptTraits v1-2 (Oskyrko et al. 2024, Scientific Data 11:243), column 'Active time'\](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/ReptTraits\_a\_comprehensive\_database\_of\_ecological\_traits\_in\_reptiles/24572683) |
| [Lowland anoa](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lowland-anoa/) | *Bubalus depressicornis* | Mammals | Most active in early morning and late afternoon, but more nocturnal where hunted. \[Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 2 Hoofed Mammals (Wilson & Mittermeier eds., Lynx Edicions 2011), Bovidae: Bubalus depressicornis (Anoa) account (Plazi treatment)\](https://treatment.plazi.org/GgServer/xhtml/03F507139946FFFE03D0F281FBACF71E) |
| [Mountain anoa](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mountain-anoa/) | *Bubalus quarlesi* | Mammals | Little studied; the available data cover both anoa species. \[Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 2 Hoofed Mammals (Wilson & Mittermeier eds., Lynx Edicions 2011), Bovidae: Bubalus depressicornis (Anoa, incl. Mountain Anoa quarlesi) account (Plazi treatment)\](https://treatment.plazi.org/GgServer/xhtml/03F507139946FFFE03D0F281FBACF71E) |
| [Pacific Reef Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-sacra/) | *Egretta sacra* | Birds | Feeding is timed mainly by the tides, so it can be by day or at night. \[Eastern Reef Heron - Herons of the World, HeronConservation (IUCN SSC Heron Specialist Group)\](https://heronconservation.org/herons-of-the-world/list/eastern-reef-heron/) |
| [Pig-nosed turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pig-nosed-turtle/) | *Carettochelys insculpta* | Reptiles | A study in Australia found it active day and night, not only at night. \[Georges, Doody, Eisemberg, Alacs & Rose (2008) Carettochelys insculpta Ramsay 1886 - Pig-Nosed Turtle, Fly River Turtle. Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises, Chelonian Research Monographs 5 (IUCN/SSC TFTSG)\](https://iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Accounts/crm\_5\_009\_insculpta\_v1\_2008.pdf) |
| [Striated Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/butorides-striata/) | *Butorides striata* | Birds | Feeds by day, in the evening and at night, and is drawn to lights to feed. \[Striated Heron - Herons of the World, HeronConservation (IUCN SSC Heron Specialist Group)\](https://heronconservation.org/herons-of-the-world/list/striated-heron/) |
| [Sumatran elephant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-elephant/) | *Elephas maximus sumatranus* | Mammals | Activity often peaks at night, with rest around midday. \[Elephas maximus (Asian elephant) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Elephas\_maximus/) |
| [Sunda clouded leopard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-clouded-leopard/) | *Neofelis diardi* | Mammals | Most active at night and around dawn, least active at midday. \[Spatio-temporal ecology of sympatric felids on Borneo. Evidence for resource partitioning? (Hearn et al. 2018, PLoS ONE)\](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200828) |
| [Timor deer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/timor-deer/) | *Rusa timorensis* | Mammals | \[Exploring temporal activity of dholes, their prey, and competitors in East Java, Indonesia (Havmøller et al. 2024, Ecology and Evolution; PMC)\](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11224129/) |
| [Wild Boar](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sus-scrofa/) | *Sus scrofa* | Mammals | More nocturnal where hunted or near people. \[Sus scrofa (wild boar) - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan\](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sus\_scrofa/) |