# Indonesia’s animal guide

> Understand animals. Find help. Know what to do next.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## Explore

- [Meet the animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/): From forest dwellers to the companions at home. Discover animals, the places they call home, and how to protect their future.
- [Threatened animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/threatened/): 76 animals threatened on the IUCN Red List
- [Mammals of Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mammals/)
- [Birds of Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/birds/)
- [Reptiles of Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/reptiles/)
- [Marine animals of Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/marine-animals/)
- [Amphibians of Indonesia: frogs and toads](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/amphibians/)
- [Insects and invertebrates of Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/insects/)
- [Find organisations](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/): Find organisations working for animals in Indonesia. Explore their focus, read the sources, and contact them through official channels.
- [Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/): Every animal belongs to a bigger story. Explore the ecosystems that sustain life across Indonesia.
- [Guides](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/): Small steps that matter for animals. Practical guides to care, adoption and responsible participation.


---

# Meet the animals

> From forest dwellers to the companions at home. Discover animals, the places they call home, and how to protect their future.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## All animal guides

| Name | Scientific name | Family | Conservation status |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Agile gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/agile-gibbon/) | *Hylobates agilis* | Hylobatidae | Endangered |
| [American cockroach](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/american-cockroach/) | *Periplaneta americana* | Blattidae | Not recorded |
| [Ashy Drongo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-leucophaeus/) | *Dicrurus leucophaeus* | Dicruridae | Least Concern |
| [Asian Common Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/duttaphrynus-melanostictus/) | *Duttaphrynus melanostictus* | Bufonidae | Least Concern |
| [Asian Emerald Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcophaps-indica/) | *Chalcophaps indica* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Asian honey bee](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-honey-bee/) | *Apis cerana* | Apidae | Not recorded |
| [Asian House Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-frenatus/) | *Hemidactylus frenatus* | Gekkonidae | Not recorded |
| [Asian house shrew](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-house-shrew/) | *Suncus murinus* | Soricidae | Least Concern |
| [Asian small-clawed otter](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-small-clawed-otter/) | *Aonyx cinereus* | Mustelidae | Not recorded |
| [Asian water monitor](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/varanus-salvator/) | *Varanus salvator* | Varanidae | Least Concern |
| [Asian Weaver Ant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oecophylla-smaragdina/) | *Oecophylla smaragdina* | Formicidae | Not recorded |
| [Bali myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bali-myna/) | *Leucopsar rothschildi* | Sturnidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Banded krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banded-krait/) | *Bungarus fasciatus* | Elapidae | Least Concern |
| [Banded Malaysian coral snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banded-malaysian-coral-snake/) | *Calliophis intestinalis* | Elapidae | Least Concern |
| [Banteng](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banteng/) | *Bos javanicus* | Bovidae | Critically Endangered — 2024 update |
| [Barn owl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/barn-owl/) | *Tyto alba* | Tytonidae | Least Concern |
| [Barn Swallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hirundo-rustica/) | *Hirundo rustica* | Hirundinidae | Least Concern |
| [Bearded pig](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bearded-pig/) | *Sus barbatus* | Suidae | Vulnerable |
| [Binturong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/binturong/) | *Arctictis binturong* | Viverridae | Vulnerable |
| [Black Giant Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ratufa-bicolor/) | *Ratufa bicolor* | Sciuridae | Near Threatened |
| [Black rat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-rat/) | *Rattus rattus* | Muridae | Least Concern |
| [Black Sunbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leptocoma-sericea/) | *Leptocoma sericea* | Nectariniidae | Least Concern |
| [Black-capped lory](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-capped-lory/) | *Lorius lory* | Psittacidae | Least Concern |
| [Black-naped Fruit Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ptilinopus-melanospilus/) | *Ptilinopus melanospilus* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Black-naped Monarch](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hypothymis-azurea/) | *Hypothymis azurea* | Monarchidae | Least Concern |
| [Black-naped Oriole](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oriolus-chinensis/) | *Oriolus chinensis* | Oriolidae | Least Concern |
| [Black-striped Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-nigrovittatus/) | *Callosciurus nigrovittatus* | Sciuridae | Least Concern |
| [Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemipus-hirundinaceus/) | *Hemipus hirundinaceus* | Tephrodornithidae | Least Concern |
| [Black-winged myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-winged-myna/) | *Acridotheres melanopterus* | Sturnidae | Endangered |
| [Blacktip Reef Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/carcharhinus-melanopterus/) | *Carcharhinus melanopterus* | Carcharhinidae | Vulnerable |
| [Blue Pansy](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/junonia-orithya/) | *Junonia orithya* | Nymphalidae | Least Concern |
| [Blue-tailed Bee-eater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/merops-philippinus/) | *Merops philippinus* | Meropidae | Least Concern |
| [Bluespotted Fantail Ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/taeniura-lymma/) | *Taeniura lymma* | Dasyatidae | Least Concern |
| [Bluespotted Maskray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-caeruleopunctata/) | *Neotrygon caeruleopunctata* | Dasyatidae | Least Concern |
| [Blyth's Hornbill](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhyticeros-plicatus/) | *Rhyticeros plicatus* | Bucerotidae | Least Concern |
| [Bornean elephant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-elephant/) | *Elephas maximus borneensis* | — | Not recorded |
| [Bornean orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-orangutan/) | *Pongo pygmaeus* | Hominidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Bornean White-bearded Gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylobates-albibarbis/) | *Hylobates albibarbis* | Hylobatidae | Endangered |
| [Brahminy Kite](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/haliastur-indus/) | *Haliastur indus* | Accipitridae | Least Concern |
| [Brown Honeyeater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lichmera-indistincta/) | *Lichmera indistincta* | Meliphagidae | Least Concern |
| [Brown rat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/brown-rat/) | *Rattus norvegicus* | Muridae | Least Concern |
| [Brown-banded Bamboo Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chiloscyllium-punctatum/) | *Chiloscyllium punctatum* | Hemiscylliidae | Near Threatened |
| [Brown-throated Sunbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/anthreptes-malacensis/) | *Anthreptes malacensis* | Nectariniidae | Least Concern |
| [Cave Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/collocalia-linchi/) | *Collocalia linchi* | Apodidae | Least Concern |
| [Chalky Percher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/diplacodes-trivialis/) | *Diplacodes trivialis* | Libellulidae | Least Concern |
| [Collared kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/todiramphus-chloris/) | *Todiramphus chloris* | Alcedinidae | Least Concern |
| [Common Four-clawed Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gehyra-mutilata/) | *Gehyra mutilata* | Gekkonidae | Least Concern |
| [Common hill myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/common-hill-myna/) | *Gracula religiosa* | Sturnidae | Least Concern |
| [Common Iora](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aegithina-tiphia/) | *Aegithina tiphia* | Aegithinidae | Least Concern |
| [Common Sandpiper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/actitis-hypoleucos/) | *Actitis hypoleucos* | Scolopacidae | Least Concern |
| [Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/polypedates-leucomystax/) | *Polypedates leucomystax* | Rhacophoridae | Least Concern |
| [Common Sun Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eutropis-multifasciata/) | *Eutropis multifasciata* | Scincidae | Least Concern |
| [Common Wolf Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lycodon-capucinus/) | *Lycodon capucinus* | Colubridae | Least Concern |
| [Coppersmith Barbet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/psilopogon-haemacephalus/) | *Psilopogon haemacephalus* | Megalaimidae | Least Concern |
| [Crab-eating Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/fejervarya-cancrivora/) | *Fejervarya cancrivora* | Dicroglossidae | Least Concern |
| [Crested black macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-black-macaque/) | *Macaca nigra* | Cercopithecidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Crested serpent eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-serpent-eagle/) | *Spilornis cheela* | Accipitridae | Least Concern |
| [Crocodile monitor](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocodile-monitor/) | *Varanus salvadorii* | Varanidae | Least Concern |
| [Crown-of-thorns starfish](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crown-of-thorns-starfish/) | *Acanthaster planci* | Acanthasteridae | Not recorded |
| [Diadem Roundleaf Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-diadema/) | *Hipposideros diadema* | Hipposideridae | Least Concern |
| [Dollarbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eurystomus-orientalis/) | *Eurystomus orientalis* | Coraciidae | Least Concern |
| [Domestic cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/) | *Felis catus* | — | Not recorded |
| [Domestic dog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dog/) | *Canis lupus familiaris* | — | Not recorded |
| [Domestic Water Buffalo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bubalus-bubalis/) | *Bubalus bubalis* | Bovidae | Not recorded |
| [Double-spotted Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gekko-monarchus/) | *Gekko monarchus* | Gekkonidae | Least Concern |
| [Dugong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dugong/) | *Dugong dugon* | Dugongidae | Vulnerable |
| [Emerald Tree Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lamprolepis-smaragdina/) | *Lamprolepis smaragdina* | Scincidae | Least Concern |
| [Eurasian tree sparrow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/passer-montanus/) | *Passer montanus* | Passeridae | Least Concern |
| [False gharial](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/false-gharial/) | *Tomistoma schlegelii* | Crocodylidae | Endangered |
| [Fawn Roundleaf Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-cervinus/) | *Hipposideros cervinus* | Hipposideridae | Least Concern |
| [Flat-tailed House Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-platyurus/) | *Hemidactylus platyurus* | Gekkonidae | Least Concern |
| [Flores hawk-eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/flores-hawk-eagle/) | *Nisaetus floris* | Accipitridae | Endangered |
| [Freckle-breasted Woodpecker](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dendrocopos-analis/) | *Dendrocopos analis* | Picidae | Least Concern |
| [Giant clam](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/giant-clam/) | *Tridacna gigas* | Cardiidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Glossy Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/collocalia-esculenta/) | *Collocalia esculenta* | Apodidae | Least Concern |
| [Golden-bellied Gerygone](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gerygone-sulphurea/) | *Gerygone sulphurea* | Acanthizidae | Least Concern |
| [Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-griseicauda/) | *Treron griseicauda* | Columbidae | Not recorded |
| [Gray-rumped Treeswift](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemiprocne-longipennis/) | *Hemiprocne longipennis* | Hemiprocnidae | Least Concern |
| [Great Crested Canopy Lizard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bronchocela-jubata/) | *Bronchocela jubata* | Agamidae | Least Concern |
| [Great Crested Tern](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/thalasseus-bergii/) | *Thalasseus bergii* | Laridae | Least Concern |
| [Great Eggfly](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hypolimnas-bolina/) | *Hypolimnas bolina* | Nymphalidae | Not recorded |
| [Great Egret](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-alba/) | *Ardea alba* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Great Mormon Swallowtail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/papilio-memnon/) | *Papilio memnon* | Papilionidae | Not recorded |
| [Greater bird-of-paradise](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/greater-bird-of-paradise/) | *Paradisaea apoda* | Paradisaeidae | Least Concern |
| [Greater blue-ringed octopus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/greater-blue-ringed-octopus/) | *Hapalochlaena lunulata* | Octopodidae | Least Concern |
| [Green Imperial Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ducula-aenea/) | *Ducula aenea* | Columbidae | Near Threatened |
| [Green Junglefowl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gallus-varius/) | *Gallus varius* | Phasianidae | Least Concern |
| [Green Paddy Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylarana-erythraea/) | *Hylarana erythraea* | Ranidae | Least Concern |
| [Green peafowl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-peafowl/) | *Pavo muticus* | Phasianidae | Endangered |
| [Green turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-turtle/) | *Chelonia mydas* | Cheloniidae | Least Concern globally — 2025 assessment |
| [Gursky's Spectral Tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tarsius-spectrumgurskyae/) | *Tarsius spectrumgurskyae* | Tarsiidae | Vulnerable |
| [Hair-crested Drongo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-hottentottus/) | *Dicrurus hottentottus* | Dicruridae | Least Concern |
| [Hasselt's Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leptobrachium-hasseltii/) | *Leptobrachium hasseltii* | Megophryidae | Least Concern |
| [Hawksbill turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hawksbill-turtle/) | *Eretmochelys imbricata* | Cheloniidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Helmeted Friarbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/philemon-buceroides/) | *Philemon buceroides* | Meliphagidae | Least Concern |
| [Helmeted hornbill](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/helmeted-hornbill/) | *Rhinoplax vigil* | Bucerotidae | Not recorded |
| [Horsfield's Treeshrew](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tupaia-javanica/) | *Tupaia javanica* | Tupaiidae | Least Concern |
| [House Swift](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/apus-nipalensis/) | *Apus nipalensis* | Apodidae | Least Concern |
| [Humphead wrasse](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/humphead-wrasse/) | *Cheilinus undulatus* | Labridae | Endangered |
| [Indian Garden Lizard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/calotes-versicolor/) | *Calotes versicolor* | Agamidae | Least Concern |
| [Indo-Chinese Rat Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ptyas-korros/) | *Ptyas korros* | Colubridae | Near Threatened |
| [Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/indo-pacific-bottlenose-dolphin/) | *Tursiops aduncus* | Delphinidae | Near Threatened |
| [Indonesian coelacanth](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/indonesian-coelacanth/) | *Latimeria menadoensis* | Latimeriidae | Vulnerable |
| [Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemiscyllium-freycineti/) | *Hemiscyllium freycineti* | Hemiscylliidae | Near Threatened |
| [Javan Flying Dragon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/draco-volans/) | *Draco volans* | Agamidae | Least Concern |
| [Javan gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-gibbon/) | *Hylobates moloch* | Hylobatidae | Endangered |
| [Javan hawk-eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-hawk-eagle/) | *Nisaetus bartelsi* | Accipitridae | Endangered |
| [Javan leopard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-leopard/) | *Panthera pardus melas* | Felidae | Endangered |
| [Javan Lutung](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-auratus/) | *Trachypithecus auratus* | Cercopithecidae | Vulnerable |
| [Javan mouse-deer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-mouse-deer/) | *Tragulus javanicus* | Tragulidae | Data Deficient |
| [Javan Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-leucogastroides/) | *Lonchura leucogastroides* | Estrildidae | Least Concern |
| [Javan pied starling](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-pied-starling/) | *Gracupica jalla* | Sturnidae | Not recorded |
| [Javan Pond-Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardeola-speciosa/) | *Ardeola speciosa* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Javan Porcupine](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hystrix-javanica/) | *Hystrix javanica* | Hystricidae | Least Concern |
| [Javan rhinoceros](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-rhino/) | *Rhinoceros sondaicus* | Rhinocerotidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Javan slow loris](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-slow-loris/) | *Nycticebus javanicus* | Lorisidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Javan spitting cobra](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-spitting-cobra/) | *Naja sputatrix* | Elapidae | Least Concern |
| [Javan Surili](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-comata/) | *Presbytis comata* | Cercopithecidae | Vulnerable |
| [Keeled Slug Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pareas-carinatus/) | *Pareas carinatus* | Pareidae | Least Concern |
| [Komodo dragon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/komodo-dragon/) | *Varanus komodoensis* | Varanidae | Endangered |
| [Lar Gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylobates-lar/) | *Hylobates lar* | Hylobatidae | Endangered |
| [Large Flying-fox](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pteropus-vampyrus/) | *Pteropus vampyrus* | Pteropodidae | Endangered |
| [Leatherback turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leatherback-turtle/) | *Dermochelys coriacea* | Dermochelyidae | Vulnerable |
| [Lesser Coucal](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/centropus-bengalensis/) | *Centropus bengalensis* | Cuculidae | Least Concern |
| [Lesser false vampire bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/megaderma-spasma/) | *Megaderma spasma* | Megadermatidae | Least Concern |
| [Lesser Frigatebird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/fregata-ariel/) | *Fregata ariel* | Fregatidae | Least Concern |
| [Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macroglossus-minimus/) | *Macroglossus minimus* | Pteropodidae | Least Concern |
| [Lesser short-nosed fruit bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lesser-short-nosed-fruit-bat/) | *Cynopterus brachyotis* | Pteropodidae | Least Concern |
| [Lime Swallowtail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/papilio-demoleus/) | *Papilio demoleus* | Papilionidae | Not recorded |
| [Little Egret](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-garzetta/) | *Egretta garzetta* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Loggerhead turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/loggerhead-turtle/) | *Caretta caretta* | Cheloniidae | Vulnerable |
| [Long-tailed macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-fascicularis/) | *Macaca fascicularis* | Cercopithecidae | Endangered |
| [Lowland anoa](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lowland-anoa/) | *Bubalus depressicornis* | Bovidae | Endangered |
| [Mahakam Irrawaddy dolphin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mahakam-irrawaddy-dolphin/) | *Orcaella brevirostris* | Delphinidae | Endangered |
| [Malay civet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malay-civet/) | *Viverra tangalunga* | Viverridae | Least Concern |
| [Malayan krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-krait/) | *Bungarus candidus* | Elapidae | Least Concern |
| [Malayan pit viper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-pit-viper/) | *Calloselasma rhodostoma* | Viperidae | Least Concern |
| [Malayan porcupine](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-porcupine/) | *Hystrix brachyura* | Hystricidae | Least Concern |
| [Malayan tapir](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-tapir/) | *Tapirus indicus* | Tapiridae | Endangered |
| [Malaysian Pied-Fantail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-javanica/) | *Rhipidura javanica* | Rhipiduridae | Least Concern |
| [Maleo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/maleo/) | *Macrocephalon maleo* | Megapodiidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cyrtodactylus-marmoratus/) | *Cyrtodactylus marmoratus* | Gekkonidae | Least Concern |
| [Marbled cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/marbled-cat/) | *Pardofelis marmorata* | Felidae | Near Threatened |
| [Metallic Starling](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aplonis-metallica/) | *Aplonis metallica* | Sturnidae | Least Concern |
| [Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-moluccensis/) | *Neotrygon moluccensis* | Dasyatidae | Not recorded |
| [Moluccan Eclectus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eclectus-roratus/) | *Eclectus roratus* | Psittacidae | Least Concern |
| [Moor Macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-maura/) | *Macaca maura* | Cercopithecidae | Endangered |
| [Mountain anoa](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mountain-anoa/) | *Bubalus quarlesi* | Bovidae | Endangered |
| [Muller's Narrowmouth Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/kaloula-baleata/) | *Kaloula baleata* | Microhylidae | Least Concern |
| [Northern Common Cuscus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/phalanger-orientalis/) | *Phalanger orientalis* | Phalangeridae | Least Concern |
| [Northern Fantail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-rufiventris/) | *Rhipidura rufiventris* | Rhipiduridae | Least Concern |
| [Northern Palm Civet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/paradoxurus-hermaphroditus/) | *Paradoxurus hermaphroditus* | Viverridae | Least Concern |
| [Oceanic Manta Ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mobula-birostris/) | *Mobula birostris* | Myliobatidae | Endangered |
| [Olive ridley turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/olive-ridley-turtle/) | *Lepidochelys olivacea* | Cheloniidae | Vulnerable |
| [Olive-backed Tailorbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/orthotomus-sepium/) | *Orthotomus sepium* | Cisticolidae | Least Concern |
| [Oriental Bluespotted Maskray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-orientale/) | *Neotrygon orientale* | Dasyatidae | Not recorded |
| [Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/takydromus-sexlineatus/) | *Takydromus sexlineatus* | Lacertidae | Least Concern |
| [Oriental magpie-robin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oriental-magpie-robin/) | *Copsychus saularis* | Muscicapidae | Least Concern |
| [Oriental Whipsnake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ahaetulla-prasina/) | *Ahaetulla prasina* | Colubridae | Least Concern |
| [Pacific Bluetail Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/emoia-caeruleocauda/) | *Emoia caeruleocauda* | Scincidae | Least Concern |
| [Pacific Reef Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-sacra/) | *Egretta sacra* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Pacific swallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hirundo-javanica/) | *Hirundo javanica* | Hirundinidae | Least Concern |
| [Painted Bronzeback](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dendrelaphis-pictus/) | *Dendrelaphis pictus* | Colubridae | Least Concern |
| [Painted terrapin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/painted-terrapin/) | *Batagur borneoensis* | Geoemydidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Palm cockatoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/palm-cockatoo/) | *Probosciger aterrimus* | Psittacidae | Near Threatened |
| [Philippine slow loris](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/philippine-slow-loris/) | *Nycticebus menagensis* | Lorisidae | Vulnerable |
| [Pied Bushchat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/saxicola-caprata/) | *Saxicola caprata* | Muscicapidae | Least Concern |
| [Pig-nosed turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pig-nosed-turtle/) | *Carettochelys insculpta* | Carettochelyidae | Endangered |
| [Pink-necked Green-Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-vernans/) | *Treron vernans* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Plaintive Cuckoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cacomantis-merulinus/) | *Cacomantis merulinus* | Cuculidae | Least Concern |
| [Plantain Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-notatus/) | *Callosciurus notatus* | Sciuridae | Least Concern |
| [Poisonous Rock Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/odorrana-hosii/) | *Odorrana hosii* | Ranidae | Least Concern |
| [Prevost's Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-prevostii/) | *Callosciurus prevostii* | Sciuridae | Least Concern |
| [Proboscis monkey](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/proboscis-monkey/) | *Nasalis larvatus* | Cercopithecidae | Endangered |
| [Puff-faced Water Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/homalopsis-buccata/) | *Homalopsis buccata* | Homalopsidae | Least Concern |
| [Purple Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-purpurea/) | *Ardea purpurea* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Pygmy tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pygmy-tarsier/) | *Tarsius pumilus* | Tarsiidae | Endangered |
| [Rainbow Bee-eater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/merops-ornatus/) | *Merops ornatus* | Meropidae | Least Concern |
| [Red bird-of-paradise](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/red-bird-of-paradise/) | *Paradisaea rubra* | Paradisaeidae | Near Threatened |
| [Red Percher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neurothemis-ramburii/) | *Neurothemis ramburii* | Libellulidae | Not recorded |
| [Red-cheeked Parrot](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/geoffroyus-geoffroyi/) | *Geoffroyus geoffroyi* | Psittacidae | Least Concern |
| [Reef manta ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/reef-manta-ray/) | *Mobula alfredi* | Myliobatidae | Vulnerable |
| [Reinwardt's flying frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/reinwardts-flying-frog/) | *Rhacophorus reinwardtii* | Rhacophoridae | Least Concern |
| [Reticulated Python](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayopython-reticulatus/) | *Malayopython reticulatus* | Pythonidae | Least Concern |
| [Rhinoceros hornbill](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhinoceros-hornbill/) | *Buceros rhinoceros* | Bucerotidae | Vulnerable |
| [River Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/phrynoidis-asper/) | *Phrynoidis asper* | Bufonidae | Least Concern |
| [Rock Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/columba-livia/) | *Columba livia* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Rote Island snake-necked turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rote-island-snake-necked-turtle/) | *Chelodina mccordi* | Chelidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Sacred Kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/todiramphus-sanctus/) | *Todiramphus sanctus* | Alcedinidae | Least Concern |
| [Sahul Brush Cuckoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cacomantis-variolosus/) | *Cacomantis variolosus* | Cuculidae | Least Concern |
| [Salmon-crested cockatoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/salmon-crested-cockatoo/) | *Cacatua moluccensis* | Psittacidae | Endangered |
| [Saltwater crocodile](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/saltwater-crocodile/) | *Crocodylus porosus* | Crocodylidae | Least Concern |
| [Sambar deer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sambar-deer/) | *Rusa unicolor* | Cervidae | Vulnerable |
| [Scalloped hammerhead shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/scalloped-hammerhead-shark/) | *Sphyrna lewini* | Sphyrnidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Scaly-breasted Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-punctulata/) | *Lonchura punctulata* | Estrildidae | Least Concern |
| [Scarlet Skimmer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocothemis-servilia/) | *Crocothemis servilia* | Libellulidae | Least Concern |
| [Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicaeum-trochileum/) | *Dicaeum trochileum* | Dicaeidae | Least Concern |
| [Schlegel's Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcorana-chalconota/) | *Chalcorana chalconota* | Ranidae | Least Concern |
| [Selayar tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/selayar-tarsier/) | *Tarsius tarsier* | Tarsiidae | Vulnerable |
| [Siamang](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/siamang/) | *Symphalangus syndactylus* | Hylobatidae | Endangered |
| [Silvered Leaf Monkey](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-cristatus/) | *Trachypithecus cristatus* | Cercopithecidae | Vulnerable |
| [Slender Skimmer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/orthetrum-sabina/) | *Orthetrum sabina* | Libellulidae | Least Concern |
| [Small Blue Kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/alcedo-coerulescens/) | *Alcedo coerulescens* | Alcedinidae | Least Concern |
| [Smooth-coated otter](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/smooth-coated-otter/) | *Lutrogale perspicillata* | Mustelidae | Vulnerable |
| [Sooty-headed bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sooty-headed-bulbul/) | *Pycnonotus aurigaster* | Pycnonotidae | Least Concern |
| [Southern cassowary](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/southern-cassowary/) | *Casuarius casuarius* | Casuariidae | Least Concern |
| [Southern Pig-tailed Macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-nemestrina/) | *Macaca nemestrina* | Cercopithecidae | Endangered |
| [Southern red muntjac](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/southern-red-muntjac/) | *Muntiacus muntjak* | Cervidae | Least Concern |
| [Spinner Dolphin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/stenella-longirostris/) | *Stenella longirostris* | Delphinidae | Least Concern |
| [Spotted dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spilopelia-chinensis/) | *Spilopelia chinensis* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Spotted seahorse](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spotted-seahorse/) | *Hippocampus kuda* | Syngnathidae | Vulnerable |
| [Straight-edge Red Parasol](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neurothemis-terminata/) | *Neurothemis terminata* | Libellulidae | Least Concern |
| [Straw-headed bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/straw-headed-bulbul/) | *Pycnonotus zeylanicus* | Pycnonotidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Striated Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/butorides-striata/) | *Butorides striata* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Sulawesi babirusa](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sulawesi-babirusa/) | *Babyrousa celebensis* | Suidae | Vulnerable |
| [Sulawesi bear cuscus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sulawesi-bear-cuscus/) | *Ailurops ursinus* | Phalangeridae | Vulnerable |
| [Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macropygia-doreya/) | *Macropygia doreya* | Columbidae | Not recorded |
| [Sumatran elephant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-elephant/) | *Elephas maximus sumatranus* | Elephantidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Sumatran orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-orangutan/) | *Pongo abelii* | Hominidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Sumatran rhinoceros](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-rhino/) | *Dicerorhinus sumatrensis* | Rhinocerotidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Sumatran Surili](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-melalophos/) | *Presbytis melalophos* | Cercopithecidae | Endangered |
| [Sumatran tiger](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-tiger/) | *Panthera tigris sondaica* | Felidae | Critically Endangered — WWF Sunda profile |
| [Sun bear](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sun-bear/) | *Helarctos malayanus* | Ursidae | Vulnerable |
| [Sunda clouded leopard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-clouded-leopard/) | *Neofelis diardi* | Felidae | Vulnerable — species level |
| [Sunda Colugo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/galeopterus-variegatus/) | *Galeopterus variegatus* | Cynocephalidae | Least Concern |
| [Sunda king cobra](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-king-cobra/) | *Ophiophagus bungarus* | — | Not recorded |
| [Sunda pangolin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-pangolin/) | *Manis javanica* | Manidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Sunda scops owl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-scops-owl/) | *Otus lempiji* | Strigidae | Least Concern |
| [Sunda slow loris](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-slow-loris/) | *Nycticebus coucang* | Lorisidae | Endangered |
| [Tapanuli orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tapanuli-orangutan/) | *Pongo tapanuliensis* | Hominidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Tasselled Wobbegong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eucrossorhinus-dasypogon/) | *Eucrossorhinus dasypogon* | Orectolobidae | Least Concern |
| [Tatar Horseshoe Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhinolophus-tatar/) | *Rhinolophus tatar* | Rhinolophidae | Least Concern |
| [Thomas’s Langur](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-thomasi/) | *Presbytis thomasi* | Cercopithecidae | Vulnerable |
| [Tiger shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tiger-shark/) | *Galeocerdo cuvier* | Carcharhinidae | Near Threatened |
| [Timor deer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/timor-deer/) | *Rusa timorensis* | Cervidae | Vulnerable |
| [Tokay Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gekko-gecko/) | *Gekko gecko* | Gekkonidae | Least Concern |
| [Uniform Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aerodramus-vanikorensis/) | *Aerodramus vanikorensis* | Apodidae | Least Concern |
| [Victoria crowned pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/victoria-crowned-pigeon/) | *Goura victoria* | Columbidae | Near Threatened |
| [Wagler's Pit Viper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tropidolaemus-wagleri/) | *Tropidolaemus wagleri* | Viperidae | Least Concern |
| [Waigeo Spotted Cuscus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spilocuscus-papuensis/) | *Spilocuscus papuensis* | Phalangeridae | Vulnerable |
| [Wallace's golden birdwing](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/wallaces-golden-birdwing/) | *Ornithoptera croesus* | Papilionidae | Near Threatened |
| [Whale shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/whale-shark/) | *Rhincodon typus* | Rhincodontidae | Endangered |
| [White-bellied Sea Eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/haliaeetus-leucogaster/) | *Haliaeetus leucogaster* | Accipitridae | Least Concern |
| [White-breasted Waterhen](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/amaurornis-phoenicurus/) | *Amaurornis phoenicurus* | Rallidae | Least Concern |
| [White-breasted Woodswallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/artamus-leucorhynchos/) | *Artamus leucorhynchos* | Artamidae | Not recorded |
| [White-headed Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-maja/) | *Lonchura maja* | Estrildidae | Least Concern |
| [White-lipped Island Pitviper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trimeresurus-insularis/) | *Trimeresurus insularis* | Viperidae | Least Concern |
| [White-lipped Pit Viper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trimeresurus-albolabris/) | *Trimeresurus albolabris* | Viperidae | Least Concern |
| [White-nest Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aerodramus-fuciphagus/) | *Aerodramus fuciphagus* | Apodidae | Least Concern |
| [White-rumped shama](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/white-rumped-shama/) | *Copsychus malabaricus* | Muscicapidae | Least Concern |
| [White-shouldered Triller](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lalage-sueurii/) | *Lalage sueurii* | Campephagidae | Least Concern |
| [Whitetip Reef Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/triaenodon-obesus/) | *Triaenodon obesus* | Carcharhinidae | Vulnerable |
| [Whitish Dwarf Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/prosciurillus-leucomus/) | *Prosciurillus leucomus* | Sciuridae | Least Concern |
| [Wild Boar](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sus-scrofa/) | *Sus scrofa* | Suidae | Least Concern |
| [Willie Wagtail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-leucophrys/) | *Rhipidura leucophrys* | Rhipiduridae | Least Concern |
| [Yellow fever mosquito](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/yellow-fever-mosquito/) | *Aedes aegypti* | Culicidae | Not recorded |
| [Yellow-crested cockatoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/yellow-crested-cockatoo/) | *Cacatua sulphurea* | Psittacidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Yellow-lipped Sea Krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/laticauda-colubrina/) | *Laticauda colubrina* | Elapidae | Least Concern |
| [Yellow-vented bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pycnonotus-goiavier/) | *Pycnonotus goiavier* | Pycnonotidae | Least Concern |
| [Zebra Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/geopelia-striata/) | *Geopelia striata* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Zitting Cisticola](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cisticola-juncidis/) | *Cisticola juncidis* | Cisticolidae | Least Concern |


---

# Find organisations

> Find organisations working for animals in Indonesia. Explore their focus, read the sources, and contact them through official channels.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## Organisations in the directory

- [Bali Animal Welfare Association (BAWA)](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/bawa/) — Bali: Animal welfare and community education in Bali.
- [JAAN Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/jaan/) — Indonesia: Wildlife rescue and rehabilitation in Indonesia.
- [Cikananga Wildlife Center](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/cikananga/) — Jawa Barat: Confiscated wildlife care and conservation in Sukabumi.
- [Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/socp/) — Sumatra: Orangutan and forest conservation in Sumatra.
- [Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/bos/) — Kalimantan: Protecting Bornean orangutans and their habitat.
- [Yayasan IAR Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/yiari/) — Jawa Barat · Kalimantan Barat: Primate rehabilitation and habitat conservation.
- [WWF-Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/wwf-indonesia/) — Indonesia: Forest, wildlife, marine, and fisheries conservation.
- [Borneo Nature Foundation](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/borneo-nature-foundation/) — Kalimantan: Research, education, and community forest conservation.
- [Misool Foundation](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/misool-foundation/) — Raja Ampat: Marine conservation and community work in Raja Ampat.
- [Yayasan Konservasi Alam Nusantara](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/ykan/) — Indonesia: Science-based conservation of lands and waters.
- [Bali Adoption & Rehabilitation Centre](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/barc/) — Bali: Dog protection and rehabilitation in Bali.
- [Forum Konservasi Leuser](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/forum-konservasi-leuser/) — Aceh · Sumatera Utara: Wildlife protection and restoration in Leuser.
- [Yayasan Badak Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/yabi/) — Jawa · Sumatra: Indonesian rhino conservation and community education.
- [Alam Sehat Lestari (ASRI)](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/asri/) — Kalimantan Barat · Papua Barat Daya: Connecting community health with forest protection.
- [Gili Eco Trust](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/gili-eco-trust/) — Nusa Tenggara Barat: Reef and island environment protection in the Gilis.
- [WCS Indonesia Program](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/wcs-indonesia/) — Indonesia: Wildlife and terrestrial and marine habitat conservation through research and partnerships in Indonesia.
- [Burung Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/burung-indonesia/) — Indonesia: Conservation of wild birds, habitats, and landscapes with communities.
- [Yayasan Palung](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/yayasan-palung/) — Kalimantan Barat: Orangutan and forest protection in the Gunung Palung landscape, West Kalimantan.
- [Centre for Orangutan Protection (COP)](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/centre-for-orangutan-protection/) — Kalimantan Timur · Sumatera Utara: Orangutan protection, rehabilitation centres and wildlife campaigns in East Kalimantan and North Sumatra.
- [Orangutan Foundation International (OFI)](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/orangutan-foundation-international/) — Kalimantan Tengah: Wild orangutan protection, orphan rehabilitation and forest work around Tanjung Puting, Central Kalimantan.
- [Orangutan Information Centre (YOSL-OIC)](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/orangutan-information-centre/) — Sumatera Utara · Aceh: Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutan protection, forest restoration and conflict mitigation in North Sumatra and Aceh.
- [Kalaweit](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/kalaweit/) — Kalimantan Tengah · Sumatera Barat: Care for gibbons and siamangs from the wildlife trade and village forest protection in Central Kalimantan and West Sumatra.
- [Yayasan Owa Jawa (Javan Gibbon Foundation)](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/yayasan-owa-jawa/) — Jawa Barat: Rescue, rehabilitation and release of Javan gibbons through the Javan Gibbon Center in West Java.
- [Animal Friends Jogja (AFJ)](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/animal-friends-jogja/) — DI Yogyakarta: Animal welfare campaigns, spay and neuter, adoption and education from Yogyakarta, including the dog meat trade.
- [Friends of Nature, People and Forests (FNPF)](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/fnpf/) — Bali · Kalimantan Tengah: Wildlife, habitat and community work in Bali, Nusa Penida and near Tanjung Puting; formerly Friends of the National Parks Foundation.
- [Turtle Conservation and Education Center (TCEC) Serangan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/tcec-serangan/) — Bali: Sea turtle conservation and education centre on Serangan Island, Denpasar, Bali, opened in 2006.
- [Konservasi Indonesia (KI)](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/konservasi-indonesia/) — Indonesia: National foundation for land and marine ecosystem conservation, continuing Conservation International's work in Indonesia.
- [Coral Triangle Center (CTC)](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/coral-triangle-center/) — Bali · Maluku: Bali-based marine conservation foundation working on marine protected areas, training and ocean literacy.
- [Reef Check Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/reef-check-indonesia/) — Bali · Nusa Tenggara Timur: Coral reef monitoring, manta ray research and coastal community empowerment, based in Denpasar, Bali.
- [Forum HarimauKita](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/forum-harimaukita/) — Sumatra: Civil society forum for Sumatran tiger conservation, with a secretariat in Bogor, West Java.
- [Selamatkan Yaki](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/selamatkan-yaki/) — Sulawesi Utara: Conservation, research and education programme for the yaki (Macaca nigra) in North Sulawesi.
- [Macaca Nigra Project (MNP)](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/macaca-nigra-project/) — Sulawesi Utara: Research and conservation education project on crested black macaques in Tangkoko Nature Reserve, North Sulawesi.
- [Alobi Foundation](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/alobi-foundation/) — Kepulauan Bangka Belitung: Wildlife rescue and rehabilitation centre, with slow loris and tarsier research, in the Bangka Belitung Islands.
- [Little Fireface Project (LFP)](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/little-fireface-project/) — Jawa Barat: Long-term research and conservation of the Javan slow loris through ecology, education and empowerment in Cipaganti, West Java.

A listing is not an audit, partnership or guaranteed response.


---

# Pet health

> Health guides for cat and dog owners in Indonesia: vaccinations, neutering, parasites, dangerous foods and the signs that need a veterinarian.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kesehatan-hewan/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## Pet health

- [Cat vaccinations: types, schedule and benefits](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vaccinations/): Core cat vaccines protect against panleukopenia, herpesvirus and calicivirus. Kittens start at 6–8 weeks; in endemic areas, rabies vaccine is also core.
- [Dog vaccinations: types, schedule and boosters](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/dog-vaccinations/): Core dog vaccines protect against distemper, adenovirus hepatitis and parvovirus, plus rabies in endemic areas. Puppies start at 6–8 weeks.
- [Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/): Rabies is a viral brain infection that is almost always fatal once signs appear. Vaccinating dogs and cats prevents it; 26 provinces are still endemic.
- [Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/): Neutering prevents pregnancy and some reproductive diseases. Cats are usually neutered at about 4 months; a dog's timing should be agreed with a vet.
- [Choosing a vet and vet clinic in Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/choosing-a-vet-in-indonesia/): Vets in Indonesia must hold a practice licence (SIP DRH). Learn how clinics, animal hospitals and puskeswan differ, and what to ask before a visit.
- [Feline panleukopenia: signs, spread and vaccination](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/feline-panleukopenia/): Feline panleukopenia is a highly contagious, often fatal parvovirus infection of cats, especially kittens. Vaccination is the main way to prevent it.
- [Canine parvovirus: signs, spread and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/canine-parvovirus/): Canine parvovirus (parvo) is a highly contagious, often fatal viral disease of dogs, especially puppies. A full vaccination course is the main protection.
- [Fleas, ticks and mites in cats and dogs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/fleas-ticks-and-mites/): Fleas, ticks and mites are external parasites that make cats and dogs itch, spread disease and can affect people. In the tropics, prevent them year-round.
- [Worms in cats and dogs: types, risks and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/worms-in-cats-and-dogs/): Worms in cats and dogs are mainly roundworms, hookworms and tapeworms. Some can infect people, especially children, so ask a vet about routine control.
- [Ringworm in cats: signs, spread and when to see a vet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/ringworm-in-cats/): Ringworm is a fungal skin infection, not a worm. It causes scaly bald patches in cats and can spread to people, so a vet should confirm and treat it.
- [Foods that are dangerous for cats and dogs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/foods-dangerous-for-cats-and-dogs/): Chocolate, coffee, xylitol, grapes, onions, alcohol and cooked bones can poison or injure cats and dogs. Learn what to avoid and when to call a vet.
- [Toxoplasmosis and cats: facts, myths and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/toxoplasmosis-and-cats/): Toxoplasmosis is often caught from undercooked meat and unwashed produce, not from cat fur. Learn the facts, the infertility myth and how to prevent it.
- [Heatstroke in cats and dogs: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/heatstroke-in-cats-and-dogs/): Heatstroke happens when a pet's body temperature climbs too high, and it can kill. Learn which pets are at risk, the warning signs and how to prevent it.
- [Cat vomiting: causes and when to see a vet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vomiting-when-to-see-a-vet/): An occasional vomit can be normal for a cat, but repeated or bloody vomiting, or vomiting with lethargy, needs a vet. Learn the causes and red flags.
- [Cat not eating: causes, risks and when to see a vet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-not-eating/): A cat that stops eating risks hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver), which can be fatal. Learn the causes, the red flags and when to see a vet.
- [Feeding your cat well: nutrients, taurine and water](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/feeding-your-cat/): Cats are obligate carnivores that need taurine and animal nutrients. Feed a complete and balanced food, give fresh water, and avoid rice-and-fish-only diets.
- [Feeding your dog well: choosing food, portions and treats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/feeding-your-dog/): Dogs need a complete and balanced food for their life stage, measured portions, limited treats and fresh water. How to choose food, following WSAVA guidance.
- [Can cats and dogs eat rice, tofu, eggs or milk?](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/can-cats-and-dogs-eat-human-food/): Plain rice and cooked egg are fine as small treats, salted fish and milk are best avoided, and evidence on tempeh and tofu is limited. Here is why.
- [Dental care for cats and dogs: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/dental-care-for-cats-and-dogs/): Gum disease is the most common medical problem in cats and dogs. Learn the signs, how to brush your pet's teeth, and when a vet should check the mouth.
- [Overweight cats and dogs: checks, risks and safe weight loss](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/overweight-cats-and-dogs/): Obesity is the most common nutritional problem in cats and dogs. Learn WSAVA body condition scoring, the risks, and how to lose weight safely with your vet.
- [Cat flu: signs, spread and vaccination](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-flu/): Cat flu is an upper respiratory infection caused mainly by feline herpesvirus and calicivirus. Learn the signs, spread, vaccination and when to see a vet.
- [FIP in cats: causes, signs and diagnosis](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/fip-in-cats/): FIP is a serious disease caused by a mutated feline coronavirus. Learn the signs of wet and dry FIP, why diagnosis needs a vet, and how to lower the risk.
- [Diarrhoea in cats and dogs: when to see a vet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/diarrhoea-in-cats-and-dogs/): Mild diarrhoea can settle quickly, but bloody diarrhoea, diarrhoea with vomiting or lethargy, or diarrhoea in kittens and puppies needs a vet. Know the signs.
- [Dog vomiting: when to see a vet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/dog-vomiting-when-to-see-a-vet/): A single vomit can be minor, but repeated or bloody vomiting, retching with a swollen belly, or vomiting in a puppy needs a vet urgently.
- [Caring for orphaned kittens: the basics](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/caring-for-orphaned-kittens/): Orphaned kittens need warmth, kitten milk replacer (not cow's milk), help to go to the toilet, and a vet urgently if they are weak or cold.

General information from the cited veterinary guidance; not a substitute for a veterinary examination.


---

# Guides

> Small steps that matter for animals. Practical guides to care, adoption and responsible participation.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/panduan/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## Guides

- [Responsible Cat and Dog Adoption](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/adopting-cats-dogs/): Adoption starts with a ready home, enough time, and a lifelong commitment.
- [Fostering Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/fostering-animals/): Fostering provides a temporary home with agreed responsibilities and support.
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/): Useful volunteering starts with an organisation’s needs and the skills you bring.
- [How to observe and identify wildlife safely](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/observe-and-identify-wildlife/): Record features, date and habitat without approaching; identify only as far as the evidence allows.


---

# Habitats

> Every animal belongs to a bigger story. Explore the ecosystems that sustain life across Indonesia.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/habitat/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## Habitats

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/): Rainforests connect life from the forest floor to the canopy.
- [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/): Mangroves connect land, tides, and coastal life.
- [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/): Coral reefs are living ecosystems, beyond an underwater view.
- [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/): Open landscapes have seasonal rhythms and wildlife different from dense forest.
- [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/): Rivers, lakes, marshes, and floodplains are connected by water.
- [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/): Parks, trees, rivers, and gardens shape life in cities.


---

# Get involved

> Help is not always financial. Your time, knowledge and everyday choices can make a difference.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/help/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/bantu/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## Guides

- [Responsible Cat and Dog Adoption](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/adopting-cats-dogs/): Adoption starts with a ready home, enough time, and a lifelong commitment.
- [Fostering Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/fostering-animals/): Fostering provides a temporary home with agreed responsibilities and support.
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/): Useful volunteering starts with an organisation’s needs and the skills you bring.
- [How to observe and identify wildlife safely](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/observe-and-identify-wildlife/): Record features, date and habitat without approaching; identify only as far as the evidence allows.


---

# Mammals of Indonesia

> Meet 75 mammal species recorded in Indonesia, including the Sumatran orangutan, Sumatran tiger and Sumatran elephant, with scientific names, families, IUCN status (46 threatened) and sources.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mammals/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/mamalia/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## mammal species and IUCN status

| Name | Scientific name | Family | Conservation status |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Agile gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/agile-gibbon/) | *Hylobates agilis* | Hylobatidae | Endangered |
| [Asian house shrew](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-house-shrew/) | *Suncus murinus* | Soricidae | Least Concern |
| [Asian small-clawed otter](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-small-clawed-otter/) | *Aonyx cinereus* | Mustelidae | Not recorded |
| [Banteng](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banteng/) | *Bos javanicus* | Bovidae | Critically Endangered — 2024 update |
| [Bearded pig](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bearded-pig/) | *Sus barbatus* | Suidae | Vulnerable |
| [Binturong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/binturong/) | *Arctictis binturong* | Viverridae | Vulnerable |
| [Black Giant Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ratufa-bicolor/) | *Ratufa bicolor* | Sciuridae | Near Threatened |
| [Black rat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-rat/) | *Rattus rattus* | Muridae | Least Concern |
| [Black-striped Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-nigrovittatus/) | *Callosciurus nigrovittatus* | Sciuridae | Least Concern |
| [Bornean elephant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-elephant/) | *Elephas maximus borneensis* | — | Not recorded |
| [Bornean orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-orangutan/) | *Pongo pygmaeus* | Hominidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Bornean White-bearded Gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylobates-albibarbis/) | *Hylobates albibarbis* | Hylobatidae | Endangered |
| [Brown rat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/brown-rat/) | *Rattus norvegicus* | Muridae | Least Concern |
| [Crested black macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-black-macaque/) | *Macaca nigra* | Cercopithecidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Diadem Roundleaf Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-diadema/) | *Hipposideros diadema* | Hipposideridae | Least Concern |
| [Domestic Water Buffalo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bubalus-bubalis/) | *Bubalus bubalis* | Bovidae | Not recorded |
| [Fawn Roundleaf Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-cervinus/) | *Hipposideros cervinus* | Hipposideridae | Least Concern |
| [Gursky's Spectral Tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tarsius-spectrumgurskyae/) | *Tarsius spectrumgurskyae* | Tarsiidae | Vulnerable |
| [Horsfield's Treeshrew](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tupaia-javanica/) | *Tupaia javanica* | Tupaiidae | Least Concern |
| [Javan gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-gibbon/) | *Hylobates moloch* | Hylobatidae | Endangered |
| [Javan leopard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-leopard/) | *Panthera pardus melas* | Felidae | Endangered |
| [Javan Lutung](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-auratus/) | *Trachypithecus auratus* | Cercopithecidae | Vulnerable |
| [Javan mouse-deer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-mouse-deer/) | *Tragulus javanicus* | Tragulidae | Data Deficient |
| [Javan Porcupine](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hystrix-javanica/) | *Hystrix javanica* | Hystricidae | Least Concern |
| [Javan rhinoceros](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-rhino/) | *Rhinoceros sondaicus* | Rhinocerotidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Javan slow loris](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-slow-loris/) | *Nycticebus javanicus* | Lorisidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Javan Surili](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-comata/) | *Presbytis comata* | Cercopithecidae | Vulnerable |
| [Lar Gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylobates-lar/) | *Hylobates lar* | Hylobatidae | Endangered |
| [Large Flying-fox](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pteropus-vampyrus/) | *Pteropus vampyrus* | Pteropodidae | Endangered |
| [Lesser false vampire bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/megaderma-spasma/) | *Megaderma spasma* | Megadermatidae | Least Concern |
| [Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macroglossus-minimus/) | *Macroglossus minimus* | Pteropodidae | Least Concern |
| [Lesser short-nosed fruit bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lesser-short-nosed-fruit-bat/) | *Cynopterus brachyotis* | Pteropodidae | Least Concern |
| [Long-tailed macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-fascicularis/) | *Macaca fascicularis* | Cercopithecidae | Endangered |
| [Lowland anoa](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lowland-anoa/) | *Bubalus depressicornis* | Bovidae | Endangered |
| [Mahakam Irrawaddy dolphin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mahakam-irrawaddy-dolphin/) | *Orcaella brevirostris* | Delphinidae | Endangered |
| [Malay civet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malay-civet/) | *Viverra tangalunga* | Viverridae | Least Concern |
| [Malayan porcupine](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-porcupine/) | *Hystrix brachyura* | Hystricidae | Least Concern |
| [Malayan tapir](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-tapir/) | *Tapirus indicus* | Tapiridae | Endangered |
| [Marbled cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/marbled-cat/) | *Pardofelis marmorata* | Felidae | Near Threatened |
| [Moor Macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-maura/) | *Macaca maura* | Cercopithecidae | Endangered |
| [Mountain anoa](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mountain-anoa/) | *Bubalus quarlesi* | Bovidae | Endangered |
| [Northern Common Cuscus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/phalanger-orientalis/) | *Phalanger orientalis* | Phalangeridae | Least Concern |
| [Northern Palm Civet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/paradoxurus-hermaphroditus/) | *Paradoxurus hermaphroditus* | Viverridae | Least Concern |
| [Philippine slow loris](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/philippine-slow-loris/) | *Nycticebus menagensis* | Lorisidae | Vulnerable |
| [Plantain Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-notatus/) | *Callosciurus notatus* | Sciuridae | Least Concern |
| [Prevost's Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-prevostii/) | *Callosciurus prevostii* | Sciuridae | Least Concern |
| [Proboscis monkey](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/proboscis-monkey/) | *Nasalis larvatus* | Cercopithecidae | Endangered |
| [Pygmy tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pygmy-tarsier/) | *Tarsius pumilus* | Tarsiidae | Endangered |
| [Sambar deer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sambar-deer/) | *Rusa unicolor* | Cervidae | Vulnerable |
| [Selayar tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/selayar-tarsier/) | *Tarsius tarsier* | Tarsiidae | Vulnerable |
| [Siamang](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/siamang/) | *Symphalangus syndactylus* | Hylobatidae | Endangered |
| [Silvered Leaf Monkey](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-cristatus/) | *Trachypithecus cristatus* | Cercopithecidae | Vulnerable |
| [Smooth-coated otter](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/smooth-coated-otter/) | *Lutrogale perspicillata* | Mustelidae | Vulnerable |
| [Southern Pig-tailed Macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-nemestrina/) | *Macaca nemestrina* | Cercopithecidae | Endangered |
| [Southern red muntjac](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/southern-red-muntjac/) | *Muntiacus muntjak* | Cervidae | Least Concern |
| [Spinner Dolphin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/stenella-longirostris/) | *Stenella longirostris* | Delphinidae | Least Concern |
| [Sulawesi babirusa](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sulawesi-babirusa/) | *Babyrousa celebensis* | Suidae | Vulnerable |
| [Sulawesi bear cuscus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sulawesi-bear-cuscus/) | *Ailurops ursinus* | Phalangeridae | Vulnerable |
| [Sumatran elephant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-elephant/) | *Elephas maximus sumatranus* | Elephantidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Sumatran orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-orangutan/) | *Pongo abelii* | Hominidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Sumatran rhinoceros](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-rhino/) | *Dicerorhinus sumatrensis* | Rhinocerotidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Sumatran Surili](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-melalophos/) | *Presbytis melalophos* | Cercopithecidae | Endangered |
| [Sumatran tiger](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-tiger/) | *Panthera tigris sondaica* | Felidae | Critically Endangered — WWF Sunda profile |
| [Sun bear](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sun-bear/) | *Helarctos malayanus* | Ursidae | Vulnerable |
| [Sunda clouded leopard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-clouded-leopard/) | *Neofelis diardi* | Felidae | Vulnerable — species level |
| [Sunda Colugo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/galeopterus-variegatus/) | *Galeopterus variegatus* | Cynocephalidae | Least Concern |
| [Sunda pangolin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-pangolin/) | *Manis javanica* | Manidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Sunda slow loris](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-slow-loris/) | *Nycticebus coucang* | Lorisidae | Endangered |
| [Tapanuli orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tapanuli-orangutan/) | *Pongo tapanuliensis* | Hominidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Tatar Horseshoe Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhinolophus-tatar/) | *Rhinolophus tatar* | Rhinolophidae | Least Concern |
| [Thomas’s Langur](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-thomasi/) | *Presbytis thomasi* | Cercopithecidae | Vulnerable |
| [Timor deer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/timor-deer/) | *Rusa timorensis* | Cervidae | Vulnerable |
| [Waigeo Spotted Cuscus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spilocuscus-papuensis/) | *Spilocuscus papuensis* | Phalangeridae | Vulnerable |
| [Whitish Dwarf Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/prosciurillus-leucomus/) | *Prosciurillus leucomus* | Sciuridae | Least Concern |
| [Wild Boar](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sus-scrofa/) | *Sus scrofa* | Suidae | Least Concern |

This list covers animals with a guide on this site; it is not a complete checklist.


---

# Birds of Indonesia

> Meet 95 bird species recorded in Indonesia, including the Red bird-of-paradise, Bali myna and Javan hawk-eagle, with scientific names, families, IUCN status (10 threatened) and sources.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/birds/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/burung/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## bird species and IUCN status

| Name | Scientific name | Family | Conservation status |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Ashy Drongo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-leucophaeus/) | *Dicrurus leucophaeus* | Dicruridae | Least Concern |
| [Asian Emerald Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcophaps-indica/) | *Chalcophaps indica* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Bali myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bali-myna/) | *Leucopsar rothschildi* | Sturnidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Barn owl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/barn-owl/) | *Tyto alba* | Tytonidae | Least Concern |
| [Barn Swallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hirundo-rustica/) | *Hirundo rustica* | Hirundinidae | Least Concern |
| [Black Sunbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leptocoma-sericea/) | *Leptocoma sericea* | Nectariniidae | Least Concern |
| [Black-capped lory](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-capped-lory/) | *Lorius lory* | Psittacidae | Least Concern |
| [Black-naped Fruit Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ptilinopus-melanospilus/) | *Ptilinopus melanospilus* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Black-naped Monarch](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hypothymis-azurea/) | *Hypothymis azurea* | Monarchidae | Least Concern |
| [Black-naped Oriole](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oriolus-chinensis/) | *Oriolus chinensis* | Oriolidae | Least Concern |
| [Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemipus-hirundinaceus/) | *Hemipus hirundinaceus* | Tephrodornithidae | Least Concern |
| [Black-winged myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-winged-myna/) | *Acridotheres melanopterus* | Sturnidae | Endangered |
| [Blue-tailed Bee-eater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/merops-philippinus/) | *Merops philippinus* | Meropidae | Least Concern |
| [Blyth's Hornbill](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhyticeros-plicatus/) | *Rhyticeros plicatus* | Bucerotidae | Least Concern |
| [Brahminy Kite](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/haliastur-indus/) | *Haliastur indus* | Accipitridae | Least Concern |
| [Brown Honeyeater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lichmera-indistincta/) | *Lichmera indistincta* | Meliphagidae | Least Concern |
| [Brown-throated Sunbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/anthreptes-malacensis/) | *Anthreptes malacensis* | Nectariniidae | Least Concern |
| [Cave Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/collocalia-linchi/) | *Collocalia linchi* | Apodidae | Least Concern |
| [Collared kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/todiramphus-chloris/) | *Todiramphus chloris* | Alcedinidae | Least Concern |
| [Common hill myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/common-hill-myna/) | *Gracula religiosa* | Sturnidae | Least Concern |
| [Common Iora](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aegithina-tiphia/) | *Aegithina tiphia* | Aegithinidae | Least Concern |
| [Common Sandpiper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/actitis-hypoleucos/) | *Actitis hypoleucos* | Scolopacidae | Least Concern |
| [Coppersmith Barbet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/psilopogon-haemacephalus/) | *Psilopogon haemacephalus* | Megalaimidae | Least Concern |
| [Crested serpent eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-serpent-eagle/) | *Spilornis cheela* | Accipitridae | Least Concern |
| [Dollarbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eurystomus-orientalis/) | *Eurystomus orientalis* | Coraciidae | Least Concern |
| [Eurasian tree sparrow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/passer-montanus/) | *Passer montanus* | Passeridae | Least Concern |
| [Flores hawk-eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/flores-hawk-eagle/) | *Nisaetus floris* | Accipitridae | Endangered |
| [Freckle-breasted Woodpecker](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dendrocopos-analis/) | *Dendrocopos analis* | Picidae | Least Concern |
| [Glossy Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/collocalia-esculenta/) | *Collocalia esculenta* | Apodidae | Least Concern |
| [Golden-bellied Gerygone](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gerygone-sulphurea/) | *Gerygone sulphurea* | Acanthizidae | Least Concern |
| [Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-griseicauda/) | *Treron griseicauda* | Columbidae | Not recorded |
| [Gray-rumped Treeswift](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemiprocne-longipennis/) | *Hemiprocne longipennis* | Hemiprocnidae | Least Concern |
| [Great Crested Tern](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/thalasseus-bergii/) | *Thalasseus bergii* | Laridae | Least Concern |
| [Great Egret](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-alba/) | *Ardea alba* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Greater bird-of-paradise](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/greater-bird-of-paradise/) | *Paradisaea apoda* | Paradisaeidae | Least Concern |
| [Green Imperial Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ducula-aenea/) | *Ducula aenea* | Columbidae | Near Threatened |
| [Green Junglefowl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gallus-varius/) | *Gallus varius* | Phasianidae | Least Concern |
| [Green peafowl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-peafowl/) | *Pavo muticus* | Phasianidae | Endangered |
| [Hair-crested Drongo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-hottentottus/) | *Dicrurus hottentottus* | Dicruridae | Least Concern |
| [Helmeted Friarbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/philemon-buceroides/) | *Philemon buceroides* | Meliphagidae | Least Concern |
| [Helmeted hornbill](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/helmeted-hornbill/) | *Rhinoplax vigil* | Bucerotidae | Not recorded |
| [House Swift](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/apus-nipalensis/) | *Apus nipalensis* | Apodidae | Least Concern |
| [Javan hawk-eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-hawk-eagle/) | *Nisaetus bartelsi* | Accipitridae | Endangered |
| [Javan Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-leucogastroides/) | *Lonchura leucogastroides* | Estrildidae | Least Concern |
| [Javan pied starling](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-pied-starling/) | *Gracupica jalla* | Sturnidae | Not recorded |
| [Javan Pond-Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardeola-speciosa/) | *Ardeola speciosa* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Lesser Coucal](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/centropus-bengalensis/) | *Centropus bengalensis* | Cuculidae | Least Concern |
| [Lesser Frigatebird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/fregata-ariel/) | *Fregata ariel* | Fregatidae | Least Concern |
| [Little Egret](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-garzetta/) | *Egretta garzetta* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Malaysian Pied-Fantail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-javanica/) | *Rhipidura javanica* | Rhipiduridae | Least Concern |
| [Maleo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/maleo/) | *Macrocephalon maleo* | Megapodiidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Metallic Starling](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aplonis-metallica/) | *Aplonis metallica* | Sturnidae | Least Concern |
| [Moluccan Eclectus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eclectus-roratus/) | *Eclectus roratus* | Psittacidae | Least Concern |
| [Northern Fantail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-rufiventris/) | *Rhipidura rufiventris* | Rhipiduridae | Least Concern |
| [Olive-backed Tailorbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/orthotomus-sepium/) | *Orthotomus sepium* | Cisticolidae | Least Concern |
| [Oriental magpie-robin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oriental-magpie-robin/) | *Copsychus saularis* | Muscicapidae | Least Concern |
| [Pacific Reef Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-sacra/) | *Egretta sacra* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Pacific swallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hirundo-javanica/) | *Hirundo javanica* | Hirundinidae | Least Concern |
| [Palm cockatoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/palm-cockatoo/) | *Probosciger aterrimus* | Psittacidae | Near Threatened |
| [Pied Bushchat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/saxicola-caprata/) | *Saxicola caprata* | Muscicapidae | Least Concern |
| [Pink-necked Green-Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-vernans/) | *Treron vernans* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Plaintive Cuckoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cacomantis-merulinus/) | *Cacomantis merulinus* | Cuculidae | Least Concern |
| [Purple Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-purpurea/) | *Ardea purpurea* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Rainbow Bee-eater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/merops-ornatus/) | *Merops ornatus* | Meropidae | Least Concern |
| [Red bird-of-paradise](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/red-bird-of-paradise/) | *Paradisaea rubra* | Paradisaeidae | Near Threatened |
| [Red-cheeked Parrot](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/geoffroyus-geoffroyi/) | *Geoffroyus geoffroyi* | Psittacidae | Least Concern |
| [Rhinoceros hornbill](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhinoceros-hornbill/) | *Buceros rhinoceros* | Bucerotidae | Vulnerable |
| [Rock Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/columba-livia/) | *Columba livia* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Sacred Kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/todiramphus-sanctus/) | *Todiramphus sanctus* | Alcedinidae | Least Concern |
| [Sahul Brush Cuckoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cacomantis-variolosus/) | *Cacomantis variolosus* | Cuculidae | Least Concern |
| [Salmon-crested cockatoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/salmon-crested-cockatoo/) | *Cacatua moluccensis* | Psittacidae | Endangered |
| [Scaly-breasted Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-punctulata/) | *Lonchura punctulata* | Estrildidae | Least Concern |
| [Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicaeum-trochileum/) | *Dicaeum trochileum* | Dicaeidae | Least Concern |
| [Small Blue Kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/alcedo-coerulescens/) | *Alcedo coerulescens* | Alcedinidae | Least Concern |
| [Sooty-headed bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sooty-headed-bulbul/) | *Pycnonotus aurigaster* | Pycnonotidae | Least Concern |
| [Southern cassowary](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/southern-cassowary/) | *Casuarius casuarius* | Casuariidae | Least Concern |
| [Spotted dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spilopelia-chinensis/) | *Spilopelia chinensis* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Straw-headed bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/straw-headed-bulbul/) | *Pycnonotus zeylanicus* | Pycnonotidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Striated Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/butorides-striata/) | *Butorides striata* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macropygia-doreya/) | *Macropygia doreya* | Columbidae | Not recorded |
| [Sunda scops owl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-scops-owl/) | *Otus lempiji* | Strigidae | Least Concern |
| [Uniform Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aerodramus-vanikorensis/) | *Aerodramus vanikorensis* | Apodidae | Least Concern |
| [Victoria crowned pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/victoria-crowned-pigeon/) | *Goura victoria* | Columbidae | Near Threatened |
| [White-bellied Sea Eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/haliaeetus-leucogaster/) | *Haliaeetus leucogaster* | Accipitridae | Least Concern |
| [White-breasted Waterhen](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/amaurornis-phoenicurus/) | *Amaurornis phoenicurus* | Rallidae | Least Concern |
| [White-breasted Woodswallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/artamus-leucorhynchos/) | *Artamus leucorhynchos* | Artamidae | Not recorded |
| [White-headed Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-maja/) | *Lonchura maja* | Estrildidae | Least Concern |
| [White-nest Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aerodramus-fuciphagus/) | *Aerodramus fuciphagus* | Apodidae | Least Concern |
| [White-rumped shama](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/white-rumped-shama/) | *Copsychus malabaricus* | Muscicapidae | Least Concern |
| [White-shouldered Triller](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lalage-sueurii/) | *Lalage sueurii* | Campephagidae | Least Concern |
| [Willie Wagtail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-leucophrys/) | *Rhipidura leucophrys* | Rhipiduridae | Least Concern |
| [Yellow-crested cockatoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/yellow-crested-cockatoo/) | *Cacatua sulphurea* | Psittacidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Yellow-vented bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pycnonotus-goiavier/) | *Pycnonotus goiavier* | Pycnonotidae | Least Concern |
| [Zebra Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/geopelia-striata/) | *Geopelia striata* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Zitting Cisticola](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cisticola-juncidis/) | *Cisticola juncidis* | Cisticolidae | Least Concern |

This list covers animals with a guide on this site; it is not a complete checklist.


---

# Reptiles of Indonesia

> Meet 38 reptile species recorded in Indonesia, including the Komodo dragon, Saltwater crocodile and Asian water monitor, with scientific names, families, IUCN status (5 threatened) and sources.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/reptiles/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/reptil/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## reptile species and IUCN status

| Name | Scientific name | Family | Conservation status |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Asian House Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-frenatus/) | *Hemidactylus frenatus* | Gekkonidae | Not recorded |
| [Asian water monitor](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/varanus-salvator/) | *Varanus salvator* | Varanidae | Least Concern |
| [Banded krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banded-krait/) | *Bungarus fasciatus* | Elapidae | Least Concern |
| [Banded Malaysian coral snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banded-malaysian-coral-snake/) | *Calliophis intestinalis* | Elapidae | Least Concern |
| [Common Four-clawed Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gehyra-mutilata/) | *Gehyra mutilata* | Gekkonidae | Least Concern |
| [Common Sun Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eutropis-multifasciata/) | *Eutropis multifasciata* | Scincidae | Least Concern |
| [Common Wolf Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lycodon-capucinus/) | *Lycodon capucinus* | Colubridae | Least Concern |
| [Crocodile monitor](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocodile-monitor/) | *Varanus salvadorii* | Varanidae | Least Concern |
| [Double-spotted Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gekko-monarchus/) | *Gekko monarchus* | Gekkonidae | Least Concern |
| [Emerald Tree Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lamprolepis-smaragdina/) | *Lamprolepis smaragdina* | Scincidae | Least Concern |
| [False gharial](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/false-gharial/) | *Tomistoma schlegelii* | Crocodylidae | Endangered |
| [Flat-tailed House Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-platyurus/) | *Hemidactylus platyurus* | Gekkonidae | Least Concern |
| [Great Crested Canopy Lizard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bronchocela-jubata/) | *Bronchocela jubata* | Agamidae | Least Concern |
| [Indian Garden Lizard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/calotes-versicolor/) | *Calotes versicolor* | Agamidae | Least Concern |
| [Indo-Chinese Rat Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ptyas-korros/) | *Ptyas korros* | Colubridae | Near Threatened |
| [Javan Flying Dragon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/draco-volans/) | *Draco volans* | Agamidae | Least Concern |
| [Javan spitting cobra](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-spitting-cobra/) | *Naja sputatrix* | Elapidae | Least Concern |
| [Keeled Slug Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pareas-carinatus/) | *Pareas carinatus* | Pareidae | Least Concern |
| [Komodo dragon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/komodo-dragon/) | *Varanus komodoensis* | Varanidae | Endangered |
| [Malayan krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-krait/) | *Bungarus candidus* | Elapidae | Least Concern |
| [Malayan pit viper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-pit-viper/) | *Calloselasma rhodostoma* | Viperidae | Least Concern |
| [Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cyrtodactylus-marmoratus/) | *Cyrtodactylus marmoratus* | Gekkonidae | Least Concern |
| [Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/takydromus-sexlineatus/) | *Takydromus sexlineatus* | Lacertidae | Least Concern |
| [Oriental Whipsnake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ahaetulla-prasina/) | *Ahaetulla prasina* | Colubridae | Least Concern |
| [Pacific Bluetail Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/emoia-caeruleocauda/) | *Emoia caeruleocauda* | Scincidae | Least Concern |
| [Painted Bronzeback](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dendrelaphis-pictus/) | *Dendrelaphis pictus* | Colubridae | Least Concern |
| [Painted terrapin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/painted-terrapin/) | *Batagur borneoensis* | Geoemydidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Pig-nosed turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pig-nosed-turtle/) | *Carettochelys insculpta* | Carettochelyidae | Endangered |
| [Puff-faced Water Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/homalopsis-buccata/) | *Homalopsis buccata* | Homalopsidae | Least Concern |
| [Reticulated Python](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayopython-reticulatus/) | *Malayopython reticulatus* | Pythonidae | Least Concern |
| [Rote Island snake-necked turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rote-island-snake-necked-turtle/) | *Chelodina mccordi* | Chelidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Saltwater crocodile](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/saltwater-crocodile/) | *Crocodylus porosus* | Crocodylidae | Least Concern |
| [Sunda king cobra](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-king-cobra/) | *Ophiophagus bungarus* | — | Not recorded |
| [Tokay Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gekko-gecko/) | *Gekko gecko* | Gekkonidae | Least Concern |
| [Wagler's Pit Viper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tropidolaemus-wagleri/) | *Tropidolaemus wagleri* | Viperidae | Least Concern |
| [White-lipped Island Pitviper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trimeresurus-insularis/) | *Trimeresurus insularis* | Viperidae | Least Concern |
| [White-lipped Pit Viper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trimeresurus-albolabris/) | *Trimeresurus albolabris* | Viperidae | Least Concern |
| [Yellow-lipped Sea Krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/laticauda-colubrina/) | *Laticauda colubrina* | Elapidae | Least Concern |

This list covers animals with a guide on this site; it is not a complete checklist.


---

# Marine animals of Indonesia

> Meet 27 marine animal species recorded in Indonesia, including the Green turtle, Dugong and Whale shark, with scientific names, families, IUCN status (15 threatened) and sources.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/marine-animals/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/satwa-laut/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## marine animal species and IUCN status

| Name | Scientific name | Family | Conservation status |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Blacktip Reef Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/carcharhinus-melanopterus/) | *Carcharhinus melanopterus* | Carcharhinidae | Vulnerable |
| [Bluespotted Fantail Ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/taeniura-lymma/) | *Taeniura lymma* | Dasyatidae | Least Concern |
| [Bluespotted Maskray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-caeruleopunctata/) | *Neotrygon caeruleopunctata* | Dasyatidae | Least Concern |
| [Brown-banded Bamboo Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chiloscyllium-punctatum/) | *Chiloscyllium punctatum* | Hemiscylliidae | Near Threatened |
| [Crown-of-thorns starfish](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crown-of-thorns-starfish/) | *Acanthaster planci* | Acanthasteridae | Not recorded |
| [Dugong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dugong/) | *Dugong dugon* | Dugongidae | Vulnerable |
| [Giant clam](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/giant-clam/) | *Tridacna gigas* | Cardiidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Greater blue-ringed octopus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/greater-blue-ringed-octopus/) | *Hapalochlaena lunulata* | Octopodidae | Least Concern |
| [Green turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-turtle/) | *Chelonia mydas* | Cheloniidae | Least Concern globally — 2025 assessment |
| [Hawksbill turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hawksbill-turtle/) | *Eretmochelys imbricata* | Cheloniidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Humphead wrasse](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/humphead-wrasse/) | *Cheilinus undulatus* | Labridae | Endangered |
| [Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/indo-pacific-bottlenose-dolphin/) | *Tursiops aduncus* | Delphinidae | Near Threatened |
| [Indonesian coelacanth](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/indonesian-coelacanth/) | *Latimeria menadoensis* | Latimeriidae | Vulnerable |
| [Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemiscyllium-freycineti/) | *Hemiscyllium freycineti* | Hemiscylliidae | Near Threatened |
| [Leatherback turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leatherback-turtle/) | *Dermochelys coriacea* | Dermochelyidae | Vulnerable |
| [Loggerhead turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/loggerhead-turtle/) | *Caretta caretta* | Cheloniidae | Vulnerable |
| [Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-moluccensis/) | *Neotrygon moluccensis* | Dasyatidae | Not recorded |
| [Oceanic Manta Ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mobula-birostris/) | *Mobula birostris* | Myliobatidae | Endangered |
| [Olive ridley turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/olive-ridley-turtle/) | *Lepidochelys olivacea* | Cheloniidae | Vulnerable |
| [Oriental Bluespotted Maskray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-orientale/) | *Neotrygon orientale* | Dasyatidae | Not recorded |
| [Reef manta ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/reef-manta-ray/) | *Mobula alfredi* | Myliobatidae | Vulnerable |
| [Scalloped hammerhead shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/scalloped-hammerhead-shark/) | *Sphyrna lewini* | Sphyrnidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Spotted seahorse](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spotted-seahorse/) | *Hippocampus kuda* | Syngnathidae | Vulnerable |
| [Tasselled Wobbegong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eucrossorhinus-dasypogon/) | *Eucrossorhinus dasypogon* | Orectolobidae | Least Concern |
| [Tiger shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tiger-shark/) | *Galeocerdo cuvier* | Carcharhinidae | Near Threatened |
| [Whale shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/whale-shark/) | *Rhincodon typus* | Rhincodontidae | Endangered |
| [Whitetip Reef Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/triaenodon-obesus/) | *Triaenodon obesus* | Carcharhinidae | Vulnerable |

This list covers animals with a guide on this site; it is not a complete checklist.


---

# Amphibians of Indonesia: frogs and toads

> Meet 10 amphibian species recorded in Indonesia, including the Asian Common Toad, Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog and Schlegel's Frog, with scientific names, families, IUCN status and sources.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/amphibians/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/amfibi/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## amphibian species and IUCN status

| Name | Scientific name | Family | Conservation status |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Asian Common Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/duttaphrynus-melanostictus/) | *Duttaphrynus melanostictus* | Bufonidae | Least Concern |
| [Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/polypedates-leucomystax/) | *Polypedates leucomystax* | Rhacophoridae | Least Concern |
| [Crab-eating Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/fejervarya-cancrivora/) | *Fejervarya cancrivora* | Dicroglossidae | Least Concern |
| [Green Paddy Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylarana-erythraea/) | *Hylarana erythraea* | Ranidae | Least Concern |
| [Hasselt's Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leptobrachium-hasseltii/) | *Leptobrachium hasseltii* | Megophryidae | Least Concern |
| [Muller's Narrowmouth Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/kaloula-baleata/) | *Kaloula baleata* | Microhylidae | Least Concern |
| [Poisonous Rock Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/odorrana-hosii/) | *Odorrana hosii* | Ranidae | Least Concern |
| [Reinwardt's flying frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/reinwardts-flying-frog/) | *Rhacophorus reinwardtii* | Rhacophoridae | Least Concern |
| [River Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/phrynoidis-asper/) | *Phrynoidis asper* | Bufonidae | Least Concern |
| [Schlegel's Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcorana-chalconota/) | *Chalcorana chalconota* | Ranidae | Least Concern |

This list covers animals with a guide on this site; it is not a complete checklist.


---

# Insects and invertebrates of Indonesia

> Meet 14 insect and invertebrate species recorded in Indonesia, including the Slender Skimmer, Great Eggfly and Asian Weaver Ant, with scientific names, families, IUCN status and sources.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/insects/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/serangga/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## insect and invertebrate species and IUCN status

| Name | Scientific name | Family | Conservation status |
|---|---|---|---|
| [American cockroach](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/american-cockroach/) | *Periplaneta americana* | Blattidae | Not recorded |
| [Asian honey bee](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-honey-bee/) | *Apis cerana* | Apidae | Not recorded |
| [Asian Weaver Ant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oecophylla-smaragdina/) | *Oecophylla smaragdina* | Formicidae | Not recorded |
| [Blue Pansy](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/junonia-orithya/) | *Junonia orithya* | Nymphalidae | Least Concern |
| [Chalky Percher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/diplacodes-trivialis/) | *Diplacodes trivialis* | Libellulidae | Least Concern |
| [Great Eggfly](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hypolimnas-bolina/) | *Hypolimnas bolina* | Nymphalidae | Not recorded |
| [Great Mormon Swallowtail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/papilio-memnon/) | *Papilio memnon* | Papilionidae | Not recorded |
| [Lime Swallowtail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/papilio-demoleus/) | *Papilio demoleus* | Papilionidae | Not recorded |
| [Red Percher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neurothemis-ramburii/) | *Neurothemis ramburii* | Libellulidae | Not recorded |
| [Scarlet Skimmer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocothemis-servilia/) | *Crocothemis servilia* | Libellulidae | Least Concern |
| [Slender Skimmer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/orthetrum-sabina/) | *Orthetrum sabina* | Libellulidae | Least Concern |
| [Straight-edge Red Parasol](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neurothemis-terminata/) | *Neurothemis terminata* | Libellulidae | Least Concern |
| [Wallace's golden birdwing](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/wallaces-golden-birdwing/) | *Ornithoptera croesus* | Papilionidae | Near Threatened |
| [Yellow fever mosquito](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/yellow-fever-mosquito/) | *Aedes aegypti* | Culicidae | Not recorded |

This list covers animals with a guide on this site; it is not a complete checklist.


---

# Animals of Sumatra

> 104 animals recorded in Sumatra in this guide, including the Sumatran orangutan, Sumatran tiger and Sumatran elephant, with scientific names, IUCN status (29 threatened) and sources.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatra/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/sumatera/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## Animals of Sumatra

| Name | Scientific name | Family | Conservation status |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Agile gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/agile-gibbon/) | *Hylobates agilis* | Hylobatidae | Endangered |
| [Ashy Drongo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-leucophaeus/) | *Dicrurus leucophaeus* | Dicruridae | Least Concern |
| [Asian Emerald Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcophaps-indica/) | *Chalcophaps indica* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Asian honey bee](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-honey-bee/) | *Apis cerana* | Apidae | Not recorded |
| [Asian small-clawed otter](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-small-clawed-otter/) | *Aonyx cinereus* | Mustelidae | Not recorded |
| [Banded krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banded-krait/) | *Bungarus fasciatus* | Elapidae | Least Concern |
| [Banded Malaysian coral snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banded-malaysian-coral-snake/) | *Calliophis intestinalis* | Elapidae | Least Concern |
| [Barn owl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/barn-owl/) | *Tyto alba* | Tytonidae | Least Concern |
| [Barn Swallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hirundo-rustica/) | *Hirundo rustica* | Hirundinidae | Least Concern |
| [Bearded pig](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bearded-pig/) | *Sus barbatus* | Suidae | Vulnerable |
| [Binturong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/binturong/) | *Arctictis binturong* | Viverridae | Vulnerable |
| [Black Giant Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ratufa-bicolor/) | *Ratufa bicolor* | Sciuridae | Near Threatened |
| [Black-naped Monarch](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hypothymis-azurea/) | *Hypothymis azurea* | Monarchidae | Least Concern |
| [Black-naped Oriole](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oriolus-chinensis/) | *Oriolus chinensis* | Oriolidae | Least Concern |
| [Black-striped Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-nigrovittatus/) | *Callosciurus nigrovittatus* | Sciuridae | Least Concern |
| [Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemipus-hirundinaceus/) | *Hemipus hirundinaceus* | Tephrodornithidae | Least Concern |
| [Blue Pansy](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/junonia-orithya/) | *Junonia orithya* | Nymphalidae | Least Concern |
| [Blue-tailed Bee-eater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/merops-philippinus/) | *Merops philippinus* | Meropidae | Least Concern |
| [Bluespotted Maskray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-caeruleopunctata/) | *Neotrygon caeruleopunctata* | Dasyatidae | Least Concern |
| [Brown-throated Sunbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/anthreptes-malacensis/) | *Anthreptes malacensis* | Nectariniidae | Least Concern |
| [Collared kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/todiramphus-chloris/) | *Todiramphus chloris* | Alcedinidae | Least Concern |
| [Common hill myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/common-hill-myna/) | *Gracula religiosa* | Sturnidae | Least Concern |
| [Common Iora](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aegithina-tiphia/) | *Aegithina tiphia* | Aegithinidae | Least Concern |
| [Coppersmith Barbet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/psilopogon-haemacephalus/) | *Psilopogon haemacephalus* | Megalaimidae | Least Concern |
| [Crab-eating Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/fejervarya-cancrivora/) | *Fejervarya cancrivora* | Dicroglossidae | Least Concern |
| [Crested serpent eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-serpent-eagle/) | *Spilornis cheela* | Accipitridae | Least Concern |
| [Diadem Roundleaf Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-diadema/) | *Hipposideros diadema* | Hipposideridae | Least Concern |
| [Dollarbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eurystomus-orientalis/) | *Eurystomus orientalis* | Coraciidae | Least Concern |
| [Double-spotted Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gekko-monarchus/) | *Gekko monarchus* | Gekkonidae | Least Concern |
| [Eurasian tree sparrow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/passer-montanus/) | *Passer montanus* | Passeridae | Least Concern |
| [False gharial](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/false-gharial/) | *Tomistoma schlegelii* | Crocodylidae | Endangered |
| [Fawn Roundleaf Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-cervinus/) | *Hipposideros cervinus* | Hipposideridae | Least Concern |
| [Golden-bellied Gerygone](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gerygone-sulphurea/) | *Gerygone sulphurea* | Acanthizidae | Least Concern |
| [Gray-rumped Treeswift](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemiprocne-longipennis/) | *Hemiprocne longipennis* | Hemiprocnidae | Least Concern |
| [Great Egret](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-alba/) | *Ardea alba* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Green Imperial Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ducula-aenea/) | *Ducula aenea* | Columbidae | Near Threatened |
| [Green Paddy Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylarana-erythraea/) | *Hylarana erythraea* | Ranidae | Least Concern |
| [Hair-crested Drongo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-hottentottus/) | *Dicrurus hottentottus* | Dicruridae | Least Concern |
| [Helmeted hornbill](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/helmeted-hornbill/) | *Rhinoplax vigil* | Bucerotidae | Not recorded |
| [House Swift](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/apus-nipalensis/) | *Apus nipalensis* | Apodidae | Least Concern |
| [Humphead wrasse](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/humphead-wrasse/) | *Cheilinus undulatus* | Labridae | Endangered |
| [Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/indo-pacific-bottlenose-dolphin/) | *Tursiops aduncus* | Delphinidae | Near Threatened |
| [Keeled Slug Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pareas-carinatus/) | *Pareas carinatus* | Pareidae | Least Concern |
| [Lar Gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylobates-lar/) | *Hylobates lar* | Hylobatidae | Endangered |
| [Large Flying-fox](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pteropus-vampyrus/) | *Pteropus vampyrus* | Pteropodidae | Endangered |
| [Lesser short-nosed fruit bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lesser-short-nosed-fruit-bat/) | *Cynopterus brachyotis* | Pteropodidae | Least Concern |
| [Little Egret](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-garzetta/) | *Egretta garzetta* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Long-tailed macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-fascicularis/) | *Macaca fascicularis* | Cercopithecidae | Endangered |
| [Malay civet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malay-civet/) | *Viverra tangalunga* | Viverridae | Least Concern |
| [Malayan krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-krait/) | *Bungarus candidus* | Elapidae | Least Concern |
| [Malayan porcupine](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-porcupine/) | *Hystrix brachyura* | Hystricidae | Least Concern |
| [Malayan tapir](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-tapir/) | *Tapirus indicus* | Tapiridae | Endangered |
| [Malaysian Pied-Fantail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-javanica/) | *Rhipidura javanica* | Rhipiduridae | Least Concern |
| [Marbled cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/marbled-cat/) | *Pardofelis marmorata* | Felidae | Near Threatened |
| [Oriental magpie-robin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oriental-magpie-robin/) | *Copsychus saularis* | Muscicapidae | Least Concern |
| [Painted terrapin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/painted-terrapin/) | *Batagur borneoensis* | Geoemydidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Pink-necked Green-Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-vernans/) | *Treron vernans* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Plaintive Cuckoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cacomantis-merulinus/) | *Cacomantis merulinus* | Cuculidae | Least Concern |
| [Poisonous Rock Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/odorrana-hosii/) | *Odorrana hosii* | Ranidae | Least Concern |
| [Prevost's Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-prevostii/) | *Callosciurus prevostii* | Sciuridae | Least Concern |
| [Puff-faced Water Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/homalopsis-buccata/) | *Homalopsis buccata* | Homalopsidae | Least Concern |
| [Purple Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-purpurea/) | *Ardea purpurea* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Reinwardt's flying frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/reinwardts-flying-frog/) | *Rhacophorus reinwardtii* | Rhacophoridae | Least Concern |
| [Rhinoceros hornbill](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhinoceros-hornbill/) | *Buceros rhinoceros* | Bucerotidae | Vulnerable |
| [River Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/phrynoidis-asper/) | *Phrynoidis asper* | Bufonidae | Least Concern |
| [Rock Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/columba-livia/) | *Columba livia* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Sambar deer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sambar-deer/) | *Rusa unicolor* | Cervidae | Vulnerable |
| [Scaly-breasted Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-punctulata/) | *Lonchura punctulata* | Estrildidae | Least Concern |
| [Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicaeum-trochileum/) | *Dicaeum trochileum* | Dicaeidae | Least Concern |
| [Siamang](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/siamang/) | *Symphalangus syndactylus* | Hylobatidae | Endangered |
| [Silvered Leaf Monkey](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-cristatus/) | *Trachypithecus cristatus* | Cercopithecidae | Vulnerable |
| [Small Blue Kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/alcedo-coerulescens/) | *Alcedo coerulescens* | Alcedinidae | Least Concern |
| [Smooth-coated otter](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/smooth-coated-otter/) | *Lutrogale perspicillata* | Mustelidae | Vulnerable |
| [Sooty-headed bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sooty-headed-bulbul/) | *Pycnonotus aurigaster* | Pycnonotidae | Least Concern |
| [Southern Pig-tailed Macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-nemestrina/) | *Macaca nemestrina* | Cercopithecidae | Endangered |
| [Southern red muntjac](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/southern-red-muntjac/) | *Muntiacus muntjak* | Cervidae | Least Concern |
| [Spotted dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spilopelia-chinensis/) | *Spilopelia chinensis* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Spotted seahorse](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spotted-seahorse/) | *Hippocampus kuda* | Syngnathidae | Vulnerable |
| [Straw-headed bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/straw-headed-bulbul/) | *Pycnonotus zeylanicus* | Pycnonotidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Sumatran elephant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-elephant/) | *Elephas maximus sumatranus* | Elephantidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Sumatran orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-orangutan/) | *Pongo abelii* | Hominidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Sumatran rhinoceros](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-rhino/) | *Dicerorhinus sumatrensis* | Rhinocerotidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Sumatran Surili](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-melalophos/) | *Presbytis melalophos* | Cercopithecidae | Endangered |
| [Sumatran tiger](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-tiger/) | *Panthera tigris sondaica* | Felidae | Critically Endangered — WWF Sunda profile |
| [Sun bear](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sun-bear/) | *Helarctos malayanus* | Ursidae | Vulnerable |
| [Sunda clouded leopard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-clouded-leopard/) | *Neofelis diardi* | Felidae | Vulnerable — species level |
| [Sunda Colugo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/galeopterus-variegatus/) | *Galeopterus variegatus* | Cynocephalidae | Least Concern |
| [Sunda king cobra](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-king-cobra/) | *Ophiophagus bungarus* | — | Not recorded |
| [Sunda pangolin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-pangolin/) | *Manis javanica* | Manidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Sunda scops owl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-scops-owl/) | *Otus lempiji* | Strigidae | Least Concern |
| [Sunda slow loris](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-slow-loris/) | *Nycticebus coucang* | Lorisidae | Endangered |
| [Tapanuli orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tapanuli-orangutan/) | *Pongo tapanuliensis* | Hominidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Thomas’s Langur](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-thomasi/) | *Presbytis thomasi* | Cercopithecidae | Vulnerable |
| [Tiger shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tiger-shark/) | *Galeocerdo cuvier* | Carcharhinidae | Near Threatened |
| [Wagler's Pit Viper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tropidolaemus-wagleri/) | *Tropidolaemus wagleri* | Viperidae | Least Concern |
| [White-breasted Waterhen](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/amaurornis-phoenicurus/) | *Amaurornis phoenicurus* | Rallidae | Least Concern |
| [White-headed Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-maja/) | *Lonchura maja* | Estrildidae | Least Concern |
| [White-nest Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aerodramus-fuciphagus/) | *Aerodramus fuciphagus* | Apodidae | Least Concern |
| [White-rumped shama](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/white-rumped-shama/) | *Copsychus malabaricus* | Muscicapidae | Least Concern |
| [Wild Boar](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sus-scrofa/) | *Sus scrofa* | Suidae | Least Concern |
| [Yellow fever mosquito](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/yellow-fever-mosquito/) | *Aedes aegypti* | Culicidae | Not recorded |
| [Yellow-vented bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pycnonotus-goiavier/) | *Pycnonotus goiavier* | Pycnonotidae | Least Concern |
| [Zebra Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/geopelia-striata/) | *Geopelia striata* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Zitting Cisticola](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cisticola-juncidis/) | *Cisticola juncidis* | Cisticolidae | Least Concern |

Based on ranges named in the guides and GBIF observation place labels; not proof of endemism or a complete range map.


---

# Animals of Java

> 145 animals recorded in Java in this guide, including the Javan rhinoceros, Javan slow loris and Javan gibbon, with scientific names, IUCN status (20 threatened) and sources.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/java/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/jawa/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## Animals of Java

| Name | Scientific name | Family | Conservation status |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Ashy Drongo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-leucophaeus/) | *Dicrurus leucophaeus* | Dicruridae | Least Concern |
| [Asian Common Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/duttaphrynus-melanostictus/) | *Duttaphrynus melanostictus* | Bufonidae | Least Concern |
| [Asian honey bee](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-honey-bee/) | *Apis cerana* | Apidae | Not recorded |
| [Asian House Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-frenatus/) | *Hemidactylus frenatus* | Gekkonidae | Not recorded |
| [Asian house shrew](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-house-shrew/) | *Suncus murinus* | Soricidae | Least Concern |
| [Asian small-clawed otter](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-small-clawed-otter/) | *Aonyx cinereus* | Mustelidae | Not recorded |
| [Asian water monitor](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/varanus-salvator/) | *Varanus salvator* | Varanidae | Least Concern |
| [Asian Weaver Ant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oecophylla-smaragdina/) | *Oecophylla smaragdina* | Formicidae | Not recorded |
| [Banded krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banded-krait/) | *Bungarus fasciatus* | Elapidae | Least Concern |
| [Banded Malaysian coral snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banded-malaysian-coral-snake/) | *Calliophis intestinalis* | Elapidae | Least Concern |
| [Banteng](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banteng/) | *Bos javanicus* | Bovidae | Critically Endangered — 2024 update |
| [Barn owl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/barn-owl/) | *Tyto alba* | Tytonidae | Least Concern |
| [Barn Swallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hirundo-rustica/) | *Hirundo rustica* | Hirundinidae | Least Concern |
| [Binturong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/binturong/) | *Arctictis binturong* | Viverridae | Vulnerable |
| [Black Giant Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ratufa-bicolor/) | *Ratufa bicolor* | Sciuridae | Near Threatened |
| [Black rat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-rat/) | *Rattus rattus* | Muridae | Least Concern |
| [Black-naped Fruit Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ptilinopus-melanospilus/) | *Ptilinopus melanospilus* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Black-naped Monarch](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hypothymis-azurea/) | *Hypothymis azurea* | Monarchidae | Least Concern |
| [Black-naped Oriole](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oriolus-chinensis/) | *Oriolus chinensis* | Oriolidae | Least Concern |
| [Black-striped Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-nigrovittatus/) | *Callosciurus nigrovittatus* | Sciuridae | Least Concern |
| [Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemipus-hirundinaceus/) | *Hemipus hirundinaceus* | Tephrodornithidae | Least Concern |
| [Black-winged myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-winged-myna/) | *Acridotheres melanopterus* | Sturnidae | Endangered |
| [Blue Pansy](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/junonia-orithya/) | *Junonia orithya* | Nymphalidae | Least Concern |
| [Blue-tailed Bee-eater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/merops-philippinus/) | *Merops philippinus* | Meropidae | Least Concern |
| [Brown Honeyeater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lichmera-indistincta/) | *Lichmera indistincta* | Meliphagidae | Least Concern |
| [Brown rat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/brown-rat/) | *Rattus norvegicus* | Muridae | Least Concern |
| [Brown-throated Sunbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/anthreptes-malacensis/) | *Anthreptes malacensis* | Nectariniidae | Least Concern |
| [Cave Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/collocalia-linchi/) | *Collocalia linchi* | Apodidae | Least Concern |
| [Collared kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/todiramphus-chloris/) | *Todiramphus chloris* | Alcedinidae | Least Concern |
| [Common Four-clawed Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gehyra-mutilata/) | *Gehyra mutilata* | Gekkonidae | Least Concern |
| [Common hill myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/common-hill-myna/) | *Gracula religiosa* | Sturnidae | Least Concern |
| [Common Iora](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aegithina-tiphia/) | *Aegithina tiphia* | Aegithinidae | Least Concern |
| [Common Sandpiper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/actitis-hypoleucos/) | *Actitis hypoleucos* | Scolopacidae | Least Concern |
| [Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/polypedates-leucomystax/) | *Polypedates leucomystax* | Rhacophoridae | Least Concern |
| [Common Sun Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eutropis-multifasciata/) | *Eutropis multifasciata* | Scincidae | Least Concern |
| [Common Wolf Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lycodon-capucinus/) | *Lycodon capucinus* | Colubridae | Least Concern |
| [Coppersmith Barbet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/psilopogon-haemacephalus/) | *Psilopogon haemacephalus* | Megalaimidae | Least Concern |
| [Crab-eating Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/fejervarya-cancrivora/) | *Fejervarya cancrivora* | Dicroglossidae | Least Concern |
| [Crested serpent eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-serpent-eagle/) | *Spilornis cheela* | Accipitridae | Least Concern |
| [Crown-of-thorns starfish](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crown-of-thorns-starfish/) | *Acanthaster planci* | Acanthasteridae | Not recorded |
| [Diadem Roundleaf Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-diadema/) | *Hipposideros diadema* | Hipposideridae | Least Concern |
| [Domestic Water Buffalo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bubalus-bubalis/) | *Bubalus bubalis* | Bovidae | Not recorded |
| [Eurasian tree sparrow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/passer-montanus/) | *Passer montanus* | Passeridae | Least Concern |
| [False gharial](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/false-gharial/) | *Tomistoma schlegelii* | Crocodylidae | Endangered |
| [Fawn Roundleaf Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-cervinus/) | *Hipposideros cervinus* | Hipposideridae | Least Concern |
| [Flat-tailed House Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-platyurus/) | *Hemidactylus platyurus* | Gekkonidae | Least Concern |
| [Freckle-breasted Woodpecker](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dendrocopos-analis/) | *Dendrocopos analis* | Picidae | Least Concern |
| [Golden-bellied Gerygone](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gerygone-sulphurea/) | *Gerygone sulphurea* | Acanthizidae | Least Concern |
| [Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-griseicauda/) | *Treron griseicauda* | Columbidae | Not recorded |
| [Gray-rumped Treeswift](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemiprocne-longipennis/) | *Hemiprocne longipennis* | Hemiprocnidae | Least Concern |
| [Great Crested Canopy Lizard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bronchocela-jubata/) | *Bronchocela jubata* | Agamidae | Least Concern |
| [Great Crested Tern](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/thalasseus-bergii/) | *Thalasseus bergii* | Laridae | Least Concern |
| [Great Eggfly](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hypolimnas-bolina/) | *Hypolimnas bolina* | Nymphalidae | Not recorded |
| [Great Egret](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-alba/) | *Ardea alba* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Great Mormon Swallowtail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/papilio-memnon/) | *Papilio memnon* | Papilionidae | Not recorded |
| [Green Imperial Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ducula-aenea/) | *Ducula aenea* | Columbidae | Near Threatened |
| [Green Junglefowl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gallus-varius/) | *Gallus varius* | Phasianidae | Least Concern |
| [Green Paddy Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylarana-erythraea/) | *Hylarana erythraea* | Ranidae | Least Concern |
| [Green peafowl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-peafowl/) | *Pavo muticus* | Phasianidae | Endangered |
| [Hasselt's Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leptobrachium-hasseltii/) | *Leptobrachium hasseltii* | Megophryidae | Least Concern |
| [Horsfield's Treeshrew](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tupaia-javanica/) | *Tupaia javanica* | Tupaiidae | Least Concern |
| [House Swift](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/apus-nipalensis/) | *Apus nipalensis* | Apodidae | Least Concern |
| [Indian Garden Lizard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/calotes-versicolor/) | *Calotes versicolor* | Agamidae | Least Concern |
| [Indo-Chinese Rat Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ptyas-korros/) | *Ptyas korros* | Colubridae | Near Threatened |
| [Javan Flying Dragon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/draco-volans/) | *Draco volans* | Agamidae | Least Concern |
| [Javan gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-gibbon/) | *Hylobates moloch* | Hylobatidae | Endangered |
| [Javan hawk-eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-hawk-eagle/) | *Nisaetus bartelsi* | Accipitridae | Endangered |
| [Javan leopard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-leopard/) | *Panthera pardus melas* | Felidae | Endangered |
| [Javan Lutung](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-auratus/) | *Trachypithecus auratus* | Cercopithecidae | Vulnerable |
| [Javan mouse-deer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-mouse-deer/) | *Tragulus javanicus* | Tragulidae | Data Deficient |
| [Javan Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-leucogastroides/) | *Lonchura leucogastroides* | Estrildidae | Least Concern |
| [Javan pied starling](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-pied-starling/) | *Gracupica jalla* | Sturnidae | Not recorded |
| [Javan Pond-Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardeola-speciosa/) | *Ardeola speciosa* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Javan Porcupine](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hystrix-javanica/) | *Hystrix javanica* | Hystricidae | Least Concern |
| [Javan rhinoceros](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-rhino/) | *Rhinoceros sondaicus* | Rhinocerotidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Javan slow loris](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-slow-loris/) | *Nycticebus javanicus* | Lorisidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Javan spitting cobra](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-spitting-cobra/) | *Naja sputatrix* | Elapidae | Least Concern |
| [Javan Surili](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-comata/) | *Presbytis comata* | Cercopithecidae | Vulnerable |
| [Keeled Slug Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pareas-carinatus/) | *Pareas carinatus* | Pareidae | Least Concern |
| [Large Flying-fox](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pteropus-vampyrus/) | *Pteropus vampyrus* | Pteropodidae | Endangered |
| [Lesser Coucal](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/centropus-bengalensis/) | *Centropus bengalensis* | Cuculidae | Least Concern |
| [Lesser Frigatebird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/fregata-ariel/) | *Fregata ariel* | Fregatidae | Least Concern |
| [Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macroglossus-minimus/) | *Macroglossus minimus* | Pteropodidae | Least Concern |
| [Lesser short-nosed fruit bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lesser-short-nosed-fruit-bat/) | *Cynopterus brachyotis* | Pteropodidae | Least Concern |
| [Lime Swallowtail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/papilio-demoleus/) | *Papilio demoleus* | Papilionidae | Not recorded |
| [Little Egret](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-garzetta/) | *Egretta garzetta* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Loggerhead turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/loggerhead-turtle/) | *Caretta caretta* | Cheloniidae | Vulnerable |
| [Long-tailed macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-fascicularis/) | *Macaca fascicularis* | Cercopithecidae | Endangered |
| [Malayan krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-krait/) | *Bungarus candidus* | Elapidae | Least Concern |
| [Malayan pit viper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-pit-viper/) | *Calloselasma rhodostoma* | Viperidae | Least Concern |
| [Malaysian Pied-Fantail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-javanica/) | *Rhipidura javanica* | Rhipiduridae | Least Concern |
| [Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cyrtodactylus-marmoratus/) | *Cyrtodactylus marmoratus* | Gekkonidae | Least Concern |
| [Muller's Narrowmouth Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/kaloula-baleata/) | *Kaloula baleata* | Microhylidae | Least Concern |
| [Northern Palm Civet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/paradoxurus-hermaphroditus/) | *Paradoxurus hermaphroditus* | Viverridae | Least Concern |
| [Olive-backed Tailorbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/orthotomus-sepium/) | *Orthotomus sepium* | Cisticolidae | Least Concern |
| [Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/takydromus-sexlineatus/) | *Takydromus sexlineatus* | Lacertidae | Least Concern |
| [Oriental magpie-robin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oriental-magpie-robin/) | *Copsychus saularis* | Muscicapidae | Least Concern |
| [Oriental Whipsnake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ahaetulla-prasina/) | *Ahaetulla prasina* | Colubridae | Least Concern |
| [Pacific swallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hirundo-javanica/) | *Hirundo javanica* | Hirundinidae | Least Concern |
| [Painted Bronzeback](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dendrelaphis-pictus/) | *Dendrelaphis pictus* | Colubridae | Least Concern |
| [Pink-necked Green-Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-vernans/) | *Treron vernans* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Plaintive Cuckoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cacomantis-merulinus/) | *Cacomantis merulinus* | Cuculidae | Least Concern |
| [Plantain Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-notatus/) | *Callosciurus notatus* | Sciuridae | Least Concern |
| [Poisonous Rock Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/odorrana-hosii/) | *Odorrana hosii* | Ranidae | Least Concern |
| [Puff-faced Water Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/homalopsis-buccata/) | *Homalopsis buccata* | Homalopsidae | Least Concern |
| [Purple Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-purpurea/) | *Ardea purpurea* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Red Percher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neurothemis-ramburii/) | *Neurothemis ramburii* | Libellulidae | Not recorded |
| [Reinwardt's flying frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/reinwardts-flying-frog/) | *Rhacophorus reinwardtii* | Rhacophoridae | Least Concern |
| [Reticulated Python](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayopython-reticulatus/) | *Malayopython reticulatus* | Pythonidae | Least Concern |
| [Rhinoceros hornbill](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhinoceros-hornbill/) | *Buceros rhinoceros* | Bucerotidae | Vulnerable |
| [River Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/phrynoidis-asper/) | *Phrynoidis asper* | Bufonidae | Least Concern |
| [Rock Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/columba-livia/) | *Columba livia* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Sahul Brush Cuckoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cacomantis-variolosus/) | *Cacomantis variolosus* | Cuculidae | Least Concern |
| [Scalloped hammerhead shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/scalloped-hammerhead-shark/) | *Sphyrna lewini* | Sphyrnidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Scaly-breasted Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-punctulata/) | *Lonchura punctulata* | Estrildidae | Least Concern |
| [Scarlet Skimmer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocothemis-servilia/) | *Crocothemis servilia* | Libellulidae | Least Concern |
| [Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicaeum-trochileum/) | *Dicaeum trochileum* | Dicaeidae | Least Concern |
| [Schlegel's Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcorana-chalconota/) | *Chalcorana chalconota* | Ranidae | Least Concern |
| [Slender Skimmer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/orthetrum-sabina/) | *Orthetrum sabina* | Libellulidae | Least Concern |
| [Small Blue Kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/alcedo-coerulescens/) | *Alcedo coerulescens* | Alcedinidae | Least Concern |
| [Smooth-coated otter](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/smooth-coated-otter/) | *Lutrogale perspicillata* | Mustelidae | Vulnerable |
| [Sooty-headed bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sooty-headed-bulbul/) | *Pycnonotus aurigaster* | Pycnonotidae | Least Concern |
| [Southern red muntjac](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/southern-red-muntjac/) | *Muntiacus muntjak* | Cervidae | Least Concern |
| [Spotted dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spilopelia-chinensis/) | *Spilopelia chinensis* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Straight-edge Red Parasol](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neurothemis-terminata/) | *Neurothemis terminata* | Libellulidae | Least Concern |
| [Straw-headed bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/straw-headed-bulbul/) | *Pycnonotus zeylanicus* | Pycnonotidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Striated Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/butorides-striata/) | *Butorides striata* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Sunda Colugo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/galeopterus-variegatus/) | *Galeopterus variegatus* | Cynocephalidae | Least Concern |
| [Sunda king cobra](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-king-cobra/) | *Ophiophagus bungarus* | — | Not recorded |
| [Sunda pangolin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-pangolin/) | *Manis javanica* | Manidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Sunda scops owl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-scops-owl/) | *Otus lempiji* | Strigidae | Least Concern |
| [Tokay Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gekko-gecko/) | *Gekko gecko* | Gekkonidae | Least Concern |
| [White-bellied Sea Eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/haliaeetus-leucogaster/) | *Haliaeetus leucogaster* | Accipitridae | Least Concern |
| [White-breasted Waterhen](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/amaurornis-phoenicurus/) | *Amaurornis phoenicurus* | Rallidae | Least Concern |
| [White-breasted Woodswallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/artamus-leucorhynchos/) | *Artamus leucorhynchos* | Artamidae | Not recorded |
| [White-headed Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-maja/) | *Lonchura maja* | Estrildidae | Least Concern |
| [White-lipped Island Pitviper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trimeresurus-insularis/) | *Trimeresurus insularis* | Viperidae | Least Concern |
| [White-lipped Pit Viper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trimeresurus-albolabris/) | *Trimeresurus albolabris* | Viperidae | Least Concern |
| [White-nest Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aerodramus-fuciphagus/) | *Aerodramus fuciphagus* | Apodidae | Least Concern |
| [White-rumped shama](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/white-rumped-shama/) | *Copsychus malabaricus* | Muscicapidae | Least Concern |
| [White-shouldered Triller](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lalage-sueurii/) | *Lalage sueurii* | Campephagidae | Least Concern |
| [Wild Boar](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sus-scrofa/) | *Sus scrofa* | Suidae | Least Concern |
| [Yellow-vented bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pycnonotus-goiavier/) | *Pycnonotus goiavier* | Pycnonotidae | Least Concern |
| [Zebra Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/geopelia-striata/) | *Geopelia striata* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Zitting Cisticola](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cisticola-juncidis/) | *Cisticola juncidis* | Cisticolidae | Least Concern |

Based on ranges named in the guides and GBIF observation place labels; not proof of endemism or a complete range map.


---

# Animals of Kalimantan

> 51 animals recorded in Kalimantan in this guide, including the Proboscis monkey, Bornean orangutan and Sumatran rhinoceros, with scientific names, IUCN status (20 threatened) and sources.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/kalimantan/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/kalimantan/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## Animals of Kalimantan

| Name | Scientific name | Family | Conservation status |
|---|---|---|---|
| [American cockroach](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/american-cockroach/) | *Periplaneta americana* | Blattidae | Not recorded |
| [Asian honey bee](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-honey-bee/) | *Apis cerana* | Apidae | Not recorded |
| [Asian small-clawed otter](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-small-clawed-otter/) | *Aonyx cinereus* | Mustelidae | Not recorded |
| [Banded krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banded-krait/) | *Bungarus fasciatus* | Elapidae | Least Concern |
| [Banded Malaysian coral snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banded-malaysian-coral-snake/) | *Calliophis intestinalis* | Elapidae | Least Concern |
| [Banteng](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banteng/) | *Bos javanicus* | Bovidae | Critically Endangered — 2024 update |
| [Bearded pig](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bearded-pig/) | *Sus barbatus* | Suidae | Vulnerable |
| [Binturong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/binturong/) | *Arctictis binturong* | Viverridae | Vulnerable |
| [Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemipus-hirundinaceus/) | *Hemipus hirundinaceus* | Tephrodornithidae | Least Concern |
| [Bornean elephant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-elephant/) | *Elephas maximus borneensis* | — | Not recorded |
| [Bornean orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-orangutan/) | *Pongo pygmaeus* | Hominidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Bornean White-bearded Gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylobates-albibarbis/) | *Hylobates albibarbis* | Hylobatidae | Endangered |
| [Common hill myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/common-hill-myna/) | *Gracula religiosa* | Sturnidae | Least Concern |
| [Crested serpent eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-serpent-eagle/) | *Spilornis cheela* | Accipitridae | Least Concern |
| [Crown-of-thorns starfish](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crown-of-thorns-starfish/) | *Acanthaster planci* | Acanthasteridae | Not recorded |
| [Double-spotted Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gekko-monarchus/) | *Gekko monarchus* | Gekkonidae | Least Concern |
| [False gharial](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/false-gharial/) | *Tomistoma schlegelii* | Crocodylidae | Endangered |
| [Green Paddy Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylarana-erythraea/) | *Hylarana erythraea* | Ranidae | Least Concern |
| [Helmeted hornbill](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/helmeted-hornbill/) | *Rhinoplax vigil* | Bucerotidae | Not recorded |
| [Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/indo-pacific-bottlenose-dolphin/) | *Tursiops aduncus* | Delphinidae | Near Threatened |
| [Lesser false vampire bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/megaderma-spasma/) | *Megaderma spasma* | Megadermatidae | Least Concern |
| [Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macroglossus-minimus/) | *Macroglossus minimus* | Pteropodidae | Least Concern |
| [Lesser short-nosed fruit bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lesser-short-nosed-fruit-bat/) | *Cynopterus brachyotis* | Pteropodidae | Least Concern |
| [Mahakam Irrawaddy dolphin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mahakam-irrawaddy-dolphin/) | *Orcaella brevirostris* | Delphinidae | Endangered |
| [Malay civet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malay-civet/) | *Viverra tangalunga* | Viverridae | Least Concern |
| [Malayan porcupine](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-porcupine/) | *Hystrix brachyura* | Hystricidae | Least Concern |
| [Malaysian Pied-Fantail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-javanica/) | *Rhipidura javanica* | Rhipiduridae | Least Concern |
| [Marbled cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/marbled-cat/) | *Pardofelis marmorata* | Felidae | Near Threatened |
| [Oriental Bluespotted Maskray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-orientale/) | *Neotrygon orientale* | Dasyatidae | Not recorded |
| [Oriental magpie-robin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oriental-magpie-robin/) | *Copsychus saularis* | Muscicapidae | Least Concern |
| [Painted terrapin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/painted-terrapin/) | *Batagur borneoensis* | Geoemydidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Philippine slow loris](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/philippine-slow-loris/) | *Nycticebus menagensis* | Lorisidae | Vulnerable |
| [Plaintive Cuckoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cacomantis-merulinus/) | *Cacomantis merulinus* | Cuculidae | Least Concern |
| [Proboscis monkey](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/proboscis-monkey/) | *Nasalis larvatus* | Cercopithecidae | Endangered |
| [Reticulated Python](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayopython-reticulatus/) | *Malayopython reticulatus* | Pythonidae | Least Concern |
| [Rhinoceros hornbill](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhinoceros-hornbill/) | *Buceros rhinoceros* | Bucerotidae | Vulnerable |
| [Sambar deer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sambar-deer/) | *Rusa unicolor* | Cervidae | Vulnerable |
| [Scalloped hammerhead shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/scalloped-hammerhead-shark/) | *Sphyrna lewini* | Sphyrnidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Silvered Leaf Monkey](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-cristatus/) | *Trachypithecus cristatus* | Cercopithecidae | Vulnerable |
| [Smooth-coated otter](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/smooth-coated-otter/) | *Lutrogale perspicillata* | Mustelidae | Vulnerable |
| [Sooty-headed bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sooty-headed-bulbul/) | *Pycnonotus aurigaster* | Pycnonotidae | Least Concern |
| [Southern red muntjac](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/southern-red-muntjac/) | *Muntiacus muntjak* | Cervidae | Least Concern |
| [Straw-headed bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/straw-headed-bulbul/) | *Pycnonotus zeylanicus* | Pycnonotidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Sumatran rhinoceros](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-rhino/) | *Dicerorhinus sumatrensis* | Rhinocerotidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Sun bear](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sun-bear/) | *Helarctos malayanus* | Ursidae | Vulnerable |
| [Sunda clouded leopard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-clouded-leopard/) | *Neofelis diardi* | Felidae | Vulnerable — species level |
| [Sunda king cobra](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-king-cobra/) | *Ophiophagus bungarus* | — | Not recorded |
| [Sunda pangolin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-pangolin/) | *Manis javanica* | Manidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Sunda scops owl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-scops-owl/) | *Otus lempiji* | Strigidae | Least Concern |
| [White-nest Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aerodramus-fuciphagus/) | *Aerodramus fuciphagus* | Apodidae | Least Concern |
| [White-rumped shama](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/white-rumped-shama/) | *Copsychus malabaricus* | Muscicapidae | Least Concern |

Based on ranges named in the guides and GBIF observation place labels; not proof of endemism or a complete range map.


---

# Animals of Sulawesi

> 82 animals recorded in Sulawesi in this guide, including the Lowland anoa, Sulawesi babirusa and Maleo, with scientific names, IUCN status (18 threatened) and sources.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sulawesi/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/sulawesi/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## Animals of Sulawesi

| Name | Scientific name | Family | Conservation status |
|---|---|---|---|
| [American cockroach](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/american-cockroach/) | *Periplaneta americana* | Blattidae | Not recorded |
| [Asian Emerald Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcophaps-indica/) | *Chalcophaps indica* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Asian honey bee](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-honey-bee/) | *Apis cerana* | Apidae | Not recorded |
| [Barn Swallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hirundo-rustica/) | *Hirundo rustica* | Hirundinidae | Least Concern |
| [Black rat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-rat/) | *Rattus rattus* | Muridae | Least Concern |
| [Black Sunbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leptocoma-sericea/) | *Leptocoma sericea* | Nectariniidae | Least Concern |
| [Black-naped Fruit Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ptilinopus-melanospilus/) | *Ptilinopus melanospilus* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Black-naped Monarch](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hypothymis-azurea/) | *Hypothymis azurea* | Monarchidae | Least Concern |
| [Black-naped Oriole](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oriolus-chinensis/) | *Oriolus chinensis* | Oriolidae | Least Concern |
| [Blacktip Reef Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/carcharhinus-melanopterus/) | *Carcharhinus melanopterus* | Carcharhinidae | Vulnerable |
| [Blue-tailed Bee-eater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/merops-philippinus/) | *Merops philippinus* | Meropidae | Least Concern |
| [Bluespotted Fantail Ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/taeniura-lymma/) | *Taeniura lymma* | Dasyatidae | Least Concern |
| [Brahminy Kite](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/haliastur-indus/) | *Haliastur indus* | Accipitridae | Least Concern |
| [Brown rat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/brown-rat/) | *Rattus norvegicus* | Muridae | Least Concern |
| [Brown-banded Bamboo Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chiloscyllium-punctatum/) | *Chiloscyllium punctatum* | Hemiscylliidae | Near Threatened |
| [Brown-throated Sunbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/anthreptes-malacensis/) | *Anthreptes malacensis* | Nectariniidae | Least Concern |
| [Chalky Percher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/diplacodes-trivialis/) | *Diplacodes trivialis* | Libellulidae | Least Concern |
| [Collared kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/todiramphus-chloris/) | *Todiramphus chloris* | Alcedinidae | Least Concern |
| [Common Sandpiper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/actitis-hypoleucos/) | *Actitis hypoleucos* | Scolopacidae | Least Concern |
| [Crested black macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-black-macaque/) | *Macaca nigra* | Cercopithecidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Crown-of-thorns starfish](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crown-of-thorns-starfish/) | *Acanthaster planci* | Acanthasteridae | Not recorded |
| [Diadem Roundleaf Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-diadema/) | *Hipposideros diadema* | Hipposideridae | Least Concern |
| [Emerald Tree Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lamprolepis-smaragdina/) | *Lamprolepis smaragdina* | Scincidae | Least Concern |
| [Eurasian tree sparrow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/passer-montanus/) | *Passer montanus* | Passeridae | Least Concern |
| [Fawn Roundleaf Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-cervinus/) | *Hipposideros cervinus* | Hipposideridae | Least Concern |
| [Giant clam](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/giant-clam/) | *Tridacna gigas* | Cardiidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Glossy Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/collocalia-esculenta/) | *Collocalia esculenta* | Apodidae | Least Concern |
| [Golden-bellied Gerygone](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gerygone-sulphurea/) | *Gerygone sulphurea* | Acanthizidae | Least Concern |
| [Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-griseicauda/) | *Treron griseicauda* | Columbidae | Not recorded |
| [Gray-rumped Treeswift](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemiprocne-longipennis/) | *Hemiprocne longipennis* | Hemiprocnidae | Least Concern |
| [Green Imperial Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ducula-aenea/) | *Ducula aenea* | Columbidae | Near Threatened |
| [Gursky's Spectral Tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tarsius-spectrumgurskyae/) | *Tarsius spectrumgurskyae* | Tarsiidae | Vulnerable |
| [Hair-crested Drongo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-hottentottus/) | *Dicrurus hottentottus* | Dicruridae | Least Concern |
| [House Swift](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/apus-nipalensis/) | *Apus nipalensis* | Apodidae | Least Concern |
| [Humphead wrasse](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/humphead-wrasse/) | *Cheilinus undulatus* | Labridae | Endangered |
| [Indonesian coelacanth](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/indonesian-coelacanth/) | *Latimeria menadoensis* | Latimeriidae | Vulnerable |
| [Javan Pond-Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardeola-speciosa/) | *Ardeola speciosa* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Lesser Coucal](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/centropus-bengalensis/) | *Centropus bengalensis* | Cuculidae | Least Concern |
| [Lesser false vampire bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/megaderma-spasma/) | *Megaderma spasma* | Megadermatidae | Least Concern |
| [Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macroglossus-minimus/) | *Macroglossus minimus* | Pteropodidae | Least Concern |
| [Lesser short-nosed fruit bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lesser-short-nosed-fruit-bat/) | *Cynopterus brachyotis* | Pteropodidae | Least Concern |
| [Lime Swallowtail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/papilio-demoleus/) | *Papilio demoleus* | Papilionidae | Not recorded |
| [Little Egret](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-garzetta/) | *Egretta garzetta* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Lowland anoa](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lowland-anoa/) | *Bubalus depressicornis* | Bovidae | Endangered |
| [Malay civet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malay-civet/) | *Viverra tangalunga* | Viverridae | Least Concern |
| [Maleo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/maleo/) | *Macrocephalon maleo* | Megapodiidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Moor Macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-maura/) | *Macaca maura* | Cercopithecidae | Endangered |
| [Mountain anoa](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mountain-anoa/) | *Bubalus quarlesi* | Bovidae | Endangered |
| [Oceanic Manta Ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mobula-birostris/) | *Mobula birostris* | Myliobatidae | Endangered |
| [Oriental Bluespotted Maskray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-orientale/) | *Neotrygon orientale* | Dasyatidae | Not recorded |
| [Pacific Bluetail Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/emoia-caeruleocauda/) | *Emoia caeruleocauda* | Scincidae | Least Concern |
| [Pacific Reef Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-sacra/) | *Egretta sacra* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Pacific swallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hirundo-javanica/) | *Hirundo javanica* | Hirundinidae | Least Concern |
| [Pied Bushchat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/saxicola-caprata/) | *Saxicola caprata* | Muscicapidae | Least Concern |
| [Pink-necked Green-Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-vernans/) | *Treron vernans* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Purple Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-purpurea/) | *Ardea purpurea* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Pygmy tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pygmy-tarsier/) | *Tarsius pumilus* | Tarsiidae | Endangered |
| [Rainbow Bee-eater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/merops-ornatus/) | *Merops ornatus* | Meropidae | Least Concern |
| [Red Percher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neurothemis-ramburii/) | *Neurothemis ramburii* | Libellulidae | Not recorded |
| [Rock Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/columba-livia/) | *Columba livia* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Sacred Kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/todiramphus-sanctus/) | *Todiramphus sanctus* | Alcedinidae | Least Concern |
| [Sahul Brush Cuckoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cacomantis-variolosus/) | *Cacomantis variolosus* | Cuculidae | Least Concern |
| [Scalloped hammerhead shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/scalloped-hammerhead-shark/) | *Sphyrna lewini* | Sphyrnidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Scaly-breasted Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-punctulata/) | *Lonchura punctulata* | Estrildidae | Least Concern |
| [Selayar tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/selayar-tarsier/) | *Tarsius tarsier* | Tarsiidae | Vulnerable |
| [Sooty-headed bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sooty-headed-bulbul/) | *Pycnonotus aurigaster* | Pycnonotidae | Least Concern |
| [Striated Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/butorides-striata/) | *Butorides striata* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Sulawesi babirusa](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sulawesi-babirusa/) | *Babyrousa celebensis* | Suidae | Vulnerable |
| [Sulawesi bear cuscus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sulawesi-bear-cuscus/) | *Ailurops ursinus* | Phalangeridae | Vulnerable |
| [Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macropygia-doreya/) | *Macropygia doreya* | Columbidae | Not recorded |
| [Tatar Horseshoe Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhinolophus-tatar/) | *Rhinolophus tatar* | Rhinolophidae | Least Concern |
| [Uniform Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aerodramus-vanikorensis/) | *Aerodramus vanikorensis* | Apodidae | Least Concern |
| [White-bellied Sea Eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/haliaeetus-leucogaster/) | *Haliaeetus leucogaster* | Accipitridae | Least Concern |
| [White-breasted Waterhen](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/amaurornis-phoenicurus/) | *Amaurornis phoenicurus* | Rallidae | Least Concern |
| [White-breasted Woodswallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/artamus-leucorhynchos/) | *Artamus leucorhynchos* | Artamidae | Not recorded |
| [White-shouldered Triller](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lalage-sueurii/) | *Lalage sueurii* | Campephagidae | Least Concern |
| [Whitetip Reef Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/triaenodon-obesus/) | *Triaenodon obesus* | Carcharhinidae | Vulnerable |
| [Whitish Dwarf Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/prosciurillus-leucomus/) | *Prosciurillus leucomus* | Sciuridae | Least Concern |
| [Yellow-crested cockatoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/yellow-crested-cockatoo/) | *Cacatua sulphurea* | Psittacidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Yellow-lipped Sea Krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/laticauda-colubrina/) | *Laticauda colubrina* | Elapidae | Least Concern |
| [Zebra Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/geopelia-striata/) | *Geopelia striata* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Zitting Cisticola](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cisticola-juncidis/) | *Cisticola juncidis* | Cisticolidae | Least Concern |

Based on ranges named in the guides and GBIF observation place labels; not proof of endemism or a complete range map.


---

# Animals of Bali

> 79 animals recorded in Bali in this guide, including the Bali myna, Long-tailed macaque and Asian water monitor, with scientific names, IUCN status (7 threatened) and sources.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bali/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/bali/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## Animals of Bali

| Name | Scientific name | Family | Conservation status |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Ashy Drongo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-leucophaeus/) | *Dicrurus leucophaeus* | Dicruridae | Least Concern |
| [Asian Common Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/duttaphrynus-melanostictus/) | *Duttaphrynus melanostictus* | Bufonidae | Least Concern |
| [Asian honey bee](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-honey-bee/) | *Apis cerana* | Apidae | Not recorded |
| [Asian House Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-frenatus/) | *Hemidactylus frenatus* | Gekkonidae | Not recorded |
| [Asian water monitor](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/varanus-salvator/) | *Varanus salvator* | Varanidae | Least Concern |
| [Asian Weaver Ant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oecophylla-smaragdina/) | *Oecophylla smaragdina* | Formicidae | Not recorded |
| [Bali myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bali-myna/) | *Leucopsar rothschildi* | Sturnidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Banded krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banded-krait/) | *Bungarus fasciatus* | Elapidae | Least Concern |
| [Banded Malaysian coral snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banded-malaysian-coral-snake/) | *Calliophis intestinalis* | Elapidae | Least Concern |
| [Black Giant Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ratufa-bicolor/) | *Ratufa bicolor* | Sciuridae | Near Threatened |
| [Black rat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-rat/) | *Rattus rattus* | Muridae | Least Concern |
| [Black-winged myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-winged-myna/) | *Acridotheres melanopterus* | Sturnidae | Endangered |
| [Blacktip Reef Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/carcharhinus-melanopterus/) | *Carcharhinus melanopterus* | Carcharhinidae | Vulnerable |
| [Bluespotted Fantail Ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/taeniura-lymma/) | *Taeniura lymma* | Dasyatidae | Least Concern |
| [Bluespotted Maskray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-caeruleopunctata/) | *Neotrygon caeruleopunctata* | Dasyatidae | Least Concern |
| [Brown Honeyeater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lichmera-indistincta/) | *Lichmera indistincta* | Meliphagidae | Least Concern |
| [Brown-banded Bamboo Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chiloscyllium-punctatum/) | *Chiloscyllium punctatum* | Hemiscylliidae | Near Threatened |
| [Cave Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/collocalia-linchi/) | *Collocalia linchi* | Apodidae | Least Concern |
| [Chalky Percher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/diplacodes-trivialis/) | *Diplacodes trivialis* | Libellulidae | Least Concern |
| [Common Four-clawed Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gehyra-mutilata/) | *Gehyra mutilata* | Gekkonidae | Least Concern |
| [Common hill myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/common-hill-myna/) | *Gracula religiosa* | Sturnidae | Least Concern |
| [Common Iora](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aegithina-tiphia/) | *Aegithina tiphia* | Aegithinidae | Least Concern |
| [Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/polypedates-leucomystax/) | *Polypedates leucomystax* | Rhacophoridae | Least Concern |
| [Common Sun Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eutropis-multifasciata/) | *Eutropis multifasciata* | Scincidae | Least Concern |
| [Common Wolf Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lycodon-capucinus/) | *Lycodon capucinus* | Colubridae | Least Concern |
| [Coppersmith Barbet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/psilopogon-haemacephalus/) | *Psilopogon haemacephalus* | Megalaimidae | Least Concern |
| [Crested serpent eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-serpent-eagle/) | *Spilornis cheela* | Accipitridae | Least Concern |
| [Emerald Tree Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lamprolepis-smaragdina/) | *Lamprolepis smaragdina* | Scincidae | Least Concern |
| [Flat-tailed House Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-platyurus/) | *Hemidactylus platyurus* | Gekkonidae | Least Concern |
| [Freckle-breasted Woodpecker](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dendrocopos-analis/) | *Dendrocopos analis* | Picidae | Least Concern |
| [Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-griseicauda/) | *Treron griseicauda* | Columbidae | Not recorded |
| [Great Crested Canopy Lizard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bronchocela-jubata/) | *Bronchocela jubata* | Agamidae | Least Concern |
| [Great Eggfly](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hypolimnas-bolina/) | *Hypolimnas bolina* | Nymphalidae | Not recorded |
| [Great Mormon Swallowtail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/papilio-memnon/) | *Papilio memnon* | Papilionidae | Not recorded |
| [Green Junglefowl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gallus-varius/) | *Gallus varius* | Phasianidae | Least Concern |
| [Horsfield's Treeshrew](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tupaia-javanica/) | *Tupaia javanica* | Tupaiidae | Least Concern |
| [Indo-Chinese Rat Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ptyas-korros/) | *Ptyas korros* | Colubridae | Near Threatened |
| [Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/indo-pacific-bottlenose-dolphin/) | *Tursiops aduncus* | Delphinidae | Near Threatened |
| [Javan Flying Dragon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/draco-volans/) | *Draco volans* | Agamidae | Least Concern |
| [Javan Lutung](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-auratus/) | *Trachypithecus auratus* | Cercopithecidae | Vulnerable |
| [Javan Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-leucogastroides/) | *Lonchura leucogastroides* | Estrildidae | Least Concern |
| [Javan pied starling](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-pied-starling/) | *Gracupica jalla* | Sturnidae | Not recorded |
| [Javan Pond-Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardeola-speciosa/) | *Ardeola speciosa* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Javan Porcupine](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hystrix-javanica/) | *Hystrix javanica* | Hystricidae | Least Concern |
| [Javan spitting cobra](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-spitting-cobra/) | *Naja sputatrix* | Elapidae | Least Concern |
| [Keeled Slug Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pareas-carinatus/) | *Pareas carinatus* | Pareidae | Least Concern |
| [Lesser short-nosed fruit bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lesser-short-nosed-fruit-bat/) | *Cynopterus brachyotis* | Pteropodidae | Least Concern |
| [Long-tailed macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-fascicularis/) | *Macaca fascicularis* | Cercopithecidae | Endangered |
| [Malayan krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-krait/) | *Bungarus candidus* | Elapidae | Least Concern |
| [Muller's Narrowmouth Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/kaloula-baleata/) | *Kaloula baleata* | Microhylidae | Least Concern |
| [Northern Palm Civet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/paradoxurus-hermaphroditus/) | *Paradoxurus hermaphroditus* | Viverridae | Least Concern |
| [Oceanic Manta Ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mobula-birostris/) | *Mobula birostris* | Myliobatidae | Endangered |
| [Olive-backed Tailorbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/orthotomus-sepium/) | *Orthotomus sepium* | Cisticolidae | Least Concern |
| [Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/takydromus-sexlineatus/) | *Takydromus sexlineatus* | Lacertidae | Least Concern |
| [Oriental magpie-robin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oriental-magpie-robin/) | *Copsychus saularis* | Muscicapidae | Least Concern |
| [Oriental Whipsnake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ahaetulla-prasina/) | *Ahaetulla prasina* | Colubridae | Least Concern |
| [Painted Bronzeback](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dendrelaphis-pictus/) | *Dendrelaphis pictus* | Colubridae | Least Concern |
| [Plantain Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-notatus/) | *Callosciurus notatus* | Sciuridae | Least Concern |
| [Red Percher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neurothemis-ramburii/) | *Neurothemis ramburii* | Libellulidae | Not recorded |
| [Reticulated Python](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayopython-reticulatus/) | *Malayopython reticulatus* | Pythonidae | Least Concern |
| [Scarlet Skimmer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocothemis-servilia/) | *Crocothemis servilia* | Libellulidae | Least Concern |
| [Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicaeum-trochileum/) | *Dicaeum trochileum* | Dicaeidae | Least Concern |
| [Schlegel's Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcorana-chalconota/) | *Chalcorana chalconota* | Ranidae | Least Concern |
| [Slender Skimmer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/orthetrum-sabina/) | *Orthetrum sabina* | Libellulidae | Least Concern |
| [Small Blue Kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/alcedo-coerulescens/) | *Alcedo coerulescens* | Alcedinidae | Least Concern |
| [Sooty-headed bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sooty-headed-bulbul/) | *Pycnonotus aurigaster* | Pycnonotidae | Least Concern |
| [Southern red muntjac](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/southern-red-muntjac/) | *Muntiacus muntjak* | Cervidae | Least Concern |
| [Spinner Dolphin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/stenella-longirostris/) | *Stenella longirostris* | Delphinidae | Least Concern |
| [Spotted dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spilopelia-chinensis/) | *Spilopelia chinensis* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Straight-edge Red Parasol](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neurothemis-terminata/) | *Neurothemis terminata* | Libellulidae | Least Concern |
| [Sunda king cobra](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-king-cobra/) | *Ophiophagus bungarus* | — | Not recorded |
| [Sunda scops owl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-scops-owl/) | *Otus lempiji* | Strigidae | Least Concern |
| [Tokay Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gekko-gecko/) | *Gekko gecko* | Gekkonidae | Least Concern |
| [White-headed Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-maja/) | *Lonchura maja* | Estrildidae | Least Concern |
| [White-lipped Island Pitviper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trimeresurus-insularis/) | *Trimeresurus insularis* | Viperidae | Least Concern |
| [Whitetip Reef Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/triaenodon-obesus/) | *Triaenodon obesus* | Carcharhinidae | Vulnerable |
| [Wild Boar](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sus-scrofa/) | *Sus scrofa* | Suidae | Least Concern |
| [Yellow-lipped Sea Krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/laticauda-colubrina/) | *Laticauda colubrina* | Elapidae | Least Concern |
| [Yellow-vented bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pycnonotus-goiavier/) | *Pycnonotus goiavier* | Pycnonotidae | Least Concern |

Based on ranges named in the guides and GBIF observation place labels; not proof of endemism or a complete range map.


---

# Animals of Nusa Tenggara

> 90 animals recorded in Nusa Tenggara in this guide, including the Komodo dragon, Yellow-crested cockatoo and Eurasian tree sparrow, with scientific names, IUCN status (10 threatened) and sources.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/nusa-tenggara/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/nusa-tenggara/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## Animals of Nusa Tenggara

| Name | Scientific name | Family | Conservation status |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Ashy Drongo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-leucophaeus/) | *Dicrurus leucophaeus* | Dicruridae | Least Concern |
| [Asian Emerald Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcophaps-indica/) | *Chalcophaps indica* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Asian honey bee](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-honey-bee/) | *Apis cerana* | Apidae | Not recorded |
| [Barn Swallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hirundo-rustica/) | *Hirundo rustica* | Hirundinidae | Least Concern |
| [Black rat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-rat/) | *Rattus rattus* | Muridae | Least Concern |
| [Black-naped Fruit Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ptilinopus-melanospilus/) | *Ptilinopus melanospilus* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Black-naped Monarch](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hypothymis-azurea/) | *Hypothymis azurea* | Monarchidae | Least Concern |
| [Black-naped Oriole](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oriolus-chinensis/) | *Oriolus chinensis* | Oriolidae | Least Concern |
| [Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemipus-hirundinaceus/) | *Hemipus hirundinaceus* | Tephrodornithidae | Least Concern |
| [Blacktip Reef Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/carcharhinus-melanopterus/) | *Carcharhinus melanopterus* | Carcharhinidae | Vulnerable |
| [Blue-tailed Bee-eater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/merops-philippinus/) | *Merops philippinus* | Meropidae | Least Concern |
| [Bluespotted Fantail Ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/taeniura-lymma/) | *Taeniura lymma* | Dasyatidae | Least Concern |
| [Brahminy Kite](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/haliastur-indus/) | *Haliastur indus* | Accipitridae | Least Concern |
| [Brown Honeyeater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lichmera-indistincta/) | *Lichmera indistincta* | Meliphagidae | Least Concern |
| [Brown-banded Bamboo Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chiloscyllium-punctatum/) | *Chiloscyllium punctatum* | Hemiscylliidae | Near Threatened |
| [Brown-throated Sunbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/anthreptes-malacensis/) | *Anthreptes malacensis* | Nectariniidae | Least Concern |
| [Cave Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/collocalia-linchi/) | *Collocalia linchi* | Apodidae | Least Concern |
| [Chalky Percher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/diplacodes-trivialis/) | *Diplacodes trivialis* | Libellulidae | Least Concern |
| [Collared kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/todiramphus-chloris/) | *Todiramphus chloris* | Alcedinidae | Least Concern |
| [Common Iora](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aegithina-tiphia/) | *Aegithina tiphia* | Aegithinidae | Least Concern |
| [Common Sandpiper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/actitis-hypoleucos/) | *Actitis hypoleucos* | Scolopacidae | Least Concern |
| [Common Wolf Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lycodon-capucinus/) | *Lycodon capucinus* | Colubridae | Least Concern |
| [Coppersmith Barbet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/psilopogon-haemacephalus/) | *Psilopogon haemacephalus* | Megalaimidae | Least Concern |
| [Diadem Roundleaf Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-diadema/) | *Hipposideros diadema* | Hipposideridae | Least Concern |
| [Dollarbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eurystomus-orientalis/) | *Eurystomus orientalis* | Coraciidae | Least Concern |
| [Domestic Water Buffalo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bubalus-bubalis/) | *Bubalus bubalis* | Bovidae | Not recorded |
| [Emerald Tree Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lamprolepis-smaragdina/) | *Lamprolepis smaragdina* | Scincidae | Least Concern |
| [Eurasian tree sparrow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/passer-montanus/) | *Passer montanus* | Passeridae | Least Concern |
| [Flores hawk-eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/flores-hawk-eagle/) | *Nisaetus floris* | Accipitridae | Endangered |
| [Freckle-breasted Woodpecker](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dendrocopos-analis/) | *Dendrocopos analis* | Picidae | Least Concern |
| [Golden-bellied Gerygone](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gerygone-sulphurea/) | *Gerygone sulphurea* | Acanthizidae | Least Concern |
| [Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-griseicauda/) | *Treron griseicauda* | Columbidae | Not recorded |
| [Gray-rumped Treeswift](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemiprocne-longipennis/) | *Hemiprocne longipennis* | Hemiprocnidae | Least Concern |
| [Great Crested Tern](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/thalasseus-bergii/) | *Thalasseus bergii* | Laridae | Least Concern |
| [Great Egret](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-alba/) | *Ardea alba* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Green Imperial Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ducula-aenea/) | *Ducula aenea* | Columbidae | Near Threatened |
| [Green Junglefowl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gallus-varius/) | *Gallus varius* | Phasianidae | Least Concern |
| [Hair-crested Drongo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-hottentottus/) | *Dicrurus hottentottus* | Dicruridae | Least Concern |
| [Helmeted Friarbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/philemon-buceroides/) | *Philemon buceroides* | Meliphagidae | Least Concern |
| [House Swift](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/apus-nipalensis/) | *Apus nipalensis* | Apodidae | Least Concern |
| [Javan Lutung](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-auratus/) | *Trachypithecus auratus* | Cercopithecidae | Vulnerable |
| [Javan Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-leucogastroides/) | *Lonchura leucogastroides* | Estrildidae | Least Concern |
| [Javan Pond-Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardeola-speciosa/) | *Ardeola speciosa* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Javan Porcupine](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hystrix-javanica/) | *Hystrix javanica* | Hystricidae | Least Concern |
| [Javan spitting cobra](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-spitting-cobra/) | *Naja sputatrix* | Elapidae | Least Concern |
| [Komodo dragon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/komodo-dragon/) | *Varanus komodoensis* | Varanidae | Endangered |
| [Large Flying-fox](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pteropus-vampyrus/) | *Pteropus vampyrus* | Pteropodidae | Endangered |
| [Lesser Coucal](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/centropus-bengalensis/) | *Centropus bengalensis* | Cuculidae | Least Concern |
| [Lesser Frigatebird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/fregata-ariel/) | *Fregata ariel* | Fregatidae | Least Concern |
| [Little Egret](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-garzetta/) | *Egretta garzetta* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Loggerhead turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/loggerhead-turtle/) | *Caretta caretta* | Cheloniidae | Vulnerable |
| [Malaysian Pied-Fantail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-javanica/) | *Rhipidura javanica* | Rhipiduridae | Least Concern |
| [Northern Fantail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-rufiventris/) | *Rhipidura rufiventris* | Rhipiduridae | Least Concern |
| [Oceanic Manta Ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mobula-birostris/) | *Mobula birostris* | Myliobatidae | Endangered |
| [Olive-backed Tailorbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/orthotomus-sepium/) | *Orthotomus sepium* | Cisticolidae | Least Concern |
| [Pacific Reef Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-sacra/) | *Egretta sacra* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Pacific swallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hirundo-javanica/) | *Hirundo javanica* | Hirundinidae | Least Concern |
| [Pied Bushchat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/saxicola-caprata/) | *Saxicola caprata* | Muscicapidae | Least Concern |
| [Pink-necked Green-Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-vernans/) | *Treron vernans* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Plaintive Cuckoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cacomantis-merulinus/) | *Cacomantis merulinus* | Cuculidae | Least Concern |
| [Purple Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-purpurea/) | *Ardea purpurea* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Rainbow Bee-eater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/merops-ornatus/) | *Merops ornatus* | Meropidae | Least Concern |
| [Red-cheeked Parrot](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/geoffroyus-geoffroyi/) | *Geoffroyus geoffroyi* | Psittacidae | Least Concern |
| [Rock Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/columba-livia/) | *Columba livia* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Rote Island snake-necked turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rote-island-snake-necked-turtle/) | *Chelodina mccordi* | Chelidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Sacred Kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/todiramphus-sanctus/) | *Todiramphus sanctus* | Alcedinidae | Least Concern |
| [Sahul Brush Cuckoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cacomantis-variolosus/) | *Cacomantis variolosus* | Cuculidae | Least Concern |
| [Scaly-breasted Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-punctulata/) | *Lonchura punctulata* | Estrildidae | Least Concern |
| [Scarlet Skimmer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocothemis-servilia/) | *Crocothemis servilia* | Libellulidae | Least Concern |
| [Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicaeum-trochileum/) | *Dicaeum trochileum* | Dicaeidae | Least Concern |
| [Small Blue Kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/alcedo-coerulescens/) | *Alcedo coerulescens* | Alcedinidae | Least Concern |
| [Southern red muntjac](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/southern-red-muntjac/) | *Muntiacus muntjak* | Cervidae | Least Concern |
| [Spinner Dolphin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/stenella-longirostris/) | *Stenella longirostris* | Delphinidae | Least Concern |
| [Spotted dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spilopelia-chinensis/) | *Spilopelia chinensis* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Striated Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/butorides-striata/) | *Butorides striata* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Tiger shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tiger-shark/) | *Galeocerdo cuvier* | Carcharhinidae | Near Threatened |
| [White-bellied Sea Eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/haliaeetus-leucogaster/) | *Haliaeetus leucogaster* | Accipitridae | Least Concern |
| [White-breasted Waterhen](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/amaurornis-phoenicurus/) | *Amaurornis phoenicurus* | Rallidae | Least Concern |
| [White-breasted Woodswallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/artamus-leucorhynchos/) | *Artamus leucorhynchos* | Artamidae | Not recorded |
| [White-headed Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-maja/) | *Lonchura maja* | Estrildidae | Least Concern |
| [White-lipped Island Pitviper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trimeresurus-insularis/) | *Trimeresurus insularis* | Viperidae | Least Concern |
| [White-nest Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aerodramus-fuciphagus/) | *Aerodramus fuciphagus* | Apodidae | Least Concern |
| [White-shouldered Triller](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lalage-sueurii/) | *Lalage sueurii* | Campephagidae | Least Concern |
| [Whitetip Reef Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/triaenodon-obesus/) | *Triaenodon obesus* | Carcharhinidae | Vulnerable |
| [Wild Boar](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sus-scrofa/) | *Sus scrofa* | Suidae | Least Concern |
| [Yellow-crested cockatoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/yellow-crested-cockatoo/) | *Cacatua sulphurea* | Psittacidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Yellow-lipped Sea Krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/laticauda-colubrina/) | *Laticauda colubrina* | Elapidae | Least Concern |
| [Yellow-vented bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pycnonotus-goiavier/) | *Pycnonotus goiavier* | Pycnonotidae | Least Concern |
| [Zebra Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/geopelia-striata/) | *Geopelia striata* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Zitting Cisticola](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cisticola-juncidis/) | *Cisticola juncidis* | Cisticolidae | Least Concern |

Based on ranges named in the guides and GBIF observation place labels; not proof of endemism or a complete range map.


---

# Animals of Maluku

> 35 animals recorded in Maluku in this guide, including the Glossy Swiftlet, Brahminy Kite and Red-cheeked Parrot, with scientific names, IUCN status (4 threatened) and sources.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/maluku/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/maluku/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## Animals of Maluku

| Name | Scientific name | Family | Conservation status |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Asian Emerald Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcophaps-indica/) | *Chalcophaps indica* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Black Sunbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leptocoma-sericea/) | *Leptocoma sericea* | Nectariniidae | Least Concern |
| [Black-naped Fruit Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ptilinopus-melanospilus/) | *Ptilinopus melanospilus* | Columbidae | Least Concern |
| [Blyth's Hornbill](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhyticeros-plicatus/) | *Rhyticeros plicatus* | Bucerotidae | Least Concern |
| [Brahminy Kite](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/haliastur-indus/) | *Haliastur indus* | Accipitridae | Least Concern |
| [Dollarbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eurystomus-orientalis/) | *Eurystomus orientalis* | Coraciidae | Least Concern |
| [Glossy Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/collocalia-esculenta/) | *Collocalia esculenta* | Apodidae | Least Concern |
| [Great Crested Tern](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/thalasseus-bergii/) | *Thalasseus bergii* | Laridae | Least Concern |
| [Greater bird-of-paradise](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/greater-bird-of-paradise/) | *Paradisaea apoda* | Paradisaeidae | Least Concern |
| [Hair-crested Drongo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-hottentottus/) | *Dicrurus hottentottus* | Dicruridae | Least Concern |
| [Helmeted Friarbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/philemon-buceroides/) | *Philemon buceroides* | Meliphagidae | Least Concern |
| [Indonesian coelacanth](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/indonesian-coelacanth/) | *Latimeria menadoensis* | Latimeriidae | Vulnerable |
| [Leatherback turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leatherback-turtle/) | *Dermochelys coriacea* | Dermochelyidae | Vulnerable |
| [Lesser Coucal](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/centropus-bengalensis/) | *Centropus bengalensis* | Cuculidae | Least Concern |
| [Lesser Frigatebird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/fregata-ariel/) | *Fregata ariel* | Fregatidae | Least Concern |
| [Malay civet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malay-civet/) | *Viverra tangalunga* | Viverridae | Least Concern |
| [Metallic Starling](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aplonis-metallica/) | *Aplonis metallica* | Sturnidae | Least Concern |
| [Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-moluccensis/) | *Neotrygon moluccensis* | Dasyatidae | Not recorded |
| [Moluccan Eclectus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eclectus-roratus/) | *Eclectus roratus* | Psittacidae | Least Concern |
| [Northern Common Cuscus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/phalanger-orientalis/) | *Phalanger orientalis* | Phalangeridae | Least Concern |
| [Northern Fantail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-rufiventris/) | *Rhipidura rufiventris* | Rhipiduridae | Least Concern |
| [Pacific Reef Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-sacra/) | *Egretta sacra* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Palm cockatoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/palm-cockatoo/) | *Probosciger aterrimus* | Psittacidae | Near Threatened |
| [Pied Bushchat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/saxicola-caprata/) | *Saxicola caprata* | Muscicapidae | Least Concern |
| [Rainbow Bee-eater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/merops-ornatus/) | *Merops ornatus* | Meropidae | Least Concern |
| [Red-cheeked Parrot](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/geoffroyus-geoffroyi/) | *Geoffroyus geoffroyi* | Psittacidae | Least Concern |
| [Sacred Kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/todiramphus-sanctus/) | *Todiramphus sanctus* | Alcedinidae | Least Concern |
| [Salmon-crested cockatoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/salmon-crested-cockatoo/) | *Cacatua moluccensis* | Psittacidae | Endangered |
| [Scalloped hammerhead shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/scalloped-hammerhead-shark/) | *Sphyrna lewini* | Sphyrnidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Spinner Dolphin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/stenella-longirostris/) | *Stenella longirostris* | Delphinidae | Least Concern |
| [Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macropygia-doreya/) | *Macropygia doreya* | Columbidae | Not recorded |
| [Uniform Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aerodramus-vanikorensis/) | *Aerodramus vanikorensis* | Apodidae | Least Concern |
| [Wallace's golden birdwing](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/wallaces-golden-birdwing/) | *Ornithoptera croesus* | Papilionidae | Near Threatened |
| [White-shouldered Triller](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lalage-sueurii/) | *Lalage sueurii* | Campephagidae | Least Concern |
| [Willie Wagtail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-leucophrys/) | *Rhipidura leucophrys* | Rhipiduridae | Least Concern |

Based on ranges named in the guides and GBIF observation place labels; not proof of endemism or a complete range map.


---

# Animals of Papua

> 56 animals recorded in Papua in this guide, including the Red bird-of-paradise, Southern cassowary and Pacific swallow, with scientific names, IUCN status (8 threatened) and sources.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/papua/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/papua/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## Animals of Papua

| Name | Scientific name | Family | Conservation status |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Asian honey bee](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-honey-bee/) | *Apis cerana* | Apidae | Not recorded |
| [Black Sunbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leptocoma-sericea/) | *Leptocoma sericea* | Nectariniidae | Least Concern |
| [Black-capped lory](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-capped-lory/) | *Lorius lory* | Psittacidae | Least Concern |
| [Blacktip Reef Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/carcharhinus-melanopterus/) | *Carcharhinus melanopterus* | Carcharhinidae | Vulnerable |
| [Bluespotted Fantail Ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/taeniura-lymma/) | *Taeniura lymma* | Dasyatidae | Least Concern |
| [Blyth's Hornbill](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhyticeros-plicatus/) | *Rhyticeros plicatus* | Bucerotidae | Least Concern |
| [Brahminy Kite](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/haliastur-indus/) | *Haliastur indus* | Accipitridae | Least Concern |
| [Brown-banded Bamboo Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chiloscyllium-punctatum/) | *Chiloscyllium punctatum* | Hemiscylliidae | Near Threatened |
| [Common Sandpiper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/actitis-hypoleucos/) | *Actitis hypoleucos* | Scolopacidae | Least Concern |
| [Crocodile monitor](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocodile-monitor/) | *Varanus salvadorii* | Varanidae | Least Concern |
| [Dollarbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eurystomus-orientalis/) | *Eurystomus orientalis* | Coraciidae | Least Concern |
| [Emerald Tree Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lamprolepis-smaragdina/) | *Lamprolepis smaragdina* | Scincidae | Least Concern |
| [Giant clam](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/giant-clam/) | *Tridacna gigas* | Cardiidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Glossy Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/collocalia-esculenta/) | *Collocalia esculenta* | Apodidae | Least Concern |
| [Great Crested Tern](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/thalasseus-bergii/) | *Thalasseus bergii* | Laridae | Least Concern |
| [Great Egret](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-alba/) | *Ardea alba* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Greater bird-of-paradise](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/greater-bird-of-paradise/) | *Paradisaea apoda* | Paradisaeidae | Least Concern |
| [Helmeted Friarbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/philemon-buceroides/) | *Philemon buceroides* | Meliphagidae | Least Concern |
| [Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/indo-pacific-bottlenose-dolphin/) | *Tursiops aduncus* | Delphinidae | Near Threatened |
| [Indonesian coelacanth](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/indonesian-coelacanth/) | *Latimeria menadoensis* | Latimeriidae | Vulnerable |
| [Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemiscyllium-freycineti/) | *Hemiscyllium freycineti* | Hemiscylliidae | Near Threatened |
| [Leatherback turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leatherback-turtle/) | *Dermochelys coriacea* | Dermochelyidae | Vulnerable |
| [Lesser Frigatebird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/fregata-ariel/) | *Fregata ariel* | Fregatidae | Least Concern |
| [Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macroglossus-minimus/) | *Macroglossus minimus* | Pteropodidae | Least Concern |
| [Metallic Starling](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aplonis-metallica/) | *Aplonis metallica* | Sturnidae | Least Concern |
| [Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-moluccensis/) | *Neotrygon moluccensis* | Dasyatidae | Not recorded |
| [Moluccan Eclectus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eclectus-roratus/) | *Eclectus roratus* | Psittacidae | Least Concern |
| [Northern Common Cuscus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/phalanger-orientalis/) | *Phalanger orientalis* | Phalangeridae | Least Concern |
| [Northern Fantail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-rufiventris/) | *Rhipidura rufiventris* | Rhipiduridae | Least Concern |
| [Oceanic Manta Ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mobula-birostris/) | *Mobula birostris* | Myliobatidae | Endangered |
| [Oriental Bluespotted Maskray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-orientale/) | *Neotrygon orientale* | Dasyatidae | Not recorded |
| [Pacific Bluetail Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/emoia-caeruleocauda/) | *Emoia caeruleocauda* | Scincidae | Least Concern |
| [Pacific Reef Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-sacra/) | *Egretta sacra* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Pacific swallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hirundo-javanica/) | *Hirundo javanica* | Hirundinidae | Least Concern |
| [Palm cockatoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/palm-cockatoo/) | *Probosciger aterrimus* | Psittacidae | Near Threatened |
| [Pied Bushchat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/saxicola-caprata/) | *Saxicola caprata* | Muscicapidae | Least Concern |
| [Pig-nosed turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pig-nosed-turtle/) | *Carettochelys insculpta* | Carettochelyidae | Endangered |
| [Rainbow Bee-eater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/merops-ornatus/) | *Merops ornatus* | Meropidae | Least Concern |
| [Red bird-of-paradise](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/red-bird-of-paradise/) | *Paradisaea rubra* | Paradisaeidae | Near Threatened |
| [Red-cheeked Parrot](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/geoffroyus-geoffroyi/) | *Geoffroyus geoffroyi* | Psittacidae | Least Concern |
| [Sacred Kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/todiramphus-sanctus/) | *Todiramphus sanctus* | Alcedinidae | Least Concern |
| [Sahul Brush Cuckoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cacomantis-variolosus/) | *Cacomantis variolosus* | Cuculidae | Least Concern |
| [Scalloped hammerhead shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/scalloped-hammerhead-shark/) | *Sphyrna lewini* | Sphyrnidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Southern cassowary](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/southern-cassowary/) | *Casuarius casuarius* | Casuariidae | Least Concern |
| [Spinner Dolphin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/stenella-longirostris/) | *Stenella longirostris* | Delphinidae | Least Concern |
| [Striated Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/butorides-striata/) | *Butorides striata* | Ardeidae | Least Concern |
| [Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macropygia-doreya/) | *Macropygia doreya* | Columbidae | Not recorded |
| [Tasselled Wobbegong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eucrossorhinus-dasypogon/) | *Eucrossorhinus dasypogon* | Orectolobidae | Least Concern |
| [Uniform Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aerodramus-vanikorensis/) | *Aerodramus vanikorensis* | Apodidae | Least Concern |
| [Victoria crowned pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/victoria-crowned-pigeon/) | *Goura victoria* | Columbidae | Near Threatened |
| [Waigeo Spotted Cuscus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spilocuscus-papuensis/) | *Spilocuscus papuensis* | Phalangeridae | Vulnerable |
| [White-bellied Sea Eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/haliaeetus-leucogaster/) | *Haliaeetus leucogaster* | Accipitridae | Least Concern |
| [White-breasted Woodswallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/artamus-leucorhynchos/) | *Artamus leucorhynchos* | Artamidae | Not recorded |
| [Willie Wagtail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-leucophrys/) | *Rhipidura leucophrys* | Rhipiduridae | Least Concern |
| [Yellow fever mosquito](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/yellow-fever-mosquito/) | *Aedes aegypti* | Culicidae | Not recorded |
| [Yellow-lipped Sea Krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/laticauda-colubrina/) | *Laticauda colubrina* | Elapidae | Least Concern |

Based on ranges named in the guides and GBIF observation place labels; not proof of endemism or a complete range map.


---

# Threatened animals of Indonesia

> 76 Indonesian animals listed as Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, including the Sumatran orangutan, Komodo dragon and Sumatran tiger, with what each category means and the sources.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/threatened/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/terancam-punah/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## Critically Endangered (20)

Meaning: it is considered to face an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

| Name | Scientific name | Family | Conservation status |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Sumatran orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-orangutan/) | *Pongo abelii* | Hominidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Sumatran tiger](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-tiger/) | *Panthera tigris sondaica* | Felidae | Critically Endangered — WWF Sunda profile |
| [Sumatran elephant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-elephant/) | *Elephas maximus sumatranus* | Elephantidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Javan rhinoceros](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-rhino/) | *Rhinoceros sondaicus* | Rhinocerotidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Javan slow loris](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-slow-loris/) | *Nycticebus javanicus* | Lorisidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Bali myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bali-myna/) | *Leucopsar rothschildi* | Sturnidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Bornean orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-orangutan/) | *Pongo pygmaeus* | Hominidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Tapanuli orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tapanuli-orangutan/) | *Pongo tapanuliensis* | Hominidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Sumatran rhinoceros](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-rhino/) | *Dicerorhinus sumatrensis* | Rhinocerotidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Banteng](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banteng/) | *Bos javanicus* | Bovidae | Critically Endangered — 2024 update |
| [Sunda pangolin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-pangolin/) | *Manis javanica* | Manidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Hawksbill turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hawksbill-turtle/) | *Eretmochelys imbricata* | Cheloniidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Maleo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/maleo/) | *Macrocephalon maleo* | Megapodiidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Yellow-crested cockatoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/yellow-crested-cockatoo/) | *Cacatua sulphurea* | Psittacidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Crested black macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-black-macaque/) | *Macaca nigra* | Cercopithecidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Straw-headed bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/straw-headed-bulbul/) | *Pycnonotus zeylanicus* | Pycnonotidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Scalloped hammerhead shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/scalloped-hammerhead-shark/) | *Sphyrna lewini* | Sphyrnidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Giant clam](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/giant-clam/) | *Tridacna gigas* | Cardiidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Rote Island snake-necked turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rote-island-snake-necked-turtle/) | *Chelodina mccordi* | Chelidae | Critically Endangered |
| [Painted terrapin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/painted-terrapin/) | *Batagur borneoensis* | Geoemydidae | Critically Endangered |

## Endangered (29)

Meaning: it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild.

| Name | Scientific name | Family | Conservation status |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Komodo dragon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/komodo-dragon/) | *Varanus komodoensis* | Varanidae | Endangered |
| [Proboscis monkey](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/proboscis-monkey/) | *Nasalis larvatus* | Cercopithecidae | Endangered |
| [Lowland anoa](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lowland-anoa/) | *Bubalus depressicornis* | Bovidae | Endangered |
| [Javan gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-gibbon/) | *Hylobates moloch* | Hylobatidae | Endangered |
| [Siamang](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/siamang/) | *Symphalangus syndactylus* | Hylobatidae | Endangered |
| [Malayan tapir](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-tapir/) | *Tapirus indicus* | Tapiridae | Endangered |
| [Javan leopard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-leopard/) | *Panthera pardus melas* | Felidae | Endangered |
| [Mahakam Irrawaddy dolphin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mahakam-irrawaddy-dolphin/) | *Orcaella brevirostris* | Delphinidae | Endangered |
| [Whale shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/whale-shark/) | *Rhincodon typus* | Rhincodontidae | Endangered |
| [Javan hawk-eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-hawk-eagle/) | *Nisaetus bartelsi* | Accipitridae | Endangered |
| [Green peafowl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-peafowl/) | *Pavo muticus* | Phasianidae | Endangered |
| [Pygmy tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pygmy-tarsier/) | *Tarsius pumilus* | Tarsiidae | Endangered |
| [Long-tailed macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-fascicularis/) | *Macaca fascicularis* | Cercopithecidae | Endangered |
| [Southern Pig-tailed Macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-nemestrina/) | *Macaca nemestrina* | Cercopithecidae | Endangered |
| [Sumatran Surili](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-melalophos/) | *Presbytis melalophos* | Cercopithecidae | Endangered |
| [Moor Macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-maura/) | *Macaca maura* | Cercopithecidae | Endangered |
| [Large Flying-fox](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pteropus-vampyrus/) | *Pteropus vampyrus* | Pteropodidae | Endangered |
| [Lar Gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylobates-lar/) | *Hylobates lar* | Hylobatidae | Endangered |
| [Bornean White-bearded Gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylobates-albibarbis/) | *Hylobates albibarbis* | Hylobatidae | Endangered |
| [Oceanic Manta Ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mobula-birostris/) | *Mobula birostris* | Myliobatidae | Endangered |
| [Black-winged myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-winged-myna/) | *Acridotheres melanopterus* | Sturnidae | Endangered |
| [Flores hawk-eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/flores-hawk-eagle/) | *Nisaetus floris* | Accipitridae | Endangered |
| [Sunda slow loris](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-slow-loris/) | *Nycticebus coucang* | Lorisidae | Endangered |
| [Mountain anoa](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mountain-anoa/) | *Bubalus quarlesi* | Bovidae | Endangered |
| [Agile gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/agile-gibbon/) | *Hylobates agilis* | Hylobatidae | Endangered |
| [Humphead wrasse](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/humphead-wrasse/) | *Cheilinus undulatus* | Labridae | Endangered |
| [False gharial](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/false-gharial/) | *Tomistoma schlegelii* | Crocodylidae | Endangered |
| [Pig-nosed turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pig-nosed-turtle/) | *Carettochelys insculpta* | Carettochelyidae | Endangered |
| [Salmon-crested cockatoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/salmon-crested-cockatoo/) | *Cacatua moluccensis* | Psittacidae | Endangered |

## Vulnerable (27)

Meaning: it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild.

| Name | Scientific name | Family | Conservation status |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Sulawesi babirusa](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sulawesi-babirusa/) | *Babyrousa celebensis* | Suidae | Vulnerable |
| [Timor deer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/timor-deer/) | *Rusa timorensis* | Cervidae | Vulnerable |
| [Sunda clouded leopard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-clouded-leopard/) | *Neofelis diardi* | Felidae | Vulnerable — species level |
| [Sun bear](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sun-bear/) | *Helarctos malayanus* | Ursidae | Vulnerable |
| [Dugong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dugong/) | *Dugong dugon* | Dugongidae | Vulnerable |
| [Reef manta ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/reef-manta-ray/) | *Mobula alfredi* | Myliobatidae | Vulnerable |
| [Olive ridley turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/olive-ridley-turtle/) | *Lepidochelys olivacea* | Cheloniidae | Vulnerable |
| [Sulawesi bear cuscus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sulawesi-bear-cuscus/) | *Ailurops ursinus* | Phalangeridae | Vulnerable |
| [Javan Lutung](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-auratus/) | *Trachypithecus auratus* | Cercopithecidae | Vulnerable |
| [Thomas’s Langur](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-thomasi/) | *Presbytis thomasi* | Cercopithecidae | Vulnerable |
| [Silvered Leaf Monkey](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-cristatus/) | *Trachypithecus cristatus* | Cercopithecidae | Vulnerable |
| [Gursky's Spectral Tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tarsius-spectrumgurskyae/) | *Tarsius spectrumgurskyae* | Tarsiidae | Vulnerable |
| [Waigeo Spotted Cuscus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spilocuscus-papuensis/) | *Spilocuscus papuensis* | Phalangeridae | Vulnerable |
| [Javan Surili](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-comata/) | *Presbytis comata* | Cercopithecidae | Vulnerable |
| [Blacktip Reef Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/carcharhinus-melanopterus/) | *Carcharhinus melanopterus* | Carcharhinidae | Vulnerable |
| [Whitetip Reef Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/triaenodon-obesus/) | *Triaenodon obesus* | Carcharhinidae | Vulnerable |
| [Rhinoceros hornbill](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhinoceros-hornbill/) | *Buceros rhinoceros* | Bucerotidae | Vulnerable |
| [Sambar deer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sambar-deer/) | *Rusa unicolor* | Cervidae | Vulnerable |
| [Binturong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/binturong/) | *Arctictis binturong* | Viverridae | Vulnerable |
| [Bearded pig](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bearded-pig/) | *Sus barbatus* | Suidae | Vulnerable |
| [Smooth-coated otter](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/smooth-coated-otter/) | *Lutrogale perspicillata* | Mustelidae | Vulnerable |
| [Leatherback turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leatherback-turtle/) | *Dermochelys coriacea* | Dermochelyidae | Vulnerable |
| [Indonesian coelacanth](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/indonesian-coelacanth/) | *Latimeria menadoensis* | Latimeriidae | Vulnerable |
| [Spotted seahorse](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spotted-seahorse/) | *Hippocampus kuda* | Syngnathidae | Vulnerable |
| [Loggerhead turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/loggerhead-turtle/) | *Caretta caretta* | Cheloniidae | Vulnerable |
| [Philippine slow loris](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/philippine-slow-loris/) | *Nycticebus menagensis* | Lorisidae | Vulnerable |
| [Selayar tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/selayar-tarsier/) | *Tarsius tarsier* | Tarsiidae | Vulnerable |

## Global status is not legal status

IUCN categories are a global scientific assessment. Legal protection in Indonesia is set by the national list of protected species; check the current list or contact the local BKSDA.

## Further reading

- [Illegal wildlife trade](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/topics/illegal-wildlife-trade/) — World Animal Rescue Network
- [Animals threatened by wildlife trafficking](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/animals-threatened-by-wildlife-trafficking/) — World Animal Rescue Network

Data source: IUCN (2026). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2026-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 2026-07-28. https://doi.org/10.15468/0qnb58 accessed via GBIF.org on 2026-09-25. (CC BY 4.0).


---

# Domestic cat

> Understand cats at home and in your neighbourhood: safe spaces, suitable food, natural behaviour, and a lifelong responsibility for their care.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/kucing/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Domestic cat (*Felis catus*) is a companion animal.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Felis catus* |
| Indonesian name | Kucing domestik |
| Group | Companions |
| Range in Indonesia | Homes and settlements across Indonesia |
| Linked habitats | [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/) |
| Diet | Obligate carnivore |
| Space needs | Places to hide, climb, and scratch |
| Context | Owned and community cats |

## One species, different lives

House cats, local mixed-breed cats, and cats living around a neighbourhood belong to the same domestic species. These labels describe circumstances, not separate species. Before intervening, establish whether an owner or regular caregiver is present; appearance alone cannot tell you that a cat has been abandoned.

## A home that offers choices

Provide quiet resting places, safe elevated spots, hiding places, and scratching surfaces. Separate food, water, and litter areas. In a household with several cats, distribute resources so one animal does not need to pass another to reach essential things. The layout matters as much as the number of bowls.

## Food and water

Cats need nutrition appropriate to their species and life stage. Offer complete cat food and accessible fresh water; suitable portions depend on age, activity, and body condition. Milk does not replace water. Discuss changes in appetite or weight with a veterinarian rather than repeatedly changing foods without understanding the cause.

## Play is a need

Short play sessions with toys to pursue offer an outlet for hunting behaviour without using wildlife. Rotate toys and introduce suitable puzzle feeders for variety. Let the cat end an interaction; chasing it or forcing it to be held can remove its sense of security in its own home.

## Plan care before a crisis

Keep health records and have a sturdy carrier ready before you need one. Plan veterinary checks, vaccination, parasite control, and a discussion of neutering with a local veterinarian. Care must reflect the individual and local conditions; this profile does not prescribe a universal medical schedule or medicine dose.

## Helping community cats

Start by speaking with existing caregivers, recording how many animals are involved, and assessing sustainable care capacity. If arranging feeding, keep the location clean and work with neighbours. For adoption or fostering, consider space, time, costs, and a backup plan before moving an animal into a new situation.

## Common questions about the Domestic cat

### What is the scientific name of the Domestic cat?

The scientific name of the Domestic cat is *Felis catus*. In Indonesian it is called Kucing domestik.

### Where can the Domestic cat be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Domestic cat in: Homes and settlements across Indonesia.

Source-supported habitats: [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/).

### What does the Domestic cat eat?

Diet of the Domestic cat: obligate carnivore.

## Sources & references

1. [Cats Protection — Your responsibilities](https://www.cats.org.uk/help-and-advice/getting-a-cat/your-responsibilities)
2. [Cats Protection — Indoor cats](https://www.cats.org.uk/help-and-advice/home-and-environment/indoor-cats)
3. [Cats Protection — Preparing for a cat](https://www.cats.org.uk/adopt-a-cat/preparing-for-a-cat)
4. [RSPCA — What to feed your cat](https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/cats/diet)

## Further reading

[Cat facts](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/cat/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/)
- [Responsible Cat and Dog Adoption](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/adopting-cats-dogs/)
- [Fostering Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/fostering-animals/)
- [Cat and Dog Sterilisation Guide](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/cat-dog-sterilisation/)
- [Lost or Found Pets](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/lost-found-pets/)
- [Cat vaccinations: types, schedule and benefits](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vaccinations/)
- [Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/)
- [Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Choosing a vet and vet clinic in Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/choosing-a-vet-in-indonesia/)
- [Feline panleukopenia: signs, spread and vaccination](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/feline-panleukopenia/)
- [Fleas, ticks and mites in cats and dogs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/fleas-ticks-and-mites/)
- [Worms in cats and dogs: types, risks and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/worms-in-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Ringworm in cats: signs, spread and when to see a vet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/ringworm-in-cats/)
- [Foods that are dangerous for cats and dogs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/foods-dangerous-for-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Toxoplasmosis and cats: facts, myths and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/toxoplasmosis-and-cats/)
- [Heatstroke in cats and dogs: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/heatstroke-in-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Cat vomiting: causes and when to see a vet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vomiting-when-to-see-a-vet/)
- [Cat not eating: causes, risks and when to see a vet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-not-eating/)
- [Feeding your cat well: nutrients, taurine and water](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/feeding-your-cat/)
- [Can cats and dogs eat rice, tofu, eggs or milk?](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/can-cats-and-dogs-eat-human-food/)
- [Dental care for cats and dogs: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/dental-care-for-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Overweight cats and dogs: checks, risks and safe weight loss](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/overweight-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Cat flu: signs, spread and vaccination](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-flu/)
- [FIP in cats: causes, signs and diagnosis](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/fip-in-cats/)
- [Diarrhoea in cats and dogs: when to see a vet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/diarrhoea-in-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Caring for orphaned kittens: the basics](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/caring-for-orphaned-kittens/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Domestic cat. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/


---

# Domestic dog

> Dogs need social connection, space to rest, suitable exercise, and planned care. Understand the individual animal before making an adoption commitment.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dog/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/anjing/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Domestic dog (*Canis lupus familiaris*) is a companion animal.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Canis lupus familiaris* |
| Indonesian name | Anjing domestik |
| Group | Companions |
| Range in Indonesia | Homes, villages, and cities in Indonesia |
| Linked habitats | [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/) |
| Communication | Scent, sound, and body language |
| Activity | Adapted to age and individual condition |
| Social needs | Interaction and opportunities to rest |

## Meet the individual, beyond the breed

Size and breed do not describe all of a dog’s needs. History, age, health, experience, and temperament influence whether a new home is suitable. Before adoption, discuss routines, experience around children or other animals, and the support available from the previous caregiver. Make a practical plan for the individual you meet.

## Body language and security

Dogs communicate through posture, ears, tails, sounds, and scent. Read the whole situation rather than a single movement. Provide a quiet place to withdraw when uncomfortable. Persistent behaviour changes need veterinary assessment, and behavioural difficulties may require a qualified professional; discomfort should not be dismissed as disobedience.

## Appropriate daily activity

Walking, sniffing, play, and simple training offer more variety than pursuing distance alone. Adapt activity to the dog’s ability and the weather. In busy neighbourhoods, plan routes, water access, and ways to pass people and other animals without forcing close contact. Exercise needs differ between individuals.

## Learning through rewards

Reward the behaviour you want and keep household responses consistent. Short sessions on coming when called, waiting, and travelling safely can make everyday life easier. Frightening punishment does not build security. Seek help when a problem is difficult to manage instead of escalating pressure on the animal.

## Living space and ongoing care

Provide clean water, suitable food, dry bedding, and shelter from rain and heat. A transport crate is not a permanent living space. Budget for veterinary care, identification, and recurring expenses. Discuss vaccination and neutering with a local veterinarian in relation to the dog’s circumstances and where you live.

## Responsibility in shared spaces

Do not assume a roaming dog has no owner. Gather information safely and use the lost-animal guide when appropriate. Respect neighbours who are uncomfortable around dogs, clean up waste, and prevent wildlife chasing. Consider fostering if a permanent adoption commitment is not yet possible, with responsibilities agreed in advance.

## Common questions about the Domestic dog

### What is the scientific name of the Domestic dog?

The scientific name of the Domestic dog is *Canis lupus familiaris*. In Indonesian it is called Anjing domestik.

### Where can the Domestic dog be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Domestic dog in: Homes, villages, and cities in Indonesia.

Source-supported habitats: [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/).

## Sources & references

1. [RSPCA — Caring for your dog](https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/dogs)
2. [RSPCA — Creating a good home](https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/dogs/environment)
3. [RSPCA — Understanding dog behaviour](https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/dogs/behaviour)
4. [RSPCA — Dogs living outside](https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/dogs/environment/livingoutside)

## Further reading

[Dog facts](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/dog/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/)
- [Responsible Cat and Dog Adoption](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/adopting-cats-dogs/)
- [Fostering Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/fostering-animals/)
- [Cat and Dog Sterilisation Guide](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/cat-dog-sterilisation/)
- [Lost or Found Pets](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/lost-found-pets/)
- [Dog vaccinations: types, schedule and boosters](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/dog-vaccinations/)
- [Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/)
- [Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Choosing a vet and vet clinic in Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/choosing-a-vet-in-indonesia/)
- [Canine parvovirus: signs, spread and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/canine-parvovirus/)
- [Fleas, ticks and mites in cats and dogs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/fleas-ticks-and-mites/)
- [Worms in cats and dogs: types, risks and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/worms-in-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Foods that are dangerous for cats and dogs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/foods-dangerous-for-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Heatstroke in cats and dogs: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/heatstroke-in-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Feeding your dog well: choosing food, portions and treats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/feeding-your-dog/)
- [Can cats and dogs eat rice, tofu, eggs or milk?](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/can-cats-and-dogs-eat-human-food/)
- [Dental care for cats and dogs: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/dental-care-for-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Overweight cats and dogs: checks, risks and safe weight loss](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/overweight-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Diarrhoea in cats and dogs: when to see a vet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/diarrhoea-in-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Dog vomiting: when to see a vet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/dog-vomiting-when-to-see-a-vet/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Domestic dog. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dog/


---

# Sumatran orangutan

> A great ape of northern Sumatra’s forest canopy. Its future depends on connected forests, regenerating trees, and safe coexistence with people.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-orangutan/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/orangutan-sumatera/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Sumatran orangutan (*Pongo abelii*) is a mammal in the family Hominidae. Its global conservation status: Critically Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Pongo abelii* |
| Indonesian name | Orangutan Sumatera |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Hominidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Northern Sumatra |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/) |
| Range | Endemic to northern Sumatra |
| Diet | Mainly fruit, with other plant matter and insects |
| Habitat layer | Primarily the tree canopy |
| Global conservation status | Critically Endangered · [WWF — Sumatran orangutan](https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/orangutan/sumatran-orangutan/) |

## Distinguish three orangutan species

Sumatran orangutan refers to Pongo abelii. The Tapanuli orangutan, Pongo tapanuliensis, also lives in Sumatra but is a different species; the Bornean orangutan is Pongo pygmaeus. Check the scientific name when reading population estimates or conservation news so information about one species is not transferred to another.

## Forest is a connected living space

Tree crowns provide movement routes, resting places, and food. Lowland and peat-swamp forests are important parts of orangutan landscapes. Roads and land clearance can separate forest patches; judging habitat only by the area of each patch misses the connections between them. Conservation must consider an entire landscape.

## Fruit and a long learning period

Fruit is an important food, with other items varying according to forest availability. Young orangutans learn from their mothers over many years. This long dependence helps explain why the loss of an adult or removal of an infant from the wild cannot be treated as a small impact that is quickly reversed.

## Threats that interact

Forest loss, fragmentation, and capture for trade reinforce one another. Fragmented habitat can also increase encounters around farms and settlements. Solutions need habitat protection and work with local communities together; moving individual animals does not replace lost living space. Assess projects by what they protect over time.

## What field research can tell us

SOCP describes monitoring at sites such as Sikundur and Suaq Balimbing to understand behaviour and habitat conditions. Repeated research can address questions that a tourism photograph cannot, including changes in space use. One sighting or striking video is not evidence that a population has recovered.

## Make encounters responsible

Choose observation experiences that maintain distance and follow local management instructions. Decline offers to hold, feed, or pose while touching an orangutan. To help, examine forest-protection work and the outcomes organisations report. Avoid sharing precise locations that could increase disturbance or capture risk.

## Common questions about the Sumatran orangutan

### What is the scientific name of the Sumatran orangutan?

The scientific name of the Sumatran orangutan is *Pongo abelii*, in the family Hominidae. In Indonesian it is called Orangutan Sumatera.

### Where can the Sumatran orangutan be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Sumatran orangutan in: Northern Sumatra.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/).

### What does the Sumatran orangutan eat?

Diet of the Sumatran orangutan: mainly fruit, with other plant matter and insects.

### What is the conservation status of the Sumatran orangutan?

The global conservation status of the Sumatran orangutan: Critically Endangered. In the IUCN system, this category means it is considered to face an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [WWF — Sumatran orangutan](https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/orangutan/sumatran-orangutan/).

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Sumatran orangutan is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Smithsonian’s National Zoo — Orangutan biology](https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/orangutan)
2. [WWF — Sumatran orangutan](https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/orangutan/sumatran-orangutan/)
3. [SOCP — Biodiversity monitoring, research, and surveys](https://sumatranorangutan.org/what-we-do/biodiversity-monitoring-research-and-surveys/)
4. [Sumatran Orangutan Society — Conservation challenges](https://www.orangutans-sos.org/learn/conservation-challenges/)
5. [Sumatran Orangutan Society — Our approach](https://www.orangutans-sos.org/our-work/our-approach/)

## Further reading

[Orangutan: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/orangutan/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/)
- [Sumatran elephant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-elephant/)
- [Sumatran tiger](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-tiger/)
- [Reporting Suspected Wildlife Trafficking](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/report-wildlife-trade/)
- [Bornean orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-orangutan/)
- [Tapanuli orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tapanuli-orangutan/)
- [Siamang](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/siamang/)
- [Helmeted hornbill](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/helmeted-hornbill/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Sumatran orangutan. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-orangutan/


---

# Komodo dragon

> The largest living lizard, native to a small group of islands in East Nusa Tenggara. Explore its links with prey, dry habitats, and island-specific conservation.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/komodo-dragon/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/komodo/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Komodo dragon (*Varanus komodoensis*) is a reptile in the family Varanidae. Its global conservation status: Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Varanus komodoensis* |
| Indonesian name | Komodo |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Varanidae |
| Range in Indonesia | East Nusa Tenggara: Flores and nearby islands |
| Linked habitats | [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/) |
| Diet | Predator and scavenger |
| Range | Endemic to Indonesia |
| Key feature | Forked tongue for sensing scent |
| Global conservation status | Endangered · [Komodo Survival Program — Conservation status](https://komododragon.org/conservation-status/) |

## More than one island

Komodo dragons do not live only on Komodo Island. Their range includes several islands around the national park and parts of Flores. Island size, prey availability, and human pressures differ between populations. Avoid using one number or one visitor experience as a description of the whole species.

## A hunter’s body

A forked tongue helps a dragon sample chemical clues from its surroundings. A powerful body, teeth, and venomous bite support its predatory way of life; carrion is also food. Large size does not mean it is always slow or safe to approach, even when it appears to be resting.

## Savanna, woodland, and prey

Dragon landscapes include savanna and wooded areas. Protecting dragons therefore also means maintaining prey and habitat structure. Deer hunting and land-use change can affect this predator even when dragons themselves are not being hunted. The savanna guide helps place these relationships within a connected ecological system.

## Conservation must fit each island

Komodo Survival Program distinguishes challenges inside the national park from those on Flores, including habitat outside protected areas. IUCN also highlights climate-related risks to habitat. An Endangered classification describes extinction risk; it does not mean every population is changing at the same speed or for the same reason.

## Why repeated monitoring matters

Researchers use individual tagging and camera traps to study survival, occurrence, and population change. Different methods answer different questions. When you encounter a claimed dragon count, check its year, survey area, and counting method before comparing it with another report; mismatched surveys can produce misleading comparisons.

## Observation that preserves space

Follow site rules and the instructions of authorised local guides. Do not feed, attract, or block a dragon’s path for a photograph. Plan visits using current official information because access and rules can change. Conservation can also be supported without travelling into sensitive habitat.

## Common questions about the Komodo dragon

### What is the scientific name of the Komodo dragon?

The scientific name of the Komodo dragon is *Varanus komodoensis*, in the family Varanidae. In Indonesian it is called Komodo.

### Where can the Komodo dragon be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Komodo dragon in: East Nusa Tenggara: Flores and nearby islands.

Source-supported habitats: [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/).

### What does the Komodo dragon eat?

Diet of the Komodo dragon: predator and scavenger.

### What is the conservation status of the Komodo dragon?

The global conservation status of the Komodo dragon: Endangered. In the IUCN system, this category means it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [Komodo Survival Program — Conservation status](https://komododragon.org/conservation-status/).

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Komodo dragon is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Smithsonian’s National Zoo — Komodo dragon](https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/komodo-dragon)
2. [Komodo Survival Program — Conservation status](https://komododragon.org/conservation-status/)
3. [Komodo Survival Program — Population monitoring](https://komododragon.org/activities/population-monitoring/)
4. [IUCN — 2021 Red List update](https://iucn.org/news/species/202109/tuna-species-recovering-despite-growing-pressures-marine-life-iucn-red-list)

## Further reading

[Komodo dragon: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/komodo-dragon/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)
- [Reporting Suspected Wildlife Trafficking](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/report-wildlife-trade/)
- [Timor deer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/timor-deer/)
- [Sunda pangolin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-pangolin/)
- [Yellow-crested cockatoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/yellow-crested-cockatoo/)
- [Asian water monitor](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/varanus-salvator/)
- [Crocodile monitor](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocodile-monitor/)
- [Javan spitting cobra](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-spitting-cobra/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Komodo dragon. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/komodo-dragon/


---

# Sumatran tiger

> The last surviving Sunda Island tiger population lives in Sumatra. Protecting forest, prey, and movement routes supports a whole living landscape.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-tiger/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/harimau-sumatera/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Sumatran tiger (*Panthera tigris sondaica*) is a mammal in the family Felidae. Its global conservation status: Critically Endangered — WWF Sunda profile.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Panthera tigris sondaica* |
| Indonesian name | Harimau Sumatera |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Felidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/) |
| Wild range | Sumatra |
| Diet | Carnivore |
| Social pattern | Mostly solitary; mothers with cubs |
| Global conservation status | Critically Endangered — WWF Sunda profile · [WWF — Sunda tiger](https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/tiger/sunda-tiger/) |

## Name and scope

This profile covers tigers living in Sumatra. WWF uses Panthera tigris sondaica for the Sunda group; other sources still use Panthera tigris sumatrae. Record that naming difference when comparing literature. The risk category of the tiger species as a whole is also distinct from the category in the Sunda profile.

## Forest must provide prey and space

Tigers need areas with prey and room to move. Habitats in Sumatra include rainforest and forested wetlands. Two patches that appear green on a map are not necessarily safely connected. Connections between them and protection of prey are essential conservation work alongside protecting the tigers themselves.

## A predator that is hard to see

Tigers are generally solitary apart from mothers with young, using marking and sound in communication. Difficulty seeing one directly does not establish absence. Scientific monitoring relies on repeated evidence; an unexamined track should not be treated as a certain identification. Wildlife observation requires patience and appropriate expertise.

## Poaching and conflict

Trade-driven poaching, snares, loss of prey, and habitat loss are major pressures. Where movement routes overlap with settlements, both community and animal safety matter. Do not approach, pursue, or gather a crowd around a tiger; encounters need the attention of authorised professionals rather than improvised intervention.

## Assessing recovery claims

WCS and its partners use research and protected-area work to assess tiger change. Findings from one national park do not represent all Sumatra. When reading about an increase, check the area, observation years, and methods; photograph counts are not individual counts, and one birth does not guarantee recovery.

## Actions that support wild lives

Avoid tiger-part products and experiences built around touching wildlife. When supporting conservation, look for verifiable explanations of patrols, monitoring, habitat work, and community involvement. If you encounter suspected trade, preserve information safely without arranging a purchase or confronting people yourself. Follow the wildlife-trade reporting guide.

## Common questions about the Sumatran tiger

### What is the scientific name of the Sumatran tiger?

The scientific name of the Sumatran tiger is *Panthera tigris sondaica*, in the family Felidae. In Indonesian it is called Harimau Sumatera.

### Where can the Sumatran tiger be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Sumatran tiger in: Sumatra.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/).

### What does the Sumatran tiger eat?

Diet of the Sumatran tiger: carnivore.

### What is the conservation status of the Sumatran tiger?

The global conservation status of the Sumatran tiger: Critically Endangered — WWF Sunda profile. In the IUCN system, this category means it is considered to face an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [WWF — Sunda tiger](https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/tiger/sunda-tiger/).

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Sumatran tiger is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [WWF — Sunda tiger](https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/tiger/sunda-tiger/)
2. [WWF — Tiger taxonomy and biology](https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/tiger/)
3. [WCS Indonesia — Sumatran tiger](https://indonesia.wcs.org/Wildlife/Sumatran-Tiger.aspx)
4. [WCS — Bukit Barisan Selatan research, 2017](https://newsroom.wcs.org/News-Releases/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/10630/Critically-Endangered-Sumatran-Tigers-On-Path-To-Recovery-in-an-In-Danger-UNESCO-World-Heritage-Site.aspx)

## Further reading

[Tiger: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/tiger/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/)
- [Sumatran orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-orangutan/)
- [Sumatran elephant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-elephant/)
- [Reporting Suspected Wildlife Trafficking](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/report-wildlife-trade/)
- [Malayan tapir](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-tapir/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Sumatran tiger. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-tiger/


---

# Sumatran elephant

> A large herbivore that disperses seeds and shapes forests. Its conservation needs connected movement space and solutions developed with communities living nearby.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-elephant/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/gajah-sumatera/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Sumatran elephant (*Elephas maximus sumatranus*) is a mammal in the family Elephantidae. Its global conservation status: Critically Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Elephas maximus sumatranus* |
| Indonesian name | Gajah Sumatera |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Elephantidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Forested landscapes in Sumatra |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | A variety of plants |
| Ecological role | Seed dispersal |
| Range | Sumatra, Indonesia |
| Global conservation status | Critically Endangered · [WWF — Sumatran elephant](https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/elephant/asian-elephant/sumatran-elephant/) |

## An Asian elephant of Sumatra

The Sumatran elephant is a subspecies of Asian elephant. Do not transfer African elephant size, behaviour, or distribution information directly into this profile. Even between Asian elephant populations, landscape conditions differ. The scientific name helps establish whether a report actually concerns the population you intend to understand.

## A forest shaped by elephant movement

Elephants eat many kinds of plants and can carry seeds elsewhere through movement and dung. This links elephant survival with forest regeneration. Their ecological role extends beyond the animal itself into relationships with plants and other wildlife sharing its habitat. Forest conservation therefore protects more than a single species.

## Social lives and space

Asian elephants have important social relationships, particularly among females and young. They need access to food, water, and routes between resources. These social and spatial needs explain why judging welfare only by food provision or visible body size gives an incomplete picture. The animal’s wider living conditions matter.

## Understanding conflict without blame

Farms, settlements, and elephant routes can overlap, with real losses for residents. WWF-Indonesia describes agroforestry in Peusangan as one part of coexistence work. A particular approach is not automatically suitable everywhere; responses need to be developed with communities, specialists, and local authorities for the landscape concerned.

## Threats and measuring progress

Habitat loss, fragmentation, poaching, and conflict place pressure on Sumatran elephants. Progress should be assessed through habitat conditions and the safety of people and animals, not only activity counts. Check survey dates and coverage before using an old population estimate as a description of conditions today.

## Supporting responsible conservation

Look for programmes explaining movement-route protection, monitoring, and community roles. When choosing an elephant experience, prioritise observation of natural behaviour and transparent welfare information. Do not approach a wild herd or try to drive it away yourself. Ask local operators how a visit supports the animals’ long-term needs.

## Common questions about the Sumatran elephant

### What is the scientific name of the Sumatran elephant?

The scientific name of the Sumatran elephant is *Elephas maximus sumatranus*, in the family Elephantidae. In Indonesian it is called Gajah Sumatera.

### Where can the Sumatran elephant be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Sumatran elephant in: Forested landscapes in Sumatra.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Sumatran elephant eat?

Diet of the Sumatran elephant: a variety of plants.

### What is the conservation status of the Sumatran elephant?

The global conservation status of the Sumatran elephant: Critically Endangered. In the IUCN system, this category means it is considered to face an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [WWF — Sumatran elephant](https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/elephant/asian-elephant/sumatran-elephant/).

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Sumatran elephant is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [WWF — Sumatran elephant](https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/elephant/asian-elephant/sumatran-elephant/)
2. [Smithsonian’s National Zoo — Asian elephant](https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/asian-elephant)
3. [WWF-Indonesia — Coexistence through agroforestry](https://wwf.id/id/blog/hidup-berdampingan-dengan-gajah-melalui-agroforestri)

## Further reading

[Elephant: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/elephant/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Sumatran tiger](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-tiger/)
- [Sumatran orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-orangutan/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)
- [Sumatran rhinoceros](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-rhino/)
- [Malayan tapir](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-tapir/)
- [Bornean elephant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-elephant/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Sumatran elephant. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-elephant/


---

# Javan rhinoceros

> A one-horned rhinoceros with a single surviving wild population in Ujung Kulon. Strong protection and careful habitat management underpin its future.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-rhino/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/badak-jawa/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Javan rhinoceros (*Rhinoceros sondaicus*) is a mammal in the family Rhinocerotidae. Its global conservation status: Critically Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Rhinoceros sondaicus* |
| Indonesian name | Badak Jawa |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Rhinocerotidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Ujung Kulon National Park, Banten |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Leaves, shoots, and forest vegetation |
| Wild range | One national park in Java |
| Horn | One; females may lack a prominent horn |
| Global conservation status | Critically Endangered · [International Rhino Foundation — Javan rhino](https://rhinos.org/about-rhinos/rhino-species/javan-rhino/) |

## Distinct from the Sumatran rhino

The Javan rhino is Rhinoceros sondaicus, distinct from the two-horned Sumatran rhino. Its folded skin resembles plates, and males have one small horn. Keeping the species separate matters because their habitats, conservation programmes, and population information cannot be used interchangeably.

## One location concentrates risk

The one surviving wild population lives in Ujung Kulon. A major disturbance in one area can therefore affect the entire species. Risks include poaching, natural disasters, and limited genetic diversity. Protected-area size alone is insufficient; habitat quality and effective protection also determine the population’s prospects.

## Food and habitat quality

Javan rhinos browse forest vegetation. Habitat management in Ujung Kulon has reduced dense Arenga palm growth to make space for food plants. This illustrates why a forest that looks lush does not necessarily provide suitable food. Vegetation management requires specialists and monitoring, not clearing by visitors.

## Why population figures need context

Javan rhino reports change as camera-trap information and investigations become available. International Rhino Foundation records poaching concerns in its current updates. Avoid repeating an old figure without its year, method, and revision context. This page deliberately avoids a population counter that would imply the number is known live each day.

## Protecting sensitive information

Scientific information can support conservation, but detailed locations of rare animals can also be misused. Share general learning resources rather than coordinates, recent movement routes, or camera locations. This guide omits precise sighting maps to avoid adding risk to an exceptionally restricted population.

## Support that can be examined

Look for programmes that explain support for area protection, monitoring, and habitat improvement, with activity reporting. Never buy horns or products claimed to come from rhinos. For suspected trade, use appropriate reporting routes without test purchases or a private investigation. No visitor sighting can substitute for consistent protection.

## Common questions about the Javan rhinoceros

### What is the scientific name of the Javan rhinoceros?

The scientific name of the Javan rhinoceros is *Rhinoceros sondaicus*, in the family Rhinocerotidae. In Indonesian it is called Badak Jawa.

### Where can the Javan rhinoceros be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Javan rhinoceros in: Ujung Kulon National Park, Banten.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Javan rhinoceros eat?

Diet of the Javan rhinoceros: leaves, shoots, and forest vegetation.

### What is the conservation status of the Javan rhinoceros?

The global conservation status of the Javan rhinoceros: Critically Endangered. In the IUCN system, this category means it is considered to face an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [International Rhino Foundation — Javan rhino](https://rhinos.org/about-rhinos/rhino-species/javan-rhino/).

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Javan rhinoceros is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [International Rhino Foundation — Javan rhino](https://rhinos.org/about-rhinos/rhino-species/javan-rhino/)
2. [International Rhino Foundation — Arenga palm and rhino habitat](https://rhinos.org/blog/how-arenga-palm-removal-is-saving-rhinos/)
3. [International Rhino Foundation — State of the Rhino 2024](https://rhinos.org/blog/the-2024-state-of-the-rhino-is-here/)

## Further reading

[Javan rhino: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/javan-rhino/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Reporting Suspected Wildlife Trafficking](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/report-wildlife-trade/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)
- [Sumatran rhinoceros](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-rhino/)
- [Javan hawk-eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-hawk-eagle/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Javan rhinoceros. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-rhino/


---

# Proboscis monkey

> A Borneo-endemic primate closely linked to river forests, mangroves, and swamps. The male’s large nose is only one of its distinctive adaptations.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/proboscis-monkey/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/bekantan/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Proboscis monkey (*Nasalis larvatus*) is a mammal in the family Cercopithecidae. Its global conservation status: Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Nasalis larvatus* |
| Indonesian name | Bekantan |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Cercopithecidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Kalimantan and other parts of Borneo |
| Linked habitats | [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/), [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Native range | Borneo |
| Diet | Leaves, selected fruits, and seeds |
| Ability | Climbing and swimming |
| Global conservation status | Endangered · [Mandai Wildlife Reserve — Proboscis monkey](https://www.mandai.com/en/singapore-zoo/animals-and-zones/proboscis-monkey.html) |

## A distinctive Bornean primate

Proboscis monkeys are native to Borneo, including Indonesian Kalimantan. Adult males have much larger noses than females. Consider body colour, proportions, and behaviour together when identifying wildlife; not every monkey seen in mangroves is a proboscis monkey. Use photographs taken at a respectful distance for learning.

## Forests beside water

Riverine forests, swamps, and mangroves provide feeding, movement, and resting places. These monkeys can swim, but that ability does not make tree loss unimportant. Riverbank protection needs to retain vegetation cover and connectivity rather than simply leaving a narrow line of trees beside the water.

## Specialised digestion

Proboscis monkeys eat leaves and selected fruits and seeds. Microorganisms in their digestive system help process plant material. These needs differ from the assumption that all monkeys can be offered human food. Avoid feeding wildlife during river trips; observation need not alter an animal’s natural food choices.

## Groups and resting places

Research describes groups often containing an adult male, females, and young, alongside other group structures. Sleeping trees near rivers are important in daily routines. Boats crowding beneath them can change the animals’ experience; leave space and limit disturbance. Visible groups should not be treated as a performance for visitors.

## Fragmentation is more than lost area

Studies of isolated populations show why connections between habitat patches matter. Findings from Sabah are not a count of Kalimantan monkeys, but help explain research questions relevant across Borneo. When reading a survey, distinguish its study area, habitat type, and uncertainty rather than extending the result to the whole island.

## River visits that support habitat

Choose operators who explain viewing distances, waste management, and benefits for nearby communities. Decline offers to touch or feed monkeys. Learn about mangroves and wetlands to understand their dependence on functioning landscapes; planting one tree does not immediately replace a lost forest or restore its connections.

## Common questions about the Proboscis monkey

### What is the scientific name of the Proboscis monkey?

The scientific name of the Proboscis monkey is *Nasalis larvatus*, in the family Cercopithecidae. In Indonesian it is called Bekantan.

### Where can the Proboscis monkey be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Proboscis monkey in: Kalimantan and other parts of Borneo.

Source-supported habitats: [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/), [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Proboscis monkey eat?

Diet of the Proboscis monkey: leaves, selected fruits, and seeds.

### What is the conservation status of the Proboscis monkey?

The global conservation status of the Proboscis monkey: Endangered. In the IUCN system, this category means it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [Mandai Wildlife Reserve — Proboscis monkey](https://www.mandai.com/en/singapore-zoo/animals-and-zones/proboscis-monkey.html).

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Proboscis monkey is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Mandai Wildlife Reserve — Proboscis monkey](https://www.mandai.com/en/singapore-zoo/animals-and-zones/proboscis-monkey.html)
2. [Wisconsin National Primate Research Center — Proboscis monkey](https://primate.wisc.edu/primate-info-net/pin-factsheets/pin-factsheet-proboscis-monkey/)
3. [Research — Isolated proboscis monkeys in Sulaman Lake Forest Reserve](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12017280/)

## Further reading

[Proboscis monkey: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/proboscis-monkey/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/)
- [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)
- [Mahakam Irrawaddy dolphin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mahakam-irrawaddy-dolphin/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Proboscis monkey. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/proboscis-monkey/


---

# Javan slow loris

> A nocturnal, tree-dwelling primate of Java threatened by wildlife trade. Understanding its behaviour helps turn curiosity into respectful observation.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-slow-loris/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/kukang-jawa/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Javan slow loris (*Nycticebus javanicus*) is a mammal in the family Lorisidae. Its global conservation status: Critically Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Nycticebus javanicus* |
| Indonesian name | Kukang Jawa |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Lorisidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Java, Indonesia |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Range | Java |
| Special feature | One of the venomous mammals |
| Global conservation status | Critically Endangered · [Little Fireface Project — Javan slow loris research](https://www.nocturama.org/en/welcome-little-fireface-project/) |

## A night life that needs space

Javan slow lorises are active at night and depend on trees within their living space. Large eyes and apparently calm movements can make people want to approach. That appearance does not establish that an animal welcomes handling or makes a suitable pet. Observation should adapt to its needs, not the reverse.

## A primate with venomous defence

Little Fireface Project describes an arm gland whose secretion mixes with saliva as part of the loris venom system. Do not handle a wild loris or attempt a relocation yourself. This explains the animal’s biology; it is not an invitation to test a bite or a guide to treating one.

## Connected trees matter

Research in Java examines how lorises live in landscapes also used by people. Canopy connections designed and monitored with communities can assist movement. This does not mean every farm replaces forest, or that putting up an unassessed rope is automatically a safe solution. Local context and monitoring are essential.

## The consequences of wildlife trade

International Animal Rescue documents traded lorises with teeth removed and other injuries. Such damage can compromise their chances of returning to the wild. Buying an animal to rescue it can maintain demand; seek reporting routes rather than a direct transaction with a seller. Rehabilitation requires specialist assessment.

## Watch online videos critically

A short video cannot show a loris’s history, condition, or available choices. Content presenting lorises as toys or accessories can normalise keeping wildlife. Before sharing, seek context from research or rehabilitation organisations and avoid promoting sellers or sensitive animal locations. Apparent stillness should not be read as consent.

## Support research and ethical viewing

Little Fireface Project combines long-term observations with community work. During night watching, follow guides who understand the animal, limit disturbance, and avoid contact. Support may involve education, habitat protection, or volunteering with clearly defined roles and supervision. A useful contribution does not need to involve handling wildlife.

## Common questions about the Javan slow loris

### What is the scientific name of the Javan slow loris?

The scientific name of the Javan slow loris is *Nycticebus javanicus*, in the family Lorisidae. In Indonesian it is called Kukang Jawa.

### Where can the Javan slow loris be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Javan slow loris in: Java, Indonesia.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What is the conservation status of the Javan slow loris?

The global conservation status of the Javan slow loris: Critically Endangered. In the IUCN system, this category means it is considered to face an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [Little Fireface Project — Javan slow loris research](https://www.nocturama.org/en/welcome-little-fireface-project/).

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Javan slow loris is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Little Fireface Project — Current research](https://www.nocturama.org/en/current-research/)
2. [Little Fireface Project — Welcome and current focus](https://www.nocturama.org/en/welcome-little-fireface-project/)
3. [Little Fireface Project — About the project](https://www.nocturama.org/en/about-little-fireface-project/)
4. [International Animal Rescue — Slow loris pet trade](https://www.internationalanimalrescue.org/truth-behind-slow-loris-pet-trade)

## Further reading

[Slow loris: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/slow-loris/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Reporting Suspected Wildlife Trafficking](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/report-wildlife-trade/)
- [Finding a Young Wild Animal](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/found-young-wild-animal/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)
- [Javan gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-gibbon/)
- [Javan hawk-eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-hawk-eagle/)
- [Sunda slow loris](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-slow-loris/)
- [Philippine slow loris](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/philippine-slow-loris/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Javan slow loris. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-slow-loris/


---

# Red bird-of-paradise

> A forest bird of Raja Ampat whose males carry red plumes and two long tail ribbons. Its striking displays connect birdwatching with forest conservation.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/red-bird-of-paradise/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/cenderawasih-merah/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Red bird-of-paradise (*Paradisaea rubra*) is a bird in the family Paradisaeidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Near Threatened.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Paradisaea rubra* |
| Indonesian name | Cenderawasih merah |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Paradisaeidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Raja Ampat islands, including Waigeo and Batanta |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Fruit and arthropods |
| Habitat | Lowland and hill forest |
| Range | Restricted to part of the Raja Ampat archipelago |
| IUCN status | Near Threatened · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2494858) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## Recognising males and females

Males have red display plumes, a greenish face, and a pair of long ribbon-like tail feathers. Females lack the same ornamental appearance. A photograph of a displaying male therefore does not represent every individual. Note shape, colour, behaviour, and general location when learning to recognise the bird.

## A restricted island range

Red birds-of-paradise have a restricted native range in Raja Ampat, including Waigeo and Batanta. They do not occur throughout Papua or Indonesia. Read habitat descriptions alongside distribution; a seemingly suitable forest on another island is not evidence that this species lives there.

## Displays are natural behaviour

Males display at shared locations called leks to attract females. Movement and ornamental feathers form part of reproductive behaviour. Visitors should watch from places indicated by guides; chasing a camera angle or asking for birds to be lured can change conditions at an important site.

## The forest behind the food

Fruit and arthropods are part of its diet. The rainforest guide places the bird within a wider network of plants and animals. A close-up photograph highlights plumage, but conservation requires attention to trees, feeding areas, and the continuity of the surrounding landscape as well.

## Observe with local knowledge

Plan visits with local guides who explain site rules and how the activity benefits communities. Remain quiet, stay on paths, and follow management restrictions. Useful observation notes distinguish what was actually seen from an inference, without requiring public disclosure of precise lek locations.

## Read sources and support forests

Cornell’s programme connects birds-of-paradise documentation with attention to Papuan forests. This guide follows an approach of learning about habitat rather than simply collecting species photographs. A current conservation category was not confirmed from a readable assessment during preparation, so it is not presented as a definitive badge.

## Common questions about the Red bird-of-paradise

### What is the scientific name of the Red bird-of-paradise?

The scientific name of the Red bird-of-paradise is *Paradisaea rubra*, in the family Paradisaeidae. In Indonesian it is called Cenderawasih merah.

### Where can the Red bird-of-paradise be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Red bird-of-paradise in: Raja Ampat islands, including Waigeo and Batanta.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Red bird-of-paradise eat?

Diet of the Red bird-of-paradise: fruit and arthropods.

### What is the conservation status of the Red bird-of-paradise?

On the IUCN Red List, the Red bird-of-paradise is listed as Near Threatened: it is close to qualifying, or likely to qualify, for a threatened category in the near future. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2494858), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Red bird-of-paradise is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Australian Museum — Red bird of paradise](https://australian.museum/about/history/exhibitions/birds-of-paradise/red-bird-of-paradise/)
2. [Cornell Lab eBird — Red bird-of-paradise identification](https://ebird.org/species/rbopar2)
3. [Cornell Lab — From birds to forests](https://www.birds.cornell.edu/conservation-media/from-birds-to-forests-a-decades-long-effort-to-protect-the-worlds-third-largest-rainforest-2/)

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Bali myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bali-myna/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)
- [Reporting Suspected Wildlife Trafficking](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/report-wildlife-trade/)
- [Southern cassowary](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/southern-cassowary/)
- [Greater bird-of-paradise](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/greater-bird-of-paradise/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Red bird-of-paradise. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/red-bird-of-paradise/


---

# Green turtle

> A marine reptile connecting seagrass meadows, coastal waters, and nesting beaches. Global recovery does not remove the threats turtles face at individual sites.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-turtle/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/penyu-hijau/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Green turtle (*Chelonia mydas*) is a marine animal in the family Cheloniidae. Its global conservation status: Least Concern globally — 2025 assessment.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Chelonia mydas* |
| Indonesian name | Penyu hijau |
| Group | Marine |
| Family | Cheloniidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Indonesian coastal waters and nesting beaches, and other tropical oceans |
| Linked habitats | [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/) |
| Breathing | Air through lungs |
| Adult diet | Mainly seagrasses and algae |
| Reproduction | Eggs laid on sandy beaches |
| Global conservation status | Least Concern globally — 2025 assessment · [IUCN-SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group — Red List assessments](https://www.iucn-mtsg.org/statuses) |

## Why is it called a green turtle?

The name refers to the colour of body fat, not a rule that every shell is green. This is a reptile that must surface to breathe. Identification should consider head and shell features together; underwater photographs alter colours through lighting and are not a sufficient basis on their own.

## One life cycle, several habitats

Green turtles use open ocean, coastal feeding areas, and nesting beaches during their life cycle. Adults eat mainly seagrasses and algae. Reefs are only one part of the associated seascape; protecting a beach without maintaining feeding waters and movement routes does not cover all their needs.

## The global status has changed

The Marine Turtle Specialist Group lists green turtles as globally Least Concern in its 2025 assessment. Some subpopulations have different categories. A global category is neither permission to take turtles or eggs nor a measure of success at every beach. Distinguish extinction-risk assessment, local trends, and applicable protection rules.

## Threats remain at sea and ashore

The IUCN specialist-group study highlights fisheries bycatch, coastal development, pollution, climate change, and direct take. Threats differ between regions. Conservation therefore needs to understand local problems and monitor outcomes rather than treating hatchling release as a single answer for the turtle’s whole life cycle.

## Quiet space on a nesting beach

Artificial lighting can affect nesting and hatchling orientation. At nesting beaches, follow management restrictions and avoid touching, pursuing, or obstructing turtles. Do not relocate eggs or hatchlings on your own initiative; handling requires appropriate authority and knowledge. A quieter visit leaves more choice to the animal.

## Choosing a useful contribution

Ask how a programme assesses beach conditions, reduces threats, and reports outcomes. Clean-ups should follow local guidance to avoid disturbing nests. If you find a stranded turtle, use the stranded-marine-animal guide and contact the appropriate responders; do not assume every animal on a beach should immediately be pushed into the sea.

## Common questions about the Green turtle

### What is the scientific name of the Green turtle?

The scientific name of the Green turtle is *Chelonia mydas*, in the family Cheloniidae. In Indonesian it is called Penyu hijau.

### Where can the Green turtle be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Green turtle in: Indonesian coastal waters and nesting beaches, and other tropical oceans.

Source-supported habitats: [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/).

### What does the Green turtle eat?

Diet of the Green turtle (adult diet): mainly seagrasses and algae.

### What is the conservation status of the Green turtle?

The global conservation status of the Green turtle: Least Concern globally — 2025 assessment. In the IUCN system, this category means it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN-SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group — Red List assessments](https://www.iucn-mtsg.org/statuses).

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Green turtle is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [WWF-Indonesia — Seagrass ecology](https://wwf.id/id/blog/saatnya-peduli-padang-lamun)
2. [NOAA Fisheries — Green turtle biology and threats](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/green-turtle)
3. [IUCN-SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group — Red List assessments](https://www.iucn-mtsg.org/statuses)
4. [IUCN — Global marine turtle assessment, 2025](https://iucn.org/news/202504/new-global-assessment-reveals-hope-marine-turtles-highlights-urgent-need-continued-1)

## Further reading

[Sea turtle: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/sea-turtle/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/)
- [Finding a Stranded Marine Animal](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/stranded-marine-animal/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)
- [Dugong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dugong/)
- [Hawksbill turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hawksbill-turtle/)
- [Olive ridley turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/olive-ridley-turtle/)
- [Humphead wrasse](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/humphead-wrasse/)
- [Giant clam](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/giant-clam/)
- [Spotted seahorse](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spotted-seahorse/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Green turtle. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-turtle/


---

# Bali myna

> A distinctive white bird of Bali with blue skin around the eyes. Its story connects the bird trade, habitat, conservation breeding, and community stewardship.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bali-myna/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/jalak-bali/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Bali myna (*Leucopsar rothschildi*) is a bird in the family Sturnidae. Its global conservation status: Critically Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Leucopsar rothschildi* |
| Indonesian name | Jalak Bali |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Sturnidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Bali; released populations must be distinguished from original range |
| Linked habitats | [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/) |
| Also called | Bali starling |
| Diet | Insects and fruit |
| Nest | Tree cavities or suitable nest boxes |
| Global conservation status | Critically Endangered · [Begawan — Bali Starling conservation programme](https://begawan.org/conservation/) |

## Recognisable features

Bali mynas are predominantly white, with black wing and tail tips and blue skin around the eyes. A crest is another conspicuous feature. Males and females look similar, so an ordinary photograph may not establish sex. Curik Bali and Bali starling are alternative names for the same species.

## Habitat and daily life

These birds forage for insects and fruit and use cavities for nesting. Open wooded areas and suitable trees need to provide both food and breeding places. Nest boxes can form part of a managed programme, but putting up a box without assessing the location is not a substitute for habitat protection.

## Why the bird trade matters

The Bali myna’s beauty and rarity have encouraged capture for the bird trade. Seeing a bird in a cage does not establish lawful origin or conservation benefit. When faced with breeding claims, look for verifiable documentation; do not assume every sale supports the wild population.

## Release is a process

Begawan describes habitat assessment before release and monitoring afterwards. The process involves the birds’ readiness and environmental conditions. The number released is not the number that survives or breeds. Good reporting distinguishes these stages and explains the role of communities around the release site.

## Trees, farms, and community support

Begawan reports education and community work as part of Bali myna conservation. This shows that protection does not stop at a breeding centre’s fence. When assessing a programme, consider who maintains habitat, how disturbance is prevented, and whether outcomes are explained openly rather than relying only on release photographs.

## Learn without disturbance

Watch from distances recommended by site managers and avoid approaching nests. Support observation or education that clearly explains welfare and conservation. Do not share precise nest locations. To learn more, connect this profile with habitat guidance and wildlife-trade reporting rather than treating a close encounter as the main objective.

## Common questions about the Bali myna

### What is the scientific name of the Bali myna?

The scientific name of the Bali myna is *Leucopsar rothschildi*, in the family Sturnidae. In Indonesian it is called Jalak Bali.

### Where can the Bali myna be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Bali myna in: Bali; released populations must be distinguished from original range.

Source-supported habitats: [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/).

### What does the Bali myna eat?

Diet of the Bali myna: insects and fruit.

### What is the conservation status of the Bali myna?

The global conservation status of the Bali myna: Critically Endangered. In the IUCN system, this category means it is considered to face an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [Begawan — Bali Starling conservation programme](https://begawan.org/conservation/).

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Bali myna is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [BCA Zoo — Bali starling habitat](https://zoo.bca.ac.uk/bali-starling-4/)
2. [San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance — Bali myna](https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/bali-myna)
3. [Begawan — Nature conservation and release monitoring](https://begawan.org/conservation/)
4. [Begawan — Restoring biodiversity on the farm](https://begawan.org/conservation/restoring-biodiversity-on-the-begawan-giri-farm/)

## Keep exploring

- [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/)
- [Red bird-of-paradise](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/red-bird-of-paradise/)
- [Reporting Suspected Wildlife Trafficking](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/report-wildlife-trade/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)
- [Yellow-crested cockatoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/yellow-crested-cockatoo/)
- [Black-winged myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-winged-myna/)
- [Palm cockatoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/palm-cockatoo/)
- [Crested serpent eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-serpent-eagle/)
- [Javan pied starling](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-pied-starling/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Bali myna. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bali-myna/


---

# Bornean orangutan

> A great ape of Borneo’s forests, including Kalimantan’s peat swamps. Population diversity and connections between habitats are central to its conservation.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-orangutan/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/orangutan-kalimantan/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Bornean orangutan (*Pongo pygmaeus*) is a mammal in the family Hominidae. Its global conservation status: Critically Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Pongo pygmaeus* |
| Indonesian name | Orangutan Kalimantan |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Hominidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Borneo, including Kalimantan |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/) |
| Range | Endemic to Borneo |
| Diet | Mainly fruit and plant material |
| Rest | Nests in trees |
| Global conservation status | Critically Endangered · [WWF — Bornean orangutan](https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/orangutan/bornean-orangutan/) |

## Kalimantan within Borneo

Pongo pygmaeus lives on Borneo, an island extending beyond Indonesian Kalimantan. BOS Foundation describes three subspecies with different distributions. Orangutan maps should distinguish biological and geographical boundaries; a place name or resemblance in a photograph alone cannot reliably establish a subspecies.

## Peat swamps are important forests

Peat-swamp forests provide important Bornean orangutan habitat alongside other lowland forests. Drainage and fire can change those conditions. Protecting trees and maintaining the water system are connected tasks; replanting alone does not establish that a swamp’s ecological functions have recovered.

## Learning to read behaviour

Orangutans make resting nests and communicate through varied sounds and movements. BOS explains that some calls can indicate discomfort. People should not interpret proximity or apparently calm movement as an invitation to interact. Good observation leaves the animal the choice to move away.

## Rehabilitation and habitat protection

Caring for rescued orangutans and protecting wild orangutans address different needs. Rehabilitation does not make every individual suitable for release. Distinguish animals in care, animals released, and monitored wild populations in reports; these figures cannot simply be added together without context.

## Helping through everyday choices

Support work explaining forest protection and trade prevention through verifiable outcomes. Avoid paid photographs involving contact with orangutans. Continue to the Sumatran and Tapanuli profiles to understand species differences; all need attention without combining their distribution or population data.

## Common questions about the Bornean orangutan

### What is the scientific name of the Bornean orangutan?

The scientific name of the Bornean orangutan is *Pongo pygmaeus*, in the family Hominidae. In Indonesian it is called Orangutan Kalimantan.

### Where can the Bornean orangutan be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Bornean orangutan in: Borneo, including Kalimantan.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/).

### What does the Bornean orangutan eat?

Diet of the Bornean orangutan: mainly fruit and plant material.

### What is the conservation status of the Bornean orangutan?

The global conservation status of the Bornean orangutan: Critically Endangered. In the IUCN system, this category means it is considered to face an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [WWF — Bornean orangutan](https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/orangutan/bornean-orangutan/).

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Bornean orangutan is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [WWF — Bornean orangutan](https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/orangutan/bornean-orangutan/)
2. [BOS Foundation — Orangutan habitat](https://www.orangutan.or.id/about-orangutan-habitat)
3. [BOS Foundation — Orangutan FAQs](https://www.orangutan.or.id/orangutan-faqs)

## Further reading

[Orangutan: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/orangutan/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/)
- [Sumatran orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-orangutan/)
- [Tapanuli orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tapanuli-orangutan/)
- [Reporting Suspected Wildlife Trafficking](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/report-wildlife-trade/)
- [Sunda clouded leopard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-clouded-leopard/)
- [Sun bear](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sun-bear/)
- [Bornean elephant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-elephant/)
- [Asian small-clawed otter](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-small-clawed-otter/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Bornean orangutan. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-orangutan/


---

# Tapanuli orangutan

> An orangutan species described in 2017 from Batang Toru. Its exceptionally restricted range makes protection of remaining forest especially important.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tapanuli-orangutan/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/orangutan-tapanuli/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Tapanuli orangutan (*Pongo tapanuliensis*) is a mammal in the family Hominidae. Its global conservation status: Critically Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Pongo tapanuliensis* |
| Indonesian name | Orangutan Tapanuli |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Hominidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Batang Toru landscape, North Sumatra |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Species described | 2017 |
| Range | Batang Toru |
| Habitat | North Sumatran forest |
| Global conservation status | Critically Endangered · [SOCP — Who we are](https://sumatranorangutan.org/who-we-are/) |

## New to science, not a newly arrived animal

International research announced by the University of Zurich in 2017 recognised the Tapanuli orangutan as a distinct species. The conclusion combined physical, behavioural, and genetic evidence. The description date marks scientific recognition, not the animal’s arrival in the forest or its first recognition by local communities.

## Keep it separate from Pongo abelii

Two orangutan species live in Sumatra: Pongo abelii and Pongo tapanuliensis. The word Sumatra in a headline does not establish which is discussed. Check scientific name and location when using conservation data; extending one species’ figures to the entire island can obscure very different circumstances.

## Why connections between forests matter

A population with a narrow range has fewer options when habitat becomes separated. SOS places forest connectivity and resilience within its orangutan conservation approach. For Tapanuli orangutans, evaluating change requires the wider Batang Toru landscape, including how routes and infrastructure affect links between habitat areas.

## Research with clear limits

SOCP includes research and habitat monitoring in its Sumatran orangutan programmes. Data from one station are not a picture of every condition across a species’ range. Useful reporting identifies general area, study period, and research question while protecting information that could increase disturbance to animals.

## Match support to the need

Prioritise learning and programmes explaining habitat protection and community work. The story of a species discovery should lead to understanding its living space, not a pursuit of close encounters. Avoid publishing coordinates or asking guides to lure animals out for photographs.

## Common questions about the Tapanuli orangutan

### What is the scientific name of the Tapanuli orangutan?

The scientific name of the Tapanuli orangutan is *Pongo tapanuliensis*, in the family Hominidae. In Indonesian it is called Orangutan Tapanuli.

### Where can the Tapanuli orangutan be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Tapanuli orangutan in: Batang Toru landscape, North Sumatra.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What is the conservation status of the Tapanuli orangutan?

The global conservation status of the Tapanuli orangutan: Critically Endangered. In the IUCN system, this category means it is considered to face an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [SOCP — Who we are](https://sumatranorangutan.org/who-we-are/).

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Tapanuli orangutan is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [University of Zurich — Third orangutan species, 2017](https://news.uzh.ch/en/articles/2017/Third-Orangutan-Species.html)
2. [SOCP — Who we are](https://sumatranorangutan.org/who-we-are/)
3. [SOCP — What we do](https://sumatranorangutan.org/what-we-do/)
4. [SOS — Conservation challenges](https://www.orangutans-sos.org/learn/conservation-challenges/)

## Further reading

[Orangutan: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/orangutan/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Sumatran orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-orangutan/)
- [Bornean orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-orangutan/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Tapanuli orangutan. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tapanuli-orangutan/


---

# Sumatran rhinoceros

> The smallest living rhino and the only two-horned Asian rhino. Isolated populations make finding mates and protecting habitat particular challenges.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-rhino/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/badak-sumatera/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Sumatran rhinoceros (*Dicerorhinus sumatrensis*) is a mammal in the family Rhinocerotidae. Its global conservation status: Critically Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Dicerorhinus sumatrensis* |
| Indonesian name | Badak Sumatera |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Rhinocerotidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Remaining Indonesian habitat pockets in Sumatra and Kalimantan |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Horns | Two |
| Diet | Forest vegetation |
| Feature | More conspicuous hair than other rhinos |
| Global conservation status | Critically Endangered · [International Rhino Foundation — Sumatran rhino](https://rhinos.org/about-rhinos/rhino-species/sumatran-rhino/) |

## A small rhino with two horns

Dicerorhinus sumatrensis differs from the Javan rhino in body form, hair, and number of horns. Calves have a thicker covering that changes with age. Both Indonesian rhinos need conservation, but their management needs and population circumstances should be understood separately.

## The name does not define the whole range

The Sumatran rhino’s historical range extended far beyond the island in its name. Conservation sources place the remaining groups in Sumatra and Kalimantan. A photograph or report from Kalimantan therefore does not automatically concern a different rhino species; check scientific name and source context.

## When individuals are too far apart

Fragmentation can separate rhinos so opportunities to find a mate become limited. Forest presence does not by itself mean a population can reproduce. This explains why conservation combines habitat protection with specialist reproductive management, rather than simply increasing the area marked as protected on a map.

## The role of sanctuaries and research

International Rhino Foundation describes work at the Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary and reproductive research. Such facilities have a specific conservation purpose; births need to be followed by long-term care and population planning. The number of animals in managed care is not a substitute for wild-population health.

## Protect the future without exposing locations

Support habitat protection and programmes that explain methods and outcomes. Do not share coordinates, recent movement routes, or camera locations. Comparing Javan and Sumatran rhino profiles helps show why conservation strategies cannot simply be copied from one species to another.

## Common questions about the Sumatran rhinoceros

### What is the scientific name of the Sumatran rhinoceros?

The scientific name of the Sumatran rhinoceros is *Dicerorhinus sumatrensis*, in the family Rhinocerotidae. In Indonesian it is called Badak Sumatera.

### Where can the Sumatran rhinoceros be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Sumatran rhinoceros in: Remaining Indonesian habitat pockets in Sumatra and Kalimantan.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Sumatran rhinoceros eat?

Diet of the Sumatran rhinoceros: forest vegetation.

### What is the conservation status of the Sumatran rhinoceros?

The global conservation status of the Sumatran rhinoceros: Critically Endangered. In the IUCN system, this category means it is considered to face an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [International Rhino Foundation — Sumatran rhino](https://rhinos.org/about-rhinos/rhino-species/sumatran-rhino/).

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Sumatran rhinoceros is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [International Rhino Foundation — Sumatran rhino](https://rhinos.org/about-rhinos/rhino-species/sumatran-rhino/)
2. [WWF — Sumatran rhino](https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/sumatran-rhino)
3. [International Rhino Foundation — Rhino science](https://rhinos.org/our-work/rhino-science/)

## Further reading

[Sumatran rhino: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/sumatran-rhino/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Javan rhinoceros](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-rhino/)
- [Sumatran elephant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-elephant/)
- [Reporting Suspected Wildlife Trafficking](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/report-wildlife-trade/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Sumatran rhinoceros. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-rhino/


---

# Lowland anoa

> A small buffalo relative from Sulawesi and Buton. Forest life, water sources, and hunting pressures are central to the anoa’s conservation story.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lowland-anoa/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/anoa-dataran-rendah/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Lowland anoa (*Bubalus depressicornis*) is a mammal in the family Bovidae. Its global conservation status: Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Bubalus depressicornis* |
| Indonesian name | Anoa dataran rendah |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Bovidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sulawesi and Buton |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/) |
| Diet | Varied plant material |
| Range | Endemic to Indonesia |
| Relative | Mountain anoa |
| Global conservation status | Endangered · [IUCN SSC Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group — Anoa](https://www.asianwildcattle.org/anoa.html) |

## Distinguishing two anoa names

This profile uses Bubalus depressicornis for lowland anoa, distinct from Bubalus quarlesi. The specialist group notes continuing debate over anoa taxonomy. Do not assign species from elevation or a single photograph alone; the names lowland and mountain are not a complete identification key.

## Forest with access to water

ESABII places lowland anoa in primary, secondary, and wet forest habitats. The research it summarises identifies the importance of water and food plants. Habitat protection should consider those resources rather than simply whether trees remain inside a mapped patch.

## Wild cattle with a different social pattern

Adult anoa often live alone, while calves stay with their mothers. This differs from the familiar picture of domestic cattle herds. Wallows and mineral sources can concentrate activity, so several animals at one site do not necessarily form a permanent herd.

## Hunting and habitat are connected

The specialist group identifies hunting and habitat loss as principal threats. New access can change pressure on a forest even while some vegetation appears intact. Conservation support should include field protection and community work alongside research on anoa numbers and distribution.

## Learn through conservation networks

Action Indonesia links expertise for anoa, banteng, and babirusa. They share some conservation needs but have different biology. Use the related profiles to compare herbivores and omnivores without assuming every hoofed mammal follows the same way of life.

## Common questions about the Lowland anoa

### What is the scientific name of the Lowland anoa?

The scientific name of the Lowland anoa is *Bubalus depressicornis*, in the family Bovidae. In Indonesian it is called Anoa dataran rendah.

### Where can the Lowland anoa be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Lowland anoa in: Sulawesi and Buton.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/).

### What does the Lowland anoa eat?

Diet of the Lowland anoa: varied plant material.

### What is the conservation status of the Lowland anoa?

The global conservation status of the Lowland anoa: Endangered. In the IUCN system, this category means it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN SSC Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group — Anoa](https://www.asianwildcattle.org/anoa.html).

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Lowland anoa is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [IUCN SSC Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group — Anoa](https://www.asianwildcattle.org/anoa.html)
2. [Japan Ministry of the Environment ESABII — Lowland anoa](https://www.esabii.biodic.go.jp/database/mammal/cetartiodactyla/bubalus_depressicornis.html)
3. [Action Indonesia — Species management programmes](https://www.asianwildcattle.org/action-indonesia-gsmps.html)

## Further reading

[Anoa: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/anoa/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/)
- [Sulawesi babirusa](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sulawesi-babirusa/)
- [Banteng](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banteng/)
- [Mountain anoa](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mountain-anoa/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Lowland anoa. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lowland-anoa/


---

# Sulawesi babirusa

> A Sulawesi wild pig whose males have upper tusks curving through the snout’s skin. This profile distinguishes it from babirusas on other islands.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sulawesi-babirusa/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/babirusa-sulawesi/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Sulawesi babirusa (*Babyrousa celebensis*) is a mammal in the family Suidae. Its global conservation status: Vulnerable.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Babyrousa celebensis* |
| Indonesian name | Babirusa Sulawesi |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Suidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sulawesi; taxonomic scope follows the specialist group |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Omnivore |
| Male feature | Curving upper tusks |
| Global conservation status | Vulnerable · [IUCN SSC Wild Pig Specialist Group — Sulawesi babirusa](https://www.iucn-wpsg.org/sulawesi-babirusa-detailed) |

## Babirusa is not one profile for every island

Older literature widely used Babyrousa babyrussa, but that name now refers to the Moluccan babirusa. This Sulawesi profile uses Babyrousa celebensis following the specialist group. Some populations still need taxonomic study, so island, scientific name, and source year should be read together.

## Tusks are teeth, not horns

The male’s distinctive tusks are curved canine teeth, with the upper pair emerging through the snout’s skin. They are different structures from anoa horns or deer antlers. This comparison illustrates how superficially similar features can arise from very different parts of the body.

## Foraging on the forest floor

Babirusas eat a variety of plant and animal material. They move about to forage and use wallows. Forests provide more than visible fruit: ground conditions, shelter, and varied food sources shape daily life. A zoo menu should not be mistaken for a complete account of wild feeding.

## Hunting in a changing landscape

The specialist group records range reduction through hunting and uncertainty about persistence on some islands. A historical distribution list is therefore not a guarantee that animals remain everywhere listed. Recent reports with clear survey methods are more useful than an undated map.

## Conservation that respects differences

Joint programmes can bring anoa and babirusa expertise together without treating their needs as identical. Compare food, body structure, and forest use to learn more. When observing wildlife, do not use food to lure it out; choose experiences respecting site boundaries and management instructions.

## Common questions about the Sulawesi babirusa

### What is the scientific name of the Sulawesi babirusa?

The scientific name of the Sulawesi babirusa is *Babyrousa celebensis*, in the family Suidae. In Indonesian it is called Babirusa Sulawesi.

### Where can the Sulawesi babirusa be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Sulawesi babirusa in: Sulawesi; taxonomic scope follows the specialist group.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Sulawesi babirusa eat?

Diet of the Sulawesi babirusa: omnivore.

### What is the conservation status of the Sulawesi babirusa?

The global conservation status of the Sulawesi babirusa: Vulnerable. In the IUCN system, this category means it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN SSC Wild Pig Specialist Group — Sulawesi babirusa](https://www.iucn-wpsg.org/sulawesi-babirusa-detailed).

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Sulawesi babirusa is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [IUCN SSC Wild Pig Specialist Group — Sulawesi babirusa](https://www.iucn-wpsg.org/sulawesi-babirusa-detailed)
2. [San Diego Zoo — Babirusa biology](https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/babirusa)
3. [Action Indonesia — Species management programmes](https://www.asianwildcattle.org/action-indonesia-gsmps.html)

## Further reading

[Babirusa: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/babirusa/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Lowland anoa](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lowland-anoa/)
- [Timor deer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/timor-deer/)
- [Reporting Suspected Wildlife Trafficking](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/report-wildlife-trade/)
- [Crested black macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-black-macaque/)
- [Pygmy tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pygmy-tarsier/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Sulawesi babirusa. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sulawesi-babirusa/


---

# Javan gibbon

> A silvery small ape dependent on Java’s forest canopy. Calls, family relationships, and routes through the trees shape its life.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-gibbon/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/owa-jawa/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Javan gibbon (*Hylobates moloch*) is a mammal in the family Hylobatidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Hylobates moloch* |
| Indonesian name | Owa Jawa |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Hylobatidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Forests on Java |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Range | Endemic to Java |
| Characteristic movement | Arm-swinging |
| Diet | Fruit, leaves, and flowers |
| IUCN status | Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219552) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## A small ape of Java

The Javan or silvery gibbon belongs to Hylobatidae. It is an ape, distinct from monkeys, and has no tail. Hylobates moloch helps distinguish it from other gibbons in educational material that uses the word gibbon without specifying a species or location.

## The canopy as a travel route

Long arms help gibbons swing between branches, a movement called brachiation. Forest supplies the three-dimensional structure for this travel. A canopy gap is more than distance on a map: broken tree connections can alter access to food and group space, making connectivity part of habitat quality.

## Food and family space

Fruit, leaves, and flowers are part of a Javan gibbon’s diet. Family groups use forest space whose resources change with the seasons. Protecting one currently productive fruit tree cannot secure year-round needs; diverse vegetation offers alternatives when a particular resource is unavailable.

## Calls are not an invitation to approach

Calls are part of gibbon social life and territory use. Not all gibbon species have the same duet pattern; Javan gibbons are an important example. Listen from suitable viewing places without playback to draw animals in. Hearing wildlife does not need to become a pursuit.

## From rescue towards wild life

The Aspinall Foundation reports rehabilitation and release of Javan primates affected by trade. This requires assessment of animal and habitat, not simply opening a cage. Conservation must also reduce new removals from the wild; reject keeping infant gibbons and use reporting routes for suspected trade.

## Common questions about the Javan gibbon

### What is the scientific name of the Javan gibbon?

The scientific name of the Javan gibbon is *Hylobates moloch*, in the family Hylobatidae. In Indonesian it is called Owa Jawa.

### Where can the Javan gibbon be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Javan gibbon in: Forests on Java.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Javan gibbon eat?

Diet of the Javan gibbon: fruit, leaves, and flowers.

### What is the conservation status of the Javan gibbon?

On the IUCN Red List, the Javan gibbon is listed as Endangered: it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219552), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Javan gibbon is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [University of Michigan Animal Diversity Web — Hylobates moloch](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hylobates_moloch/)
2. [The Aspinall Foundation — Javan gibbon](https://www.aspinallfoundation.org/port-lympne/wildlife-park/animals/javan-gibbon/)
3. [The Aspinall Foundation — Working to save Javan gibbons](https://blog.aspinallfoundation.org/working-to-save-javan-gibbons?hs_amp=true)

## Further reading

[Gibbon: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/gibbon/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Siamang](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/siamang/)
- [Javan slow loris](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-slow-loris/)
- [Reporting Suspected Wildlife Trafficking](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/report-wildlife-trade/)
- [Javan leopard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-leopard/)
- [Agile gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/agile-gibbon/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Javan gibbon. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-gibbon/


---

# Siamang

> The largest gibbon, with a throat sac that amplifies its calls. Group life connects communication, infant care, and connected forest.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/siamang/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/siamang/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Siamang (*Symphalangus syndactylus*) is a mammal in the family Hylobatidae. Its global conservation status: Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Symphalangus syndactylus* |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Hylobatidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Feature | Inflatable throat sac |
| Activity | Primarily daytime |
| Diet | Fruit and young leaves |
| Global conservation status | Endangered · [Smithsonian’s National Zoo — Siamang](https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/siamang) |

## A powerful voice in the canopy

A siamang’s throat sac inflates during calling and helps produce characteristic sounds. Pair and group calls relate to social relationships and territory. Hearing a loud call does not mean the animal is asking for help; context, timing, and behavioural pattern matter.

## A family with shared care

Siamang groups often include an adult pair and young. Males can play an important role in carrying and caring for offspring after early dependence on the mother. This illustrates that primate social structures are not uniform, even among close relatives within the gibbon family.

## Feeding while moving through trees

Siamangs eat fruit and young leaves, with leaves particularly important compared with many other gibbons. Their arms support travel and feeding positions. Food sources and canopy structure must be available together; a collection of trees without food diversity may not provide suitable habitat.

## Distinguishing range from research findings

Siamangs live in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. A study at one location can explain particular patterns, but home-range size and food composition may differ. Averages from a zoo or a single group should not automatically be applied to every wild siamang.

## Protecting life above ground

Forest loss and trade in infants threaten siamangs. Support work explaining prevention of wildlife removal and restoration of habitat connections. Avoid handling or feeding during visits; the fact that a person can hold an animal does not show that its social and living needs are met.

## Common questions about the Siamang

### What is the scientific name of the Siamang?

The scientific name of the Siamang is *Symphalangus syndactylus*, in the family Hylobatidae.

### Where can the Siamang be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Siamang in: Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Siamang eat?

Diet of the Siamang: fruit and young leaves.

### What is the conservation status of the Siamang?

The global conservation status of the Siamang: Endangered. In the IUCN system, this category means it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [Smithsonian’s National Zoo — Siamang](https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/siamang).

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Siamang is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Smithsonian’s National Zoo — Siamang](https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/siamang)
2. [Wisconsin National Primate Research Center — Siamang](https://primate.wisc.edu/primate-info-net/pin-factsheets/pin-factsheet-siamang/)
3. [Smithsonian — A day in the life of siamangs](https://www.nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/news/day-life-siamangs-adi-and-guntur)

## Further reading

[Siamang: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/siamang/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Javan gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-gibbon/)
- [Sumatran orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-orangutan/)
- [Reporting Suspected Wildlife Trafficking](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/report-wildlife-trade/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Siamang. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/siamang/


---

# Malayan tapir

> The black-and-white tapir is Asia’s only tapir. Forest, water, and safe movement space support its life in Sumatra.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-tapir/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/tapir-asia/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Malayan tapir (*Tapirus indicus*) is a mammal in the family Tapiridae. Its global conservation status: Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Tapirus indicus* |
| Indonesian name | Tapir Asia |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Tapiridae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra and parts of mainland Southeast Asia |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Herbivore |
| Feature | Short, flexible snout |
| Indonesian range | Sumatra |
| Global conservation status | Endangered · [Mandai — Malayan tapir](https://www.mandai.com/en/discover-mandai/events/stars-of-mandai/bayu.html) |

## An Asian tapir, not a pig

A flexible snout helps a tapir grasp vegetation. Although its body may remind people of a pig, it belongs to Tapiridae. Tapirus indicus is distinct from American tapirs; distribution and conservation information about those species should not be transferred to this Sumatran animal.

## Colour that breaks up the outline

Adults have a distinctive black-and-white pattern. The Tapir Specialist Group explains how this contrast can break up the body’s outline in forest light. A feature conspicuous in the open can work differently among shadows and vegetation; a studio-like photograph is not the experience of seeing wildlife in habitat.

## Forest and water

Tapirs eat vegetation and use forest with access to water. In Indonesia, this species occurs in Sumatra. Habitat planning needs food, shelter, and routes between them rather than isolated sighting points. A route that appears empty to people may still be part of an animal’s movement space.

## Roads and snares

Conservation sources identify vehicle collisions, snares, and fragmentation as tapir concerns. Threats can interact when roads divide habitat and increase human access. Responses need site evidence and management cooperation; signage alone is not proof that an animal has a safe crossing route.

## Observe without blocking

If you see a tapir, leave room for movement and do not pursue a closer photograph. Notes on time, general location, and encounter conditions can be more useful than sensational posts. For road injuries, use the dedicated guide; do not attempt to lift or move a tapir yourself.

## Common questions about the Malayan tapir

### What is the scientific name of the Malayan tapir?

The scientific name of the Malayan tapir is *Tapirus indicus*, in the family Tapiridae. In Indonesian it is called Tapir Asia.

### Where can the Malayan tapir be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Malayan tapir in: Sumatra and parts of mainland Southeast Asia.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Malayan tapir eat?

Diet of the Malayan tapir: herbivore.

### What is the conservation status of the Malayan tapir?

The global conservation status of the Malayan tapir: Endangered. In the IUCN system, this category means it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [Mandai — Malayan tapir](https://www.mandai.com/en/discover-mandai/events/stars-of-mandai/bayu.html).

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Malayan tapir is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [IUCN SSC Tapir Specialist Group — Tapir species](https://tapirs.org/tapirs/)
2. [San Diego Zoo — Tapir biology](https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/tapir)
3. [Mandai — Malayan tapir conservation](https://www.mandai.com/en/discover-mandai/events/stars-of-mandai/bayu.html)

## Further reading

[Malayan tapir: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/malayan-tapir/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Sumatran tiger](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-tiger/)
- [Sumatran elephant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-elephant/)
- [Finding an Animal Injured on the Road](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/animal-road-injury/)
- [Sunda clouded leopard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-clouded-leopard/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Malayan tapir. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-tapir/


---

# Banteng

> An Asian wild cattle species related to Bali cattle. Its global status changed to Critically Endangered in 2024, underlining the need to protect wild populations.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banteng/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/banteng/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Banteng (*Bos javanicus*) is a mammal in the family Bovidae. Its global conservation status: Critically Endangered — 2024 update.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Bos javanicus* |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Bovidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Java, Borneo, and parts of mainland Southeast Asia |
| Linked habitats | [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/), [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Herbivore |
| Domestic relative | Bali cattle |
| Feature | Males generally larger and darker |
| Global conservation status | Critically Endangered — 2024 update · [IUCN SSC Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group — Banteng uplisting](https://www.asianwildcattle.org/news.html) |

## Wild cattle and their domestic relatives

Banteng are the wild ancestors of Bali cattle. Large domestic-cattle numbers do not mean wild banteng populations are secure. Conservation needs to retain wild populations and diversity, distinguishing that work from livestock husbandry and crossbreeding issues around habitat.

## Forest and open feeding areas

Banteng use landscapes that can include forest and open areas for plant feeding. Habitat varies geographically. Javan populations do not necessarily use their surroundings in the same way as Bornean populations, so the savanna guide represents one habitat context rather than the entire species’ requirements.

## Herds and differences between sexes

Females often form groups with young, while males may be solitary or in male groups. Size and colour generally differ between sexes. When observing a herd, do not treat the largest animal as the only clue to social structure; repeated observations offer a better understanding.

## A status update that matters

The specialist group announced a change to Critically Endangered in October 2024, although its older profile still says Endangered. Drivers include hunting and habitat loss. This demonstrates why update dates matter; this guide follows the verified newer announcement rather than the old badge.

## Protecting herbivores supports ecosystems

Banteng are part of food webs and vegetation processes. Global conditions do not erase differences between sites; specialist reporting also discusses protection outcomes in individual areas. Support sustained monitoring and habitat protection, and respect distance when observing banteng in national parks.

## Common questions about the Banteng

### What is the scientific name of the Banteng?

The scientific name of the Banteng is *Bos javanicus*, in the family Bovidae.

### Where can the Banteng be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Banteng in: Java, Borneo, and parts of mainland Southeast Asia.

Source-supported habitats: [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/), [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Banteng eat?

Diet of the Banteng: herbivore.

### What is the conservation status of the Banteng?

The global conservation status of the Banteng: Critically Endangered — 2024 update. In the IUCN system, this category means it is considered to face an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN SSC Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group — Banteng uplisting](https://www.asianwildcattle.org/news.html).

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Banteng is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [IUCN SSC Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group — Banteng biology](https://www.asianwildcattle.org/banteng.html)
2. [IUCN SSC Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group — October 2024 status update](https://www.asianwildcattle.org/news.html)
3. [San Diego Zoo — Wild cattle](https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/wild-cattle)

## Further reading

[Banteng: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/banteng/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Lowland anoa](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lowland-anoa/)
- [Timor deer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/timor-deer/)
- [Javan leopard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-leopard/)
- [Javan mouse-deer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-mouse-deer/)
- [Southern red muntjac](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/southern-red-muntjac/)
- [Sambar deer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sambar-deer/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Banteng. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banteng/


---

# Timor deer

> A plant-eating deer using grasslands and wooded areas. Population origins matter because people have introduced this species to many locations.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/timor-deer/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/rusa-timor/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Timor deer (*Rusa timorensis*) is a mammal in the family Cervidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Vulnerable.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Rusa timorensis* |
| Indonesian name | Rusa Timor |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Cervidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Indonesia; wider distribution shaped by human introductions |
| Linked habitats | [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/) |
| Diet | Grasses and other plants |
| Antlers | Present in males |
| Other name | Javan rusa |
| IUCN status | Vulnerable · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/4262397) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## Common names and distribution history

Rusa timorensis is also called Javan rusa. The name Timor does not automatically explain the origin of every population seen today. Human introductions have shaped its distribution across islands and countries; distinguish native animals, introduced populations, and animals in care when reading maps.

## A flexible plant eater

These deer eat grasses and other vegetation and can use varied environments. Grasslands supply food, while wooded areas provide a different part of the living landscape. Adaptability does not mean every site is suitable or that adding deer always benefits an ecosystem.

## Antlers and observing behaviour

Male antlers differ from the permanent horns of banteng or anoa. Body form and behaviour can vary with development and breeding season. Do not touch, hand-feed, or approach for an antler photograph; leave space for natural movement even when an animal appears accustomed to visitors.

## Native roles and introduction impacts

A herbivore can be an important part of its native ecosystem while causing problems where introduced. Queensland, for example, manages rusa as introduced wildlife. That policy is not Indonesian law; it illustrates why release decisions cannot be based simply on wanting more animals in nature.

## Do not move deer independently

Moving deer requires assessment of origin, health, habitat, and appropriate authority. During visits, follow park rules and avoid feeding that alters behaviour. Compare the Komodo dragon and savanna profiles to understand how herbivores connect with landscapes and predators in particular regions.

## Common questions about the Timor deer

### What is the scientific name of the Timor deer?

The scientific name of the Timor deer is *Rusa timorensis*, in the family Cervidae. In Indonesian it is called Rusa Timor.

### Where can the Timor deer be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Timor deer in: Indonesia; wider distribution shaped by human introductions.

Source-supported habitats: [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/).

### What does the Timor deer eat?

Diet of the Timor deer: grasses and other plants.

### What is the conservation status of the Timor deer?

On the IUCN Red List, the Timor deer is listed as Vulnerable: it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/4262397), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Timor deer is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [University of Michigan Animal Diversity Web — Rusa timorensis](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rusa_timorensis/)
2. [Zoological Park Organization of Thailand — Rusa deer](https://www.zoothailand.org/en/animal_view.php?c_id=&detail_id=326)
3. [Queensland Government — Introduced rusa deer context](https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industries/farms-fishing-forestry/agriculture/biosecurity/animals/invasive/restricted/rusa-deer)

## Keep exploring

- [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/)
- [Banteng](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banteng/)
- [Komodo dragon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/komodo-dragon/)
- [Sulawesi babirusa](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sulawesi-babirusa/)
- [Sambar deer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sambar-deer/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Timor deer. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/timor-deer/


---

# Javan leopard

> A big cat endemic to Java with spotted and black forms. Connected forests and careful management of human encounters matter for its survival.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-leopard/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/macan-tutul-jawa/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Javan leopard (*Panthera pardus melas*) is a mammal in the family Felidae. Its global conservation status: Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Panthera pardus melas* |
| Indonesian name | Macan tutul Jawa |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Felidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Java |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Carnivore |
| Range | Java |
| Colour forms | Spotted and melanistic |
| Global conservation status | Endangered · [IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group — Javan leopard](https://www.catsg.org/javanleopard) |

## Black panthers and spotted leopards

The Javan leopard is a subspecies of Panthera pardus. Its black form, often called a black panther, results from melanism and is not another species. It also differs from the Sunda clouded leopard. Similar everyday names can hide important differences in range and conservation needs.

## Using more than primary forest

Javan leopards occur in primary forest, secondary forest, and some human-used landscapes. This flexibility does not make habitat loss harmless. Cover, food, and connections between areas remain necessary; one plantation photograph does not demonstrate that plantations can replace forests.

## A hunter with varied prey

Prey includes mammals such as barking deer, wild pigs, and primates. Predation connects the leopard with the condition of the wider wildlife community. Protecting it therefore also requires understanding prey availability. Suspected livestock attacks need field assessment rather than identification from unverified reports.

## What camera surveys measure

A 2025 SINTAS report describes camera traps and scat samples in a Java-wide survey. These methods address different questions about individuals, population relationships, and diet. Photograph totals are not leopard totals: the same animal may pass repeatedly while other individuals remain undetected.

## Living space and encounters

Separated habitat patches make connectivity management especially important. If a leopard is reported near homes, avoid crowds, pursuit, and public sharing of precise locations. Pass information to site managers or local conservation officers. The response needs to consider both community and animal safety.

## Common questions about the Javan leopard

### What is the scientific name of the Javan leopard?

The scientific name of the Javan leopard is *Panthera pardus melas*, in the family Felidae. In Indonesian it is called Macan tutul Jawa.

### Where can the Javan leopard be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Javan leopard in: Java.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Javan leopard eat?

Diet of the Javan leopard: carnivore.

### What is the conservation status of the Javan leopard?

The global conservation status of the Javan leopard: Endangered. In the IUCN system, this category means it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group — Javan leopard](https://www.catsg.org/javanleopard).

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Javan leopard is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group — Javan leopard ecology and status](https://www.catsg.org/javanleopard)
2. [IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group — Leopard colour and taxonomy](https://www.catsg.org/living-species-leopard)
3. [SINTAS Indonesia — Java-Wide Leopard Survey progress, 2025](https://sintas.or.id/2025/02/26/laporan-kemajuan-survei-nasional-macan-tutul-jawa/)

## Further reading

[Leopard: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/leopard/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Javan gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-gibbon/)
- [Sunda clouded leopard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-clouded-leopard/)
- [Reporting Suspected Wildlife Trafficking](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/report-wildlife-trade/)
- [Banteng](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banteng/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Javan leopard. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-leopard/


---

# Sunda clouded leopard

> A cloud-patterned forest cat from Sumatra and Borneo. Long-term research helps reveal the life of this rarely seen animal.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-clouded-leopard/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/macan-dahan-sunda/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Sunda clouded leopard (*Neofelis diardi*) is a mammal in the family Felidae. Its global conservation status: Vulnerable — species level.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Neofelis diardi* |
| Indonesian name | Macan dahan Sunda |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Felidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra and Borneo |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Carnivore |
| Main range | Sumatra and Borneo |
| Feature | Cloud-like markings and long tail |
| Global conservation status | Vulnerable — species level · [IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group — Sunda clouded leopard](https://www.catsg.org/living-species-sundacloudedleopard) |

## Two clouded leopard species

Neofelis diardi lives on Sumatra and Borneo, while its mainland relative is Neofelis nebulosa. Clouded leopards also differ from leopards in the genus Panthera. Check the scientific name when reading research or conservation categories; information about a close relative may concern a different species.

## A body suited to forest movement

Relatively short legs and a long tail support movement through trees. Its coat has cloud-like patches with dark edges. Cameras also record these cats on the ground; climbing ability does not mean their entire lives unfold in the canopy. Forest habitat extends from floor to treetop.

## Forest remains fundamental

Records near plantations require careful interpretation. Panthera describes camera evidence of oil-palm use largely around plantation edges. A brief sighting does not measure breeding success or sufficient prey. Protecting forest and connections between patches means more than preserving individual sighting points.

## Females that cameras miss

Research discussed by Panthera in Sabah found females detected less often than males. Camera placement and differences in space use are explanations to investigate, not proof of female absence. This Malaysian finding illustrates a methodological limitation; it is not an Indonesian population census.

## Supporting research without disturbance

Research cameras depend on consistent placement and observation periods. Do not move equipment, add bait, or pursue an animal for photographs. Support monitoring coordinated with managers and communities. Long-term records help assess whether a landscape continues to sustain wildlife from one year to the next.

## Common questions about the Sunda clouded leopard

### What is the scientific name of the Sunda clouded leopard?

The scientific name of the Sunda clouded leopard is *Neofelis diardi*, in the family Felidae. In Indonesian it is called Macan dahan Sunda.

### Where can the Sunda clouded leopard be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Sunda clouded leopard in: Sumatra and Borneo.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Sunda clouded leopard eat?

Diet of the Sunda clouded leopard: carnivore.

### What is the conservation status of the Sunda clouded leopard?

The global conservation status of the Sunda clouded leopard: Vulnerable — species level. In the IUCN system, this category means it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group — Sunda clouded leopard](https://www.catsg.org/living-species-sundacloudedleopard).

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Sunda clouded leopard is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group — Sunda clouded leopard](https://www.catsg.org/living-species-sundacloudedleopard)
2. [Panthera — A cat clouded in mystery](https://panthera.org/blog-post/cat-clouded-mystery)
3. [Panthera — Female clouded leopards and long-term camera research](https://panthera.org/blog-post/hiding-plain-sight-what-female-sunda-clouded-leopard-reveals-about-wild-cat-science)

## Further reading

[Sunda clouded leopard: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/sunda-clouded-leopard/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Javan leopard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-leopard/)
- [Bornean orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-orangutan/)
- [Malayan tapir](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-tapir/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Sunda clouded leopard. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-clouded-leopard/


---

# Sun bear

> The world’s smallest bear climbs trees and uses varied forest foods. Its Indonesian name, honey bear, does not describe its entire diet.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sun-bear/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/beruang-madu/
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**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Sun bear (*Helarctos malayanus*) is a mammal in the family Ursidae. Its global conservation status: Vulnerable.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Helarctos malayanus* |
| Indonesian name | Beruang madu |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Ursidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Southeast Asia, including Sumatra and Borneo |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Omnivore |
| Relative size | Smallest bear species |
| Feature | Pale chest marking |
| Global conservation status | Vulnerable · [Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre — Species facts](https://www.bsbcc.org.my/sun-bear-facts) |

## Recognising a sun bear

The pale chest marking gives the sun bear its English name. Marking shapes differ among individuals, as described by San Diego Zoo. Its size is smaller than other bears, but it remains wildlife with its own space and behavioural needs; small does not mean suitable for handling or keeping.

## More than a honey eater

Sun bears eat fruit, invertebrates, and honey. A long tongue helps reach otherwise inaccessible food. The common name highlights only one part of their feeding behaviour. In natural habitat, food diversity makes trees, other vegetation, and small forest organisms relevant together.

## Trees are resting places too

Sun bears climb and make resting places in trees. This tropical forest bear does not hibernate like some bears in cold climates. Images of bears in snowy landscapes are a poor guide to an Indonesian species; different environments shape feeding and the use of time.

## Connected habitats within Sumatra and Borneo

Sun bears form part of forest diversity on Sumatra and Borneo. Habitat connectivity here means safe routes within an island landscape, not a physical connection between the islands. Wildlife needs and local livelihoods should be considered together when planning land use.

## Rehabilitation needs survival skills

BSBCC in Sabah describes rehabilitation through foraging, climbing, and independence; not every rescued bear can be released. This Malaysian example explains a process rather than promising outcomes for every Indonesian animal. Assess programmes through welfare and follow-up, rather than opportunities for photographs while holding bears.

## Common questions about the Sun bear

### What is the scientific name of the Sun bear?

The scientific name of the Sun bear is *Helarctos malayanus*, in the family Ursidae. In Indonesian it is called Beruang madu.

### Where can the Sun bear be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Sun bear in: Southeast Asia, including Sumatra and Borneo.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Sun bear eat?

Diet of the Sun bear: omnivore.

### What is the conservation status of the Sun bear?

The global conservation status of the Sun bear: Vulnerable. In the IUCN system, this category means it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre — Species facts](https://www.bsbcc.org.my/sun-bear-facts).

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Sun bear is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre — Sun bear facts](https://www.bsbcc.org.my/sun-bear-facts)
2. [San Diego Zoo — Sun bear identification](https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/sun-bear)
3. [Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre — Rehabilitation and welfare](https://www.bsbcc.org.my/our-work)
4. [WWF — Borneo and Sumatra landscapes](https://www.worldwildlife.org/places/borneo-and-sumatra/)

## Further reading

[Sun bear: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/sun-bear/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Bornean orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-orangutan/)
- [Sunda pangolin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-pangolin/)
- [Reporting Suspected Wildlife Trafficking](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/report-wildlife-trade/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Sun bear. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sun-bear/


---

# Sunda pangolin

> A scaled, ant- and termite-eating mammal threatened by illegal trade. Climbing and secretive behaviour make direct observation difficult.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-pangolin/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/trenggiling-sunda/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Sunda pangolin (*Manis javanica*) is a mammal in the family Manidae. Its global conservation status: Critically Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Manis javanica* |
| Indonesian name | Trenggiling Sunda |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Manidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Southeast Asia, including Sumatra, Java, and Borneo |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Ants and termites |
| Scale material | Keratin |
| Animal class | Mammal |
| Global conservation status | Critically Endangered · [IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group — Sunda pangolin](https://pangolinsg.org/portfolio/sunda-pangolin/) |

## A mammal with scales

Pangolins are mammals despite their covering of scales, which are made of keratin. Appearance alone does not determine animal classification: comparing a pangolin with a Komodo dragon helps distinguish visual similarity from biological relationship. The two have very different living requirements.

## A specialist in small prey

Ants and termites are the principal foods of pangolins. This specialised diet differs from that of omnivores such as sun bears. An apparently quiet animal can still have needs difficult for people to meet. Do not take one into captivity or experiment with household foods when encountering it.

## Trees, shelter, and range

Sunda pangolins use trees more than their relative, the Chinese pangolin. Their range covers parts of Southeast Asia, including several major Indonesian islands. Research by Nursamsi and colleagues in 2023 indicates that previously disturbed forests can still matter for conservation when poaching is controlled. This finding does not justify new deforestation.

## Reading wildlife-trade data

TRAFFIC’s Indonesian reporting documents trade through seizure records. Those data show detected activity, not a direct count of all wild pangolins or all trafficking. Seizure totals can be affected by enforcement effort. They should not be turned into population estimates without additional analysis.

## Helping without buying

If you encounter an offer to sell a pangolin, use the wildlife-trade reporting guide and retain evidence safely. Buying an animal to rescue it still pays the seller. Avoid publicly disclosing precise wild-animal locations; provide that information privately to officers able to respond.

## Common questions about the Sunda pangolin

### What is the scientific name of the Sunda pangolin?

The scientific name of the Sunda pangolin is *Manis javanica*, in the family Manidae. In Indonesian it is called Trenggiling Sunda.

### Where can the Sunda pangolin be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Sunda pangolin in: Southeast Asia, including Sumatra, Java, and Borneo.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Sunda pangolin eat?

Diet of the Sunda pangolin: ants and termites.

### What is the conservation status of the Sunda pangolin?

The global conservation status of the Sunda pangolin: Critically Endangered. In the IUCN system, this category means it is considered to face an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group — Sunda pangolin](https://pangolinsg.org/portfolio/sunda-pangolin/).

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Sunda pangolin is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group — Sunda pangolin](https://pangolinsg.org/portfolio/sunda-pangolin/)
2. [IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group — Pangolin biology](https://pangolinsg.org/pangolins/)
3. [TRAFFIC — Indonesian pangolin seizure research](https://www.traffic.org/publications/reports/illegal-trade-hammering-critically-endangered-sunda-pangolin-stronghold/)
4. [Nursamsi et al. — Habitat disturbance research, 2023](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wll2.12010)
5. [Pangolin Specialist Group — Regional strategy and distribution, 2018–2028](https://pangolinsg.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Pangolin-SG-et-al_2018_Regional-Sunda-pangolin-conservation-strategy-2018-2028.pdf)

## Further reading

[Pangolin: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/pangolin/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Sun bear](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sun-bear/)
- [Komodo dragon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/komodo-dragon/)
- [Reporting Suspected Wildlife Trafficking](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/report-wildlife-trade/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Sunda pangolin. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-pangolin/


---

# Dugong

> A seagrass-eating marine mammal dependent on healthy coastal waters. Dugong life connects seagrass meadows, sheltered bays, and human activity in shallow seas.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dugong/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/dugong/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Dugong (*Dugong dugon*) is a marine animal in the family Dugongidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Vulnerable.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Dugong dugon* |
| Group | Marine |
| Family | Dugongidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Indo-Pacific coasts, including Indonesia |
| Linked habitats | [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/) |
| Main food | Seagrass |
| Breathing | Breathes air at the surface |
| Main habitat | Coastal seagrass meadows |
| IUCN status | Vulnerable · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9729967) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## Recognising a seagrass grazer

Dugongs have horizontally divided tail flukes, a downward-facing snout, and no dorsal fin. Their mouth is suited to gathering plants from the seabed. As mammals, they still need to return to the surface to breathe.

## Seagrass is not seaweed

Seagrasses are flowering plants living in the sea. Their meadows provide food for dugongs and green turtles. Protecting dugongs therefore includes protecting plants often invisible from the beach, alongside the animals people notice at the surface.

## Reading coastal habitat accurately

Dugongs can use shallow bays and channels around mangroves, while feeding depends on suitable seagrass. The mangrove connection on this site represents part of the coastal landscape; it does not mean mangrove roots are the dugong’s principal food.

## Pressures affect animals and habitat

Nets and vessel strikes can harm dugongs directly. Pollution and coastal change can also damage seagrass feeding grounds. Conservation needs to address both levels; water that looks clear does not by itself establish that a seagrass meadow is healthy.

## Choosing useful support

The CMS conservation framework addresses dugongs together with their habitat. When assessing a local programme, look for seagrass monitoring, work with fishing communities, and injured-animal reporting. Do not buy dugong parts or approach an animal to obtain an interaction.

## Common questions about the Dugong

### What is the scientific name of the Dugong?

The scientific name of the Dugong is *Dugong dugon*, in the family Dugongidae.

### Where can the Dugong be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Dugong in: Indo-Pacific coasts, including Indonesia.

Source-supported habitats: [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/).

### What does the Dugong eat?

Diet of the Dugong (main food): seagrass.

### What is the conservation status of the Dugong?

On the IUCN Red List, the Dugong is listed as Vulnerable: it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9729967), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Dugong is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [University of Michigan — Dugong dugon](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Dugong_dugon/)
2. [Great Barrier Reef Foundation — What is seagrass?](https://barrierreef.org/news/explainers/what-is-seagrass-great-barrier-reef)
3. [Great Barrier Reef Foundation — Restoring seagrass meadows](https://www.barrierreef.org/what-we-do/projects/restoring-seagrass-meadows)
4. [CMS — Dugong conservation](https://dugong.cms.int/)

## Further reading

[Dugong: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/dugong/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Green turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-turtle/)
- [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/)
- [Yayasan Konservasi Alam Nusantara](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/ykan/)
- [Finding a Stranded Marine Animal](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/stranded-marine-animal/)
- [Leatherback turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leatherback-turtle/)
- [Indonesian coelacanth](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/indonesian-coelacanth/)
- [Scalloped hammerhead shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/scalloped-hammerhead-shark/)
- [Spotted seahorse](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spotted-seahorse/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Dugong. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dugong/


---

# Mahakam Irrawaddy dolphin

> A profile of the Mahakam River dolphin population, rather than all Irrawaddy dolphins worldwide. Its future is connected to fish, wetlands, river traffic, and local livelihoods.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mahakam-irrawaddy-dolphin/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/pesut-mahakam/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Mahakam Irrawaddy dolphin (*Orcaella brevirostris*) is a mammal in the family Delphinidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Orcaella brevirostris* |
| Indonesian name | Pesut Mahakam |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Delphinidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Mahakam River population, East Kalimantan |
| Linked habitats | [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/) |
| Scope | Mahakam River population |
| Feature | Rounded forehead, short beak |
| IUCN status | Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2440460) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## One species, distinct populations

Mahakam dolphins are the Orcaella brevirostris population living in the Mahakam River system. The species also occurs along Asian coasts and in other rivers. Mekong dolphin numbers or conditions cannot be used to describe the Mahakam population.

## Part of a living river

Irrawaddy dolphins have rounded foreheads rather than the long beaks of many other dolphins. Fish are important food. Changes to fishing gear, traffic, or river conditions therefore need to be understood alongside the needs of people using the same waters.

## Why wetlands matter to dolphins

RASI research connects changes in dolphin distribution with tributary conditions and fish spawning habitat, including peat-swamp areas. Protecting a single sighting location cannot capture the needs of the wider river system and the food supply it supports.

## Individual identification differs from sighting totals

RASI uses repeated surveys and dorsal-fin photographs to identify individuals. The same dolphin may be seen many times. When reading a population estimate, check its year, coverage, and method; photographs or encounters do not equal distinct animals.

## Observe without adding pressure

Choose activities that explain viewing rules and the role of local communities. Do not ask boat drivers to pursue or surround dolphins. To support research, ask about official reporting formats; timing and context are more useful than unverifiable counts.

## Common questions about the Mahakam Irrawaddy dolphin

### What is the scientific name of the Mahakam Irrawaddy dolphin?

The scientific name of the Mahakam Irrawaddy dolphin is *Orcaella brevirostris*, in the family Delphinidae. In Indonesian it is called Pesut Mahakam.

### Where can the Mahakam Irrawaddy dolphin be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Mahakam Irrawaddy dolphin in: Mahakam River population, East Kalimantan.

Source-supported habitats: [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/).

### What is the conservation status of the Mahakam Irrawaddy dolphin?

On the IUCN Red List, the Mahakam Irrawaddy dolphin is listed as Endangered: it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2440460), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Mahakam Irrawaddy dolphin is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [WWF — Irrawaddy dolphin](https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/dolphin-and-porpoise/irrawaddy-dolphin/)
2. [RASI — Research and population monitoring](https://www.ykrasi.org/activities/research-1/)
3. [RASI — About the foundation](https://www.ykrasi.org/about/)

## Keep exploring

- [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/)
- [Proboscis monkey](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/proboscis-monkey/)
- [WWF-Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/wwf-indonesia/)
- [Finding a Stranded Marine Animal](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/stranded-marine-animal/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Mahakam Irrawaddy dolphin. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mahakam-irrawaddy-dolphin/


---

# Whale shark

> The largest living fish, with distinctive spots and filter-feeding behaviour. Its protection involves ocean movements, boats, fisheries, and tourism.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/whale-shark/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/hiu-paus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Whale shark (*Rhincodon typus*) is a marine animal in the family Rhincodontidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Rhincodon typus* |
| Indonesian name | Hiu paus |
| Group | Marine |
| Family | Rhincodontidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Tropical seas, including several Indonesian marine areas |
| Key feature | Pale spotted pattern |
| Feeding | Filters small food from water |
| Living space | Coastal and open-ocean waters |
| IUCN status | Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2417522) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## A shark named after a whale

Rhincodon typus is a shark and therefore a fish, whereas whales are mammals. Its large body carries pale spots. A common name does not determine an animal’s classification; the scientific name connects Indonesian reports with international research on the same species.

## A large animal eating small food

Whale sharks collect small food from the water, including plankton. NOAA research in the Gulf of Mexico also documented groups feeding on fish eggs. This illustrates the importance of local food conditions, rather than showing that every whale shark eats identical prey.

## A bay aggregation is not an entire population

KKP identifies several Indonesian whale-shark areas, including Cenderawasih and Saleh bays. Repeated appearances make sites important to manage, but the number seen by visitors does not automatically describe the national population or the animals’ complete movement routes.

## Tracking reveals journeys

Satellite tags reveal movements that short visits cannot show. NOAA research emphasises collecting data from multiple individuals to understand a population. One shark’s track is evidence about that animal; its route should not be assumed to describe sharks in Indonesia.

## Tourism should respect natural behaviour

KKP highlights the need to apply whale-shark tourism guidance. Before choosing an operator, seek clear rules for boats, visitor numbers, and avoiding touching or pursuit. Avoid activities promising forced encounters or encouraging visitors to alter animal behaviour for photographs.

## Common questions about the Whale shark

### What is the scientific name of the Whale shark?

The scientific name of the Whale shark is *Rhincodon typus*, in the family Rhincodontidae. In Indonesian it is called Hiu paus.

### Where can the Whale shark be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Whale shark in: Tropical seas, including several Indonesian marine areas.

### What is the conservation status of the Whale shark?

On the IUCN Red List, the Whale shark is listed as Endangered: it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2417522), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Whale shark is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [WWF — Whale shark](https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/shark/whale-shark/)
2. [NOAA — A year in the life of Larry the whale shark, 2026](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/year-life-larry-whale-shark)
3. [KKP — Perlindungan dan wisata hiu paus, 2025](https://kkp.go.id/news/news-detail/kkp-beri-perlindungan-ekstra-jaga-populasi-hiu-paus-GRj0.html)

## Further reading

[Whale shark: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/whale-shark/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Reef manta ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/reef-manta-ray/)
- [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/)
- [Misool Foundation](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/misool-foundation/)
- [Finding a Stranded Marine Animal](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/stranded-marine-animal/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Whale shark. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/whale-shark/


---

# Reef manta ray

> A large ray that filters zooplankton and uses coastal and reef areas. Learn its identity, feeding behaviour, and why observation needs to leave it space.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/reef-manta-ray/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/pari-manta-karang/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Reef manta ray (*Mobula alfredi*) is a marine animal in the family Myliobatidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Vulnerable.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Mobula alfredi* |
| Indonesian name | Pari manta karang |
| Group | Marine |
| Family | Myliobatidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Tropical Indo-Pacific waters, including Indonesia |
| Linked habitats | [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/) |
| Food | Zooplankton |
| Habitat | Coastal and reef waters |
| IUCN status | Vulnerable · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9241141) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## Reef mantas have a distinct identity

Mobula alfredi is distinct from the oceanic manta Mobula birostris. Body patterns and other features help specialists distinguish them; size alone is insufficient. This profile concerns reef mantas, so oceanic-manta research cannot always be applied directly.

## Reefs are not their food

Reef mantas filter zooplankton from the water. Reefs and surrounding waters provide activity space; this does not mean mantas eat coral. The distinction helps explain why currents, food availability, and coastal conditions affect where animals appear.

## Natural patterns support research

Manta Trust provides photo-identification guidance for documenting individuals. Images collected to protocol can help researchers distinguish repeated sightings from different animals. Follow programme requirements and do not pursue a manta just to obtain a preferred camera angle.

## Cleaning stations need space

Mantas may visit sites where cleaner fish attend them. Manta Trust guidance asks divers to remain beside these areas and keep the animal’s route open. A manta’s presence is not an invitation to touch; let it determine direction and encounter length.

## From observation to protection

Fisheries targeting gill plates and human disturbance are manta conservation concerns. Choose operators that explain rules before entering the water. Busy visitor numbers should be considered alongside animal behaviour and site management, rather than treated as evidence of conservation success.

## Common questions about the Reef manta ray

### What is the scientific name of the Reef manta ray?

The scientific name of the Reef manta ray is *Mobula alfredi*, in the family Myliobatidae. In Indonesian it is called Pari manta karang.

### Where can the Reef manta ray be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Reef manta ray in: Tropical Indo-Pacific waters, including Indonesia.

Source-supported habitats: [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/).

### What does the Reef manta ray eat?

Diet of the Reef manta ray: zooplankton.

### What is the conservation status of the Reef manta ray?

On the IUCN Red List, the Reef manta ray is listed as Vulnerable: it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9241141), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Reef manta ray is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Manta Trust — Mobula alfredi](https://www.mantatrust.org/mobula-alfredi)
2. [Manta Trust — Guides and photo identification](https://www.mantatrust.org/guides-infographics)
3. [Manta Trust — Swim with mantas code](https://swimwithmantas.org/)
4. [Manta Trust — Raja Ampat research](https://www.mantatrust.org/the-cyclone-exclusive-content/2023/05/18/raja-ampat-expedition-pmzme)

## Further reading

[Manta ray: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/manta-ray/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Whale shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/whale-shark/)
- [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/)
- [Misool Foundation](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/misool-foundation/)
- [Gili Eco Trust](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/gili-eco-trust/)
- [Oceanic Manta Ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mobula-birostris/)
- [Humphead wrasse](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/humphead-wrasse/)
- [Giant clam](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/giant-clam/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Reef manta ray. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/reef-manta-ray/


---

# Hawksbill turtle

> A pointed-beaked turtle closely associated with coral reefs. Shell trade, accidental capture, and habitat loss connect human choices with its future.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hawksbill-turtle/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/penyu-sisik/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Hawksbill turtle (*Eretmochelys imbricata*) is a marine animal in the family Cheloniidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Critically Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Eretmochelys imbricata* |
| Indonesian name | Penyu sisik |
| Group | Marine |
| Family | Cheloniidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Tropical seas worldwide, including Indonesia |
| Linked habitats | [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/) |
| Feature | Pointed beak; overlapping shell scutes |
| Important food | Marine sponges |
| Reproduction | Lays eggs on beaches |
| IUCN status | Critically Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/8841716) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## Identifying a hawksbill

A tapered beak and overlapping shell plates are important hawksbill features. Colours and patterns vary. Identification should use a combination of features observed from a safe distance, rather than lifting a turtle to examine its body.

## Connections with sponges and reefs

Sponges are important hawksbill food in many areas. WWF connects this feeding with relationships among reef organisms. Corals, sponges, and turtles are not isolated elements: protecting feeding grounds also protects the ecological processes occurring within them.

## Protection extends beyond nesting beaches

Hawksbills use different habitats through life and may travel between feeding grounds and nesting beaches. Beach protection matters, but cannot replace efforts to reduce accidental capture and preserve the waters where turtles grow and obtain food.

## Shell souvenirs have an origin

The Too Rare To Wear campaign addresses trade in turtle-shell products. Attractive patterns on combs or jewellery do not establish that the material is synthetic. Choose products with clear materials and origins, and avoid those described as turtle products.

## Supporting quiet nesting beaches

Lights and beach activities can disrupt nesting and hatchling orientation. Follow site management rules and avoid touching turtles, relocating eggs, or holding hatchlings for photographs. Assess programmes through their habitat protection and monitoring explanations, rather than opportunities to handle animals.

## Common questions about the Hawksbill turtle

### What is the scientific name of the Hawksbill turtle?

The scientific name of the Hawksbill turtle is *Eretmochelys imbricata*, in the family Cheloniidae. In Indonesian it is called Penyu sisik.

### Where can the Hawksbill turtle be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Hawksbill turtle in: Tropical seas worldwide, including Indonesia.

Source-supported habitats: [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/).

### What does the Hawksbill turtle eat?

Diet of the Hawksbill turtle (important food): marine sponges.

### What is the conservation status of the Hawksbill turtle?

On the IUCN Red List, the Hawksbill turtle is listed as Critically Endangered: it is considered to face an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/8841716), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Hawksbill turtle is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [NOAA Fisheries — Hawksbill turtle](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/hawksbill-turtle)
2. [WWF — Hawksbill turtle](https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/sea-turtle/hawksbill-turtle/)
3. [SEE Turtles — Too Rare To Wear](https://www.seeturtles.org/too-rare-to-wear)
4. [NOAA Fisheries — Viewing marine life](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/insight/viewing-marine-life)

## Further reading

[Hawksbill sea turtle: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/hawksbill-turtle/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Green turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-turtle/)
- [Olive ridley turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/olive-ridley-turtle/)
- [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/)
- [Reporting Suspected Wildlife Trafficking](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/report-wildlife-trade/)
- [Finding a Stranded Marine Animal](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/stranded-marine-animal/)
- [Humphead wrasse](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/humphead-wrasse/)
- [Giant clam](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/giant-clam/)
- [Spotted seahorse](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spotted-seahorse/)
- [Crown-of-thorns starfish](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crown-of-thorns-starfish/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Hawksbill turtle. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hawksbill-turtle/


---

# Olive ridley turtle

> A relatively small turtle that travels through open seas and returns to beaches to nest. Not every population performs its famous mass-nesting behaviour.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/olive-ridley-turtle/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/penyu-lekang/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Olive ridley turtle (*Lepidochelys olivacea*) is a marine animal in the family Cheloniidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Vulnerable.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Lepidochelys olivacea* |
| Indonesian name | Penyu lekang |
| Group | Marine |
| Family | Cheloniidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Tropical oceans and nesting beaches, including Indonesia |
| Shell | Olive to grey-green |
| Main habitat | Open ocean and coastal waters |
| Nesting | Solitary or mass nesting |
| IUCN status | Vulnerable · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2442153) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## Recognising an olive ridley

Olive ridleys have rounded, heart-shaped shells coloured olive to grey-green. The number of side plates can vary. Because turtle features can be confusing, use a reliable identification guide without pursuing or handling an animal.

## A life largely at sea

Olive ridleys use open-ocean as well as coastal waters. They eat varied foods, including invertebrates. Their connection to land is most visible during nesting, but much of their life depends on waters far from the beach where visitors stand.

## Arribadas do not occur on every beach

An arribada is synchronised mass nesting at particular sites. Olive ridleys also nest individually. Images of mass nesting in another country should not promise the same event in Indonesia; local patterns need site-specific and seasonal evidence.

## Release alone does not resolve threats

Accidental capture and egg collection put pressure on olive ridleys. SEE Turtles also highlights damage to nesting beaches. Hatchlings released do not equal adult turtles recovered; long-term outcomes must be assessed alongside habitat protection and threats at sea.

## Strandings need professional reporting

BKKPN Kupang documented an olive-ridley stranding response at Gili Air in 2025. That case illustrates the value of public reports, not guaranteed service availability. If you find a turtle in difficulty, keep your distance and use the marine-stranding reporting guide.

## Common questions about the Olive ridley turtle

### What is the scientific name of the Olive ridley turtle?

The scientific name of the Olive ridley turtle is *Lepidochelys olivacea*, in the family Cheloniidae. In Indonesian it is called Penyu lekang.

### Where can the Olive ridley turtle be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Olive ridley turtle in: Tropical oceans and nesting beaches, including Indonesia.

### What is the conservation status of the Olive ridley turtle?

On the IUCN Red List, the Olive ridley turtle is listed as Vulnerable: it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2442153), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Olive ridley turtle is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [NOAA Fisheries — Olive ridley turtle](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/olive-ridley-turtle)
2. [SEE Turtles — Olive ridley turtles](https://www.seeturtles.org/olive-ridley-turtles)
3. [KKP BKKPN Kupang — Gili Air stranding response, 2025](https://ppid.kkp.go.id/upt/balai-pengelolaan-kelautan-kupang/news/detail/bkkpn-kupang-lakukan-respon-cepat-penyu-lekang-terdampar-di-gili-air/)

## Further reading

[Sea turtle: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/sea-turtle/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Hawksbill turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hawksbill-turtle/)
- [Green turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-turtle/)
- [Gili Eco Trust](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/gili-eco-trust/)
- [Finding a Stranded Marine Animal](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/stranded-marine-animal/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Olive ridley turtle. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/olive-ridley-turtle/


---

# Saltwater crocodile

> A large reptile capable of using both salt and fresh water. Understanding its habitat and respecting its space matters for community safety and conservation.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/saltwater-crocodile/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/buaya-muara/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Saltwater crocodile (*Crocodylus porosus*) is a reptile in the family Crocodylidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Crocodylus porosus* |
| Indonesian name | Buaya muara |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Crocodylidae |
| Range in Indonesia | South and Southeast Asia to northern Australia, including Indonesia |
| Linked habitats | [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/) |
| Other name | Estuarine crocodile |
| Water types | Salt, brackish, and fresh |
| Food | Animals; carnivore |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2441333) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## Its name does not limit its habitat

Saltwater crocodiles occur in fresh as well as salt water. An inland river is therefore not automatically free of crocodiles because it is distant from the sea. Use local site information and authority guidance when planning activities near water.

## A body suited to aquatic life

Eyes and nostrils sit high on the head, while bony plates reinforce the skin. A small portion of the head may be visible while the body remains submerged. Do not approach to confirm the size or identity of a crocodile.

## Movement extends beyond one location

The Australian Museum describes saltwater crocodiles returning towards their original range after relocation. This helps explain why moving animals requires expert planning. Residents should not try to capture, transport, or release crocodiles in places they consider more suitable.

## Basic principles in crocodile habitat

Be Crocwise guidance emphasises never approaching, disturbing, or feeding crocodiles, including small ones. Avoid leaving fish scraps or food beside the water. This Australian guidance supplies general principles; Indonesian site authorities determine local access and response arrangements.

## Reports that protect people and wildlife

If one appears near community activity, inform site managers or conservation authorities through official channels from a safe place. Provide timing and location without gathering a crowd. This profile provides biological context, not capture methods or instructions for confronting an attack.

## Common questions about the Saltwater crocodile

### What is the scientific name of the Saltwater crocodile?

The scientific name of the Saltwater crocodile is *Crocodylus porosus*, in the family Crocodylidae. In Indonesian it is called Buaya muara.

### Where can the Saltwater crocodile be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Saltwater crocodile in: South and Southeast Asia to northern Australia, including Indonesia.

Source-supported habitats: [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/).

### What does the Saltwater crocodile eat?

Diet of the Saltwater crocodile: animals; carnivore.

### What is the conservation status of the Saltwater crocodile?

On the IUCN Red List, the Saltwater crocodile is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2441333), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Saltwater crocodile is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Australian Museum — Estuarine crocodile](https://australian.museum/learn/animals/reptiles/estuarine-crocodile/)
2. [Northern Territory Government — Crocodiles](https://nt.gov.au/environment/animals/wildlife-in-nt/crocodiles/crocodiles)
3. [Northern Territory Government — Be Crocwise](https://becrocwise.nt.gov.au/crocodiles-and-me)

## Further reading

[Saltwater crocodile: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/saltwater-crocodile/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/)
- [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/)
- [Finding a Trapped Animal](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/trapped-animal/)
- [Animal Safety During Disasters](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/animals-in-disasters/)
- [Rote Island snake-necked turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rote-island-snake-necked-turtle/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Saltwater crocodile. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/saltwater-crocodile/


---

# Javan hawk-eagle

> A crested eagle endemic to Java and dependent on forest. Nest trees, parental care, and movement space make its protection a long-term commitment.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-hawk-eagle/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/elang-jawa/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Javan hawk-eagle (*Nisaetus bartelsi*) is a bird in the family Accipitridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Nisaetus bartelsi* |
| Indonesian name | Elang Jawa |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Accipitridae |
| Range in Indonesia | Java |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Native range | Endemic to Java |
| Feature | Prominent crest |
| Habitat | Forested landscapes |
| IUCN status | Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5788506) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## Recognising a crested eagle

Adult Javan hawk-eagles have brown upperparts and paler patterned underparts. Young birds look different from adults. A crest alone does not establish identity because other eagles also have crests; consider overall shape, markings, and observation context.

## An island endemic linked to forest

Nisaetus bartelsi is endemic to Java. Observations are now strongly associated with forested hills and mountains. Endemic describes a restricted native range; it does not mean the bird occurs everywhere on Java or is routinely visible beside visitor trails.

## Young eagles still need their parents

Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park documentation follows chick development and dependence on parents. Leaving a nest does not immediately mean independence. Disturbance at breeding sites can therefore affect a process lasting much longer than the moment an egg hatches.

## Monitoring goes beyond finding a nest

Staff document breeding behaviour through repeated observation and planned equipment use. A record of one chick concerns a particular place and time. Understanding trends requires follow-up; one successful breeding event does not establish recovery across Java’s entire population.

## Protecting sensitive information

When sharing observations, avoid publishing nest coordinates or directions to breeding trees. Do not lure birds out for photographs. For suspected trade, preserve evidence safely and use official reporting routes; buying an animal for release can sustain demand.

## Common questions about the Javan hawk-eagle

### What is the scientific name of the Javan hawk-eagle?

The scientific name of the Javan hawk-eagle is *Nisaetus bartelsi*, in the family Accipitridae. In Indonesian it is called Elang Jawa.

### Where can the Javan hawk-eagle be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Javan hawk-eagle in: Java.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What is the conservation status of the Javan hawk-eagle?

On the IUCN Red List, the Javan hawk-eagle is listed as Endangered: it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5788506), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Javan hawk-eagle is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Cornell Lab eBird — Javan hawk-eagle](https://ebird.org/species/javhae1)
2. [KSDAE / TNGGP — Tahapan perkembangan elang Jawa](https://ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/publikasi/berita/mendokumentasikan-tahapan-perkembangan-elang-jawa-GtASAEsn/)
3. [KSDAE / TNGGP — Prawara sang pembeda](https://ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/publikasi/siaran-pers/prawara-sang-pembeda-Noa0gsZ6/)

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Javan rhinoceros](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-rhino/)
- [Javan slow loris](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-slow-loris/)
- [Cikananga Wildlife Center](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/cikananga/)
- [Reporting Suspected Wildlife Trafficking](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/report-wildlife-trade/)
- [Green peafowl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-peafowl/)
- [Flores hawk-eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/flores-hawk-eagle/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Javan hawk-eagle. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-hawk-eagle/


---

# Maleo

> A Sulawesi bird that uses environmental heat to incubate its eggs. Its survival connects forest living areas with highly specialised nesting grounds.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/maleo/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/maleo/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Maleo (*Macrocephalon maleo*) is a bird in the family Megapodiidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Critically Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Macrocephalon maleo* |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Megapodiidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sulawesi and certain satellite islands |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Incubation heat | Solar or geothermal heat |
| Chicks | Independent after hatching |
| IUCN status | Critically Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2482154) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## A ground bird that also uses trees

Maleos have dark bodies, pale pinkish underparts, and a raised head ornament. They forage on the ground and use trees for night roosts. Calling one a ground bird therefore does not mean its entire life takes place without trees.

## Nests receive heat from the environment

Maleos bury eggs in soil or sand warmed by the sun or geothermal sources. They do not incubate them with body heat as many birds do. Nesting-ground conditions are therefore essential to reproduction, rather than merely empty space beside a forest.

## Chicks start life independently

WCS describes maleo chicks emerging with developed feathers and without the parental care typical of many other birds. Their early lives still require safe habitat. Seeing a chick alone does not establish that it has been abandoned or needs taking home.

## Forest and nesting grounds must remain connected

Maleo protection includes forests and nesting grounds, including particular beaches. WCS documents beach protection as part of its conservation work. Retaining an egg-laying site without considering its surrounding landscape would provide an incomplete picture of what the bird needs.

## Support that leaves nesting undisturbed

WCS identifies excessive egg collection and habitat loss as threats. Follow managed paths and access limits; do not dig nests or ask staff to display eggs for photographs. Useful programmes explain monitoring and community involvement, beyond the number of eggs handled.

## Common questions about the Maleo

### What is the scientific name of the Maleo?

The scientific name of the Maleo is *Macrocephalon maleo*, in the family Megapodiidae.

### Where can the Maleo be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Maleo in: Sulawesi and certain satellite islands.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What is the conservation status of the Maleo?

On the IUCN Red List, the Maleo is listed as Critically Endangered: it is considered to face an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2482154), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Maleo is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Cornell Lab eBird — Maleo](https://ebird.org/species/maleo1)
2. [WCS Indonesia — Maleo](https://indonesia.wcs.org/id-id/Wildlife/Maleo.aspx)
3. [WCS — A bizarre bird: the maleo](https://blog.wcs.org/photo/2015/11/19/a-bizarre-bird-the-maleo-indonesia/)
4. [WCS — Protecting maleo nesting beach](https://newsroom.wcs.org/News-Releases/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/6007/WCS-Helps-Buy-Private-Beach-for-Maleo-Nests.aspx)

## Further reading

[Maleo: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/maleo/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Sulawesi bear cuscus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sulawesi-bear-cuscus/)
- [Finding a Young Wild Animal](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/found-young-wild-animal/)
- [Reporting Suspected Wildlife Trafficking](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/report-wildlife-trade/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Maleo. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/maleo/


---

# Yellow-crested cockatoo

> A white, yellow-crested cockatoo whose island populations need careful distinction. Feeding, nesting, and roosting trees complement efforts to prevent harmful trade.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/yellow-crested-cockatoo/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/kakatua-kecil-jambul-kuning/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Yellow-crested cockatoo (*Cacatua sulphurea*) is a bird in the family Psittacidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Critically Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Cacatua sulphurea* |
| Indonesian name | Kakatua kecil jambul kuning |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Psittacidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Selected Indonesian islands, including Sulawesi and the Lesser Sundas |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/) |
| Feature | White body and yellow crest |
| Habitat needs | Feeding, nesting, and roosting trees |
| IUCN status | Critically Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2479893) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## Similar names can describe different species

Cacatua sulphurea is smaller than the sulphur-crested cockatoo Cacatua galerita, which also has a yellow crest. Everyday names can be confused. Check scientific names in seizure or breeding reports before connecting those records with yellow-crested cockatoo populations.

## Trees serve different functions

BBKSDA East Java work on Masakambing distinguishes feeding, nesting, and roosting trees. Planting includes community land and mangrove areas. Habitat conservation therefore needs an understanding of tree functions, rather than only a count of seedlings planted.

## Island populations need separate interpretation

Masakambing reports concern the subspecies abbotti. Records from that island do not describe all Cacatua sulphurea. When comparing reports, check island, subspecies, year, and method; introduced birds outside the native range do not establish recovery of source populations.

## Observation methods influence counts

BBKSDA monitoring in 2026 discusses point-count limitations and the potential value of watching roost trees. Birds move, changing detection opportunities. Numbers seen on one visit should therefore be reported as observations rather than a complete census.

## Reducing demand is more useful than buying

TRAFFIC identifies trade as an important pressure on this cockatoo. Avoid buying a bird to rescue it or release it yourself. For suspicious offers, use the wildlife-trade reporting guide; account details, time, and links can be supplied without arranging a transaction.

## Common questions about the Yellow-crested cockatoo

### What is the scientific name of the Yellow-crested cockatoo?

The scientific name of the Yellow-crested cockatoo is *Cacatua sulphurea*, in the family Psittacidae. In Indonesian it is called Kakatua kecil jambul kuning.

### Where can the Yellow-crested cockatoo be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Yellow-crested cockatoo in: Selected Indonesian islands, including Sulawesi and the Lesser Sundas.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/).

### What is the conservation status of the Yellow-crested cockatoo?

On the IUCN Red List, the Yellow-crested cockatoo is listed as Critically Endangered: it is considered to face an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2479893), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Yellow-crested cockatoo is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Cornell Lab eBird — Yellow-crested cockatoo](https://ebird.org/species/yeccoc1)
2. [BBKSDA Jawa Timur — Habitat and monitoring, 2024](https://bbksdajatim.org/pembinaan-habitat-dan-monitoring-populasi-kakatua-kecil-jambul-kuning)
3. [KSDAE — Masakambing population monitoring, April 2026](https://ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/publikasi/artikel/32-ekor-tersisa-di-ujung-kepunahan-populasi-kakatua-jambul-kuning-dari-masakambing-vXBlDV5I/)
4. [TRAFFIC — Restore Species trade work](https://www.traffic.org/what-we-do/thematic-issues/trade-monitoring/restore-species/)

## Further reading

[Cockatoo: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/cockatoo/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Komodo dragon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/komodo-dragon/)
- [Bali myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bali-myna/)
- [Reporting Suspected Wildlife Trafficking](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/report-wildlife-trade/)
- [Salmon-crested cockatoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/salmon-crested-cockatoo/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Yellow-crested cockatoo. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/yellow-crested-cockatoo/


---

# Southern cassowary

> A large flightless bird that disperses seeds through its feeding. This profile concerns Casuarius casuarius, one of the cassowary species in the New Guinea region.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/southern-cassowary/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/kasuari-gelambir-ganda/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Southern cassowary (*Casuarius casuarius*) is a bird in the family Casuariidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Casuarius casuarius* |
| Indonesian name | Kasuari gelambir ganda |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Casuariidae |
| Range in Indonesia | New Guinea and parts of eastern Indonesia; northeastern Australia |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Adult feature | Two neck wattles |
| Main food | Fallen fruit |
| Parental care | Male incubates and cares for chicks |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5231783) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## Distinguishing cassowary species

Adult southern cassowaries have black bodies, a casque on the head, and two red wattles. Chicks have different colours and patterns. The word cassowary covers several species, so identification cannot rely only on a large body and running ability.

## Fallen fruit connects birds and trees

Fallen fruit is the main food, though cassowaries also eat other items. Swallowed seeds can be carried elsewhere. Their seed-dispersal role helps explain why losing a large bird can affect plant regeneration, beyond changing a forest’s animal list.

## Males care for the next generation

In this species, males incubate eggs and care for chicks after the female has laid. An adult accompanying young is not automatically their mother. Give family groups space and never separate chicks for photographs or because you assume they need rescue.

## Australian forest research has limits

Queensland research and guidance explain the importance of seed dispersal and connected cassowary habitat. The ecological principles are relevant, but Australian population numbers, local pressures, or legal categories cannot be transferred directly to Papua. Always check a report’s actual geographical scope.

## Watching a bird that remains wild

Cassowaries can be dangerous when cornered or persistently approached. Do not feed, chase, or block their way out. Follow site-manager guidance and observe from a safe distance; familiarity with people does not remove their need for space or natural behaviour.

## Common questions about the Southern cassowary

### What is the scientific name of the Southern cassowary?

The scientific name of the Southern cassowary is *Casuarius casuarius*, in the family Casuariidae. In Indonesian it is called Kasuari gelambir ganda.

### Where can the Southern cassowary be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Southern cassowary in: New Guinea and parts of eastern Indonesia; northeastern Australia.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Southern cassowary eat?

Diet of the Southern cassowary (main food): fallen fruit.

### What is the conservation status of the Southern cassowary?

On the IUCN Red List, the Southern cassowary is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5231783), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Southern cassowary is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Cornell Lab eBird — Southern cassowary](https://ebird.org/species/soucas1)
2. [Australian Museum — Southern cassowary biology](https://australian.museum/learn/animals/birds/southern-cassowary/)
3. [Queensland Government — Southern cassowary ecology](https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/plants-animals/conservation/threatened-species/featured-projects/southern-cassowary)

## Further reading

[Cassowary: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/cassowary/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Red bird-of-paradise](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/red-bird-of-paradise/)
- [Finding a Young Wild Animal](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/found-young-wild-animal/)
- [Reporting Suspected Wildlife Trafficking](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/report-wildlife-trade/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Southern cassowary. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/southern-cassowary/


---

# Green peafowl

> A large bird with a shimmering green neck that uses wooded landscapes and openings. Green peafowl are distinct from the blue peafowl often seen in captivity.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-peafowl/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/merak-hijau/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Green peafowl (*Pavo muticus*) is a bird in the family Phasianidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Pavo muticus* |
| Indonesian name | Merak hijau |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Phasianidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Parts of Southeast Asia; in Indonesia, Java |
| Linked habitats | [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/), [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Feature | Green neck in males and females |
| Foraging | On the ground |
| IUCN status | Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2473599) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## Green and blue peafowl

Male and female green peafowl both have shimmering green necks and upright crests. This differs from the striking sex-related colour contrast in blue peafowl. The scientific name Pavo muticus helps confirm that an image or report concerns the correct species.

## The great fan is not simply the tail

The long feathers forming a male’s fan are tail coverts. They are displayed during courtship, while females lack the same long train. Watching natural behaviour is more informative than trying to provoke a bird into displaying on demand.

## Ground feeding and tree roosts

Peafowl forage on the ground for varied foods, including seeds, plant material, and small animals. Trees are also used for roosting. These needs explain why open areas should be understood together with tree cover, rather than as featureless grassland.

## Varied landscapes in Java

Green peafowl use open tropical forests and are often associated with water. Baluran is one Indonesian management area. The savanna link in this profile represents part of a habitat mosaic; birds still need cover and other resources around it.

## Releases need follow-up

Baluran National Park documented a green-peafowl release in 2025. An activity report is not evidence that the entire population has recovered. When assessing programmes, look for preparation, habitat, and post-release monitoring; do not release captive birds into conservation areas yourself.

## Common questions about the Green peafowl

### What is the scientific name of the Green peafowl?

The scientific name of the Green peafowl is *Pavo muticus*, in the family Phasianidae. In Indonesian it is called Merak hijau.

### Where can the Green peafowl be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Green peafowl in: Parts of Southeast Asia; in Indonesia, Java.

Source-supported habitats: [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/), [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What is the conservation status of the Green peafowl?

On the IUCN Red List, the Green peafowl is listed as Endangered: it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2473599), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Green peafowl is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Cornell Lab eBird — Green peafowl](https://ebird.org/species/grepea1)
2. [San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance — Peafowl](https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/peafowl)
3. [Baluran National Park — Green peafowl release, 2025](https://tnbaluran.ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/berita/92)

## Keep exploring

- [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Javan hawk-eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-hawk-eagle/)
- [Cikananga Wildlife Center](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/cikananga/)
- [Reporting Suspected Wildlife Trafficking](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/report-wildlife-trade/)
- [Common hill myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/common-hill-myna/)
- [Black-winged myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-winged-myna/)
- [Rhinoceros hornbill](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhinoceros-hornbill/)
- [Greater bird-of-paradise](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/greater-bird-of-paradise/)
- [Victoria crowned pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/victoria-crowned-pigeon/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Green peafowl. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-peafowl/


---

# Helmeted hornbill

> A forest hornbill with long central tail feathers and a solid casque. Hunting for casque trade makes habitat protection and reduced demand particularly important.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/helmeted-hornbill/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/rangkong-gading/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Helmeted hornbill (*Rhinoplax vigil*) is a bird in the family Bucerotidae.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Rhinoplax vigil* |
| Indonesian name | Rangkong gading |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Bucerotidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Borneo, and parts of mainland Southeast Asia |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Important food | Fruit, especially figs |
| Indonesian range | Sumatra and Kalimantan |

## Recognising shape and sound

Long central tail feathers and a relatively short bill help identify helmeted hornbills. Bare neck skin differs in colour between males and females. Use an identification guide covering all features, because a close-up of the casque alone can lose species context.

## Extensive forest and fruiting trees

The IUCN Hornbill Specialist Group describes this species using extensive primary rainforest and adjacent closed secondary forest. Figs are important food. Protecting an isolated group of trees does not replace the forest landscape through which birds move to feed.

## Sundaic does not mean every island

Its Indonesian range includes Sumatra and Kalimantan; the hornbill specialist group reports it absent from Java. Check location records before using them to plan visits. A photograph at a care centre does not establish a local wild range.

## A solid casque drives trade

TRAFFIC documents hunting for carvable casques, often called hornbill ivory. This material comes from a bird, rather than an elephant tusk. Avoid carvings, body parts, or collectibles marketed this way, even when sellers use a heritage story.

## Share information without helping hunters

Trade also takes place through online platforms. Report suspected offers through appropriate channels without transacting or confronting sellers. For wild observations, share habitat and behaviour stories without nest coordinates or sensitive locations that could make hunting easier.

## Common questions about the Helmeted hornbill

### What is the scientific name of the Helmeted hornbill?

The scientific name of the Helmeted hornbill is *Rhinoplax vigil*, in the family Bucerotidae. In Indonesian it is called Rangkong gading.

### Where can the Helmeted hornbill be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Helmeted hornbill in: Sumatra, Borneo, and parts of mainland Southeast Asia.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Helmeted hornbill eat?

Diet of the Helmeted hornbill (important food): fruit, especially figs.

## Sources & references

1. [Cornell Lab eBird — Helmeted hornbill](https://ebird.org/species/helhor1)
2. [IUCN Hornbill Specialist Group — Helmeted hornbill](https://iucnhornbills.org/helmeted-hornbill/)
3. [TRAFFIC — Helmeted hornbill trade](https://www.traffic.org/what-we-do/species/helmeted-hornbills/)

## Further reading

[Helmeted hornbill: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/helmeted-hornbill/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Sumatran orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-orangutan/)
- [Borneo Nature Foundation](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/borneo-nature-foundation/)
- [Forum Konservasi Leuser](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/forum-konservasi-leuser/)
- [Reporting Suspected Wildlife Trafficking](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/report-wildlife-trade/)
- [Common hill myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/common-hill-myna/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Helmeted hornbill. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/helmeted-hornbill/


---

# Sulawesi bear cuscus

> A tree-dwelling marsupial of Sulawesi. Leaves, connected canopy, and low human disturbance matter to this often slow-moving forest animal.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sulawesi-bear-cuscus/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/kuskus-beruang-sulawesi/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Sulawesi bear cuscus (*Ailurops ursinus*) is a mammal in the family Phalangeridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Vulnerable.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Ailurops ursinus* |
| Indonesian name | Kuskus beruang Sulawesi |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Phalangeridae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sulawesi and selected surrounding islands |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Important food | Leaves, especially young leaves |
| Adaptation | Grasping tail |
| IUCN status | Vulnerable · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219990) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## A cuscus, rather than a bear

Ailurops ursinus is a marsupial in the family Phalangeridae. Bear describes its appearance rather than a relationship with bears. The Mammal Diversity Database recognises this scientific name; older reports need care because species boundaries within the group have changed.

## Life supported by the canopy

A grasping tail helps bear cuscuses move through trees. Much of their food consists of young leaves, and resting is a normal part of activity. An animal sitting still on a branch is not automatically ill; never shake a tree to make it move.

## Broken canopy restricts options

Research in South Sulawesi emphasises dependence on connected canopy for movement. Separated forest patches can restrict access to food and shelter. Assessing habitat requires attention to connections between patches, rather than only the total area coloured green on a map.

## A suitability map is not an animal census

A 2025 Oryx study modelled potentially suitable habitat within a South Sulawesi study area. Its results help identify priorities, but do not count every cuscus on Sulawesi. Consider year, boundaries, and data type when interpreting research maps or numbers.

## Observation does not require touching

Researchers identify hunting and forest loss among the pressures. Choose observation of animals in trees without feeding, touching, or asking for them to be brought down. Cuscus also refers to other species; do not automatically transfer their range or status into this profile.

## Common questions about the Sulawesi bear cuscus

### What is the scientific name of the Sulawesi bear cuscus?

The scientific name of the Sulawesi bear cuscus is *Ailurops ursinus*, in the family Phalangeridae. In Indonesian it is called Kuskus beruang Sulawesi.

### Where can the Sulawesi bear cuscus be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Sulawesi bear cuscus in: Sulawesi and selected surrounding islands.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Sulawesi bear cuscus eat?

Diet of the Sulawesi bear cuscus (important food): leaves, especially young leaves.

### What is the conservation status of the Sulawesi bear cuscus?

On the IUCN Red List, the Sulawesi bear cuscus is listed as Vulnerable: it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219990), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Sulawesi bear cuscus is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [American Society of Mammalogists — Ailurops ursinus taxonomy](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1000376/)
2. [University of Michigan — Ailurops ursinus biology](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ailurops_ursinus/)
3. [Nugraha & Marliana, Oryx 2025 — South Sulawesi habitat suitability](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/species-under-siege-modelling-habitat-suitability-for-the-bear-cuscus-ailurops-ursinus-in-south-sulawesi/E2026B33B2D89F20DA35CAE55FD43792)

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Maleo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/maleo/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)
- [Reporting Suspected Wildlife Trafficking](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/report-wildlife-trade/)
- [Crested black macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-black-macaque/)
- [Pygmy tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pygmy-tarsier/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Sulawesi bear cuscus. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sulawesi-bear-cuscus/


---

# Crested black macaque

> The crested black macaque is a distinctive North Sulawesi primate. Tangkoko field studies connect fruit availability, ranging and the future of its forest habitat.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-black-macaque/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/yaki/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed research and conservation sources; no independent expert review yet.

## Quick answer

The Crested black macaque (*Macaca nigra*) is a mammal in the family Cercopithecidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Critically Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Macaca nigra* |
| Indonesian name | Yaki |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Cercopithecidae |
| Range in Indonesia | North Sulawesi |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Native range | Northern Sulawesi |
| Main food | Fruit and other forest foods |
| Research site | Tangkoko, North Sulawesi |
| IUCN status | Critically Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2436616) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is a crested black macaque?

Macaca nigra is a macaque native to northern Sulawesi. Its upright crest and dark body are distinctive, though a wild animal should be identified using its location and full set of features. “Crested black macaque” distinguishes it from Sulawesi’s other macaques; the scientific name is the clearest reference.

## Where does it live?

Tangkoko in North Sulawesi has supported long-term research on wild crested macaques. Its lowland forest experiences seasonal changes in fruit availability. Findings from one reserve do not describe the species’ entire range, but they give direct evidence of how wild groups use forest space.

## Why do fruit and forest matter?

A Tangkoko phenology study examined how changing fruit supplies relate to macaque home ranges. Fruit is an important food, so food trees and connections among forest areas matter together. Groups do not necessarily use every site in the same way; season and forest condition shape movement.

## How do groups live?

Field research following several wild Tangkoko groups has examined social relationships and offspring survival. Those groups offer insight into social behaviour, but their results cannot simply be treated as a population count for all Sulawesi. Watching a group rather than one individual helps reveal how habitat change can affect social animals.

## What threatens the species?

Conservation assessments and Tangkoko research document pressure on the species and the need to protect habitat. Hunting and forest loss require local context; an old count should not be presented as today’s population. Prefer organisations that show recent monitoring methods, and avoid feeding or crowding wild groups for photographs.

## Common questions about the Crested black macaque

### What is the scientific name of the Crested black macaque?

The scientific name of the Crested black macaque is *Macaca nigra*, in the family Cercopithecidae. In Indonesian it is called Yaki.

### Where can the Crested black macaque be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Crested black macaque in: North Sulawesi.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Crested black macaque eat?

Diet of the Crested black macaque (main food): fruit and other forest foods.

### What is the conservation status of the Crested black macaque?

On the IUCN Red List, the Crested black macaque is listed as Critically Endangered: it is considered to face an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2436616), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Crested black macaque is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Longitudinal phenological study of Macaca nigra in Sulawesi](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10764-023-00377-4)
2. [Crested black macaque conservation in Tangkoko — Oryx](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/status-of-and-conservation-recommendations-for-the-critically-endangered-crested-black-macaque-macaca-nigra-in-tangkoko-indonesia/4BBCCC7A941ADC2C432F6EC08ACD3CCC)
3. [Wild female crested macaque social study](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3597978/)
4. [Indonesia Travel — 10 endemic animals](https://www.indonesia.travel/id/id/travel-ideas/adventure/10-hewan-endemik-yang-bisa-kamu-temukan-di-indonesia)

## Further reading

[Crested black macaque: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/black-macaque/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Sulawesi babirusa](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sulawesi-babirusa/)
- [Sulawesi bear cuscus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sulawesi-bear-cuscus/)
- [Pygmy tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pygmy-tarsier/)
- [Long-tailed macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-fascicularis/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Crested black macaque. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-black-macaque/


---

# Pygmy tarsier

> A small primate of Central Sulawesi’s mountain forest. Live animals found again in 2008 enabled new research, while much of its ecology and population remains poorly known.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pygmy-tarsier/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/tarsius-kerdil/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed research and conservation sources; no independent expert review yet.

## Quick answer

The Pygmy tarsier (*Tarsius pumilus*) is a mammal in the family Tarsiidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Tarsius pumilus* |
| Indonesian name | Tarsius kerdil |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Tarsiidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Mountains of Central Sulawesi |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Range | Central Sulawesi |
| Studied habitat | Montane cloud forest |
| Activity | Nocturnal |
| IUCN status | Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2436488) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the pygmy tarsier?

Tarsius pumilus is a small primate of Central Sulawesi. It has been compared with other tarsiers, so the scientific name matters when reading research about it. Large eyes, a small body and leaping ability characterize tarsiers, while evidence specific to this mountain species remains comparatively limited.

## Where is its habitat?

Research places pygmy tarsiers in cool, misty mountain forest, including the Lore Lindu landscape. This high forest differs from the lowland settings in which some other Sulawesi tarsiers have been studied. A record from one location does not show that every valley or elevation in the region is occupied.

## Why did the 2008 rediscovery matter?

Researchers located living pygmy tarsiers again in Sulawesi’s mountains in 2008 after a long gap in confirmed live records. The finding allowed behavioural observations and later genetic work. “Rediscovered” describes the gap in human documentation; it does not prove the species had actually disappeared.

## What is known about its behaviour?

Tarsiers are active at night and take small animal prey, especially arthropods. Claims about pygmy tarsier groups, home ranges and hunting must be read against the small number of animals studied. Behaviour documented for a lowland tarsier should not automatically be assigned to this mountain species.

## What still needs study?

Genetic work helps place Tarsius pumilus among Sulawesi tarsiers, but field surveys remain necessary to understand its range and population trend. Responsible observation avoids bright light, handling and disturbance at resting places. Check recent studies before repeating a population figure or precise risk claim.

## Common questions about the Pygmy tarsier

### What is the scientific name of the Pygmy tarsier?

The scientific name of the Pygmy tarsier is *Tarsius pumilus*, in the family Tarsiidae. In Indonesian it is called Tarsius kerdil.

### Where can the Pygmy tarsier be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Pygmy tarsier in: Mountains of Central Sulawesi.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What is the conservation status of the Pygmy tarsier?

On the IUCN Red List, the Pygmy tarsier is listed as Endangered: it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2436488), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Pygmy tarsier is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Phylogeny of the mountain tarsier Tarsius pumilus — research paper](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8965421/)
2. [Pygmy tarsier species account — Animal Diversity Web](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tarsius_pumilus/)
3. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — Tarsius pumilus](https://www.gbif.org/species/2436488)
4. [Indonesia Travel — 10 endemic animals](https://www.indonesia.travel/id/id/travel-ideas/adventure/10-hewan-endemik-yang-bisa-kamu-temukan-di-indonesia)

## Further reading

[Tarsier: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/tarsier/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Crested black macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-black-macaque/)
- [Sulawesi bear cuscus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sulawesi-bear-cuscus/)
- [Sulawesi babirusa](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sulawesi-babirusa/)
- [Gursky's Spectral Tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tarsius-spectrumgurskyae/)
- [Selayar tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/selayar-tarsier/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Pygmy tarsier. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pygmy-tarsier/


---

# Bornean elephant

> A northern Borneo population of Asian elephant shared by North Kalimantan and Sabah. Its future depends on a connected cross-border landscape and reducing conflict with people.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-elephant/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/gajah-kalimantan/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed research and conservation sources; no independent expert review yet.

## Quick answer

The Bornean elephant (*Elephas maximus borneensis*) is a mammal.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Elephas maximus borneensis* |
| Indonesian name | Gajah Kalimantan |
| Group | Mammals |
| Range in Indonesia | North Kalimantan and Sabah |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/) |
| Name used by WWF | Elephas maximus borneensis |
| Indonesian range | North Kalimantan near the Sabah border |
| Context | Cross-border forest landscape |

## What is the Bornean elephant?

WWF uses Elephas maximus borneensis for the Bornean elephant, an Asian elephant population in northern Borneo. Some taxonomic databases resolve that name only to the parent species Elephas maximus. This page describes the documented geographic population and makes the naming difference explicit; it does not claim a separate elephant species.

## Where does it live?

WWF places the Indonesian habitat around Nunukan in North Kalimantan, close to Sabah, Malaysia. The landscape crosses the international border, so a country-only map can hide important movement routes. A habitat area is not a promise that elephants will be seen at every forest location.

## Why does forest connectivity matter?

Elephants move across large areas as they use food and water sources. WWF’s work emphasizes cross-border forest corridors that keep those routes available. Roads, land conversion and fragmentation can interrupt movement and increase encounters with farms or settlements.

## How should conflict be understood?

Moving one animal cannot address the underlying problem if habitat routes and land use stay the same. Field monitoring, corridor protection and collaboration with local communities need to work together. This profile does not tell readers to approach wild elephants; local conservation authorities are the appropriate contact during an encounter.

## What should be checked before quoting numbers?

Some fact sheets include population estimates from older surveys. Check their date, survey area and method before reusing a figure; a historical estimate does not automatically describe the present. Keep Bornean elephant data separate from Sumatran elephant figures and from the Asian elephant species as a whole.

## Common questions about the Bornean elephant

### What is the scientific name of the Bornean elephant?

The scientific name of the Bornean elephant is *Elephas maximus borneensis*. In Indonesian it is called Gajah Kalimantan.

### Where can the Bornean elephant be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Bornean elephant in: North Kalimantan and Sabah.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/).

## Sources & references

1. [WWF Indonesia — Elephant](https://www.wwf.id/en/learn/forest-wildlife/elephant)
2. [WWF Indonesia — Bornean pygmy elephant range](https://www.wwf.id/en/blog/bornean-pygmy-elephant-range)
3. [WWF Indonesia — Bornean elephant factsheet](https://awsassets.wwf.or.id/downloads/gajah_borneo_lembar_fakta.pdf)
4. [GBIF name match — Elephas maximus borneensis](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/match?name=Elephas%20maximus%20borneensis)
5. [Indonesia Travel — 10 endemic animals](https://www.indonesia.travel/id/id/travel-ideas/adventure/10-hewan-endemik-yang-bisa-kamu-temukan-di-indonesia)

## Further reading

[Borneo pygmy elephant: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/borneo-pygmy-elephant/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Sumatran elephant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-elephant/)
- [Bornean orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-orangutan/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/)
- [Binturong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/binturong/)
- [Asian small-clawed otter](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-small-clawed-otter/)
- [Smooth-coated otter](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/smooth-coated-otter/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Bornean elephant. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-elephant/


---

# Long-tailed macaque

> A social primate using forests, riversides, mangroves and settlement edges. Food and human encounters vary by place; frequent sightings do not describe the condition of the whole population.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-fascicularis/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/macaca-fascicularis/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed species-specific sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Long-tailed macaque (*Macaca fascicularis*) is a mammal in the family Cercopithecidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Macaca fascicularis* |
| Indonesian name | Monyet ekor panjang |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Cercopithecidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Southeast Asia, including Indonesia |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/) |
| Food | Fruit, leaves, flowers, insects; occasionally crabs |
| Behaviour | Lives in groups |
| Habitat | Forest and habitat edges, including mangroves |
| IUCN status | Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2436603) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## Recognising the species

The long-tailed macaque has a relatively long tail, grey-brown coat and paler face. “Crab-eating macaque” refers to one food it sometimes takes, not a universal main diet. The scientific name Macaca fascicularis distinguishes it from the crested black macaque and other Indonesian monkeys.

## Forests, riversides and mangroves

This species is recorded in primary and secondary forest, along rivers and in mangroves. Its ability to use disturbed habitats helps explain sightings near farms and settlements. Urban encounters, however, do not show that every group or its natural habitat is secure.

## Food and group life

These macaques eat fruit, leaves, flowers, insects and occasionally small animals such as crabs. The mix changes with habitat and natural food availability. They live in socially complex groups, and young remain dependent on their mothers. Human feeding can change foraging behaviour and increase conflict.

## Encounters without creating conflict

When encountering macaques on a trail or settlement edge, give them space, secure food and waste, and do not touch or feed them. Singapore’s wildlife agency emphasizes preventing access to human food. That principle is useful, while injured animals or serious conflicts need locally appropriate professional help.

## Reading records and status carefully

Many observation records are not a count of individuals or a population trend. Frequently visited sites can generate repeated photos while remote forest is under-recorded. A global conservation assessment also differs from each local group’s condition; check a source’s date, geography and method before using a number to claim the species is secure.

## Common questions about the Long-tailed macaque

### What is the scientific name of the Long-tailed macaque?

The scientific name of the Long-tailed macaque is *Macaca fascicularis*, in the family Cercopithecidae and the order Primates. In Indonesian it is called Monyet ekor panjang.

### Where can the Long-tailed macaque be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Long-tailed macaque in: Southeast Asia, including Indonesia.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/).

### What does the Long-tailed macaque eat?

Diet of the Long-tailed macaque: fruit, leaves, flowers, insects; occasionally crabs.

### What is the conservation status of the Long-tailed macaque?

On the IUCN Red List, the Long-tailed macaque is listed as Endangered: it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2436603), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Long-tailed macaque is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Animal Diversity Web — Macaca fascicularis](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macaca_fascicularis/)
2. [Singapore Animal & Veterinary Service — Macaques](https://avs.nparks.gov.sg/wildlife/encountering-wildlife/macaques/)
3. [Singapore NParks — Macaca fascicularis](https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/fauna/4/7/475)
4. [GBIF — accepted Macaca fascicularis taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2436603)

## Further reading

[Macaque: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/macaque/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Crested black macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-black-macaque/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Long-tailed macaque. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-fascicularis/


---

# Asian water monitor

> A large semi-aquatic lizard living near rivers, swamps, mangroves and some human-used areas. As both predator and scavenger, it connects aquatic and terrestrial food webs.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/varanus-salvator/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/varanus-salvator/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed species-specific sources; not yet expert reviewed.

## Quick answer

The Asian water monitor (*Varanus salvator*) is a reptile in the family Varanidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Varanus salvator* |
| Indonesian name | Biawak air |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Varanidae |
| Range in Indonesia | South and Southeast Asia, including Indonesia |
| Linked habitats | [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/) |
| Habitat | Rivers, swamps, mangroves and wetlands |
| Food | Small animals and carrion |
| Lifestyle | Semi-aquatic; can climb |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2470685) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## Recognising a water monitor

The Asian water monitor is a large lizard with a dark body, paler markings, long tail and strong limbs. Pattern can change with age and vary among populations. It is not a Komodo dragon: both belong to Varanus, but they are different species with different ranges and habitat contexts.

## Following water across landscapes

Sarawak’s forestry department records water monitors in coastal mangroves, riverine forest, wetlands and human-used land. Their association with water helps explain sightings along drains and urban edges. Records in disturbed places are no reason to treat natural swamps and mangroves as unimportant.

## Predator and scavenger

Water monitors take varied prey, including fish, frogs, crabs and other small animals, and also consume carrion when available. A monitor near waste is therefore not simply a “garbage eater.” Easily available human food can alter its movements and increase unwanted encounters.

## Safer encounters

Do not approach, touch, feed or block a monitor’s escape route. A cornered animal may defend itself. If one enters a building or crowded area, keep people and pets back and seek help from local wildlife authorities. Singapore’s official guidance likewise advises the public not to handle monitors themselves.

## Pressures and limits of sighting data

Research in southern Sumatra documented water-monitor harvesting for skins and examined how ecological flexibility affected persistence. Historic findings from one area cannot serve as a current harvest figure or status for all Indonesia. Photographic records are not a census either; local assessment needs surveys, habitat context and up-to-date trade data.

## Common questions about the Asian water monitor

### What is the scientific name of the Asian water monitor?

The scientific name of the Asian water monitor is *Varanus salvator*, in the family Varanidae. In Indonesian it is called Biawak air.

### Where can the Asian water monitor be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Asian water monitor in: South and Southeast Asia, including Indonesia.

Source-supported habitats: [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/).

### What does the Asian water monitor eat?

Diet of the Asian water monitor: small animals and carrion.

### What is the conservation status of the Asian water monitor?

On the IUCN Red List, the Asian water monitor is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2470685), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Asian water monitor is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Sarawak Forest Department — Varanus salvator](https://forestry.sarawak.gov.my/web/subpage/webpage_view/921)
2. [Singapore Animal & Veterinary Service — Monitor lizards](https://avs.nparks.gov.sg/wildlife/encountering-wildlife/monitor-lizards/)
3. [Shine et al. — Commercial harvesting of giant lizards in southern Sumatra](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006320796000080)
4. [Animal Diversity Web — Varanus salvator](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Varanus_salvator/)
5. [GBIF — accepted Varanus salvator taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2470685)

## Further reading

[Monitor lizard: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/monitor-lizard/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Komodo dragon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/komodo-dragon/)
- [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/)
- [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/)
- [Crocodile monitor](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocodile-monitor/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Asian water monitor. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/varanus-salvator/


---

# Eurasian tree sparrow

> A small bird with a chestnut crown and a black spot on each white cheek. Its proximity to people makes it easy to notice, but sighting records do not measure its population.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/passer-montanus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/passer-montanus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed species-specific sources; not yet reviewed by an ornithologist.

## Quick answer

The Eurasian tree sparrow (*Passer montanus*) is a bird in the family Passeridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Passer montanus* |
| Indonesian name | Burung gereja |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Passeridae |
| Range in Indonesia | Settlements and open land in parts of Indonesia |
| Linked habitats | [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/) |
| Field mark | Chestnut crown; black spot on white cheek |
| Food | Mainly seeds; also takes insects |
| Nest | Protected holes or cavities |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5231198) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## Useful field marks

The Eurasian tree sparrow shows a chestnut crown, dark throat and a clear black patch on each white cheek. Males and females look similar, while juveniles tend to be duller. Use the complete head pattern rather than brown colour alone; several small birds look alike at a distance.

## Life near people

This species uses open spaces, gardens, farmland and built surroundings. It is often seen in small, noisy groups searching for food. A sighting on one street or in one yard does not mean every area offers the same food and nesting opportunities; local land cover matters.

## Seeds, insects and nest sites

Cornell records seeds as an important food for tree sparrows; insects can also form part of the diet, especially when young are being raised. Nests may occupy cavities in trees or buildings. An adult near a house does not by itself prove an active nest; observe from a distance without opening cavities.

## Distinguishing birds from records

Repeated photographs at popular locations can add many records of the same individuals. GBIF data show observations from several Indonesian regions, but record totals do not count unique birds or establish an upward trend. For a useful sighting, note the date, broad location and visible cheek and crown markings.

## Watching without disturbance

Watch from a distance that does not change the bird’s behaviour. Do not move eggs or young or provide unsuitable food. If birds occupy a cavity, leave its entrance clear. This guide does not assign a local conservation status; any such assessment needs a source with a clear region and date.

## Common questions about the Eurasian tree sparrow

### What is the scientific name of the Eurasian tree sparrow?

The scientific name of the Eurasian tree sparrow is *Passer montanus*, in the family Passeridae and the order Passeriformes. In Indonesian it is called Burung gereja.

### Where can the Eurasian tree sparrow be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Eurasian tree sparrow in: Settlements and open land in parts of Indonesia.

Source-supported habitats: [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/).

### What does the Eurasian tree sparrow eat?

Diet of the Eurasian tree sparrow: mainly seeds; also takes insects.

### What is the conservation status of the Eurasian tree sparrow?

On the IUCN Red List, the Eurasian tree sparrow is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5231198), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Eurasian tree sparrow is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Cornell Lab — Eurasian Tree Sparrow life history](https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Eurasian_Tree_Sparrow/lifehistory)
2. [eBird — Eurasian Tree Sparrow identification](https://ebird.org/species/eutspa)
3. [GBIF — accepted Passer montanus taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5231198)

## Keep exploring

- [Yellow-vented bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pycnonotus-goiavier/)
- [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/)
- [Spotted dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spilopelia-chinensis/)
- [Pacific swallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hirundo-javanica/)
- [Collared kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/todiramphus-chloris/)
- [Oriental magpie-robin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oriental-magpie-robin/)
- [Barn owl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/barn-owl/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Eurasian tree sparrow. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/passer-montanus/


---

# Yellow-vented bulbul

> A songbird with a conspicuous yellow vent that often uses gardens, parks and forest edges. Local studies document fruit and insect feeding.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pycnonotus-goiavier/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/pycnonotus-goiavier/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed species-specific sources; not yet reviewed by an ornithologist.

## Quick answer

The Yellow-vented bulbul (*Pycnonotus goiavier*) is a bird in the family Pycnonotidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Pycnonotus goiavier* |
| Indonesian name | Merbah cerucuk |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Pycnonotidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Southeast Asia, including many Indonesian regions |
| Linked habitats | [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/) |
| Field mark | Yellow vent; dark line near eye |
| Food | Small fruit and insects |
| Habitat | Gardens, parks, scrub and forest edges |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2486144) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## Recognising the yellow-vented bulbul

The yellow-vented bulbul is brown above and paler below, with a bright yellow vent and a dark line from bill to eye. Its slight crest is not always raised. The combination of features is more reliable than yellow colour alone when separating it from other bulbuls.

## Edges and open habitats

eBird records this species in cities, parks, plantations, secondary growth and forest edges. It is not confined to deep forest. A garden encounter can therefore reveal its foraging behaviour, but does not stand for the condition of all forest birds in the surrounding area.

## Fruit and insects in the diet

An Aceh study observed yellow-vented bulbuls taking small fruit and discussed their seed-dispersal role. Research in an oil-palm landscape also found insects in the diet. Food composition varies by place; one garden or plantation study should not be applied uncritically to every Indonesian habitat.

## Voice and movement

Variable song and bubbling calls can reveal a bird before it is seen. Individuals move among trees, shrubs and open patches while foraging. Record visible features with the sound, date and location; a brief, unclear call alone can be confused with other songbirds.

## What many sightings do and do not mean

Yellow-vented bulbuls are often visible in accessible places, so many photos do not provide a valid population estimate. GBIF records from several Indonesian regions are not a complete range map or a local conservation assessment. Keep suitable fruiting plants and shrubs where possible, and observe without capturing birds.

## Common questions about the Yellow-vented bulbul

### What is the scientific name of the Yellow-vented bulbul?

The scientific name of the Yellow-vented bulbul is *Pycnonotus goiavier*, in the family Pycnonotidae and the order Passeriformes. In Indonesian it is called Merbah cerucuk.

### Where can the Yellow-vented bulbul be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Yellow-vented bulbul in: Southeast Asia, including many Indonesian regions.

Source-supported habitats: [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/).

### What does the Yellow-vented bulbul eat?

Diet of the Yellow-vented bulbul: small fruit and insects.

### What is the conservation status of the Yellow-vented bulbul?

On the IUCN Red List, the Yellow-vented bulbul is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2486144), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Yellow-vented bulbul is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [eBird — Yellow-vented Bulbul identification](https://ebird.org/species/yevbul1)
2. [Safrika et al. — Feeding behaviour in Aceh](https://jurnal.arraniry.ac.id/index.php/PBiotik/article/view/27973.html)
3. [Journal of Oil Palm Research — Diet in an oil-palm landscape](https://jopr.mpob.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/joprv27dec-betty.pdf)
4. [GBIF — accepted Pycnonotus goiavier taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2486144)

## Keep exploring

- [Eurasian tree sparrow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/passer-montanus/)
- [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/)
- [Spotted dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spilopelia-chinensis/)
- [Pacific swallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hirundo-javanica/)
- [Collared kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/todiramphus-chloris/)
- [Straw-headed bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/straw-headed-bulbul/)
- [Sooty-headed bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sooty-headed-bulbul/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Yellow-vented bulbul. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pycnonotus-goiavier/


---

# Spotted dove

> A small, long-tailed dove with white spots on a black neck patch. It uses open land, gardens and forest edges while searching for seeds.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spilopelia-chinensis/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/spilopelia-chinensis/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed species-specific sources; not yet reviewed by an ornithologist.

## Quick answer

The Spotted dove (*Spilopelia chinensis*) is a bird in the family Columbidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Spilopelia chinensis* |
| Indonesian name | Burung tekukur |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Columbidae |
| Range in Indonesia | South and Southeast Asia, including Indonesia |
| Linked habitats | [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/) |
| Field mark | White spots on black nape patch |
| Food | Mainly seeds taken on the ground |
| Behaviour | Often walks and gives repeated coos |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/6101224) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## A spotted neck as a clue

The spotted dove is brown with a somewhat rosy breast, long tail and conspicuous white spots on a black patch at the back of the neck. This pattern helps separate it from zebra doves and other pigeons. Shape and voice provide useful confirmation when a photograph is unclear.

## Open land and forest edges

eBird records this species in parks, fields and open woodland. Its use of settlements explains many encounters, but it is not solely an urban bird. Ground cover, human activity and seed availability affect the chances of seeing a dove in a particular place.

## Searching the ground for seeds

Singapore’s biodiversity service describes the spotted dove as a seed eater that may swallow grit to help its gizzard process food. It often walks slowly while pecking at the ground. A garden visit does not mean hand-feeding is needed; natural food and a safe space matter more.

## Voice and daily life

The spotted dove gives a repeated low coo that may be heard before it is seen. A pair or single bird walking on the ground can be disturbed by a sudden approach. When recording calls or photographs, keep a reasonable distance and allow the bird to move away.

## Interpreting distribution records

GBIF includes spotted-dove records from several Indonesian regions, but place labels are not a complete range map. The species has also been introduced outside parts of its native range, so native or introduced status must be checked for the location being discussed. Many photographs are not a population estimate.

## Common questions about the Spotted dove

### What is the scientific name of the Spotted dove?

The scientific name of the Spotted dove is *Spilopelia chinensis*, in the family Columbidae and the order Columbiformes. In Indonesian it is called Burung tekukur.

### Where can the Spotted dove be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Spotted dove in: South and Southeast Asia, including Indonesia.

Source-supported habitats: [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/).

### What does the Spotted dove eat?

Diet of the Spotted dove: mainly seeds taken on the ground.

### What is the conservation status of the Spotted dove?

On the IUCN Red List, the Spotted dove is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/6101224), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Spotted dove is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [eBird — Spotted Dove identification](https://ebird.org/species/spodov)
2. [BiodiversitySG — Spotted Dove ecology](https://biodiversitysg.nparks.gov.sg/our-biodiversity/birds/doves-and-pigeons/spotted-dove/)
3. [GBIF — accepted Spilopelia chinensis taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/6101224)

## Keep exploring

- [Eurasian tree sparrow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/passer-montanus/)
- [Yellow-vented bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pycnonotus-goiavier/)
- [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Spotted dove. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spilopelia-chinensis/


---

# Pacific swallow

> A small swallow that catches insects in flight and builds a mud nest. Its scientific name matters because Pacific swallow taxonomy has changed.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hirundo-javanica/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/hirundo-javanica/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed species-specific sources; not yet reviewed by an ornithologist.

## Quick answer

The Pacific swallow (*Hirundo javanica*) is a bird in the family Hirundinidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Hirundo javanica* |
| Indonesian name | Layang-layang batu |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Hirundinidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Tropical Asia and Pacific islands, including Indonesia |
| Linked habitats | [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/) |
| Food | Flying insects |
| Nest | Mud cup in a sheltered place |
| Activity | Feeds on the wing |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/10332233) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## Recognising a flying swallow

The Pacific swallow is a small, pointed-winged bird often seen taking insects in flight. Shape and plumage should be considered together because other swallows may pass through the same area. Several viewing angles or a voice note are more useful than a guess from one silhouette.

## From coasts to buildings

The species is associated with coasts and also uses human-modified landscapes. A cup-shaped nest is built from mud pellets under a ledge or a structure such as a bridge. A nest on a building is not proof of current activity; watch for adults visiting without touching it.

## Feeding in the air

Pacific swallows catch insects while airborne, including flies and other small flying prey. They may repeatedly cross open spaces where insects gather. The number visible on one afternoon can depend on weather and insect activity, so a brief count is not an annual population measure.

## Why the scientific name matters

eBird updated the taxonomy of this group and uses Hirundo javanica for Pacific swallow after a split from birds formerly grouped together. Older sources may use a different name or scope. When comparing records across years, match the scientific name and checklist version before inferring a range change.

## Responsible nest watching

Do not remove a nest or place a camera close to young birds just to obtain a photograph. If a structure needs maintenance, seek locally appropriate advice before disturbing an active nest. Indonesian GBIF records identify observation places, but repeat photos and uneven effort prevent them from functioning as a census.

## Common questions about the Pacific swallow

### What is the scientific name of the Pacific swallow?

The scientific name of the Pacific swallow is *Hirundo javanica*, in the family Hirundinidae and the order Passeriformes. In Indonesian it is called Layang-layang batu.

### Where can the Pacific swallow be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Pacific swallow in: Tropical Asia and Pacific islands, including Indonesia.

Source-supported habitats: [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/).

### What does the Pacific swallow eat?

Diet of the Pacific swallow: flying insects.

### What is the conservation status of the Pacific swallow?

On the IUCN Red List, the Pacific swallow is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/10332233), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Pacific swallow is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [eBird — Pacific Swallow](https://ebird.org/species/pacswa1)
2. [eBird — 2024 taxonomy update](https://science.ebird.org/en/use-ebird-data/the-ebird-taxonomy/2024-ebird-taxonomy-update)
3. [ITIS — Hirundo javanica taxon](https://itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=1278440)

## Keep exploring

- [Eurasian tree sparrow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/passer-montanus/)
- [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/)
- [Yellow-vented bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pycnonotus-goiavier/)
- [Sooty-headed bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sooty-headed-bulbul/)
- [Oriental magpie-robin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oriental-magpie-robin/)
- [Barn owl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/barn-owl/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Pacific swallow. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hirundo-javanica/


---

# Collared kingfisher

> A blue-green kingfisher with a white collar, often seen in mangroves and on coasts. Numerous subspecies make older names worth checking carefully.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/todiramphus-chloris/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/todiramphus-chloris/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed species-specific sources; not yet reviewed by an ornithologist.

## Quick answer

The Collared kingfisher (*Todiramphus chloris*) is a bird in the family Alcedinidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Todiramphus chloris* |
| Indonesian name | Cekakak sungai |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Alcedinidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Coasts from South and Southeast Asia to the western Pacific, including Indonesia |
| Linked habitats | [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/) |
| Field mark | Blue-green upperparts and white collar |
| Habitat | Mangroves and tidal creeks |
| Coastal food | Small crabs, shrimp and other prey |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2475742) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## Recognising the collared kingfisher

The collared kingfisher has blue-green upperparts, white underparts, a dark mask around the eyes and a white nape collar. Pattern varies across regions and ages. A sound identification uses bill shape, collar and habitat together, not merely the blue colour shared by other kingfishers.

## Mangroves and tidal creeks

Bird references and Singapore’s parks agency place this species in mangroves and tidal creeks, although some populations use gardens or other habitats. Vegetation and water edges therefore matter when watching it. One bird perched on a wire does not show that its mangrove habitat is dispensable.

## Prey differs by place

Research on an Arabian population found crabs to be important prey, followed by fish and other small animals. That result describes the studied population, not a fixed menu for every Indonesian kingfisher. Birds may also take insects and land prey; observe actual hunting before describing a local diet.

## A changing taxonomic boundary

Several groups formerly included in Todiramphus chloris have been split as distinct species in modern bird checklists. A name on an old photograph or article should therefore be checked against its location and taxonomy version. The name here follows the catalogued taxon, not a claim that every population looks identical.

## Recording without approaching nests

Record perches, hunting behaviour and tidal conditions from a distance that does not disturb the bird. Do not push through mangrove roots or chase it for photographs. GBIF records confirm observations labelled Indonesia, but counts depend on human access and are neither population estimates nor a conservation assessment.

## Common questions about the Collared kingfisher

### What is the scientific name of the Collared kingfisher?

The scientific name of the Collared kingfisher is *Todiramphus chloris*, in the family Alcedinidae and the order Coraciiformes. In Indonesian it is called Cekakak sungai.

### Where can the Collared kingfisher be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Collared kingfisher in: Coasts from South and Southeast Asia to the western Pacific, including Indonesia.

Source-supported habitats: [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/).

### What does the Collared kingfisher eat?

Diet of the Collared kingfisher (coastal food): small crabs, shrimp and other prey.

### What is the conservation status of the Collared kingfisher?

On the IUCN Red List, the Collared kingfisher is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2475742), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Collared kingfisher is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [eBird — Collared Kingfisher identification](https://ebird.org/species/colkin1)
2. [Singapore NParks — Todiramphus chloris](https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/fauna/3/4/34)
3. [Diet study of Arabian collared kingfisher](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352249625000060)
4. [eBird — taxonomic splits of Collared Kingfisher](https://ebird.org/news/taxonomy-update-for-2015/)

## Keep exploring

- [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/)
- [Yellow-vented bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pycnonotus-goiavier/)
- [Eurasian tree sparrow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/passer-montanus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Collared kingfisher. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/todiramphus-chloris/


---

# Cave Swiftlet

> Cave Swiftlet (Collocalia linchi). This swiftlet occurs on Sumatra, Java and Bali; species accounts describe woodland foraging and cave nesting.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/collocalia-linchi/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/collocalia-linchi/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Cave Swiftlet (*Collocalia linchi*) is a bird in the family Apodidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Collocalia linchi* |
| Indonesian name | Walet Linchi |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Apodidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Bali |
| Taxonomic group | Apodiformes |
| GBIF records | 19,161 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2477326) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Cave Swiftlet?

Cave Swiftlet refers to Collocalia linchi, in the genus Collocalia, family Apodidae, and order Apodiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2477326)

## What is known about the Cave Swiftlet?

This swiftlet occurs on Sumatra, Java and Bali; species accounts describe woodland foraging and cave nesting.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collocalia%20linchi)

## How many Indonesian records name the Cave Swiftlet?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 19,161 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2477326&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Bali. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2477326&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Cave Swiftlet?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Cave Swiftlet with Glossy Swiftlet, White-nest Swiftlet, Uniform Swiftlet. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Cave Swiftlet

### What is the scientific name of the Cave Swiftlet?

The scientific name of the Cave Swiftlet is *Collocalia linchi*, in the family Apodidae and the order Apodiformes. In Indonesian it is called Walet Linchi.

### Where can the Cave Swiftlet be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Cave Swiftlet summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Bali. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Cave Swiftlet?

On the IUCN Red List, the Cave Swiftlet is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2477326), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Cave Swiftlet is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2477326)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2477326&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/578254)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collocalia%20linchi)

## Keep exploring

- [Glossy Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/collocalia-esculenta/)
- [White-nest Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aerodramus-fuciphagus/)
- [Uniform Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aerodramus-vanikorensis/)
- [Gray-rumped Treeswift](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemiprocne-longipennis/)
- [House Swift](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/apus-nipalensis/)
- [Green Junglefowl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gallus-varius/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Cave Swiftlet. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/collocalia-linchi/


---

# Scaly-breasted Munia

> Scaly-breasted Munia (Lonchura punctulata). Adults show scale-like marks across the breast and belly, a brown back and a stout dark bill; young birds are plainer.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-punctulata/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/lonchura-punctulata/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Scaly-breasted Munia (*Lonchura punctulata*) is a bird in the family Estrildidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Lonchura punctulata* |
| Indonesian name | Bondol peking |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Estrildidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sulawesi |
| Taxonomic group | Passeriformes |
| GBIF records | 13,931 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2493598) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Scaly-breasted Munia?

Scaly-breasted Munia refers to Lonchura punctulata, in the genus Lonchura, family Estrildidae, and order Passeriformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2493598)

## What is known about the Scaly-breasted Munia?

Adults show scale-like marks across the breast and belly, a brown back and a stout dark bill; young birds are plainer.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonchura%20punctulata)

## How many Indonesian records name the Scaly-breasted Munia?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 13,931 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2493598&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sulawesi. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2493598&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Scaly-breasted Munia?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Scaly-breasted Munia with Javan Munia, White-headed Munia, White-breasted Woodswallow. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Scaly-breasted Munia

### What is the scientific name of the Scaly-breasted Munia?

The scientific name of the Scaly-breasted Munia is *Lonchura punctulata*, in the family Estrildidae and the order Passeriformes. In Indonesian it is called Bondol peking.

### Where can the Scaly-breasted Munia be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Scaly-breasted Munia summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sulawesi. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Scaly-breasted Munia?

On the IUCN Red List, the Scaly-breasted Munia is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2493598), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Scaly-breasted Munia is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2493598)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2493598&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/13893)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonchura%20punctulata)

## Keep exploring

- [Javan Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-leucogastroides/)
- [White-headed Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-maja/)
- [White-breasted Woodswallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/artamus-leucorhynchos/)
- [Hair-crested Drongo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-hottentottus/)
- [Green Junglefowl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gallus-varius/)
- [Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemipus-hirundinaceus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Scaly-breasted Munia. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-punctulata/


---

# Zebra Dove

> Zebra Dove (Geopelia striata). This small dove has a relatively long tail, fine black-and-white barring over grey-brown plumage and a soft repeated coo.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/geopelia-striata/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/geopelia-striata/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Zebra Dove (*Geopelia striata*) is a bird in the family Columbidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Geopelia striata* |
| Indonesian name | Perkutut |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Columbidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sumatera |
| Taxonomic group | Columbiformes |
| GBIF records | 12,768 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495486) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Zebra Dove?

Zebra Dove refers to Geopelia striata, in the genus Geopelia, family Columbidae, and order Columbiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495486)

## What is known about the Zebra Dove?

This small dove has a relatively long tail, fine black-and-white barring over grey-brown plumage and a soft repeated coo.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopelia%20striata)

## How many Indonesian records name the Zebra Dove?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 12,768 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2495486&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sumatera. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2495486&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Zebra Dove?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Zebra Dove with Pink-necked Green-Pigeon, Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove, Green Imperial Pigeon. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Zebra Dove

### What is the scientific name of the Zebra Dove?

The scientific name of the Zebra Dove is *Geopelia striata*, in the family Columbidae and the order Columbiformes. In Indonesian it is called Perkutut.

### Where can the Zebra Dove be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Zebra Dove summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sumatera. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Zebra Dove?

On the IUCN Red List, the Zebra Dove is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495486), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Zebra Dove is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495486)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2495486&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/3607)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopelia%20striata)

## Keep exploring

- [Pink-necked Green-Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-vernans/)
- [Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macropygia-doreya/)
- [Green Imperial Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ducula-aenea/)
- [Asian Emerald Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcophaps-indica/)
- [Rock Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/columba-livia/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Zebra Dove. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/geopelia-striata/


---

# Javan Pond-Heron

> Javan Pond-Heron (Ardeola speciosa). The Javan pond-heron forages in shallow freshwater and coastal wetlands, taking small fish, insects and crabs.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardeola-speciosa/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/ardeola-speciosa/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Javan Pond-Heron (*Ardeola speciosa*) is a bird in the family Ardeidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Ardeola speciosa* |
| Indonesian name | Blekok |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Ardeidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sulawesi |
| Taxonomic group | Pelecaniformes |
| GBIF records | 12,470 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480904) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Javan Pond-Heron?

Javan Pond-Heron refers to Ardeola speciosa, in the genus Ardeola, family Ardeidae, and order Pelecaniformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480904)

## What is known about the Javan Pond-Heron?

The Javan pond-heron forages in shallow freshwater and coastal wetlands, taking small fish, insects and crabs.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardeola%20speciosa)

## How many Indonesian records name the Javan Pond-Heron?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 12,470 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2480904&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sulawesi. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2480904&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Javan Pond-Heron?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Javan Pond-Heron with Little Egret, Purple Heron, Striated Heron. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Javan Pond-Heron

### What is the scientific name of the Javan Pond-Heron?

The scientific name of the Javan Pond-Heron is *Ardeola speciosa*, in the family Ardeidae and the order Pelecaniformes. In Indonesian it is called Blekok.

### Where can the Javan Pond-Heron be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Javan Pond-Heron summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sulawesi. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Javan Pond-Heron?

On the IUCN Red List, the Javan Pond-Heron is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480904), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Javan Pond-Heron is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480904)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2480904&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/4991)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardeola%20speciosa)

## Keep exploring

- [Little Egret](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-garzetta/)
- [Purple Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-purpurea/)
- [Striated Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/butorides-striata/)
- [Great Egret](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-alba/)
- [Pacific Reef Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-sacra/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Javan Pond-Heron. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardeola-speciosa/


---

# Glossy Swiftlet

> Glossy Swiftlet (Collocalia esculenta). The glossy swiftlet is an apodid that searches for food in flight and ranges across Indonesia and neighbouring islands.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/collocalia-esculenta/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/collocalia-esculenta/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Glossy Swiftlet (*Collocalia esculenta*) is a bird in the family Apodidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Collocalia esculenta* |
| Indonesian name | Walet sapi |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Apodidae |
| Observation records | Papua, Sulawesi, Maluku |
| Taxonomic group | Apodiformes |
| GBIF records | 12,423 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2477292) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Glossy Swiftlet?

Glossy Swiftlet refers to Collocalia esculenta, in the genus Collocalia, family Apodidae, and order Apodiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2477292)

## What is known about the Glossy Swiftlet?

The glossy swiftlet is an apodid that searches for food in flight and ranges across Indonesia and neighbouring islands.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collocalia%20esculenta)

## How many Indonesian records name the Glossy Swiftlet?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 12,423 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2477292&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Papua, Sulawesi, Maluku. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2477292&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Glossy Swiftlet?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Glossy Swiftlet with Cave Swiftlet, White-nest Swiftlet, Uniform Swiftlet. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Glossy Swiftlet

### What is the scientific name of the Glossy Swiftlet?

The scientific name of the Glossy Swiftlet is *Collocalia esculenta*, in the family Apodidae and the order Apodiformes. In Indonesian it is called Walet sapi.

### Where can the Glossy Swiftlet be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Glossy Swiftlet summarised in this guide mainly come from Papua, Sulawesi, Maluku. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Glossy Swiftlet?

On the IUCN Red List, the Glossy Swiftlet is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2477292), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Glossy Swiftlet is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2477292)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2477292&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/559414)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collocalia%20esculenta)

## Keep exploring

- [Cave Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/collocalia-linchi/)
- [White-nest Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aerodramus-fuciphagus/)
- [Uniform Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aerodramus-vanikorensis/)
- [Gray-rumped Treeswift](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemiprocne-longipennis/)
- [House Swift](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/apus-nipalensis/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Glossy Swiftlet. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/collocalia-esculenta/


---

# White-breasted Woodswallow

> White-breasted Woodswallow (Artamus leucorhynchos). GBIF's spelling differs from the BirdLife Australia name for the white-breasted woodswallow; its white chest contrasts with a dark-grey head.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/artamus-leucorhynchos/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/artamus-leucorhynchos/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The White-breasted Woodswallow (*Artamus leucorhynchos*) is a bird in the family Artamidae.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Artamus leucorhynchos* |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Artamidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Jawa |
| Taxonomic group | Passeriformes |
| GBIF records | 10,286 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |

## What is the White-breasted Woodswallow?

White-breasted Woodswallow refers to Artamus leucorhynchos, in the genus Artamus, family Artamidae, and order Passeriformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/11164150)

## What is known about the White-breasted Woodswallow?

GBIF's spelling differs from the BirdLife Australia name for the white-breasted woodswallow; its white chest contrasts with a dark-grey head.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [BirdLife Australia — White-breasted Woodswallow](https://birdlife.org.au/bird-profiles/white-breasted-woodswallow/)

## How many Indonesian records name the White-breasted Woodswallow?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 10,286 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=11164150&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Jawa. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=11164150&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the White-breasted Woodswallow?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare White-breasted Woodswallow with Javan Munia, Olive-backed Tailorbird, Brown-throated Sunbird. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the White-breasted Woodswallow

### What is the scientific name of the White-breasted Woodswallow?

The scientific name of the White-breasted Woodswallow is *Artamus leucorhynchos*, in the family Artamidae and the order Passeriformes.

### Where can the White-breasted Woodswallow be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the White-breasted Woodswallow summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Jawa. That list is not a complete range map.

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/11164150)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=11164150&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [BirdLife Australia — White-breasted Woodswallow](https://birdlife.org.au/bird-profiles/white-breasted-woodswallow/)

## Keep exploring

- [Javan Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-leucogastroides/)
- [Olive-backed Tailorbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/orthotomus-sepium/)
- [Brown-throated Sunbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/anthreptes-malacensis/)
- [Scaly-breasted Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-punctulata/)
- [Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemipus-hirundinaceus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). White-breasted Woodswallow. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/artamus-leucorhynchos/


---

# Javan Munia

> Javan Munia (Lonchura leucogastroides). The Javan munia occurs in southern Sumatra, Java, Bali and Lombok, while some populations elsewhere reflect human introduction.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-leucogastroides/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/lonchura-leucogastroides/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Javan Munia (*Lonchura leucogastroides*) is a bird in the family Estrildidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Lonchura leucogastroides* |
| Indonesian name | Bondol jawa |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Estrildidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Bali |
| Taxonomic group | Passeriformes |
| GBIF records | 9,805 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2493622) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Javan Munia?

Javan Munia refers to Lonchura leucogastroides, in the genus Lonchura, family Estrildidae, and order Passeriformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2493622)

## What is known about the Javan Munia?

The Javan munia occurs in southern Sumatra, Java, Bali and Lombok, while some populations elsewhere reflect human introduction.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonchura%20leucogastroides)

## How many Indonesian records name the Javan Munia?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 9,805 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2493622&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Bali. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2493622&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Javan Munia?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Javan Munia with White-headed Munia, Scaly-breasted Munia, Olive-backed Tailorbird. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Javan Munia

### What is the scientific name of the Javan Munia?

The scientific name of the Javan Munia is *Lonchura leucogastroides*, in the family Estrildidae and the order Passeriformes. In Indonesian it is called Bondol jawa.

### Where can the Javan Munia be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Javan Munia summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Bali. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Javan Munia?

On the IUCN Red List, the Javan Munia is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2493622), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Javan Munia is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2493622)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2493622&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/13905)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonchura%20leucogastroides)

## Keep exploring

- [White-headed Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-maja/)
- [Scaly-breasted Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-punctulata/)
- [Olive-backed Tailorbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/orthotomus-sepium/)
- [White-breasted Woodswallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/artamus-leucorhynchos/)
- [Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemipus-hirundinaceus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Javan Munia. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-leucogastroides/


---

# Little Egret

> Little Egret (Egretta garzetta). The little egret is smaller than the great egret; wetland identification benefits from checking size, bill and leg characters together.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-garzetta/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/egretta-garzetta/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Little Egret (*Egretta garzetta*) is a bird in the family Ardeidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Egretta garzetta* |
| Indonesian name | Kuntul kecil |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Ardeidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sulawesi |
| Taxonomic group | Pelecaniformes |
| GBIF records | 9,451 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480876) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Little Egret?

Little Egret refers to Egretta garzetta, in the genus Egretta, family Ardeidae, and order Pelecaniformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480876)

## What is known about the Little Egret?

The little egret is smaller than the great egret; wetland identification benefits from checking size, bill and leg characters together.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egretta%20garzetta)

## How many Indonesian records name the Little Egret?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 9,451 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2480876&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sulawesi. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2480876&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Little Egret?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Little Egret with Pacific Reef Heron, Purple Heron, Striated Heron. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Little Egret

### What is the scientific name of the Little Egret?

The scientific name of the Little Egret is *Egretta garzetta*, in the family Ardeidae and the order Pelecaniformes. In Indonesian it is called Kuntul kecil.

### Where can the Little Egret be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Little Egret summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sulawesi. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Little Egret?

On the IUCN Red List, the Little Egret is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480876), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Little Egret is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480876)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2480876&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/4943)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egretta%20garzetta)

## Keep exploring

- [Pacific Reef Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-sacra/)
- [Purple Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-purpurea/)
- [Striated Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/butorides-striata/)
- [Javan Pond-Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardeola-speciosa/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Little Egret. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-garzetta/


---

# Brahminy Kite

> Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus). The brahminy kite is an accipitrid raptor often associated with coastal landscapes; its pale head and breast contrast with a reddish-brown body.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/haliastur-indus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/haliastur-indus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Brahminy Kite (*Haliastur indus*) is a bird in the family Accipitridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Haliastur indus* |
| Indonesian name | Elang bondol |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Accipitridae |
| Observation records | Papua, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara |
| Taxonomic group | Accipitriformes |
| GBIF records | 8,958 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480437) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Brahminy Kite?

Brahminy Kite refers to Haliastur indus, in the genus Haliastur, family Accipitridae, and order Accipitriformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480437)

## What is known about the Brahminy Kite?

The brahminy kite is an accipitrid raptor often associated with coastal landscapes; its pale head and breast contrast with a reddish-brown body.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliastur%20indus)

## How many Indonesian records name the Brahminy Kite?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 8,958 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2480437&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Papua, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2480437&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Brahminy Kite?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Brahminy Kite with White-bellied Sea Eagle, Common Sandpiper, Olive-backed Tailorbird. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Brahminy Kite

### What is the scientific name of the Brahminy Kite?

The scientific name of the Brahminy Kite is *Haliastur indus*, in the family Accipitridae and the order Accipitriformes. In Indonesian it is called Elang bondol.

### Where can the Brahminy Kite be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Brahminy Kite summarised in this guide mainly come from Papua, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Brahminy Kite?

On the IUCN Red List, the Brahminy Kite is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480437), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Brahminy Kite is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480437)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2480437&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/5406)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliastur%20indus)

## Keep exploring

- [White-bellied Sea Eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/haliaeetus-leucogaster/)
- [Common Sandpiper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/actitis-hypoleucos/)
- [Olive-backed Tailorbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/orthotomus-sepium/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Brahminy Kite. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/haliastur-indus/


---

# Common Sandpiper

> Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos). This small sandpiper uses water edges and moves between regions; an Indonesian sighting does not by itself indicate local breeding.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/actitis-hypoleucos/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/actitis-hypoleucos/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Common Sandpiper (*Actitis hypoleucos*) is a bird in the family Scolopacidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Actitis hypoleucos* |
| Indonesian name | Trinil pantai |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Scolopacidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Papua |
| Taxonomic group | Charadriiformes |
| GBIF records | 8,532 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2481800) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Common Sandpiper?

Common Sandpiper refers to Actitis hypoleucos, in the genus Actitis, family Scolopacidae, and order Charadriiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2481800)

## What is known about the Common Sandpiper?

This small sandpiper uses water edges and moves between regions; an Indonesian sighting does not by itself indicate local breeding.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actitis%20hypoleucos)

## How many Indonesian records name the Common Sandpiper?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 8,532 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2481800&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Papua. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2481800&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Common Sandpiper?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Common Sandpiper with Great Crested Tern, Olive-backed Tailorbird, Brown-throated Sunbird. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Common Sandpiper

### What is the scientific name of the Common Sandpiper?

The scientific name of the Common Sandpiper is *Actitis hypoleucos*, in the family Scolopacidae and the order Charadriiformes. In Indonesian it is called Trinil pantai.

### Where can the Common Sandpiper be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Common Sandpiper summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Papua. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Common Sandpiper?

On the IUCN Red List, the Common Sandpiper is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2481800), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Common Sandpiper is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2481800)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2481800&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/3978)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actitis%20hypoleucos)

## Keep exploring

- [Great Crested Tern](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/thalasseus-bergii/)
- [Olive-backed Tailorbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/orthotomus-sepium/)
- [Brown-throated Sunbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/anthreptes-malacensis/)
- [Brahminy Kite](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/haliastur-indus/)
- [Black-winged myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-winged-myna/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Common Sandpiper. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/actitis-hypoleucos/


---

# Olive-backed Tailorbird

> Olive-backed Tailorbird (Orthotomus sepium). The olive-backed tailorbird is now placed in Cisticolidae rather than the older broad Old World warbler grouping; names should follow current taxonomy.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/orthotomus-sepium/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/orthotomus-sepium/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Olive-backed Tailorbird (*Orthotomus sepium*) is a bird in the family Cisticolidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Orthotomus sepium* |
| Indonesian name | Cinenen jawa |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Cisticolidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Bali |
| Taxonomic group | Passeriformes |
| GBIF records | 7,915 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2493032) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Olive-backed Tailorbird?

Olive-backed Tailorbird refers to Orthotomus sepium, in the genus Orthotomus, family Cisticolidae, and order Passeriformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2493032)

## What is known about the Olive-backed Tailorbird?

The olive-backed tailorbird is now placed in Cisticolidae rather than the older broad Old World warbler grouping; names should follow current taxonomy.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthotomus%20sepium)

## How many Indonesian records name the Olive-backed Tailorbird?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 7,915 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2493032&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Bali. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2493032&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Olive-backed Tailorbird?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Olive-backed Tailorbird with Zitting Cisticola, Brown-throated Sunbird, Common Iora. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Olive-backed Tailorbird

### What is the scientific name of the Olive-backed Tailorbird?

The scientific name of the Olive-backed Tailorbird is *Orthotomus sepium*, in the family Cisticolidae and the order Passeriformes. In Indonesian it is called Cinenen jawa.

### Where can the Olive-backed Tailorbird be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Olive-backed Tailorbird summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Bali. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Olive-backed Tailorbird?

On the IUCN Red List, the Olive-backed Tailorbird is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2493032), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Olive-backed Tailorbird is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2493032)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2493032&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/15345)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthotomus%20sepium)

## Keep exploring

- [Zitting Cisticola](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cisticola-juncidis/)
- [Brown-throated Sunbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/anthreptes-malacensis/)
- [Common Iora](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aegithina-tiphia/)
- [White-breasted Woodswallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/artamus-leucorhynchos/)
- [Javan Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-leucogastroides/)
- [Brahminy Kite](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/haliastur-indus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Olive-backed Tailorbird. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/orthotomus-sepium/


---

# Brown-throated Sunbird

> Brown-throated Sunbird (Anthreptes malacensis). The brown-throated sunbird uses semi-open Southeast Asian habitats; flower visits and bill shape can be observed without assuming every visit pollinates a plant.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/anthreptes-malacensis/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/anthreptes-malacensis/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Brown-throated Sunbird (*Anthreptes malacensis*) is a bird in the family Nectariniidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Anthreptes malacensis* |
| Indonesian name | Burung-madu kelapa |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Nectariniidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sumatera |
| Taxonomic group | Passeriformes |
| GBIF records | 7,848 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2484632) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Brown-throated Sunbird?

Brown-throated Sunbird refers to Anthreptes malacensis, in the genus Anthreptes, family Nectariniidae, and order Passeriformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2484632)

## What is known about the Brown-throated Sunbird?

The brown-throated sunbird uses semi-open Southeast Asian habitats; flower visits and bill shape can be observed without assuming every visit pollinates a plant.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-throated_sunbird)

## How many Indonesian records name the Brown-throated Sunbird?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 7,848 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2484632&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sumatera. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2484632&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Brown-throated Sunbird?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Brown-throated Sunbird with Black Sunbird, Common Iora, Helmeted Friarbird. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Brown-throated Sunbird

### What is the scientific name of the Brown-throated Sunbird?

The scientific name of the Brown-throated Sunbird is *Anthreptes malacensis*, in the family Nectariniidae and the order Passeriformes. In Indonesian it is called Burung-madu kelapa.

### Where can the Brown-throated Sunbird be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Brown-throated Sunbird summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sumatera. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Brown-throated Sunbird?

On the IUCN Red List, the Brown-throated Sunbird is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2484632), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Brown-throated Sunbird is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2484632)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2484632&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/979598)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-throated_sunbird)

## Keep exploring

- [Black Sunbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leptocoma-sericea/)
- [Common Iora](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aegithina-tiphia/)
- [Helmeted Friarbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/philemon-buceroides/)
- [White-breasted Woodswallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/artamus-leucorhynchos/)
- [Common Sandpiper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/actitis-hypoleucos/)
- [Olive-backed Tailorbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/orthotomus-sepium/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Brown-throated Sunbird. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/anthreptes-malacensis/


---

# Sahul Brush Cuckoo

> Sahul Brush Cuckoo (Cacomantis variolosus). The Sahul brush cuckoo belongs to Cuculidae; voice, plumage and locality matter because common names and species limits in this group change.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cacomantis-variolosus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/cacomantis-variolosus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Sahul Brush Cuckoo (*Cacomantis variolosus*) is a bird in the family Cuculidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Cacomantis variolosus* |
| Indonesian name | Wiwik rimba |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Cuculidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Papua, Jawa |
| Taxonomic group | Cuculiformes |
| GBIF records | 7,757 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2496264) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Sahul Brush Cuckoo?

Sahul Brush Cuckoo refers to Cacomantis variolosus, in the genus Cacomantis, family Cuculidae, and order Cuculiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2496264)

## What is known about the Sahul Brush Cuckoo?

The Sahul brush cuckoo belongs to Cuculidae; voice, plumage and locality matter because common names and species limits in this group change.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush_cuckoo)

## How many Indonesian records name the Sahul Brush Cuckoo?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 7,757 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2496264&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Papua, Jawa. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2496264&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Sahul Brush Cuckoo?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Sahul Brush Cuckoo with Plaintive Cuckoo, Lesser Coucal, Common Iora. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Sahul Brush Cuckoo

### What is the scientific name of the Sahul Brush Cuckoo?

The scientific name of the Sahul Brush Cuckoo is *Cacomantis variolosus*, in the family Cuculidae and the order Cuculiformes. In Indonesian it is called Wiwik rimba.

### Where can the Sahul Brush Cuckoo be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Sahul Brush Cuckoo summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Papua, Jawa. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Sahul Brush Cuckoo?

On the IUCN Red List, the Sahul Brush Cuckoo is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2496264), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Sahul Brush Cuckoo is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2496264)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2496264&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/1832)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush_cuckoo)

## Keep exploring

- [Plaintive Cuckoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cacomantis-merulinus/)
- [Lesser Coucal](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/centropus-bengalensis/)
- [Common Iora](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aegithina-tiphia/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Sahul Brush Cuckoo. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cacomantis-variolosus/


---

# Common Iora

> Common Iora (Aegithina tiphia). The common iora uses scrub and forest edges; plumage varies among populations, so a photograph from one region may differ from another.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aegithina-tiphia/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/aegithina-tiphia/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Common Iora (*Aegithina tiphia*) is a bird in the family Aegithinidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Aegithina tiphia* |
| Indonesian name | Cipoh kacat |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Aegithinidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sumatera |
| Taxonomic group | Passeriformes |
| GBIF records | 7,678 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2484096) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Common Iora?

Common Iora refers to Aegithina tiphia, in the genus Aegithina, family Aegithinidae, and order Passeriformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2484096)

## What is known about the Common Iora?

The common iora uses scrub and forest edges; plumage varies among populations, so a photograph from one region may differ from another.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegithina%20tiphia)

## How many Indonesian records name the Common Iora?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 7,678 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2484096&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sumatera. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2484096&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Common Iora?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Common Iora with Black Sunbird, Helmeted Friarbird, Willie Wagtail. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Common Iora

### What is the scientific name of the Common Iora?

The scientific name of the Common Iora is *Aegithina tiphia*, in the family Aegithinidae and the order Passeriformes. In Indonesian it is called Cipoh kacat.

### Where can the Common Iora be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Common Iora summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sumatera. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Common Iora?

On the IUCN Red List, the Common Iora is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2484096), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Common Iora is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2484096)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2484096&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/7938)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegithina%20tiphia)

## Keep exploring

- [Black Sunbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leptocoma-sericea/)
- [Helmeted Friarbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/philemon-buceroides/)
- [Willie Wagtail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-leucophrys/)
- [Olive-backed Tailorbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/orthotomus-sepium/)
- [Brown-throated Sunbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/anthreptes-malacensis/)
- [Sahul Brush Cuckoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cacomantis-variolosus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Common Iora. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aegithina-tiphia/


---

# Red-cheeked Parrot

> Red-cheeked Parrot (Geoffroyus geoffroyi). The red-cheeked parrot is a stout parrot of eastern Indonesia and New Guinea; subspecies labels should not be treated as evidence for every population's range.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/geoffroyus-geoffroyi/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/geoffroyus-geoffroyi/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Red-cheeked Parrot (*Geoffroyus geoffroyi*) is a bird in the family Psittacidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Geoffroyus geoffroyi* |
| Indonesian name | Nuri pipi-merah |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Psittacidae |
| Observation records | Papua, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara |
| Taxonomic group | Psittaciformes |
| GBIF records | 7,573 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2479334) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Red-cheeked Parrot?

Red-cheeked Parrot refers to Geoffroyus geoffroyi, in the genus Geoffroyus, family Psittacidae, and order Psittaciformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2479334)

## What is known about the Red-cheeked Parrot?

The red-cheeked parrot is a stout parrot of eastern Indonesia and New Guinea; subspecies labels should not be treated as evidence for every population's range.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffroyus%20geoffroyi)

## How many Indonesian records name the Red-cheeked Parrot?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 7,573 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2479334&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Papua, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2479334&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Red-cheeked Parrot?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Red-cheeked Parrot with Moluccan Eclectus, White-breasted Waterhen, Black Sunbird. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Red-cheeked Parrot

### What is the scientific name of the Red-cheeked Parrot?

The scientific name of the Red-cheeked Parrot is *Geoffroyus geoffroyi*, in the family Psittacidae and the order Psittaciformes. In Indonesian it is called Nuri pipi-merah.

### Where can the Red-cheeked Parrot be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Red-cheeked Parrot summarised in this guide mainly come from Papua, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Red-cheeked Parrot?

On the IUCN Red List, the Red-cheeked Parrot is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2479334), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Red-cheeked Parrot is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2479334)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2479334&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/19223)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffroyus%20geoffroyi)

## Keep exploring

- [Moluccan Eclectus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eclectus-roratus/)
- [White-breasted Waterhen](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/amaurornis-phoenicurus/)
- [Black Sunbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leptocoma-sericea/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Red-cheeked Parrot. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/geoffroyus-geoffroyi/


---

# White-breasted Waterhen

> White-breasted Waterhen (Amaurornis phoenicurus). This waterhen has a dark body and conspicuously white face and breast; records should include the waterside vegetation where it was seen.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/amaurornis-phoenicurus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/amaurornis-phoenicurus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The White-breasted Waterhen (*Amaurornis phoenicurus*) is a bird in the family Rallidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Amaurornis phoenicurus* |
| Indonesian name | Kareo padi |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Rallidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sumatera |
| Taxonomic group | Gruiformes |
| GBIF records | 7,450 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2474732) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the White-breasted Waterhen?

White-breasted Waterhen refers to Amaurornis phoenicurus, in the genus Amaurornis, family Rallidae, and order Gruiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2474732)

## What is known about the White-breasted Waterhen?

This waterhen has a dark body and conspicuously white face and breast; records should include the waterside vegetation where it was seen.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaurornis%20phoenicurus)

## How many Indonesian records name the White-breasted Waterhen?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 7,450 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2474732&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sumatera. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2474732&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the White-breasted Waterhen?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare White-breasted Waterhen with Black Sunbird, Blyth's Hornbill, White-nest Swiftlet. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the White-breasted Waterhen

### What is the scientific name of the White-breasted Waterhen?

The scientific name of the White-breasted Waterhen is *Amaurornis phoenicurus*, in the family Rallidae and the order Gruiformes. In Indonesian it is called Kareo padi.

### Where can the White-breasted Waterhen be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the White-breasted Waterhen summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sumatera. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the White-breasted Waterhen?

On the IUCN Red List, the White-breasted Waterhen is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2474732), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the White-breasted Waterhen is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2474732)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2474732&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/199)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaurornis%20phoenicurus)

## Keep exploring

- [Black Sunbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leptocoma-sericea/)
- [Blyth's Hornbill](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhyticeros-plicatus/)
- [White-nest Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aerodramus-fuciphagus/)
- [Red-cheeked Parrot](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/geoffroyus-geoffroyi/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). White-breasted Waterhen. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/amaurornis-phoenicurus/


---

# Black Sunbird

> Black Sunbird (Leptocoma sericea). The black sunbird is a nectariniid; its scientific name follows GBIF here, while common names and species limits should be checked against current bird lists.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leptocoma-sericea/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/leptocoma-sericea/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Black Sunbird (*Leptocoma sericea*) is a bird in the family Nectariniidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Leptocoma sericea* |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Nectariniidae |
| Observation records | Maluku, Papua, Sulawesi |
| Taxonomic group | Passeriformes |
| GBIF records | 7,194 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/7340804) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Black Sunbird?

Black Sunbird refers to Leptocoma sericea, in the genus Leptocoma, family Nectariniidae, and order Passeriformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/7340804)

## What is known about the Black Sunbird?

The black sunbird is a nectariniid; its scientific name follows GBIF here, while common names and species limits should be checked against current bird lists.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [ITIS — Leptocoma taxonomy](https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=915775)

## How many Indonesian records name the Black Sunbird?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 7,194 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=7340804&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Maluku, Papua, Sulawesi. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=7340804&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Black Sunbird?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Black Sunbird with Brown-throated Sunbird, Helmeted Friarbird, Willie Wagtail. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Black Sunbird

### What is the scientific name of the Black Sunbird?

The scientific name of the Black Sunbird is *Leptocoma sericea*, in the family Nectariniidae and the order Passeriformes.

### Where can the Black Sunbird be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Black Sunbird summarised in this guide mainly come from Maluku, Papua, Sulawesi. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Black Sunbird?

On the IUCN Red List, the Black Sunbird is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/7340804), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Black Sunbird is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/7340804)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=7340804&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [ITIS — Leptocoma taxonomy](https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=915775)

## Keep exploring

- [Brown-throated Sunbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/anthreptes-malacensis/)
- [Helmeted Friarbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/philemon-buceroides/)
- [Willie Wagtail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-leucophrys/)
- [Common Iora](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aegithina-tiphia/)
- [Red-cheeked Parrot](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/geoffroyus-geoffroyi/)
- [White-breasted Waterhen](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/amaurornis-phoenicurus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Black Sunbird. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leptocoma-sericea/


---

# Blyth's Hornbill

> Blyth's Hornbill (Rhyticeros plicatus). Blyth's hornbill is a large canopy hornbill of Wallacea and Melanesia; ground observations may reveal only its silhouette or calls.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhyticeros-plicatus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/rhyticeros-plicatus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Blyth's Hornbill (*Rhyticeros plicatus*) is a bird in the family Bucerotidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Rhyticeros plicatus* |
| Indonesian name | Julang Irian |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Bucerotidae |
| Observation records | Papua, Maluku, Papua Barat |
| Taxonomic group | Bucerotiformes |
| GBIF records | 7,143 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2475908) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Blyth's Hornbill?

Blyth's Hornbill refers to Rhyticeros plicatus, in the genus Rhyticeros, family Bucerotidae, and order Bucerotiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2475908)

## What is known about the Blyth's Hornbill?

Blyth's hornbill is a large canopy hornbill of Wallacea and Melanesia; ground observations may reveal only its silhouette or calls.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blyth's_hornbill)

## How many Indonesian records name the Blyth's Hornbill?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 7,143 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2475908&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Papua, Maluku, Papua Barat. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2475908&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Blyth's Hornbill?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Blyth's Hornbill with White-nest Swiftlet, Helmeted Friarbird, Pink-necked Green-Pigeon. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Blyth's Hornbill

### What is the scientific name of the Blyth's Hornbill?

The scientific name of the Blyth's Hornbill is *Rhyticeros plicatus*, in the family Bucerotidae and the order Bucerotiformes. In Indonesian it is called Julang Irian.

### Where can the Blyth's Hornbill be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Blyth's Hornbill summarised in this guide mainly come from Papua, Maluku, Papua Barat. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Blyth's Hornbill?

On the IUCN Red List, the Blyth's Hornbill is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2475908), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Blyth's Hornbill is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2475908)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2475908&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/514337)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blyth's_hornbill)

## Further reading

[Hornbill: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/hornbill/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [White-nest Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aerodramus-fuciphagus/)
- [Helmeted Friarbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/philemon-buceroides/)
- [Pink-necked Green-Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-vernans/)
- [White-breasted Waterhen](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/amaurornis-phoenicurus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Blyth's Hornbill. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhyticeros-plicatus/


---

# White-nest Swiftlet

> White-nest Swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus). The edible-nest swiftlet makes a nest largely of hardened saliva; nest harvesting is a human activity separate from the bird's own life cycle.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aerodramus-fuciphagus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/aerodramus-fuciphagus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The White-nest Swiftlet (*Aerodramus fuciphagus*) is a bird in the family Apodidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Aerodramus fuciphagus* |
| Indonesian name | Walet sarang-putih |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Apodidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Sumatera, Jawa |
| Taxonomic group | Apodiformes |
| GBIF records | 6,990 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2477269) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the White-nest Swiftlet?

White-nest Swiftlet refers to Aerodramus fuciphagus, in the genus Aerodramus, family Apodidae, and order Apodiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2477269)

## What is known about the White-nest Swiftlet?

The edible-nest swiftlet makes a nest largely of hardened saliva; nest harvesting is a human activity separate from the bird's own life cycle.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodramus%20fuciphagus)

## How many Indonesian records name the White-nest Swiftlet?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 6,990 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2477269&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Sumatera, Jawa. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2477269&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the White-nest Swiftlet?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare White-nest Swiftlet with Uniform Swiftlet, House Swift, Cave Swiftlet. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the White-nest Swiftlet

### What is the scientific name of the White-nest Swiftlet?

The scientific name of the White-nest Swiftlet is *Aerodramus fuciphagus*, in the family Apodidae and the order Apodiformes. In Indonesian it is called Walet sarang-putih.

### Where can the White-nest Swiftlet be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the White-nest Swiftlet summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Sumatera, Jawa. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the White-nest Swiftlet?

On the IUCN Red List, the White-nest Swiftlet is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2477269), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the White-nest Swiftlet is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2477269)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2477269&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/144631)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodramus%20fuciphagus)

## Keep exploring

- [Uniform Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aerodramus-vanikorensis/)
- [House Swift](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/apus-nipalensis/)
- [Cave Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/collocalia-linchi/)
- [Glossy Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/collocalia-esculenta/)
- [White-breasted Waterhen](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/amaurornis-phoenicurus/)
- [Blyth's Hornbill](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhyticeros-plicatus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). White-nest Swiftlet. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aerodramus-fuciphagus/


---

# Helmeted Friarbird

> Helmeted Friarbird (Philemon buceroides). The helmeted friarbird belongs to the honeyeater family Meliphagidae; its helmet-like head does not make it a hornbill.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/philemon-buceroides/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/philemon-buceroides/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Helmeted Friarbird (*Philemon buceroides*) is a bird in the family Meliphagidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Philemon buceroides* |
| Indonesian name | Cikukua tanduk |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Meliphagidae |
| Observation records | Papua, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku |
| Taxonomic group | Passeriformes |
| GBIF records | 6,660 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2487072) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Helmeted Friarbird?

Helmeted Friarbird refers to Philemon buceroides, in the genus Philemon, family Meliphagidae, and order Passeriformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2487072)

## What is known about the Helmeted Friarbird?

The helmeted friarbird belongs to the honeyeater family Meliphagidae; its helmet-like head does not make it a hornbill.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philemon%20buceroides)

## How many Indonesian records name the Helmeted Friarbird?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 6,660 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2487072&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Papua, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2487072&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Helmeted Friarbird?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Helmeted Friarbird with Brown Honeyeater, Willie Wagtail, Malaysian Pied-Fantail. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Helmeted Friarbird

### What is the scientific name of the Helmeted Friarbird?

The scientific name of the Helmeted Friarbird is *Philemon buceroides*, in the family Meliphagidae and the order Passeriformes. In Indonesian it is called Cikukua tanduk.

### Where can the Helmeted Friarbird be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Helmeted Friarbird summarised in this guide mainly come from Papua, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Helmeted Friarbird?

On the IUCN Red List, the Helmeted Friarbird is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2487072), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Helmeted Friarbird is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2487072)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2487072&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/12345)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philemon%20buceroides)

## Keep exploring

- [Brown Honeyeater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lichmera-indistincta/)
- [Willie Wagtail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-leucophrys/)
- [Malaysian Pied-Fantail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-javanica/)
- [Brown-throated Sunbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/anthreptes-malacensis/)
- [Common Iora](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aegithina-tiphia/)
- [Black Sunbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leptocoma-sericea/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Helmeted Friarbird. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/philemon-buceroides/


---

# Pink-necked Green-Pigeon

> Pink-necked Green-Pigeon (Treron vernans). The pink-necked green-pigeon is a green pigeon often noticed in fruiting trees; its English name refers to the pink neck, not a parrot.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-vernans/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/treron-vernans/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Pink-necked Green-Pigeon (*Treron vernans*) is a bird in the family Columbidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Treron vernans* |
| Indonesian name | Punai gading |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Columbidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sumatera |
| Taxonomic group | Columbiformes |
| GBIF records | 6,642 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495817) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Pink-necked Green-Pigeon?

Pink-necked Green-Pigeon refers to Treron vernans, in the genus Treron, family Columbidae, and order Columbiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495817)

## What is known about the Pink-necked Green-Pigeon?

The pink-necked green-pigeon is a green pigeon often noticed in fruiting trees; its English name refers to the pink neck, not a parrot.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treron%20vernans)

## How many Indonesian records name the Pink-necked Green-Pigeon?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 6,642 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2495817&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sumatera. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2495817&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Pink-necked Green-Pigeon?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Pink-necked Green-Pigeon with Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon, Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove, Green Imperial Pigeon. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Pink-necked Green-Pigeon

### What is the scientific name of the Pink-necked Green-Pigeon?

The scientific name of the Pink-necked Green-Pigeon is *Treron vernans*, in the family Columbidae and the order Columbiformes. In Indonesian it is called Punai gading.

### Where can the Pink-necked Green-Pigeon be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Pink-necked Green-Pigeon summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sumatera. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Pink-necked Green-Pigeon?

On the IUCN Red List, the Pink-necked Green-Pigeon is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495817), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Pink-necked Green-Pigeon is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495817)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2495817&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/3393)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treron%20vernans)

## Keep exploring

- [Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-griseicauda/)
- [Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macropygia-doreya/)
- [Green Imperial Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ducula-aenea/)
- [Zebra Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/geopelia-striata/)
- [Blyth's Hornbill](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhyticeros-plicatus/)
- [Asian Emerald Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcophaps-indica/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Pink-necked Green-Pigeon. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-vernans/


---

# Willie Wagtail

> Willie Wagtail (Rhipidura leucophrys). The willie wagtail actively flicks its tail while foraging; locality matters across its Australian, New Guinean and eastern Indonesian range.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-leucophrys/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/rhipidura-leucophrys/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Willie Wagtail (*Rhipidura leucophrys*) is a bird in the family Rhipiduridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Rhipidura leucophrys* |
| Indonesian name | Kipasan kebun |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Rhipiduridae |
| Observation records | Papua, Maluku, Papua Barat |
| Taxonomic group | Passeriformes |
| GBIF records | 6,434 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5231722) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Willie Wagtail?

Willie Wagtail refers to Rhipidura leucophrys, in the genus Rhipidura, family Rhipiduridae, and order Passeriformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5231722)

## What is known about the Willie Wagtail?

The willie wagtail actively flicks its tail while foraging; locality matters across its Australian, New Guinean and eastern Indonesian range.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhipidura%20leucophrys)

## How many Indonesian records name the Willie Wagtail?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 6,434 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5231722&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Papua, Maluku, Papua Barat. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5231722&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Willie Wagtail?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Willie Wagtail with Malaysian Pied-Fantail, Northern Fantail, Black-naped Oriole. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Willie Wagtail

### What is the scientific name of the Willie Wagtail?

The scientific name of the Willie Wagtail is *Rhipidura leucophrys*, in the family Rhipiduridae and the order Passeriformes. In Indonesian it is called Kipasan kebun.

### Where can the Willie Wagtail be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Willie Wagtail summarised in this guide mainly come from Papua, Maluku, Papua Barat. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Willie Wagtail?

On the IUCN Red List, the Willie Wagtail is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5231722), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Willie Wagtail is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5231722)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5231722&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/8143)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhipidura%20leucophrys)

## Keep exploring

- [Malaysian Pied-Fantail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-javanica/)
- [Northern Fantail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-rufiventris/)
- [Black-naped Oriole](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oriolus-chinensis/)
- [Common Iora](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aegithina-tiphia/)
- [Black Sunbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leptocoma-sericea/)
- [Helmeted Friarbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/philemon-buceroides/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Willie Wagtail. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-leucophrys/


---

# Malaysian Pied-Fantail

> Malaysian Pied-Fantail (Rhipidura javanica). The Malaysian pied-fantail is a rhipidurid; a fanned tail and black-and-white pattern aid identification around forest edges and gardens.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-javanica/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/rhipidura-javanica/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Malaysian Pied-Fantail (*Rhipidura javanica*) is a bird in the family Rhipiduridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Rhipidura javanica* |
| Indonesian name | Kipasan belang |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Rhipiduridae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sumatera |
| Taxonomic group | Passeriformes |
| GBIF records | 6,246 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5231747) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Malaysian Pied-Fantail?

Malaysian Pied-Fantail refers to Rhipidura javanica, in the genus Rhipidura, family Rhipiduridae, and order Passeriformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5231747)

## What is known about the Malaysian Pied-Fantail?

The Malaysian pied-fantail is a rhipidurid; a fanned tail and black-and-white pattern aid identification around forest edges and gardens.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhipidura%20javanica)

## How many Indonesian records name the Malaysian Pied-Fantail?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 6,246 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5231747&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sumatera. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5231747&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Malaysian Pied-Fantail?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Malaysian Pied-Fantail with Northern Fantail, Willie Wagtail, Black-naped Oriole. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Malaysian Pied-Fantail

### What is the scientific name of the Malaysian Pied-Fantail?

The scientific name of the Malaysian Pied-Fantail is *Rhipidura javanica*, in the family Rhipiduridae and the order Passeriformes. In Indonesian it is called Kipasan belang.

### Where can the Malaysian Pied-Fantail be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Malaysian Pied-Fantail summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sumatera. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Malaysian Pied-Fantail?

On the IUCN Red List, the Malaysian Pied-Fantail is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5231747), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Malaysian Pied-Fantail is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5231747)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5231747&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/8141)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhipidura%20javanica)

## Keep exploring

- [Northern Fantail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-rufiventris/)
- [Willie Wagtail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-leucophrys/)
- [Black-naped Oriole](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oriolus-chinensis/)
- [Helmeted Friarbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/philemon-buceroides/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Malaysian Pied-Fantail. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-javanica/


---

# Blue-tailed Bee-eater

> Blue-tailed Bee-eater (Merops philippinus). The blue-tailed bee-eater catches flying insects, and some populations move seasonally; a dated record is more informative than an undated sighting.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/merops-philippinus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/merops-philippinus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Blue-tailed Bee-eater (*Merops philippinus*) is a bird in the family Meropidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Merops philippinus* |
| Indonesian name | Kirik-kirik laut |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Meropidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Jawa |
| Taxonomic group | Coraciiformes |
| GBIF records | 6,241 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2475452) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Blue-tailed Bee-eater?

Blue-tailed Bee-eater refers to Merops philippinus, in the genus Merops, family Meropidae, and order Coraciiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2475452)

## What is known about the Blue-tailed Bee-eater?

The blue-tailed bee-eater catches flying insects, and some populations move seasonally; a dated record is more informative than an undated sighting.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merops%20philippinus)

## How many Indonesian records name the Blue-tailed Bee-eater?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 6,241 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2475452&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Jawa. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2475452&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Blue-tailed Bee-eater?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Blue-tailed Bee-eater with Rainbow Bee-eater, Small Blue Kingfisher, Dollarbird. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Blue-tailed Bee-eater

### What is the scientific name of the Blue-tailed Bee-eater?

The scientific name of the Blue-tailed Bee-eater is *Merops philippinus*, in the family Meropidae and the order Coraciiformes. In Indonesian it is called Kirik-kirik laut.

### Where can the Blue-tailed Bee-eater be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Blue-tailed Bee-eater summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Jawa. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Blue-tailed Bee-eater?

On the IUCN Red List, the Blue-tailed Bee-eater is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2475452), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Blue-tailed Bee-eater is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2475452)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2475452&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/2212)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merops%20philippinus)

## Keep exploring

- [Rainbow Bee-eater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/merops-ornatus/)
- [Small Blue Kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/alcedo-coerulescens/)
- [Dollarbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eurystomus-orientalis/)
- [Sacred Kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/todiramphus-sanctus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Blue-tailed Bee-eater. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/merops-philippinus/


---

# Black-naped Oriole

> Black-naped Oriole (Oriolus chinensis). The black-naped oriole occupies wooded Asian landscapes; its dark nape pattern and voice help separate it from other yellow birds.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oriolus-chinensis/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/oriolus-chinensis/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Black-naped Oriole (*Oriolus chinensis*) is a bird in the family Oriolidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Oriolus chinensis* |
| Indonesian name | Kepodang |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Oriolidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Jawa |
| Taxonomic group | Passeriformes |
| GBIF records | 6,063 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9750846) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Black-naped Oriole?

Black-naped Oriole refers to Oriolus chinensis, in the genus Oriolus, family Oriolidae, and order Passeriformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9750846)

## What is known about the Black-naped Oriole?

The black-naped oriole occupies wooded Asian landscapes; its dark nape pattern and voice help separate it from other yellow birds.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriolus%20chinensis)

## How many Indonesian records name the Black-naped Oriole?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 6,063 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9750846&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Jawa. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9750846&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Black-naped Oriole?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Black-naped Oriole with Golden-bellied Gerygone, White-shouldered Triller, Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Black-naped Oriole

### What is the scientific name of the Black-naped Oriole?

The scientific name of the Black-naped Oriole is *Oriolus chinensis*, in the family Oriolidae and the order Passeriformes. In Indonesian it is called Kepodang.

### Where can the Black-naped Oriole be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Black-naped Oriole summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Jawa. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Black-naped Oriole?

On the IUCN Red List, the Black-naped Oriole is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9750846), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Black-naped Oriole is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9750846)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9750846&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/7867)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriolus%20chinensis)

## Keep exploring

- [Golden-bellied Gerygone](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gerygone-sulphurea/)
- [White-shouldered Triller](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lalage-sueurii/)
- [Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicaeum-trochileum/)
- [Willie Wagtail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-leucophrys/)
- [Malaysian Pied-Fantail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-javanica/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Black-naped Oriole. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oriolus-chinensis/


---

# Purple Heron

> Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea). The purple heron is a long-necked heron associated with marsh vegetation; brownish colour alone is insufficient without checking shape.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-purpurea/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/ardea-purpurea/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Purple Heron (*Ardea purpurea*) is a bird in the family Ardeidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Ardea purpurea* |
| Indonesian name | Cangak merah |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Ardeidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sulawesi |
| Taxonomic group | Pelecaniformes |
| GBIF records | 5,993 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480934) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Purple Heron?

Purple Heron refers to Ardea purpurea, in the genus Ardea, family Ardeidae, and order Pelecaniformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480934)

## What is known about the Purple Heron?

The purple heron is a long-necked heron associated with marsh vegetation; brownish colour alone is insufficient without checking shape.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardea%20purpurea)

## How many Indonesian records name the Purple Heron?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 5,993 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2480934&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sulawesi. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2480934&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Purple Heron?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Purple Heron with Great Egret, Striated Heron, Pacific Reef Heron. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Purple Heron

### What is the scientific name of the Purple Heron?

The scientific name of the Purple Heron is *Ardea purpurea*, in the family Ardeidae and the order Pelecaniformes. In Indonesian it is called Cangak merah.

### Where can the Purple Heron be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Purple Heron summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sulawesi. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Purple Heron?

On the IUCN Red List, the Purple Heron is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480934), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Purple Heron is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480934)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2480934&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/4951)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardea%20purpurea)

## Keep exploring

- [Great Egret](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-alba/)
- [Striated Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/butorides-striata/)
- [Pacific Reef Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-sacra/)
- [Javan Pond-Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardeola-speciosa/)
- [Little Egret](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-garzetta/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Purple Heron. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-purpurea/


---

# Uniform Swiftlet

> Uniform Swiftlet (Aerodramus vanikorensis). The uniform swiftlet has grey-brown plumage, darker upperparts and a shallow forked tail; lookalike swiftlets make clear photos and locality valuable.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aerodramus-vanikorensis/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/aerodramus-vanikorensis/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Uniform Swiftlet (*Aerodramus vanikorensis*) is a bird in the family Apodidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Aerodramus vanikorensis* |
| Indonesian name | Walet polos |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Apodidae |
| Observation records | Papua, Sulawesi, Maluku |
| Taxonomic group | Apodiformes |
| GBIF records | 5,926 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2477185) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Uniform Swiftlet?

Uniform Swiftlet refers to Aerodramus vanikorensis, in the genus Aerodramus, family Apodidae, and order Apodiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2477185)

## What is known about the Uniform Swiftlet?

The uniform swiftlet has grey-brown plumage, darker upperparts and a shallow forked tail; lookalike swiftlets make clear photos and locality valuable.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodramus%20vanikorensis)

## How many Indonesian records name the Uniform Swiftlet?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 5,926 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2477185&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Papua, Sulawesi, Maluku. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2477185&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Uniform Swiftlet?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Uniform Swiftlet with White-nest Swiftlet, House Swift, Cave Swiftlet. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Uniform Swiftlet

### What is the scientific name of the Uniform Swiftlet?

The scientific name of the Uniform Swiftlet is *Aerodramus vanikorensis*, in the family Apodidae and the order Apodiformes. In Indonesian it is called Walet polos.

### Where can the Uniform Swiftlet be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Uniform Swiftlet summarised in this guide mainly come from Papua, Sulawesi, Maluku. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Uniform Swiftlet?

On the IUCN Red List, the Uniform Swiftlet is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2477185), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Uniform Swiftlet is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2477185)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2477185&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/144622)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodramus%20vanikorensis)

## Keep exploring

- [White-nest Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aerodramus-fuciphagus/)
- [House Swift](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/apus-nipalensis/)
- [Cave Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/collocalia-linchi/)
- [Glossy Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/collocalia-esculenta/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Uniform Swiftlet. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aerodramus-vanikorensis/


---

# Golden-bellied Gerygone

> Golden-bellied Gerygone (Gerygone sulphurea). The golden-bellied gerygone is a small acanthizid occurring in Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries; the English name describes its belly.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gerygone-sulphurea/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/gerygone-sulphurea/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Golden-bellied Gerygone (*Gerygone sulphurea*) is a bird in the family Acanthizidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Gerygone sulphurea* |
| Indonesian name | Remetuk laut |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Acanthizidae |
| Observation records | Jawa, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi |
| Taxonomic group | Passeriformes |
| GBIF records | 5,834 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2486554) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Golden-bellied Gerygone?

Golden-bellied Gerygone refers to Gerygone sulphurea, in the genus Gerygone, family Acanthizidae, and order Passeriformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2486554)

## What is known about the Golden-bellied Gerygone?

The golden-bellied gerygone is a small acanthizid occurring in Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries; the English name describes its belly.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerygone%20sulphurea)

## How many Indonesian records name the Golden-bellied Gerygone?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 5,834 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2486554&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2486554&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Golden-bellied Gerygone?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Golden-bellied Gerygone with White-shouldered Triller, Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker, Zitting Cisticola. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Golden-bellied Gerygone

### What is the scientific name of the Golden-bellied Gerygone?

The scientific name of the Golden-bellied Gerygone is *Gerygone sulphurea*, in the family Acanthizidae and the order Passeriformes. In Indonesian it is called Remetuk laut.

### Where can the Golden-bellied Gerygone be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Golden-bellied Gerygone summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Golden-bellied Gerygone?

On the IUCN Red List, the Golden-bellied Gerygone is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2486554), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Golden-bellied Gerygone is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2486554)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2486554&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/13495)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerygone%20sulphurea)

## Keep exploring

- [White-shouldered Triller](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lalage-sueurii/)
- [Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicaeum-trochileum/)
- [Zitting Cisticola](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cisticola-juncidis/)
- [Black-naped Oriole](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oriolus-chinensis/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Golden-bellied Gerygone. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gerygone-sulphurea/


---

# Striated Heron

> Striated Heron (Butorides striata). The striated heron is a small heron often using mangrove edges and shallow water; its current name distinguishes it from the American green heron.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/butorides-striata/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/butorides-striata/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Striated Heron (*Butorides striata*) is a bird in the family Ardeidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Butorides striata* |
| Indonesian name | Kokokan laut |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Ardeidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sulawesi |
| Taxonomic group | Pelecaniformes |
| GBIF records | 5,823 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480824) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Striated Heron?

Striated Heron refers to Butorides striata, in the genus Butorides, family Ardeidae, and order Pelecaniformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480824)

## What is known about the Striated Heron?

The striated heron is a small heron often using mangrove edges and shallow water; its current name distinguishes it from the American green heron.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butorides%20striata)

## How many Indonesian records name the Striated Heron?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 5,823 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2480824&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sulawesi. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2480824&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Striated Heron?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Striated Heron with Great Egret, Pacific Reef Heron, Javan Pond-Heron. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Striated Heron

### What is the scientific name of the Striated Heron?

The scientific name of the Striated Heron is *Butorides striata*, in the family Ardeidae and the order Pelecaniformes. In Indonesian it is called Kokokan laut.

### Where can the Striated Heron be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Striated Heron summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sulawesi. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Striated Heron?

On the IUCN Red List, the Striated Heron is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480824), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Striated Heron is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480824)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2480824&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/62528)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butorides%20striata)

## Keep exploring

- [Great Egret](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-alba/)
- [Pacific Reef Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-sacra/)
- [Javan Pond-Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardeola-speciosa/)
- [Little Egret](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-garzetta/)
- [Purple Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-purpurea/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Striated Heron. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/butorides-striata/


---

# Moluccan Eclectus

> Moluccan Eclectus (Eclectus roratus). Eclectus parrots show striking male-female colour differences; island origin also matters because species limits in the eclectus complex have changed.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eclectus-roratus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/eclectus-roratus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Moluccan Eclectus (*Eclectus roratus*) is a bird in the family Psittacidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Eclectus roratus* |
| Indonesian name | Nuri bayan |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Psittacidae |
| Observation records | Papua, Maluku, Papua Barat |
| Taxonomic group | Psittaciformes |
| GBIF records | 5,819 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480075) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Moluccan Eclectus?

Moluccan Eclectus refers to Eclectus roratus, in the genus Eclectus, family Psittacidae, and order Psittaciformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480075)

## What is known about the Moluccan Eclectus?

Eclectus parrots show striking male-female colour differences; island origin also matters because species limits in the eclectus complex have changed.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclectus%20roratus)

## How many Indonesian records name the Moluccan Eclectus?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 5,819 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2480075&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Papua, Maluku, Papua Barat. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2480075&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Moluccan Eclectus?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Moluccan Eclectus with Red-cheeked Parrot, Great Egret, Great Crested Tern. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Moluccan Eclectus

### What is the scientific name of the Moluccan Eclectus?

The scientific name of the Moluccan Eclectus is *Eclectus roratus*, in the family Psittacidae and the order Psittaciformes. In Indonesian it is called Nuri bayan.

### Where can the Moluccan Eclectus be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Moluccan Eclectus summarised in this guide mainly come from Papua, Maluku, Papua Barat. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Moluccan Eclectus?

On the IUCN Red List, the Moluccan Eclectus is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480075), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Moluccan Eclectus is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480075)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2480075&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/19225)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclectus%20roratus)

## Keep exploring

- [Red-cheeked Parrot](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/geoffroyus-geoffroyi/)
- [Great Egret](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-alba/)
- [Great Crested Tern](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/thalasseus-bergii/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Moluccan Eclectus. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eclectus-roratus/


---

# Great Egret

> Great Egret (Ardea alba). The great egret is a widespread large white heron; compare body size, bill shape and leg colour with smaller egrets.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-alba/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/ardea-alba/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Great Egret (*Ardea alba*) is a bird in the family Ardeidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Ardea alba* |
| Indonesian name | Cangak besar |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Ardeidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Papua |
| Taxonomic group | Pelecaniformes |
| GBIF records | 5,666 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9752617) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Great Egret?

Great Egret refers to Ardea alba, in the genus Ardea, family Ardeidae, and order Pelecaniformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9752617)

## What is known about the Great Egret?

The great egret is a widespread large white heron; compare body size, bill shape and leg colour with smaller egrets.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardea%20alba)

## How many Indonesian records name the Great Egret?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 5,666 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9752617&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Papua. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9752617&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Great Egret?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Great Egret with Purple Heron, Pacific Reef Heron, Javan Pond-Heron. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Great Egret

### What is the scientific name of the Great Egret?

The scientific name of the Great Egret is *Ardea alba*, in the family Ardeidae and the order Pelecaniformes. In Indonesian it is called Cangak besar.

### Where can the Great Egret be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Great Egret summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Papua. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Great Egret?

On the IUCN Red List, the Great Egret is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9752617), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Great Egret is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9752617)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9752617&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/144455)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardea%20alba)

## Keep exploring

- [Purple Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-purpurea/)
- [Pacific Reef Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-sacra/)
- [Javan Pond-Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardeola-speciosa/)
- [Striated Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/butorides-striata/)
- [Moluccan Eclectus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eclectus-roratus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Great Egret. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-alba/


---

# Great Crested Tern

> Great Crested Tern (Thalasseus bergii). The great crested tern forages over coastal sea and nests in colonies on coasts and islands; disturbance at a colony can affect many nests.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/thalasseus-bergii/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/thalasseus-bergii/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Great Crested Tern (*Thalasseus bergii*) is a bird in the family Laridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Thalasseus bergii* |
| Indonesian name | Dara-laut jambul |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Laridae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Papua, Jawa |
| Taxonomic group | Charadriiformes |
| GBIF records | 5,385 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5789283) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Great Crested Tern?

Great Crested Tern refers to Thalasseus bergii, in the genus Thalasseus, family Laridae, and order Charadriiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5789283)

## What is known about the Great Crested Tern?

The great crested tern forages over coastal sea and nests in colonies on coasts and islands; disturbance at a colony can affect many nests.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalasseus%20bergii)

## How many Indonesian records name the Great Crested Tern?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 5,385 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5789283&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Papua, Jawa. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5789283&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Great Crested Tern?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Great Crested Tern with Common Sandpiper, White-shouldered Triller, Coppersmith Barbet. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Great Crested Tern

### What is the scientific name of the Great Crested Tern?

The scientific name of the Great Crested Tern is *Thalasseus bergii*, in the family Laridae and the order Charadriiformes. In Indonesian it is called Dara-laut jambul.

### Where can the Great Crested Tern be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Great Crested Tern summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Papua, Jawa. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Great Crested Tern?

On the IUCN Red List, the Great Crested Tern is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5789283), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Great Crested Tern is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5789283)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5789283&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/144540)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalasseus%20bergii)

## Keep exploring

- [Common Sandpiper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/actitis-hypoleucos/)
- [White-shouldered Triller](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lalage-sueurii/)
- [Coppersmith Barbet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/psilopogon-haemacephalus/)
- [Moluccan Eclectus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eclectus-roratus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Great Crested Tern. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/thalasseus-bergii/


---

# White-shouldered Triller

> White-shouldered Triller (Lalage sueurii). The white-shouldered triller is a campephagid of Indonesia and Timor-Leste; its white wing markings should be read alongside body shape.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lalage-sueurii/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/lalage-sueurii/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The White-shouldered Triller (*Lalage sueurii*) is a bird in the family Campephagidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Lalage sueurii* |
| Indonesian name | Kapasan sayap-putih |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Campephagidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Jawa |
| Taxonomic group | Passeriformes |
| GBIF records | 5,345 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5230465) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the White-shouldered Triller?

White-shouldered Triller refers to Lalage sueurii, in the genus Lalage, family Campephagidae, and order Passeriformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5230465)

## What is known about the White-shouldered Triller?

The white-shouldered triller is a campephagid of Indonesia and Timor-Leste; its white wing markings should be read alongside body shape.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-shouldered_triller)

## How many Indonesian records name the White-shouldered Triller?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 5,345 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5230465&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Jawa. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5230465&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the White-shouldered Triller?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare White-shouldered Triller with Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker, Zitting Cisticola, Metallic Starling. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the White-shouldered Triller

### What is the scientific name of the White-shouldered Triller?

The scientific name of the White-shouldered Triller is *Lalage sueurii*, in the family Campephagidae and the order Passeriformes. In Indonesian it is called Kapasan sayap-putih.

### Where can the White-shouldered Triller be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the White-shouldered Triller summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Jawa. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the White-shouldered Triller?

On the IUCN Red List, the White-shouldered Triller is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5230465), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the White-shouldered Triller is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5230465)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5230465&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/8389)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-shouldered_triller)

## Keep exploring

- [Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicaeum-trochileum/)
- [Zitting Cisticola](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cisticola-juncidis/)
- [Metallic Starling](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aplonis-metallica/)
- [Black-naped Oriole](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oriolus-chinensis/)
- [Golden-bellied Gerygone](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gerygone-sulphurea/)
- [Great Crested Tern](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/thalasseus-bergii/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). White-shouldered Triller. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lalage-sueurii/


---

# Coppersmith Barbet

> Coppersmith Barbet (Psilopogon haemacephalus). The coppersmith barbet has a red forehead and throat; its repeated metallic-sounding call may be noticed before the perched bird.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/psilopogon-haemacephalus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/psilopogon-haemacephalus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Coppersmith Barbet (*Psilopogon haemacephalus*) is a bird in the family Megalaimidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Psilopogon haemacephalus* |
| Indonesian name | Burung takur tukang besi |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Megalaimidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sumatera |
| Taxonomic group | Piciformes |
| GBIF records | 5,299 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/7691806) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Coppersmith Barbet?

Coppersmith Barbet refers to Psilopogon haemacephalus, in the genus Psilopogon, family Megalaimidae, and order Piciformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/7691806)

## What is known about the Coppersmith Barbet?

The coppersmith barbet has a red forehead and throat; its repeated metallic-sounding call may be noticed before the perched bird.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppersmith_barbet)

## How many Indonesian records name the Coppersmith Barbet?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 5,299 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=7691806&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sumatera. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=7691806&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Coppersmith Barbet?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Coppersmith Barbet with Freckle-breasted Woodpecker, Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker, Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Coppersmith Barbet

### What is the scientific name of the Coppersmith Barbet?

The scientific name of the Coppersmith Barbet is *Psilopogon haemacephalus*, in the family Megalaimidae and the order Piciformes. In Indonesian it is called Burung takur tukang besi.

### Where can the Coppersmith Barbet be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Coppersmith Barbet summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sumatera. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Coppersmith Barbet?

On the IUCN Red List, the Coppersmith Barbet is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/7691806), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Coppersmith Barbet is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/7691806)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=7691806&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/367521)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppersmith_barbet)

## Keep exploring

- [Freckle-breasted Woodpecker](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dendrocopos-analis/)
- [Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicaeum-trochileum/)
- [Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macropygia-doreya/)
- [Great Crested Tern](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/thalasseus-bergii/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Coppersmith Barbet. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/psilopogon-haemacephalus/


---

# Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker

> Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker (Dicaeum trochileum). The scarlet-headed flowerpecker is an Indonesian-endemic dicaeid; the male's red head is a clue, making sex and age relevant to identification.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicaeum-trochileum/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/dicaeum-trochileum/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker (*Dicaeum trochileum*) is a bird in the family Dicaeidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Dicaeum trochileum* |
| Indonesian name | Cabai jawa |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Dicaeidae |
| Observation records | Jawa, Nusa Tenggara, Sumatera |
| Taxonomic group | Passeriformes |
| GBIF records | 5,249 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2484699) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker?

Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker refers to Dicaeum trochileum, in the genus Dicaeum, family Dicaeidae, and order Passeriformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2484699)

## What is known about the Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker?

The scarlet-headed flowerpecker is an Indonesian-endemic dicaeid; the male's red head is a clue, making sex and age relevant to identification.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicaeum%20trochileum)

## How many Indonesian records name the Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 5,249 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2484699&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa, Nusa Tenggara, Sumatera. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2484699&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker with Zitting Cisticola, Metallic Starling, Pied Bushchat. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker

### What is the scientific name of the Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker?

The scientific name of the Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker is *Dicaeum trochileum*, in the family Dicaeidae and the order Passeriformes. In Indonesian it is called Cabai jawa.

### Where can the Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa, Nusa Tenggara, Sumatera. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker?

On the IUCN Red List, the Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2484699), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2484699)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2484699&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/13399)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicaeum%20trochileum)

## Keep exploring

- [Zitting Cisticola](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cisticola-juncidis/)
- [Metallic Starling](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aplonis-metallica/)
- [Pied Bushchat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/saxicola-caprata/)
- [Black-naped Oriole](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oriolus-chinensis/)
- [Golden-bellied Gerygone](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gerygone-sulphurea/)
- [White-shouldered Triller](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lalage-sueurii/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicaeum-trochileum/


---

# Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove

> Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove (Macropygia doreya). Sultan's cuckoo-dove ranges from the northern Moluccas and Sulawesi towards New Guinea; its taxonomy reflects a split from a former cuckoo-dove complex.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macropygia-doreya/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/macropygia-doreya/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove (*Macropygia doreya*) is a bird in the family Columbidae.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Macropygia doreya* |
| Indonesian name | Uncal Sultan |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Columbidae |
| Observation records | Sulawesi, Papua, Maluku |
| Taxonomic group | Columbiformes |
| GBIF records | 5,068 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |

## What is the Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove?

Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove refers to Macropygia doreya, in the genus Macropygia, family Columbidae, and order Columbiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9129560)

## What is known about the Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove?

Sultan's cuckoo-dove ranges from the northern Moluccas and Sulawesi towards New Guinea; its taxonomy reflects a split from a former cuckoo-dove complex.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan's_cuckoo-dove)

## How many Indonesian records name the Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 5,068 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9129560&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Sulawesi, Papua, Maluku. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9129560&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove with Green Imperial Pigeon, Black-naped Fruit Dove, Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove

### What is the scientific name of the Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove?

The scientific name of the Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove is *Macropygia doreya*, in the family Columbidae and the order Columbiformes. In Indonesian it is called Uncal Sultan.

### Where can the Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove summarised in this guide mainly come from Sulawesi, Papua, Maluku. That list is not a complete range map.

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9129560)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9129560&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/509542)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan's_cuckoo-dove)

## Keep exploring

- [Green Imperial Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ducula-aenea/)
- [Black-naped Fruit Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ptilinopus-melanospilus/)
- [Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-griseicauda/)
- [Zebra Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/geopelia-striata/)
- [Pink-necked Green-Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-vernans/)
- [Coppersmith Barbet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/psilopogon-haemacephalus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macropygia-doreya/


---

# Zitting Cisticola

> Zitting Cisticola (Cisticola juncidis). The zitting cisticola uses open grassy cover; its repeated short call in flight can reveal it before plumage details are clear.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cisticola-juncidis/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/cisticola-juncidis/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Zitting Cisticola (*Cisticola juncidis*) is a bird in the family Cisticolidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Cisticola juncidis* |
| Indonesian name | Cici padi |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Cisticolidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sulawesi |
| Taxonomic group | Passeriformes |
| GBIF records | 5,042 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2492822) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Zitting Cisticola?

Zitting Cisticola refers to Cisticola juncidis, in the genus Cisticola, family Cisticolidae, and order Passeriformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2492822)

## What is known about the Zitting Cisticola?

The zitting cisticola uses open grassy cover; its repeated short call in flight can reveal it before plumage details are clear.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisticola%20juncidis)

## How many Indonesian records name the Zitting Cisticola?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 5,042 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2492822&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sulawesi. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2492822&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Zitting Cisticola?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Zitting Cisticola with Olive-backed Tailorbird, Metallic Starling, Pied Bushchat. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Zitting Cisticola

### What is the scientific name of the Zitting Cisticola?

The scientific name of the Zitting Cisticola is *Cisticola juncidis*, in the family Cisticolidae and the order Passeriformes. In Indonesian it is called Cici padi.

### Where can the Zitting Cisticola be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Zitting Cisticola summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sulawesi. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Zitting Cisticola?

On the IUCN Red List, the Zitting Cisticola is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2492822), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Zitting Cisticola is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2492822)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2492822&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/7697)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisticola%20juncidis)

## Keep exploring

- [Olive-backed Tailorbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/orthotomus-sepium/)
- [Metallic Starling](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aplonis-metallica/)
- [Pied Bushchat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/saxicola-caprata/)
- [Golden-bellied Gerygone](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gerygone-sulphurea/)
- [White-shouldered Triller](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lalage-sueurii/)
- [Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicaeum-trochileum/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Zitting Cisticola. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cisticola-juncidis/


---

# Plaintive Cuckoo

> Plaintive Cuckoo (Cacomantis merulinus). The plaintive cuckoo is a widely distributed Asian cuckoo; voice and place are valuable because several small cuckoos look alike.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cacomantis-merulinus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/cacomantis-merulinus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Plaintive Cuckoo (*Cacomantis merulinus*) is a bird in the family Cuculidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Cacomantis merulinus* |
| Indonesian name | Wiwik kelabu |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Cuculidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sumatera |
| Taxonomic group | Cuculiformes |
| GBIF records | 4,955 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2496253) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Plaintive Cuckoo?

Plaintive Cuckoo refers to Cacomantis merulinus, in the genus Cacomantis, family Cuculidae, and order Cuculiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2496253)

## What is known about the Plaintive Cuckoo?

The plaintive cuckoo is a widely distributed Asian cuckoo; voice and place are valuable because several small cuckoos look alike.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacomantis%20merulinus)

## How many Indonesian records name the Plaintive Cuckoo?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 4,955 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2496253&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sumatera. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2496253&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Plaintive Cuckoo?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Plaintive Cuckoo with Sahul Brush Cuckoo, Lesser Coucal, Metallic Starling. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Plaintive Cuckoo

### What is the scientific name of the Plaintive Cuckoo?

The scientific name of the Plaintive Cuckoo is *Cacomantis merulinus*, in the family Cuculidae and the order Cuculiformes. In Indonesian it is called Wiwik kelabu.

### Where can the Plaintive Cuckoo be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Plaintive Cuckoo summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sumatera. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Plaintive Cuckoo?

On the IUCN Red List, the Plaintive Cuckoo is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2496253), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Plaintive Cuckoo is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2496253)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2496253&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/1856)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacomantis%20merulinus)

## Keep exploring

- [Sahul Brush Cuckoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cacomantis-variolosus/)
- [Lesser Coucal](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/centropus-bengalensis/)
- [Metallic Starling](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aplonis-metallica/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Plaintive Cuckoo. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cacomantis-merulinus/


---

# Metallic Starling

> Metallic Starling (Aplonis metallica). The metallic starling ranges from the Moluccas and New Guinea to northern Australia; its apparent iridescence changes with light.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aplonis-metallica/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/aplonis-metallica/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Metallic Starling (*Aplonis metallica*) is a bird in the family Sturnidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Aplonis metallica* |
| Indonesian name | Perling ungu |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Sturnidae |
| Observation records | Maluku, Papua, Irian Jaya Barat |
| Taxonomic group | Passeriformes |
| GBIF records | 4,894 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2489042) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Metallic Starling?

Metallic Starling refers to Aplonis metallica, in the genus Aplonis, family Sturnidae, and order Passeriformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2489042)

## What is known about the Metallic Starling?

The metallic starling ranges from the Moluccas and New Guinea to northern Australia; its apparent iridescence changes with light.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplonis%20metallica)

## How many Indonesian records name the Metallic Starling?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 4,894 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2489042&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Maluku, Papua, Irian Jaya Barat. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2489042&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Metallic Starling?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Metallic Starling with Pied Bushchat, Black-naped Monarch, Northern Fantail. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Metallic Starling

### What is the scientific name of the Metallic Starling?

The scientific name of the Metallic Starling is *Aplonis metallica*, in the family Sturnidae and the order Passeriformes. In Indonesian it is called Perling ungu.

### Where can the Metallic Starling be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Metallic Starling summarised in this guide mainly come from Maluku, Papua, Irian Jaya Barat. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Metallic Starling?

On the IUCN Red List, the Metallic Starling is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2489042), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Metallic Starling is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2489042)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2489042&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/14967)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplonis%20metallica)

## Keep exploring

- [Pied Bushchat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/saxicola-caprata/)
- [Black-naped Monarch](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hypothymis-azurea/)
- [Northern Fantail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-rufiventris/)
- [White-shouldered Triller](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lalage-sueurii/)
- [Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicaeum-trochileum/)
- [Zitting Cisticola](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cisticola-juncidis/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Metallic Starling. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aplonis-metallica/


---

# Lesser Frigatebird

> Lesser Frigatebird (Fregata ariel). The lesser frigatebird is relatively small for a frigatebird and spends much of its time airborne above tropical seas.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/fregata-ariel/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/fregata-ariel/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Lesser Frigatebird (*Fregata ariel*) is a bird in the family Fregatidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Fregata ariel* |
| Indonesian name | Cikalang kecil |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Fregatidae |
| Observation records | Papua, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara |
| Taxonomic group | Suliformes |
| GBIF records | 4,860 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480186) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Lesser Frigatebird?

Lesser Frigatebird refers to Fregata ariel, in the genus Fregata, family Fregatidae, and order Suliformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480186)

## What is known about the Lesser Frigatebird?

The lesser frigatebird is relatively small for a frigatebird and spends much of its time airborne above tropical seas.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fregata%20ariel)

## How many Indonesian records name the Lesser Frigatebird?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 4,860 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2480186&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Papua, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2480186&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Lesser Frigatebird?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Lesser Frigatebird with Pacific Reef Heron, Green Imperial Pigeon, Gray-rumped Treeswift. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Lesser Frigatebird

### What is the scientific name of the Lesser Frigatebird?

The scientific name of the Lesser Frigatebird is *Fregata ariel*, in the family Fregatidae and the order Suliformes. In Indonesian it is called Cikalang kecil.

### Where can the Lesser Frigatebird be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Lesser Frigatebird summarised in this guide mainly come from Papua, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Lesser Frigatebird?

On the IUCN Red List, the Lesser Frigatebird is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480186), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Lesser Frigatebird is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480186)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2480186&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/4634)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fregata%20ariel)

## Keep exploring

- [Pacific Reef Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-sacra/)
- [Green Imperial Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ducula-aenea/)
- [Gray-rumped Treeswift](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemiprocne-longipennis/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Lesser Frigatebird. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/fregata-ariel/


---

# Pacific Reef Heron

> Pacific Reef Heron (Egretta sacra). The Pacific reef heron uses rocky coasts and reefs; pale and dark colour forms make habitat and shape important in identification.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-sacra/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/egretta-sacra/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Pacific Reef Heron (*Egretta sacra*) is a bird in the family Ardeidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Egretta sacra* |
| Indonesian name | Cangak pasifik |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Ardeidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Papua, Maluku |
| Taxonomic group | Pelecaniformes |
| GBIF records | 4,689 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480899) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Pacific Reef Heron?

Pacific Reef Heron refers to Egretta sacra, in the genus Egretta, family Ardeidae, and order Pelecaniformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480899)

## What is known about the Pacific Reef Heron?

The Pacific reef heron uses rocky coasts and reefs; pale and dark colour forms make habitat and shape important in identification.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egretta%20sacra)

## How many Indonesian records name the Pacific Reef Heron?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 4,689 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2480899&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Papua, Maluku. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2480899&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Pacific Reef Heron?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Pacific Reef Heron with Little Egret, Javan Pond-Heron, Purple Heron. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Pacific Reef Heron

### What is the scientific name of the Pacific Reef Heron?

The scientific name of the Pacific Reef Heron is *Egretta sacra*, in the family Ardeidae and the order Pelecaniformes. In Indonesian it is called Cangak pasifik.

### Where can the Pacific Reef Heron be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Pacific Reef Heron summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Papua, Maluku. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Pacific Reef Heron?

On the IUCN Red List, the Pacific Reef Heron is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480899), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Pacific Reef Heron is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480899)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2480899&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/4947)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egretta%20sacra)

## Keep exploring

- [Little Egret](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-garzetta/)
- [Javan Pond-Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardeola-speciosa/)
- [Purple Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-purpurea/)
- [Striated Heron](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/butorides-striata/)
- [Great Egret](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ardea-alba/)
- [Lesser Frigatebird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/fregata-ariel/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Pacific Reef Heron. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/egretta-sacra/


---

# Green Imperial Pigeon

> Green Imperial Pigeon (Ducula aenea). The green imperial pigeon is a large forest pigeon; its size and green wings help separate it from smaller green-pigeons.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ducula-aenea/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/ducula-aenea/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Green Imperial Pigeon (*Ducula aenea*) is a bird in the family Columbidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Near Threatened.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Ducula aenea* |
| Indonesian name | Pergam hijau |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Columbidae |
| Observation records | Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Sumatera |
| Taxonomic group | Columbiformes |
| GBIF records | 4,671 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Near Threatened · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495934) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Green Imperial Pigeon?

Green Imperial Pigeon refers to Ducula aenea, in the genus Ducula, family Columbidae, and order Columbiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495934)

## What is known about the Green Imperial Pigeon?

The green imperial pigeon is a large forest pigeon; its size and green wings help separate it from smaller green-pigeons.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducula%20aenea)

## How many Indonesian records name the Green Imperial Pigeon?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 4,671 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2495934&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Sumatera. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2495934&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Green Imperial Pigeon?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Green Imperial Pigeon with Black-naped Fruit Dove, Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon, Asian Emerald Dove. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Green Imperial Pigeon

### What is the scientific name of the Green Imperial Pigeon?

The scientific name of the Green Imperial Pigeon is *Ducula aenea*, in the family Columbidae and the order Columbiformes. In Indonesian it is called Pergam hijau.

### Where can the Green Imperial Pigeon be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Green Imperial Pigeon summarised in this guide mainly come from Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Sumatera. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Green Imperial Pigeon?

On the IUCN Red List, the Green Imperial Pigeon is listed as Near Threatened: it is close to qualifying, or likely to qualify, for a threatened category in the near future. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495934), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Green Imperial Pigeon is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495934)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2495934&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/3211)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducula%20aenea)

## Keep exploring

- [Black-naped Fruit Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ptilinopus-melanospilus/)
- [Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-griseicauda/)
- [Asian Emerald Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcophaps-indica/)
- [Zebra Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/geopelia-striata/)
- [Pink-necked Green-Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-vernans/)
- [Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macropygia-doreya/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Green Imperial Pigeon. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ducula-aenea/


---

# Gray-rumped Treeswift

> Gray-rumped Treeswift (Hemiprocne longipennis). The grey-rumped treeswift belongs to Hemiprocnidae rather than the true swift family and may be seen perched as well as flying.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemiprocne-longipennis/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/hemiprocne-longipennis/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Gray-rumped Treeswift (*Hemiprocne longipennis*) is a bird in the family Hemiprocnidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Hemiprocne longipennis* |
| Indonesian name | Tepekong jambul |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Hemiprocnidae |
| Observation records | Sulawesi, Sumatera, Jawa |
| Taxonomic group | Apodiformes |
| GBIF records | 4,628 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2477451) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Gray-rumped Treeswift?

Gray-rumped Treeswift refers to Hemiprocne longipennis, in the genus Hemiprocne, family Hemiprocnidae, and order Apodiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2477451)

## What is known about the Gray-rumped Treeswift?

The grey-rumped treeswift belongs to Hemiprocnidae rather than the true swift family and may be seen perched as well as flying.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiprocne%20longipennis)

## How many Indonesian records name the Gray-rumped Treeswift?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 4,628 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2477451&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Sulawesi, Sumatera, Jawa. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2477451&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Gray-rumped Treeswift?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Gray-rumped Treeswift with House Swift, Cave Swiftlet, Glossy Swiftlet. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Gray-rumped Treeswift

### What is the scientific name of the Gray-rumped Treeswift?

The scientific name of the Gray-rumped Treeswift is *Hemiprocne longipennis*, in the family Hemiprocnidae and the order Apodiformes. In Indonesian it is called Tepekong jambul.

### Where can the Gray-rumped Treeswift be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Gray-rumped Treeswift summarised in this guide mainly come from Sulawesi, Sumatera, Jawa. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Gray-rumped Treeswift?

On the IUCN Red List, the Gray-rumped Treeswift is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2477451), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Gray-rumped Treeswift is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2477451)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2477451&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/6536)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiprocne%20longipennis)

## Keep exploring

- [House Swift](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/apus-nipalensis/)
- [Cave Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/collocalia-linchi/)
- [Glossy Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/collocalia-esculenta/)
- [Lesser Frigatebird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/fregata-ariel/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Gray-rumped Treeswift. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemiprocne-longipennis/


---

# Small Blue Kingfisher

> Small Blue Kingfisher (Alcedo coerulescens). This Indonesian kingfisher is metallic blue and white; size and pattern matter because other kingfishers also appear blue.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/alcedo-coerulescens/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/alcedo-coerulescens/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Small Blue Kingfisher (*Alcedo coerulescens*) is a bird in the family Alcedinidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Alcedo coerulescens* |
| Indonesian name | Raja-udang biru |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Alcedinidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Bali |
| Taxonomic group | Coraciiformes |
| GBIF records | 4,597 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2475531) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Small Blue Kingfisher?

Small Blue Kingfisher refers to Alcedo coerulescens, in the genus Alcedo, family Alcedinidae, and order Coraciiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2475531)

## What is known about the Small Blue Kingfisher?

This Indonesian kingfisher is metallic blue and white; size and pattern matter because other kingfishers also appear blue.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcedo%20coerulescens)

## How many Indonesian records name the Small Blue Kingfisher?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 4,597 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2475531&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Bali. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2475531&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Small Blue Kingfisher?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Small Blue Kingfisher with Sacred Kingfisher, Dollarbird, Rainbow Bee-eater. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Small Blue Kingfisher

### What is the scientific name of the Small Blue Kingfisher?

The scientific name of the Small Blue Kingfisher is *Alcedo coerulescens*, in the family Alcedinidae and the order Coraciiformes. In Indonesian it is called Raja-udang biru.

### Where can the Small Blue Kingfisher be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Small Blue Kingfisher summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Bali. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Small Blue Kingfisher?

On the IUCN Red List, the Small Blue Kingfisher is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2475531), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Small Blue Kingfisher is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2475531)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2475531&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/2576)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcedo%20coerulescens)

## Keep exploring

- [Sacred Kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/todiramphus-sanctus/)
- [Dollarbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eurystomus-orientalis/)
- [Rainbow Bee-eater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/merops-ornatus/)
- [Blue-tailed Bee-eater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/merops-philippinus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Small Blue Kingfisher. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/alcedo-coerulescens/


---

# Pied Bushchat

> Pied Bushchat (Saxicola caprata). The pied bush chat uses open country; male and female plumage differs, so black-and-white appearance alone does not describe every bird.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/saxicola-caprata/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/saxicola-caprata/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Pied Bushchat (*Saxicola caprata*) is a bird in the family Muscicapidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Saxicola caprata* |
| Indonesian name | Decu belang |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Muscicapidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Maluku |
| Taxonomic group | Passeriformes |
| GBIF records | 4,576 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2492519) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Pied Bushchat?

Pied Bushchat refers to Saxicola caprata, in the genus Saxicola, family Muscicapidae, and order Passeriformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2492519)

## What is known about the Pied Bushchat?

The pied bush chat uses open country; male and female plumage differs, so black-and-white appearance alone does not describe every bird.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxicola%20caprata)

## How many Indonesian records name the Pied Bushchat?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 4,576 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2492519&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Maluku. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2492519&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Pied Bushchat?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Pied Bushchat with Black-naped Monarch, Northern Fantail, White-headed Munia. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Pied Bushchat

### What is the scientific name of the Pied Bushchat?

The scientific name of the Pied Bushchat is *Saxicola caprata*, in the family Muscicapidae and the order Passeriformes. In Indonesian it is called Decu belang.

### Where can the Pied Bushchat be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Pied Bushchat summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Maluku. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Pied Bushchat?

On the IUCN Red List, the Pied Bushchat is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2492519), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Pied Bushchat is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2492519)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2492519&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/12910)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxicola%20caprata)

## Keep exploring

- [Black-naped Monarch](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hypothymis-azurea/)
- [Northern Fantail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-rufiventris/)
- [White-headed Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-maja/)
- [Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicaeum-trochileum/)
- [Zitting Cisticola](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cisticola-juncidis/)
- [Metallic Starling](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aplonis-metallica/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Pied Bushchat. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/saxicola-caprata/


---

# Dollarbird

> Dollarbird (Eurystomus orientalis). The Oriental dollarbird has rounded blue wing patches visible in flight, the field mark behind its English name.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eurystomus-orientalis/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/eurystomus-orientalis/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Dollarbird (*Eurystomus orientalis*) is a bird in the family Coraciidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Eurystomus orientalis* |
| Indonesian name | Tiong-lampu biasa |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Coraciidae |
| Observation records | Papua, Maluku, Sumatera |
| Taxonomic group | Coraciiformes |
| GBIF records | 4,565 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5228280) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Dollarbird?

Dollarbird refers to Eurystomus orientalis, in the genus Eurystomus, family Coraciidae, and order Coraciiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5228280)

## What is known about the Dollarbird?

The Oriental dollarbird has rounded blue wing patches visible in flight, the field mark behind its English name.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurystomus%20orientalis)

## How many Indonesian records name the Dollarbird?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 4,565 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5228280&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Papua, Maluku, Sumatera. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5228280&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Dollarbird?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Dollarbird with Sacred Kingfisher, Rainbow Bee-eater, Blue-tailed Bee-eater. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Dollarbird

### What is the scientific name of the Dollarbird?

The scientific name of the Dollarbird is *Eurystomus orientalis*, in the family Coraciidae and the order Coraciiformes. In Indonesian it is called Tiong-lampu biasa.

### Where can the Dollarbird be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Dollarbird summarised in this guide mainly come from Papua, Maluku, Sumatera. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Dollarbird?

On the IUCN Red List, the Dollarbird is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5228280), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Dollarbird is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5228280)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5228280&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/2293)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurystomus%20orientalis)

## Keep exploring

- [Sacred Kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/todiramphus-sanctus/)
- [Rainbow Bee-eater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/merops-ornatus/)
- [Blue-tailed Bee-eater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/merops-philippinus/)
- [Small Blue Kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/alcedo-coerulescens/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Dollarbird. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eurystomus-orientalis/


---

# Black-naped Monarch

> Black-naped Monarch (Hypothymis azurea). The black-naped monarch is a slim, agile flycatcher; sexes differ, and its dark nape band informs the English name.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hypothymis-azurea/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/hypothymis-azurea/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Black-naped Monarch (*Hypothymis azurea*) is a bird in the family Monarchidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Hypothymis azurea* |
| Indonesian name | Kehicap ranting |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Monarchidae |
| Observation records | Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Sumatera |
| Taxonomic group | Passeriformes |
| GBIF records | 4,562 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2486625) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Black-naped Monarch?

Black-naped Monarch refers to Hypothymis azurea, in the genus Hypothymis, family Monarchidae, and order Passeriformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2486625)

## What is known about the Black-naped Monarch?

The black-naped monarch is a slim, agile flycatcher; sexes differ, and its dark nape band informs the English name.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothymis%20azurea)

## How many Indonesian records name the Black-naped Monarch?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 4,562 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2486625&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Sumatera. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2486625&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Black-naped Monarch?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Black-naped Monarch with Northern Fantail, White-headed Munia, Ashy Drongo. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Black-naped Monarch

### What is the scientific name of the Black-naped Monarch?

The scientific name of the Black-naped Monarch is *Hypothymis azurea*, in the family Monarchidae and the order Passeriformes. In Indonesian it is called Kehicap ranting.

### Where can the Black-naped Monarch be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Black-naped Monarch summarised in this guide mainly come from Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Sumatera. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Black-naped Monarch?

On the IUCN Red List, the Black-naped Monarch is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2486625), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Black-naped Monarch is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2486625)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2486625&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/204523)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothymis%20azurea)

## Keep exploring

- [Northern Fantail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-rufiventris/)
- [White-headed Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-maja/)
- [Ashy Drongo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-leucophaeus/)
- [Metallic Starling](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aplonis-metallica/)
- [Pied Bushchat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/saxicola-caprata/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Black-naped Monarch. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hypothymis-azurea/


---

# Freckle-breasted Woodpecker

> Freckle-breasted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos analis). The freckle-breasted woodpecker is a picid; Indonesian records should use head and wing pattern plus locality to distinguish lookalikes.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dendrocopos-analis/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/dendrocopos-analis/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Freckle-breasted Woodpecker (*Dendrocopos analis*) is a bird in the family Picidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Dendrocopos analis* |
| Indonesian name | Caladi ulam |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Picidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Bali |
| Taxonomic group | Piciformes |
| GBIF records | 4,553 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/6101207) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Freckle-breasted Woodpecker?

Freckle-breasted Woodpecker refers to Dendrocopos analis, in the genus Dendrocopos, family Picidae, and order Piciformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/6101207)

## What is known about the Freckle-breasted Woodpecker?

The freckle-breasted woodpecker is a picid; Indonesian records should use head and wing pattern plus locality to distinguish lookalikes.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrocopos%20analis)

## How many Indonesian records name the Freckle-breasted Woodpecker?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 4,553 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=6101207&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Bali. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=6101207&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Freckle-breasted Woodpecker?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Freckle-breasted Woodpecker with Coppersmith Barbet, Black-naped Fruit Dove, Sacred Kingfisher. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Freckle-breasted Woodpecker

### What is the scientific name of the Freckle-breasted Woodpecker?

The scientific name of the Freckle-breasted Woodpecker is *Dendrocopos analis*, in the family Picidae and the order Piciformes. In Indonesian it is called Caladi ulam.

### Where can the Freckle-breasted Woodpecker be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Freckle-breasted Woodpecker summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Bali. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Freckle-breasted Woodpecker?

On the IUCN Red List, the Freckle-breasted Woodpecker is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/6101207), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Freckle-breasted Woodpecker is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/6101207)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=6101207&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/339633)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrocopos%20analis)

## Keep exploring

- [Coppersmith Barbet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/psilopogon-haemacephalus/)
- [Black-naped Fruit Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ptilinopus-melanospilus/)
- [Sacred Kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/todiramphus-sanctus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Freckle-breasted Woodpecker. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dendrocopos-analis/


---

# Black-naped Fruit Dove

> Black-naped Fruit Dove (Ptilinopus melanospilus). Male black-naped fruit-doves have a pale grey head, dark nape and mostly green body; females may look different.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ptilinopus-melanospilus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/ptilinopus-melanospilus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Black-naped Fruit Dove (*Ptilinopus melanospilus*) is a bird in the family Columbidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Ptilinopus melanospilus* |
| Indonesian name | Walik kembang |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Columbidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Jawa |
| Taxonomic group | Columbiformes |
| GBIF records | 4,526 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495630) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Black-naped Fruit Dove?

Black-naped Fruit Dove refers to Ptilinopus melanospilus, in the genus Ptilinopus, family Columbidae, and order Columbiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495630)

## What is known about the Black-naped Fruit Dove?

Male black-naped fruit-doves have a pale grey head, dark nape and mostly green body; females may look different.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptilinopus%20melanospilus)

## How many Indonesian records name the Black-naped Fruit Dove?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 4,526 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2495630&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Jawa. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2495630&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Black-naped Fruit Dove?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Black-naped Fruit Dove with Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon, Asian Emerald Dove, Rock Pigeon. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Black-naped Fruit Dove

### What is the scientific name of the Black-naped Fruit Dove?

The scientific name of the Black-naped Fruit Dove is *Ptilinopus melanospilus*, in the family Columbidae and the order Columbiformes. In Indonesian it is called Walik kembang.

### Where can the Black-naped Fruit Dove be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Black-naped Fruit Dove summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Jawa. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Black-naped Fruit Dove?

On the IUCN Red List, the Black-naped Fruit Dove is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495630), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Black-naped Fruit Dove is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495630)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2495630&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/2792)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptilinopus%20melanospilus)

## Keep exploring

- [Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-griseicauda/)
- [Asian Emerald Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcophaps-indica/)
- [Rock Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/columba-livia/)
- [Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macropygia-doreya/)
- [Green Imperial Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ducula-aenea/)
- [Freckle-breasted Woodpecker](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dendrocopos-analis/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Black-naped Fruit Dove. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ptilinopus-melanospilus/


---

# Sacred Kingfisher

> Sacred Kingfisher (Todiramphus sanctus). The sacred kingfisher uses mangroves, open woodland and river valleys; movement in some populations makes date and locality useful.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/todiramphus-sanctus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/todiramphus-sanctus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Sacred Kingfisher (*Todiramphus sanctus*) is a bird in the family Alcedinidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Todiramphus sanctus* |
| Indonesian name | Cekakak Suci |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Alcedinidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Papua, Maluku |
| Taxonomic group | Coraciiformes |
| GBIF records | 4,509 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2475802) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Sacred Kingfisher?

Sacred Kingfisher refers to Todiramphus sanctus, in the genus Todiramphus, family Alcedinidae, and order Coraciiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2475802)

## What is known about the Sacred Kingfisher?

The sacred kingfisher uses mangroves, open woodland and river valleys; movement in some populations makes date and locality useful.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todiramphus%20sanctus)

## How many Indonesian records name the Sacred Kingfisher?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 4,509 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2475802&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Papua, Maluku. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2475802&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Sacred Kingfisher?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Sacred Kingfisher with Small Blue Kingfisher, Rainbow Bee-eater, Blue-tailed Bee-eater. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Sacred Kingfisher

### What is the scientific name of the Sacred Kingfisher?

The scientific name of the Sacred Kingfisher is *Todiramphus sanctus*, in the family Alcedinidae and the order Coraciiformes. In Indonesian it is called Cekakak Suci.

### Where can the Sacred Kingfisher be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Sacred Kingfisher summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Papua, Maluku. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Sacred Kingfisher?

On the IUCN Red List, the Sacred Kingfisher is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2475802), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Sacred Kingfisher is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2475802)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2475802&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/2464)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todiramphus%20sanctus)

## Keep exploring

- [Small Blue Kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/alcedo-coerulescens/)
- [Rainbow Bee-eater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/merops-ornatus/)
- [Blue-tailed Bee-eater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/merops-philippinus/)
- [Dollarbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eurystomus-orientalis/)
- [Freckle-breasted Woodpecker](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dendrocopos-analis/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Sacred Kingfisher. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/todiramphus-sanctus/


---

# Northern Fantail

> Northern Fantail (Rhipidura rufiventris). The northern fantail occurs in eastern Indonesian lowland and moist forest; a fanned tail identifies the family but not the species by itself.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-rufiventris/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/rhipidura-rufiventris/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Northern Fantail (*Rhipidura rufiventris*) is a bird in the family Rhipiduridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Rhipidura rufiventris* |
| Indonesian name | Kipasan dada-lurik |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Rhipiduridae |
| Observation records | Papua, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara |
| Taxonomic group | Passeriformes |
| GBIF records | 4,521 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5231729) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Northern Fantail?

Northern Fantail refers to Rhipidura rufiventris, in the genus Rhipidura, family Rhipiduridae, and order Passeriformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5231729)

## What is known about the Northern Fantail?

The northern fantail occurs in eastern Indonesian lowland and moist forest; a fanned tail identifies the family but not the species by itself.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_fantail)

## How many Indonesian records name the Northern Fantail?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 4,521 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5231729&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Papua, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5231729&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Northern Fantail?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Northern Fantail with Willie Wagtail, Malaysian Pied-Fantail, White-headed Munia. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Northern Fantail

### What is the scientific name of the Northern Fantail?

The scientific name of the Northern Fantail is *Rhipidura rufiventris*, in the family Rhipiduridae and the order Passeriformes. In Indonesian it is called Kipasan dada-lurik.

### Where can the Northern Fantail be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Northern Fantail summarised in this guide mainly come from Papua, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Northern Fantail?

On the IUCN Red List, the Northern Fantail is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5231729), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Northern Fantail is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5231729)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5231729&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/8162)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_fantail)

## Keep exploring

- [Willie Wagtail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-leucophrys/)
- [Malaysian Pied-Fantail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-javanica/)
- [White-headed Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-maja/)
- [Metallic Starling](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aplonis-metallica/)
- [Pied Bushchat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/saxicola-caprata/)
- [Black-naped Monarch](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hypothymis-azurea/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Northern Fantail. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-rufiventris/


---

# Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon

> Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon (Treron griseicauda). The grey-cheeked green-pigeon is Indonesian-endemic; cheek and nape colour help separate it from other green-pigeons in fruiting trees.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-griseicauda/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/treron-griseicauda/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon (*Treron griseicauda*) is a bird in the family Columbidae.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Treron griseicauda* |
| Indonesian name | Punai penganten |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Columbidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Jawa |
| Taxonomic group | Columbiformes |
| GBIF records | 4,495 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |

## What is the Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon?

Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon refers to Treron griseicauda, in the genus Treron, family Columbidae, and order Columbiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495765)

## What is known about the Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon?

The grey-cheeked green-pigeon is Indonesian-endemic; cheek and nape colour help separate it from other green-pigeons in fruiting trees.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treron%20griseicauda)

## How many Indonesian records name the Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 4,495 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2495765&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Jawa. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2495765&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon with Pink-necked Green-Pigeon, Asian Emerald Dove, Rock Pigeon. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon

### What is the scientific name of the Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon?

The scientific name of the Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon is *Treron griseicauda*, in the family Columbidae and the order Columbiformes. In Indonesian it is called Punai penganten.

### Where can the Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Jawa. That list is not a complete range map.

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495765)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2495765&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/3341)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treron%20griseicauda)

## Keep exploring

- [Pink-necked Green-Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-vernans/)
- [Asian Emerald Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcophaps-indica/)
- [Rock Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/columba-livia/)
- [Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macropygia-doreya/)
- [Green Imperial Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ducula-aenea/)
- [Black-naped Fruit Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ptilinopus-melanospilus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-griseicauda/


---

# Lesser Coucal

> Lesser Coucal (Centropus bengalensis). The lesser coucal often uses dense low vegetation, including marsh edges; brief distant views can be confused with other coucals.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/centropus-bengalensis/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/centropus-bengalensis/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Lesser Coucal (*Centropus bengalensis*) is a bird in the family Cuculidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Centropus bengalensis* |
| Indonesian name | Bubut alang-alang |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Cuculidae |
| Observation records | Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku |
| Taxonomic group | Cuculiformes |
| GBIF records | 4,488 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5231979) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Lesser Coucal?

Lesser Coucal refers to Centropus bengalensis, in the genus Centropus, family Cuculidae, and order Cuculiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5231979)

## What is known about the Lesser Coucal?

The lesser coucal often uses dense low vegetation, including marsh edges; brief distant views can be confused with other coucals.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centropus%20bengalensis)

## How many Indonesian records name the Lesser Coucal?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 4,488 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5231979&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5231979&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Lesser Coucal?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Lesser Coucal with Sahul Brush Cuckoo, Plaintive Cuckoo, White-headed Munia. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Lesser Coucal

### What is the scientific name of the Lesser Coucal?

The scientific name of the Lesser Coucal is *Centropus bengalensis*, in the family Cuculidae and the order Cuculiformes. In Indonesian it is called Bubut alang-alang.

### Where can the Lesser Coucal be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Lesser Coucal summarised in this guide mainly come from Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Lesser Coucal?

On the IUCN Red List, the Lesser Coucal is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5231979), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Lesser Coucal is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5231979)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5231979&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/1644)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centropus%20bengalensis)

## Keep exploring

- [Sahul Brush Cuckoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cacomantis-variolosus/)
- [Plaintive Cuckoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cacomantis-merulinus/)
- [White-headed Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-maja/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Lesser Coucal. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/centropus-bengalensis/


---

# White-headed Munia

> White-headed Munia (Lonchura maja). The white-headed munia uses wetlands and grassy places; the adult's white head helps identification, while young birds are harder to separate.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-maja/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/lonchura-maja/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The White-headed Munia (*Lonchura maja*) is a bird in the family Estrildidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Lonchura maja* |
| Indonesian name | Bondol haji |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Estrildidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sumatera |
| Taxonomic group | Passeriformes |
| GBIF records | 4,437 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2493599) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the White-headed Munia?

White-headed Munia refers to Lonchura maja, in the genus Lonchura, family Estrildidae, and order Passeriformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2493599)

## What is known about the White-headed Munia?

The white-headed munia uses wetlands and grassy places; the adult's white head helps identification, while young birds are harder to separate.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonchura%20maja)

## How many Indonesian records name the White-headed Munia?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 4,437 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2493599&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sumatera. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2493599&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the White-headed Munia?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare White-headed Munia with Scaly-breasted Munia, Javan Munia, Ashy Drongo. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the White-headed Munia

### What is the scientific name of the White-headed Munia?

The scientific name of the White-headed Munia is *Lonchura maja*, in the family Estrildidae and the order Passeriformes. In Indonesian it is called Bondol haji.

### Where can the White-headed Munia be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the White-headed Munia summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sumatera. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the White-headed Munia?

On the IUCN Red List, the White-headed Munia is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2493599), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the White-headed Munia is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2493599)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2493599&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/13892)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonchura%20maja)

## Keep exploring

- [Scaly-breasted Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-punctulata/)
- [Javan Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-leucogastroides/)
- [Ashy Drongo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-leucophaeus/)
- [Pied Bushchat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/saxicola-caprata/)
- [Black-naped Monarch](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hypothymis-azurea/)
- [Northern Fantail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhipidura-rufiventris/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). White-headed Munia. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-maja/


---

# Ashy Drongo

> Ashy Drongo (Dicrurus leucophaeus). Ashy drongos vary across populations in grey tone and movement; photographs and dates improve the interpretation of sightings.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-leucophaeus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/dicrurus-leucophaeus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Ashy Drongo (*Dicrurus leucophaeus*) is a bird in the family Dicruridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Dicrurus leucophaeus* |
| Indonesian name | Srigunting kelabu |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Dicruridae |
| Observation records | Jawa, Nusa Tenggara, Sumatera |
| Taxonomic group | Passeriformes |
| GBIF records | 4,409 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9600020) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Ashy Drongo?

Ashy Drongo refers to Dicrurus leucophaeus, in the genus Dicrurus, family Dicruridae, and order Passeriformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9600020)

## What is known about the Ashy Drongo?

Ashy drongos vary across populations in grey tone and movement; photographs and dates improve the interpretation of sightings.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicrurus%20leucophaeus)

## How many Indonesian records name the Ashy Drongo?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 4,409 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9600020&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa, Nusa Tenggara, Sumatera. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9600020&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Ashy Drongo?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Ashy Drongo with Hair-crested Drongo, Barn Swallow, Brown Honeyeater. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Ashy Drongo

### What is the scientific name of the Ashy Drongo?

The scientific name of the Ashy Drongo is *Dicrurus leucophaeus*, in the family Dicruridae and the order Passeriformes. In Indonesian it is called Srigunting kelabu.

### Where can the Ashy Drongo be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Ashy Drongo summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa, Nusa Tenggara, Sumatera. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Ashy Drongo?

On the IUCN Red List, the Ashy Drongo is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9600020), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Ashy Drongo is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9600020)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9600020&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/8264)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicrurus%20leucophaeus)

## Keep exploring

- [Hair-crested Drongo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-hottentottus/)
- [Barn Swallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hirundo-rustica/)
- [Brown Honeyeater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lichmera-indistincta/)
- [Black-naped Monarch](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hypothymis-azurea/)
- [White-headed Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-maja/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Ashy Drongo. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-leucophaeus/


---

# Barn Swallow

> Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica). The barn swallow has blue upperparts, pointed wings and a deeply forked tail; Indonesian records may include seasonal visitors.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hirundo-rustica/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/hirundo-rustica/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Barn Swallow (*Hirundo rustica*) is a bird in the family Hirundinidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Hirundo rustica* |
| Indonesian name | Layang-layang Asia |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Hirundinidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sulawesi |
| Taxonomic group | Passeriformes |
| GBIF records | 4,326 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9515886) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Barn Swallow?

Barn Swallow refers to Hirundo rustica, in the genus Hirundo, family Hirundinidae, and order Passeriformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9515886)

## What is known about the Barn Swallow?

The barn swallow has blue upperparts, pointed wings and a deeply forked tail; Indonesian records may include seasonal visitors.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirundo%20rustica)

## How many Indonesian records name the Barn Swallow?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 4,326 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9515886&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sulawesi. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9515886&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Barn Swallow?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Barn Swallow with Brown Honeyeater, Hair-crested Drongo, Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Barn Swallow

### What is the scientific name of the Barn Swallow?

The scientific name of the Barn Swallow is *Hirundo rustica*, in the family Hirundinidae and the order Passeriformes. In Indonesian it is called Layang-layang Asia.

### Where can the Barn Swallow be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Barn Swallow summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sulawesi. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Barn Swallow?

On the IUCN Red List, the Barn Swallow is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9515886), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Barn Swallow is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9515886)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9515886&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/11901)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirundo%20rustica)

## Keep exploring

- [Brown Honeyeater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lichmera-indistincta/)
- [Hair-crested Drongo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-hottentottus/)
- [Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemipus-hirundinaceus/)
- [Ashy Drongo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-leucophaeus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Barn Swallow. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hirundo-rustica/


---

# White-bellied Sea Eagle

> White-bellied Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster). The white-bellied sea eagle has a white head, rump and underside with dark-grey upperwings; it uses coasts and major rivers.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/haliaeetus-leucogaster/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/haliaeetus-leucogaster/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The White-bellied Sea Eagle (*Haliaeetus leucogaster*) is a bird in the family Accipitridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Haliaeetus leucogaster* |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Accipitridae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Papua, Sulawesi |
| Taxonomic group | Accipitriformes |
| GBIF records | 4,218 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480455) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the White-bellied Sea Eagle?

White-bellied Sea Eagle refers to Haliaeetus leucogaster, in the genus Haliaeetus, family Accipitridae, and order Accipitriformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480455)

## What is known about the White-bellied Sea Eagle?

The white-bellied sea eagle has a white head, rump and underside with dark-grey upperwings; it uses coasts and major rivers.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [BirdLife Australia — White-bellied Sea-Eagle](https://birdlife.org.au/bird-profiles/white-bellied-sea-eagle/)

## How many Indonesian records name the White-bellied Sea Eagle?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 4,218 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2480455&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Papua, Sulawesi. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2480455&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the White-bellied Sea Eagle?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare White-bellied Sea Eagle with Brahminy Kite, Brown Honeyeater, Asian Emerald Dove. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the White-bellied Sea Eagle

### What is the scientific name of the White-bellied Sea Eagle?

The scientific name of the White-bellied Sea Eagle is *Haliaeetus leucogaster*, in the family Accipitridae and the order Accipitriformes.

### Where can the White-bellied Sea Eagle be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the White-bellied Sea Eagle summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Papua, Sulawesi. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the White-bellied Sea Eagle?

On the IUCN Red List, the White-bellied Sea Eagle is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480455), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the White-bellied Sea Eagle is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480455)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2480455&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [BirdLife Australia — White-bellied Sea-Eagle](https://birdlife.org.au/bird-profiles/white-bellied-sea-eagle/)

## Keep exploring

- [Brahminy Kite](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/haliastur-indus/)
- [Brown Honeyeater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lichmera-indistincta/)
- [Asian Emerald Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcophaps-indica/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). White-bellied Sea Eagle. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/haliaeetus-leucogaster/


---

# Brown Honeyeater

> Brown Honeyeater (Lichmera indistincta). The brown honeyeater is a meliphagid with a brush-tipped tongue adapted to nectar; flower visits should not automatically be counted as pollination.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lichmera-indistincta/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/lichmera-indistincta/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Brown Honeyeater (*Lichmera indistincta*) is a bird in the family Meliphagidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Lichmera indistincta* |
| Indonesian name | Isap-madu australia |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Meliphagidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Bali |
| Taxonomic group | Passeriformes |
| GBIF records | 4,116 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2487341) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Brown Honeyeater?

Brown Honeyeater refers to Lichmera indistincta, in the genus Lichmera, family Meliphagidae, and order Passeriformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2487341)

## What is known about the Brown Honeyeater?

The brown honeyeater is a meliphagid with a brush-tipped tongue adapted to nectar; flower visits should not automatically be counted as pollination.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichmera%20indistincta)

## How many Indonesian records name the Brown Honeyeater?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 4,116 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2487341&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Bali. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2487341&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Brown Honeyeater?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Brown Honeyeater with Helmeted Friarbird, Hair-crested Drongo, Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Brown Honeyeater

### What is the scientific name of the Brown Honeyeater?

The scientific name of the Brown Honeyeater is *Lichmera indistincta*, in the family Meliphagidae and the order Passeriformes. In Indonesian it is called Isap-madu australia.

### Where can the Brown Honeyeater be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Brown Honeyeater summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Bali. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Brown Honeyeater?

On the IUCN Red List, the Brown Honeyeater is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2487341), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Brown Honeyeater is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2487341)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2487341&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/12526)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichmera%20indistincta)

## Keep exploring

- [Helmeted Friarbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/philemon-buceroides/)
- [Hair-crested Drongo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-hottentottus/)
- [Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemipus-hirundinaceus/)
- [Ashy Drongo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-leucophaeus/)
- [Barn Swallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hirundo-rustica/)
- [White-bellied Sea Eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/haliaeetus-leucogaster/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Brown Honeyeater. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lichmera-indistincta/


---

# Asian Emerald Dove

> Asian Emerald Dove (Chalcophaps indica). The Asian emerald dove uses tropical forest floor and edges; its iridescent green wings are easier to judge in good light.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcophaps-indica/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/chalcophaps-indica/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Asian Emerald Dove (*Chalcophaps indica*) is a bird in the family Columbidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Chalcophaps indica* |
| Indonesian name | Delimukan zamrud |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Columbidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Sumatera, Maluku |
| Taxonomic group | Columbiformes |
| GBIF records | 3,998 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495840) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Asian Emerald Dove?

Asian Emerald Dove refers to Chalcophaps indica, in the genus Chalcophaps, family Columbidae, and order Columbiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495840)

## What is known about the Asian Emerald Dove?

The Asian emerald dove uses tropical forest floor and edges; its iridescent green wings are easier to judge in good light.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_emerald_dove)

## How many Indonesian records name the Asian Emerald Dove?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 3,998 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2495840&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Sumatera, Maluku. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2495840&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Asian Emerald Dove?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Asian Emerald Dove with Rock Pigeon, Zebra Dove, Pink-necked Green-Pigeon. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Asian Emerald Dove

### What is the scientific name of the Asian Emerald Dove?

The scientific name of the Asian Emerald Dove is *Chalcophaps indica*, in the family Columbidae and the order Columbiformes. In Indonesian it is called Delimukan zamrud.

### Where can the Asian Emerald Dove be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Asian Emerald Dove summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Sumatera, Maluku. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Asian Emerald Dove?

On the IUCN Red List, the Asian Emerald Dove is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495840), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Asian Emerald Dove is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495840)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2495840&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/508097)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_emerald_dove)

## Keep exploring

- [Rock Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/columba-livia/)
- [Zebra Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/geopelia-striata/)
- [Pink-necked Green-Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-vernans/)
- [Green Imperial Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ducula-aenea/)
- [Black-naped Fruit Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ptilinopus-melanospilus/)
- [Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-griseicauda/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Asian Emerald Dove. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcophaps-indica/


---

# House Swift

> House Swift (Apus nipalensis). The house swift is an apodid spending much time on the wing; wing shape and nesting context are safer clues than unverified claims about flight physiology.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/apus-nipalensis/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/apus-nipalensis/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The House Swift (*Apus nipalensis*) is a bird in the family Apodidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Apus nipalensis* |
| Indonesian name | Kapinis rumah |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Apodidae |
| Observation records | Jawa, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi |
| Taxonomic group | Apodiformes |
| GBIF records | 3,991 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5228679) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the House Swift?

House Swift refers to Apus nipalensis, in the genus Apus, family Apodidae, and order Apodiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5228679)

## What is known about the House Swift?

The house swift is an apodid spending much time on the wing; wing shape and nesting context are safer clues than unverified claims about flight physiology.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apus%20nipalensis)

## How many Indonesian records name the House Swift?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 3,991 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5228679&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5228679&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the House Swift?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare House Swift with Cave Swiftlet, Glossy Swiftlet, White-nest Swiftlet. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the House Swift

### What is the scientific name of the House Swift?

The scientific name of the House Swift is *Apus nipalensis*, in the family Apodidae and the order Apodiformes. In Indonesian it is called Kapinis rumah.

### Where can the House Swift be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the House Swift summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the House Swift?

On the IUCN Red List, the House Swift is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5228679), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the House Swift is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5228679)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5228679&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/6633)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apus%20nipalensis)

## Keep exploring

- [Cave Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/collocalia-linchi/)
- [Glossy Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/collocalia-esculenta/)
- [White-nest Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aerodramus-fuciphagus/)
- [Uniform Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/aerodramus-vanikorensis/)
- [Gray-rumped Treeswift](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemiprocne-longipennis/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). House Swift. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/apus-nipalensis/


---

# Hair-crested Drongo

> Hair-crested Drongo (Dicrurus hottentottus). The hair-crested drongo is a dicrurid formerly grouped with another drongo; record the taxonomy and region used by each source.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-hottentottus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/dicrurus-hottentottus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Hair-crested Drongo (*Dicrurus hottentottus*) is a bird in the family Dicruridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Dicrurus hottentottus* |
| Indonesian name | Srigunting jambul-rambut |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Dicruridae |
| Observation records | Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku |
| Taxonomic group | Passeriformes |
| GBIF records | 3,976 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2493967) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Hair-crested Drongo?

Hair-crested Drongo refers to Dicrurus hottentottus, in the genus Dicrurus, family Dicruridae, and order Passeriformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2493967)

## What is known about the Hair-crested Drongo?

The hair-crested drongo is a dicrurid formerly grouped with another drongo; record the taxonomy and region used by each source.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicrurus%20hottentottus)

## How many Indonesian records name the Hair-crested Drongo?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 3,976 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2493967&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2493967&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Hair-crested Drongo?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Hair-crested Drongo with Ashy Drongo, Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike, Scaly-breasted Munia. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Hair-crested Drongo

### What is the scientific name of the Hair-crested Drongo?

The scientific name of the Hair-crested Drongo is *Dicrurus hottentottus*, in the family Dicruridae and the order Passeriformes. In Indonesian it is called Srigunting jambul-rambut.

### Where can the Hair-crested Drongo be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Hair-crested Drongo summarised in this guide mainly come from Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Hair-crested Drongo?

On the IUCN Red List, the Hair-crested Drongo is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2493967), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Hair-crested Drongo is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2493967)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2493967&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/8267)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicrurus%20hottentottus)

## Keep exploring

- [Ashy Drongo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-leucophaeus/)
- [Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemipus-hirundinaceus/)
- [Scaly-breasted Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-punctulata/)
- [Barn Swallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hirundo-rustica/)
- [Brown Honeyeater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lichmera-indistincta/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Hair-crested Drongo. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-hottentottus/


---

# Rock Pigeon

> Rock Pigeon (Columba livia). Rock pigeons include wild-type birds and free-living domestic descendants; an urban record need not represent an original wild population.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/columba-livia/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/columba-livia/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Rock Pigeon (*Columba livia*) is a bird in the family Columbidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Columba livia* |
| Indonesian name | Merpati batu |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Columbidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sulawesi |
| Taxonomic group | Columbiformes |
| GBIF records | 3,918 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495414) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Rock Pigeon?

Rock Pigeon refers to Columba livia, in the genus Columba, family Columbidae, and order Columbiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495414)

## What is known about the Rock Pigeon?

Rock pigeons include wild-type birds and free-living domestic descendants; an urban record need not represent an original wild population.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba%20livia)

## How many Indonesian records name the Rock Pigeon?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 3,918 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2495414&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sulawesi. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2495414&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Rock Pigeon?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Rock Pigeon with Zebra Dove, Pink-necked Green-Pigeon, Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Rock Pigeon

### What is the scientific name of the Rock Pigeon?

The scientific name of the Rock Pigeon is *Columba livia*, in the family Columbidae and the order Columbiformes. In Indonesian it is called Merpati batu.

### Where can the Rock Pigeon be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Rock Pigeon summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sulawesi. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Rock Pigeon?

On the IUCN Red List, the Rock Pigeon is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495414), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Rock Pigeon is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495414)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2495414&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/3017)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba%20livia)

## Keep exploring

- [Zebra Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/geopelia-striata/)
- [Pink-necked Green-Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-vernans/)
- [Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macropygia-doreya/)
- [Black-naped Fruit Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ptilinopus-melanospilus/)
- [Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/treron-griseicauda/)
- [Asian Emerald Dove](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcophaps-indica/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Rock Pigeon. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/columba-livia/


---

# Rainbow Bee-eater

> Rainbow Bee-eater (Merops ornatus). The rainbow bee-eater catches flying insects and is well known from Australia and nearby regions; Indonesian records need locality and movement context.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/merops-ornatus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/merops-ornatus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Rainbow Bee-eater (*Merops ornatus*) is a bird in the family Meropidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Merops ornatus* |
| Indonesian name | Kirik-kirik australia |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Meropidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Papua, Maluku |
| Taxonomic group | Coraciiformes |
| GBIF records | 3,896 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2475422) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Rainbow Bee-eater?

Rainbow Bee-eater refers to Merops ornatus, in the genus Merops, family Meropidae, and order Coraciiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2475422)

## What is known about the Rainbow Bee-eater?

The rainbow bee-eater catches flying insects and is well known from Australia and nearby regions; Indonesian records need locality and movement context.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merops%20ornatus)

## How many Indonesian records name the Rainbow Bee-eater?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 3,896 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2475422&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Papua, Maluku. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2475422&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Rainbow Bee-eater?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Rainbow Bee-eater with Blue-tailed Bee-eater, Small Blue Kingfisher, Dollarbird. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Rainbow Bee-eater

### What is the scientific name of the Rainbow Bee-eater?

The scientific name of the Rainbow Bee-eater is *Merops ornatus*, in the family Meropidae and the order Coraciiformes. In Indonesian it is called Kirik-kirik australia.

### Where can the Rainbow Bee-eater be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Rainbow Bee-eater summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Papua, Maluku. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Rainbow Bee-eater?

On the IUCN Red List, the Rainbow Bee-eater is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2475422), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Rainbow Bee-eater is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2475422)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2475422&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/2238)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merops%20ornatus)

## Keep exploring

- [Blue-tailed Bee-eater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/merops-philippinus/)
- [Small Blue Kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/alcedo-coerulescens/)
- [Dollarbird](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eurystomus-orientalis/)
- [Sacred Kingfisher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/todiramphus-sanctus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Rainbow Bee-eater. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/merops-ornatus/


---

# Green Junglefowl

> Green Junglefowl (Gallus varius). The green junglefowl is a Javan-region pheasant relative; males are more conspicuous than females, and domestic chickens should be distinguished.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gallus-varius/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/gallus-varius/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Green Junglefowl (*Gallus varius*) is a bird in the family Phasianidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Gallus varius* |
| Indonesian name | Ayam hutan hijau |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Phasianidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Bali |
| Taxonomic group | Galliformes |
| GBIF records | 3,760 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5227768) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Green Junglefowl?

Green Junglefowl refers to Gallus varius, in the genus Gallus, family Phasianidae, and order Galliformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5227768)

## What is known about the Green Junglefowl?

The green junglefowl is a Javan-region pheasant relative; males are more conspicuous than females, and domestic chickens should be distinguished.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallus%20varius)

## How many Indonesian records name the Green Junglefowl?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 3,760 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5227768&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Bali. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5227768&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Green Junglefowl?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Green Junglefowl with Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike, Cave Swiftlet, Scaly-breasted Munia. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Green Junglefowl

### What is the scientific name of the Green Junglefowl?

The scientific name of the Green Junglefowl is *Gallus varius*, in the family Phasianidae and the order Galliformes. In Indonesian it is called Ayam hutan hijau.

### Where can the Green Junglefowl be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Green Junglefowl summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Bali. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Green Junglefowl?

On the IUCN Red List, the Green Junglefowl is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5227768), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Green Junglefowl is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5227768)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5227768&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/888)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallus%20varius)

## Keep exploring

- [Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemipus-hirundinaceus/)
- [Cave Swiftlet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/collocalia-linchi/)
- [Scaly-breasted Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-punctulata/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Green Junglefowl. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gallus-varius/


---

# Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike

> Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike (Hemipus hirundinaceus). The black-winged flycatcher-shrike belongs to a debated woodshrike lineage; citing the scientific name and taxonomic source avoids a misleading family label.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemipus-hirundinaceus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/hemipus-hirundinaceus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike (*Hemipus hirundinaceus*) is a bird in the family Tephrodornithidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Hemipus hirundinaceus* |
| Indonesian name | Jingjing batu |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Tephrodornithidae |
| Observation records | Jawa, Nusa Tenggara, Sumatera |
| Taxonomic group | Passeriformes |
| GBIF records | 3,676 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2486749) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike?

Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike refers to Hemipus hirundinaceus, in the genus Hemipus, family Tephrodornithidae, and order Passeriformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2486749)

## What is known about the Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike?

The black-winged flycatcher-shrike belongs to a debated woodshrike lineage; citing the scientific name and taxonomic source avoids a misleading family label.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemipus%20hirundinaceus)

## How many Indonesian records name the Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 3,676 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2486749&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa, Nusa Tenggara, Sumatera. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2486749&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike?

Record the date, broad location, voice and visible plumage without approaching nests or young. A clear, distant photograph is more useful than disturbing a bird for a closer view. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike with Scaly-breasted Munia, White-breasted Woodswallow, Javan Munia. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike

### What is the scientific name of the Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike?

The scientific name of the Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike is *Hemipus hirundinaceus*, in the family Tephrodornithidae and the order Passeriformes. In Indonesian it is called Jingjing batu.

### Where can the Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa, Nusa Tenggara, Sumatera. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike?

On the IUCN Red List, the Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2486749), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2486749)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2486749&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/7848)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemipus%20hirundinaceus)

## Keep exploring

- [Scaly-breasted Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-punctulata/)
- [White-breasted Woodswallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/artamus-leucorhynchos/)
- [Javan Munia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lonchura-leucogastroides/)
- [Barn Swallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hirundo-rustica/)
- [Brown Honeyeater](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lichmera-indistincta/)
- [Hair-crested Drongo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dicrurus-hottentottus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemipus-hirundinaceus/


---

# Plantain Squirrel

> Plantain Squirrel (Callosciurus notatus). The plantain squirrel uses trees in Southeast Asian forests, gardens and settlements; body stripes and colour help separate similar squirrels.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-notatus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/callosciurus-notatus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Plantain Squirrel (*Callosciurus notatus*) is a mammal in the family Sciuridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Callosciurus notatus* |
| Indonesian name | Bajing Kelapa |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Sciuridae |
| Observation records | Bali, Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur |
| Linked habitats | [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/) |
| Taxonomic group | Rodentia |
| GBIF records | 991 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2437396) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Plantain Squirrel?

Plantain Squirrel refers to Callosciurus notatus, in the genus Callosciurus, family Sciuridae, and order Rodentia. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2437396)

## What is known about the Plantain Squirrel?

The plantain squirrel uses trees in Southeast Asian forests, gardens and settlements; body stripes and colour help separate similar squirrels.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callosciurus%20notatus)

## Habitat and field observations of the Plantain Squirrel

Mammal accounts document mangroves, swamps, gardens, plantations and secondary forest. Foods can include seeds, fruit, shoots, flowers, sap and arthropods; a diet percentage from one site is not universal.

Evidence: [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2437396/descriptions)

## How many Indonesian records name the Plantain Squirrel?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 991 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2437396&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Bali, Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2437396&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Plantain Squirrel?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Plantain Squirrel with Black-striped Squirrel, Prevost's Squirrel, Black Giant Squirrel. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Plantain Squirrel

### What is the scientific name of the Plantain Squirrel?

The scientific name of the Plantain Squirrel is *Callosciurus notatus*, in the family Sciuridae and the order Rodentia. In Indonesian it is called Bajing Kelapa.

### Where can the Plantain Squirrel be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Plantain Squirrel summarised in this guide mainly come from Bali, Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur. That list is not a complete range map.

Source-supported habitats: [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/).

### What is the conservation status of the Plantain Squirrel?

On the IUCN Red List, the Plantain Squirrel is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2437396), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Plantain Squirrel is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2437396)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2437396&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2437396/descriptions)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/45945)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callosciurus%20notatus)

## Keep exploring

- [Black-striped Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-nigrovittatus/)
- [Prevost's Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-prevostii/)
- [Black Giant Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ratufa-bicolor/)
- [Javan Porcupine](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hystrix-javanica/)
- [Whitish Dwarf Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/prosciurillus-leucomus/)
- [Mainland Leopard Cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/prionailurus-bengalensis/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Plantain Squirrel. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-notatus/


---

# Javan Lutung

> Javan Lutung (Trachypithecus auratus). Javan lutungs are usually glossy dark as adults, while young may be orange; age-related colour should not be mistaken for another species.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-auratus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/trachypithecus-auratus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Javan Lutung (*Trachypithecus auratus*) is a mammal in the family Cercopithecidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Vulnerable.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Trachypithecus auratus* |
| Indonesian name | Lutung Budeng |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Cercopithecidae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, Bali |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/) |
| Taxonomic group | Primates |
| GBIF records | 445 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Vulnerable · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9204783) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Javan Lutung?

Javan Lutung refers to Trachypithecus auratus, in the genus Trachypithecus, family Cercopithecidae, and order Primates. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9204783)

## What is known about the Javan Lutung?

Javan lutungs are usually glossy dark as adults, while young may be orange; age-related colour should not be mistaken for another species.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachypithecus%20auratus)

## Habitat and field observations of the Javan Lutung

Javan lutungs are reported from primary and secondary forest, including coastal and mangrove sites. Young leaves are important food alongside fruit and flowers; the mix varies by habitat.

Evidence: [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/9204783/descriptions)

## How many Indonesian records name the Javan Lutung?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 445 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9204783&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, Bali. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9204783&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Javan Lutung?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Javan Lutung with Silvered Leaf Monkey, Thomas’s Langur, Southern Pig-tailed Macaque. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Javan Lutung

### What is the scientific name of the Javan Lutung?

The scientific name of the Javan Lutung is *Trachypithecus auratus*, in the family Cercopithecidae and the order Primates. In Indonesian it is called Lutung Budeng.

### Where can the Javan Lutung be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Javan Lutung summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, Bali. That list is not a complete range map.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/).

### What is the conservation status of the Javan Lutung?

On the IUCN Red List, the Javan Lutung is listed as Vulnerable: it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9204783), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Javan Lutung is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9204783)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9204783&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/9204783/descriptions)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/43498)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachypithecus%20auratus)

## Keep exploring

- [Silvered Leaf Monkey](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-cristatus/)
- [Thomas’s Langur](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-thomasi/)
- [Southern Pig-tailed Macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-nemestrina/)
- [Moor Macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-maura/)
- [Javan Surili](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-comata/)
- [Lar Gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylobates-lar/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Javan Lutung. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-auratus/


---

# Tatar Horseshoe Bat

> Tatar Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus tatar). Tatar horseshoe bats are known from Sulawesi; public species accounts are sparse, so field identification needs expert and acoustic evidence.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhinolophus-tatar/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/rhinolophus-tatar/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Tatar Horseshoe Bat (*Rhinolophus tatar*) is a mammal in the family Rhinolophidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Rhinolophus tatar* |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Rhinolophidae |
| Observation records | South East Sulawesi |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Taxonomic group | Chiroptera |
| GBIF records | 405 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/8083547) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Tatar Horseshoe Bat?

Tatar Horseshoe Bat refers to Rhinolophus tatar, in the genus Rhinolophus, family Rhinolophidae, and order Chiroptera. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/8083547)

## What is known about the Tatar Horseshoe Bat?

Tatar horseshoe bats are known from Sulawesi; public species accounts are sparse, so field identification needs expert and acoustic evidence.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Naturalis — taxonomic account of Rhinolophus tatar](https://repository.naturalis.nl/document/547926)

## Habitat and field observations of the Tatar Horseshoe Bat

A mammal taxonomic treatment records this bat from lowland to lower-montane Sulawesi rainforest. The same account explicitly lacks reliable food and social-organisation details.

Evidence: [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/8083547/descriptions)

## How many Indonesian records name the Tatar Horseshoe Bat?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 405 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=8083547&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include South East Sulawesi. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=8083547&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Tatar Horseshoe Bat?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Tatar Horseshoe Bat with Diadem Roundleaf Bat, Fawn Roundleaf Bat, Lesser false vampire bat. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Tatar Horseshoe Bat

### What is the scientific name of the Tatar Horseshoe Bat?

The scientific name of the Tatar Horseshoe Bat is *Rhinolophus tatar*, in the family Rhinolophidae and the order Chiroptera.

### Where can the Tatar Horseshoe Bat be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Tatar Horseshoe Bat summarised in this guide mainly come from South East Sulawesi. That list is not a complete range map.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What is the conservation status of the Tatar Horseshoe Bat?

On the IUCN Red List, the Tatar Horseshoe Bat is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/8083547), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Tatar Horseshoe Bat is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/8083547)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=8083547&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/8083547/descriptions)
4. [Naturalis — taxonomic account of Rhinolophus tatar](https://repository.naturalis.nl/document/547926)
5. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/765491)
6. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinolophus%20tatar)

## Keep exploring

- [Diadem Roundleaf Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-diadema/)
- [Fawn Roundleaf Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-cervinus/)
- [Lesser false vampire bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/megaderma-spasma/)
- [Large Flying-fox](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pteropus-vampyrus/)
- [Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macroglossus-minimus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Tatar Horseshoe Bat. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhinolophus-tatar/


---

# Thomas’s Langur

> Thomas’s Langur (Presbytis thomasi). Thomas's langur is restricted to northern Sumatra; habitat loss is reported as a pressure, while each local group needs separate assessment.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-thomasi/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/presbytis-thomasi/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Thomas’s Langur (*Presbytis thomasi*) is a mammal in the family Cercopithecidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Vulnerable.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Presbytis thomasi* |
| Indonesian name | Kedih |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Cercopithecidae |
| Observation records | Sumatera Utara, Aceh, Sumatra - Sumatera Utara |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/) |
| Taxonomic group | Primates |
| GBIF records | 398 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Vulnerable · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219558) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Thomas’s Langur?

Thomas’s Langur refers to Presbytis thomasi, in the genus Presbytis, family Cercopithecidae, and order Primates. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219558)

## What is known about the Thomas’s Langur?

Thomas's langur is restricted to northern Sumatra; habitat loss is reported as a pressure, while each local group needs separate assessment.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbytis%20thomasi)

## Habitat and field observations of the Thomas’s Langur

Thomas's langurs are recorded in lowland, swamp and riverine forests and some gardens near forest. Documented foods include young leaves, fruit, seeds and flowers.

Evidence: [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/5219558/descriptions)

## How many Indonesian records name the Thomas’s Langur?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 398 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5219558&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Sumatera Utara, Aceh, Sumatra - Sumatera Utara. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5219558&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Thomas’s Langur?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Thomas’s Langur with Sumatran Surili, Javan Surili, Southern Pig-tailed Macaque. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Thomas’s Langur

### What is the scientific name of the Thomas’s Langur?

The scientific name of the Thomas’s Langur is *Presbytis thomasi*, in the family Cercopithecidae and the order Primates. In Indonesian it is called Kedih.

### Where can the Thomas’s Langur be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Thomas’s Langur summarised in this guide mainly come from Sumatera Utara, Aceh, Sumatra - Sumatera Utara. That list is not a complete range map.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/).

### What is the conservation status of the Thomas’s Langur?

On the IUCN Red List, the Thomas’s Langur is listed as Vulnerable: it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219558), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Thomas’s Langur is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219558)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5219558&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/5219558/descriptions)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/43501)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbytis%20thomasi)

## Keep exploring

- [Sumatran Surili](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-melalophos/)
- [Javan Surili](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-comata/)
- [Southern Pig-tailed Macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-nemestrina/)
- [Javan Lutung](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-auratus/)
- [Lar Gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylobates-lar/)
- [Bornean White-bearded Gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylobates-albibarbis/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Thomas’s Langur. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-thomasi/


---

# Southern Pig-tailed Macaque

> Southern Pig-tailed Macaque (Macaca nemestrina). The southern pig-tailed macaque has a relatively short pig-like tail; it differs from long-tailed macaques and occurs across mainland Southeast Asia and Indonesia.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-nemestrina/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/macaca-nemestrina/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Southern Pig-tailed Macaque (*Macaca nemestrina*) is a mammal in the family Cercopithecidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Macaca nemestrina* |
| Indonesian name | Beruk |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Cercopithecidae |
| Observation records | Sumatera Utara, Sumatra - Sumatera Utara, Riau |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Taxonomic group | Primates |
| GBIF records | 306 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2436611) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Southern Pig-tailed Macaque?

Southern Pig-tailed Macaque refers to Macaca nemestrina, in the genus Macaca, family Cercopithecidae, and order Primates. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2436611)

## What is known about the Southern Pig-tailed Macaque?

The southern pig-tailed macaque has a relatively short pig-like tail; it differs from long-tailed macaques and occurs across mainland Southeast Asia and Indonesia.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaca%20nemestrina)

## Habitat and field observations of the Southern Pig-tailed Macaque

Pig-tailed macaques use lowland and hill rainforest. Mammal accounts describe fruit as a major food, with leaves and invertebrates in amounts that vary by site.

Evidence: [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2436611/descriptions)

## How many Indonesian records name the Southern Pig-tailed Macaque?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 306 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2436611&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Sumatera Utara, Sumatra - Sumatera Utara, Riau. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2436611&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Southern Pig-tailed Macaque?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Southern Pig-tailed Macaque with Moor Macaque, Silvered Leaf Monkey, Sumatran Surili. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Southern Pig-tailed Macaque

### What is the scientific name of the Southern Pig-tailed Macaque?

The scientific name of the Southern Pig-tailed Macaque is *Macaca nemestrina*, in the family Cercopithecidae and the order Primates. In Indonesian it is called Beruk.

### Where can the Southern Pig-tailed Macaque be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Southern Pig-tailed Macaque summarised in this guide mainly come from Sumatera Utara, Sumatra - Sumatera Utara, Riau. That list is not a complete range map.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What is the conservation status of the Southern Pig-tailed Macaque?

On the IUCN Red List, the Southern Pig-tailed Macaque is listed as Endangered: it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2436611), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Southern Pig-tailed Macaque is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2436611)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2436611&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2436611/descriptions)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/43455)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaca%20nemestrina)

## Further reading

[Macaque: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/macaque/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Moor Macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-maura/)
- [Silvered Leaf Monkey](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-cristatus/)
- [Sumatran Surili](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-melalophos/)
- [Javan Lutung](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-auratus/)
- [Thomas’s Langur](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-thomasi/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Southern Pig-tailed Macaque. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-nemestrina/


---

# Silvered Leaf Monkey

> Silvered Leaf Monkey (Trachypithecus cristatus). Silvered leaf monkeys use coastal, mangrove and riverine forest; presence at one site cannot stand for their status across Borneo or Sumatra.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-cristatus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/trachypithecus-cristatus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Silvered Leaf Monkey (*Trachypithecus cristatus*) is a mammal in the family Cercopithecidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Vulnerable.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Trachypithecus cristatus* |
| Indonesian name | Lutung Kelabu |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Cercopithecidae |
| Observation records | Sumatera Utara, Sumatera Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah |
| Linked habitats | [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/) |
| Taxonomic group | Primates |
| GBIF records | 272 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Vulnerable · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2436542) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Silvered Leaf Monkey?

Silvered Leaf Monkey refers to Trachypithecus cristatus, in the genus Trachypithecus, family Cercopithecidae, and order Primates. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2436542)

## What is known about the Silvered Leaf Monkey?

Silvered leaf monkeys use coastal, mangrove and riverine forest; presence at one site cannot stand for their status across Borneo or Sumatra.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachypithecus%20cristatus)

## Habitat and field observations of the Silvered Leaf Monkey

Silvered leaf monkeys are recorded from coastal, mangrove, swamp and riverine forests in Sumatra and Borneo. Species-level diet details in the cited treatment are limited; figures from other langurs should not be transferred.

Evidence: [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2436542/descriptions)

## How many Indonesian records name the Silvered Leaf Monkey?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 272 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2436542&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Sumatera Utara, Sumatera Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2436542&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Silvered Leaf Monkey?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Silvered Leaf Monkey with Javan Lutung, Sumatran Surili, Moor Macaque. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Silvered Leaf Monkey

### What is the scientific name of the Silvered Leaf Monkey?

The scientific name of the Silvered Leaf Monkey is *Trachypithecus cristatus*, in the family Cercopithecidae and the order Primates. In Indonesian it is called Lutung Kelabu.

### Where can the Silvered Leaf Monkey be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Silvered Leaf Monkey summarised in this guide mainly come from Sumatera Utara, Sumatera Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah. That list is not a complete range map.

Source-supported habitats: [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/).

### What is the conservation status of the Silvered Leaf Monkey?

On the IUCN Red List, the Silvered Leaf Monkey is listed as Vulnerable: it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2436542), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Silvered Leaf Monkey is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2436542)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2436542&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2436542/descriptions)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/43497)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachypithecus%20cristatus)

## Keep exploring

- [Javan Lutung](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-auratus/)
- [Sumatran Surili](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-melalophos/)
- [Moor Macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-maura/)
- [Southern Pig-tailed Macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-nemestrina/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Silvered Leaf Monkey. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-cristatus/


---

# Gursky's Spectral Tarsier

> Gursky's Spectral Tarsier (Tarsius spectrumgurskyae). Gursky's spectral tarsier was separated from a broader spectral-tarsier concept on Sulawesi; older records may use a different name.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tarsius-spectrumgurskyae/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/tarsius-spectrumgurskyae/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Gursky's Spectral Tarsier (*Tarsius spectrumgurskyae*) is a mammal in the family Tarsiidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Vulnerable.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Tarsius spectrumgurskyae* |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Tarsiidae |
| Observation records | Sulawesi Utara, Gorontalo |
| Taxonomic group | Primates |
| GBIF records | 258 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Vulnerable · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9717634) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Gursky's Spectral Tarsier?

Gursky's Spectral Tarsier refers to Tarsius spectrumgurskyae, in the genus Tarsius, family Tarsiidae, and order Primates. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9717634)

## What is known about the Gursky's Spectral Tarsier?

Gursky's spectral tarsier was separated from a broader spectral-tarsier concept on Sulawesi; older records may use a different name.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsius%20spectrumgurskyae)

## How many Indonesian records name the Gursky's Spectral Tarsier?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 258 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9717634&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Sulawesi Utara, Gorontalo. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9717634&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Gursky's Spectral Tarsier?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Gursky's Spectral Tarsier with Pygmy tarsier, Sumatran Surili, Moor Macaque. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Gursky's Spectral Tarsier

### What is the scientific name of the Gursky's Spectral Tarsier?

The scientific name of the Gursky's Spectral Tarsier is *Tarsius spectrumgurskyae*, in the family Tarsiidae and the order Primates.

### Where can the Gursky's Spectral Tarsier be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Gursky's Spectral Tarsier summarised in this guide mainly come from Sulawesi Utara, Gorontalo. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Gursky's Spectral Tarsier?

On the IUCN Red List, the Gursky's Spectral Tarsier is listed as Vulnerable: it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9717634), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Gursky's Spectral Tarsier is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9717634)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9717634&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/1047733)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsius%20spectrumgurskyae)

## Further reading

[Tarsier: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/tarsier/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Pygmy tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pygmy-tarsier/)
- [Sumatran Surili](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-melalophos/)
- [Moor Macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-maura/)
- [Selayar tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/selayar-tarsier/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Gursky's Spectral Tarsier. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tarsius-spectrumgurskyae/


---

# Black Giant Squirrel

> Black Giant Squirrel (Ratufa bicolor). The black giant squirrel is a large forest tree-squirrel; its size and bushy tail distinguish it from the much smaller plantain squirrel.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ratufa-bicolor/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/ratufa-bicolor/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Black Giant Squirrel (*Ratufa bicolor*) is a mammal in the family Sciuridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Near Threatened.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Ratufa bicolor* |
| Indonesian name | Jelarang Hitam |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Sciuridae |
| Observation records | Bali, Jawa Barat, Aceh |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Taxonomic group | Rodentia |
| GBIF records | 184 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Near Threatened · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2437566) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Black Giant Squirrel?

Black Giant Squirrel refers to Ratufa bicolor, in the genus Ratufa, family Sciuridae, and order Rodentia. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2437566)

## What is known about the Black Giant Squirrel?

The black giant squirrel is a large forest tree-squirrel; its size and bushy tail distinguish it from the much smaller plantain squirrel.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratufa%20bicolor)

## Habitat and field observations of the Black Giant Squirrel

Black giant squirrels mainly use continuous rainforest and forage in trees. Seeds are important food, with fruit and other plant material also recorded.

Evidence: [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2437566/descriptions)

## How many Indonesian records name the Black Giant Squirrel?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 184 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2437566&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Bali, Jawa Barat, Aceh. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2437566&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Black Giant Squirrel?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Black Giant Squirrel with Black-striped Squirrel, Whitish Dwarf Squirrel, Prevost's Squirrel. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Black Giant Squirrel

### What is the scientific name of the Black Giant Squirrel?

The scientific name of the Black Giant Squirrel is *Ratufa bicolor*, in the family Sciuridae and the order Rodentia. In Indonesian it is called Jelarang Hitam.

### Where can the Black Giant Squirrel be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Black Giant Squirrel summarised in this guide mainly come from Bali, Jawa Barat, Aceh. That list is not a complete range map.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What is the conservation status of the Black Giant Squirrel?

On the IUCN Red List, the Black Giant Squirrel is listed as Near Threatened: it is close to qualifying, or likely to qualify, for a threatened category in the near future. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2437566), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Black Giant Squirrel is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2437566)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2437566&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2437566/descriptions)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/46033)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratufa%20bicolor)

## Keep exploring

- [Black-striped Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-nigrovittatus/)
- [Whitish Dwarf Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/prosciurillus-leucomus/)
- [Prevost's Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-prevostii/)
- [Plantain Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-notatus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Black Giant Squirrel. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ratufa-bicolor/


---

# Waigeo Spotted Cuscus

> Waigeo Spotted Cuscus (Spilocuscus papuensis). The Waigeo spotted cuscus is a marsupial native to Waigeo Island; outlying records need scrutiny before being treated as natural range.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spilocuscus-papuensis/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/spilocuscus-papuensis/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Waigeo Spotted Cuscus (*Spilocuscus papuensis*) is a mammal in the family Phalangeridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Vulnerable.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Spilocuscus papuensis* |
| Indonesian name | Kuskus Waigeo |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Phalangeridae |
| Observation records | Papua Barat |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Taxonomic group | Diprotodontia |
| GBIF records | 169 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Vulnerable · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2440246) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Waigeo Spotted Cuscus?

Waigeo Spotted Cuscus refers to Spilocuscus papuensis, in the genus Spilocuscus, family Phalangeridae, and order Diprotodontia. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2440246)

## What is known about the Waigeo Spotted Cuscus?

The Waigeo spotted cuscus is a marsupial native to Waigeo Island; outlying records need scrutiny before being treated as natural range.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waigeou_cuscus)

## Habitat and field observations of the Waigeo Spotted Cuscus

Waigeo spotted cuscuses are reported from primary and secondary moist tropical forest. Published species-level feeding details remain sparse and should not be borrowed from other cuscuses.

Evidence: [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2440246/descriptions)

## How many Indonesian records name the Waigeo Spotted Cuscus?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 169 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2440246&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Papua Barat. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2440246&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Waigeo Spotted Cuscus?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Waigeo Spotted Cuscus with Northern Common Cuscus, Horsfield's Treeshrew, Wild Boar. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Waigeo Spotted Cuscus

### What is the scientific name of the Waigeo Spotted Cuscus?

The scientific name of the Waigeo Spotted Cuscus is *Spilocuscus papuensis*, in the family Phalangeridae and the order Diprotodontia. In Indonesian it is called Kuskus Waigeo.

### Where can the Waigeo Spotted Cuscus be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Waigeo Spotted Cuscus summarised in this guide mainly come from Papua Barat. That list is not a complete range map.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What is the conservation status of the Waigeo Spotted Cuscus?

On the IUCN Red List, the Waigeo Spotted Cuscus is listed as Vulnerable: it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2440246), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Waigeo Spotted Cuscus is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2440246)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2440246&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2440246/descriptions)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/42858)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waigeou_cuscus)

## Further reading

[Spotted cuscus: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/spotted-cuscus/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Northern Common Cuscus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/phalanger-orientalis/)
- [Horsfield's Treeshrew](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tupaia-javanica/)
- [Wild Boar](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sus-scrofa/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Waigeo Spotted Cuscus. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spilocuscus-papuensis/


---

# Horsfield's Treeshrew

> Horsfield's Treeshrew (Tupaia javanica). Horsfield's treeshrew belongs to Tupaiidae rather than the squirrel family and is reported from Sumatra, Java, Bali and Nias.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tupaia-javanica/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/tupaia-javanica/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Horsfield's Treeshrew (*Tupaia javanica*) is a mammal in the family Tupaiidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Tupaia javanica* |
| Indonesian name | Tupai Kekes |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Tupaiidae |
| Observation records | Bali, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Taxonomic group | Scandentia |
| GBIF records | 164 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2436298) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Horsfield's Treeshrew?

Horsfield's Treeshrew refers to Tupaia javanica, in the genus Tupaia, family Tupaiidae, and order Scandentia. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2436298)

## What is known about the Horsfield's Treeshrew?

Horsfield's treeshrew belongs to Tupaiidae rather than the squirrel family and is reported from Sumatra, Java, Bali and Nias.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupaia%20javanica)

## Habitat and field observations of the Horsfield's Treeshrew

Mammal accounts place Horsfield's treeshrew mainly in primary forest rather than every disturbed habitat. Detailed food evidence is limited; fruit and insects are discussed as likely, not fully measured.

Evidence: [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2436298/descriptions)

## How many Indonesian records name the Horsfield's Treeshrew?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 164 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2436298&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Bali, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2436298&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Horsfield's Treeshrew?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Horsfield's Treeshrew with Wild Boar, Sumatran Surili, Northern Palm Civet. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Horsfield's Treeshrew

### What is the scientific name of the Horsfield's Treeshrew?

The scientific name of the Horsfield's Treeshrew is *Tupaia javanica*, in the family Tupaiidae and the order Scandentia. In Indonesian it is called Tupai Kekes.

### Where can the Horsfield's Treeshrew be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Horsfield's Treeshrew summarised in this guide mainly come from Bali, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah. That list is not a complete range map.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What is the conservation status of the Horsfield's Treeshrew?

On the IUCN Red List, the Horsfield's Treeshrew is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2436298), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Horsfield's Treeshrew is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2436298)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2436298&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2436298/descriptions)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/46294)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupaia%20javanica)

## Keep exploring

- [Wild Boar](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sus-scrofa/)
- [Sumatran Surili](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-melalophos/)
- [Northern Palm Civet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/paradoxurus-hermaphroditus/)
- [Waigeo Spotted Cuscus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spilocuscus-papuensis/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Horsfield's Treeshrew. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tupaia-javanica/


---

# Wild Boar

> Wild Boar (Sus scrofa). Wild boar have both native and human-transported populations; wild, domestic and feral animals must not be combined into a single population claim.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sus-scrofa/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/sus-scrofa/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Wild Boar (*Sus scrofa*) is a mammal in the family Suidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Sus scrofa* |
| Indonesian name | Babi Hutan |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Suidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara Timur, Bali, Lampung |
| Taxonomic group | Artiodactyla |
| GBIF records | 160 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/7705930) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Wild Boar?

Wild Boar refers to Sus scrofa, in the genus Sus, family Suidae, and order Artiodactyla. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/7705930)

## What is known about the Wild Boar?

Wild boar have both native and human-transported populations; wild, domestic and feral animals must not be combined into a single population claim.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sus%20scrofa)

## Habitat and field observations of the Wild Boar

Wild boar use forest, scrub and agricultural mosaics with cover. They are omnivores taking plant material, insects and small animals, with the mix depending on place.

Evidence: [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/7705930/descriptions)

## How many Indonesian records name the Wild Boar?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 160 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=7705930&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara Timur, Bali, Lampung. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=7705930&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Wild Boar?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Wild Boar with Domestic Water Buffalo, Sumatran Surili, Northern Palm Civet. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Wild Boar

### What is the scientific name of the Wild Boar?

The scientific name of the Wild Boar is *Sus scrofa*, in the family Suidae and the order Artiodactyla. In Indonesian it is called Babi Hutan.

### Where can the Wild Boar be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Wild Boar summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara Timur, Bali, Lampung. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Wild Boar?

On the IUCN Red List, the Wild Boar is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/7705930), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Wild Boar is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/7705930)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=7705930&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/7705930/descriptions)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/42134)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sus%20scrofa)

## Further reading

[Wild boar: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/wild-boar/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Domestic Water Buffalo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bubalus-bubalis/)
- [Sumatran Surili](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-melalophos/)
- [Northern Palm Civet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/paradoxurus-hermaphroditus/)
- [Waigeo Spotted Cuscus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spilocuscus-papuensis/)
- [Horsfield's Treeshrew](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tupaia-javanica/)
- [Bearded pig](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bearded-pig/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Wild Boar. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sus-scrofa/


---

# Sumatran Surili

> Sumatran Surili (Presbytis melalophos). The Sumatran surili is a forest primate endemic to Sumatra, with forest loss and fragmentation reported as pressures in parts of its range.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-melalophos/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/presbytis-melalophos/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Sumatran Surili (*Presbytis melalophos*) is a mammal in the family Cercopithecidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Presbytis melalophos* |
| Indonesian name | Simpai |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Cercopithecidae |
| Observation records | Jambi, Sumatra - Jambi, Sumatera Barat |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Taxonomic group | Primates |
| GBIF records | 155 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219561) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Sumatran Surili?

Sumatran Surili refers to Presbytis melalophos, in the genus Presbytis, family Cercopithecidae, and order Primates. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219561)

## What is known about the Sumatran Surili?

The Sumatran surili is a forest primate endemic to Sumatra, with forest loss and fragmentation reported as pressures in parts of its range.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbytis%20melalophos)

## Habitat and field observations of the Sumatran Surili

Sumatran surilis use lowland and hill rainforest, including some disturbed sites. Young leaves, unripe fruit, flowers and seeds have been recorded as food.

Evidence: [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/5219561/descriptions)

## How many Indonesian records name the Sumatran Surili?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 155 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5219561&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jambi, Sumatra - Jambi, Sumatera Barat. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5219561&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Sumatran Surili?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Sumatran Surili with Javan Surili, Thomas’s Langur, Moor Macaque. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Sumatran Surili

### What is the scientific name of the Sumatran Surili?

The scientific name of the Sumatran Surili is *Presbytis melalophos*, in the family Cercopithecidae and the order Primates. In Indonesian it is called Simpai.

### Where can the Sumatran Surili be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Sumatran Surili summarised in this guide mainly come from Jambi, Sumatra - Jambi, Sumatera Barat. That list is not a complete range map.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What is the conservation status of the Sumatran Surili?

On the IUCN Red List, the Sumatran Surili is listed as Endangered: it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219561), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Sumatran Surili is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219561)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5219561&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/5219561/descriptions)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/43504)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbytis%20melalophos)

## Keep exploring

- [Javan Surili](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-comata/)
- [Thomas’s Langur](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-thomasi/)
- [Moor Macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-maura/)
- [Southern Pig-tailed Macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-nemestrina/)
- [Silvered Leaf Monkey](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-cristatus/)
- [Gursky's Spectral Tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tarsius-spectrumgurskyae/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Sumatran Surili. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-melalophos/


---

# Northern Palm Civet

> Northern Palm Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus). The Asian palm civet can use varied habitats; captivity and civet-coffee production should be distinguished from its wild behaviour.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/paradoxurus-hermaphroditus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/paradoxurus-hermaphroditus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Northern Palm Civet (*Paradoxurus hermaphroditus*) is a mammal in the family Viverridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Paradoxurus hermaphroditus* |
| Indonesian name | Musang |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Viverridae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Banten, Bali |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Taxonomic group | Carnivora |
| GBIF records | 153 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2434708) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Northern Palm Civet?

Northern Palm Civet refers to Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, in the genus Paradoxurus, family Viverridae, and order Carnivora. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2434708)

## What is known about the Northern Palm Civet?

The Asian palm civet can use varied habitats; captivity and civet-coffee production should be distinguished from its wild behaviour.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoxurus%20hermaphroditus)

## Habitat and field observations of the Northern Palm Civet

Palm civets use forest, plantations and settlement edges. Fruit is important in their diet, while invertebrates and small vertebrates can also be taken.

Evidence: [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2434708/descriptions)

## How many Indonesian records name the Northern Palm Civet?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 153 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2434708&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Banten, Bali. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2434708&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Northern Palm Civet?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Northern Palm Civet with Mainland Leopard Cat, Diadem Roundleaf Bat, Domestic Water Buffalo. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Northern Palm Civet

### What is the scientific name of the Northern Palm Civet?

The scientific name of the Northern Palm Civet is *Paradoxurus hermaphroditus*, in the family Viverridae and the order Carnivora. In Indonesian it is called Musang.

### Where can the Northern Palm Civet be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Northern Palm Civet summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Banten, Bali. That list is not a complete range map.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What is the conservation status of the Northern Palm Civet?

On the IUCN Red List, the Northern Palm Civet is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2434708), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Northern Palm Civet is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2434708)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2434708&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2434708/descriptions)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/925714)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoxurus%20hermaphroditus)

## Further reading

[Civet: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/civet/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Mainland Leopard Cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/prionailurus-bengalensis/)
- [Diadem Roundleaf Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-diadema/)
- [Domestic Water Buffalo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bubalus-bubalis/)
- [Horsfield's Treeshrew](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tupaia-javanica/)
- [Wild Boar](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sus-scrofa/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Northern Palm Civet. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/paradoxurus-hermaphroditus/


---

# Diadem Roundleaf Bat

> Diadem Roundleaf Bat (Hipposideros diadema). The diadem roundleaf bat belongs to Hipposideridae, not Rhinolophidae; nose shape matters, but a single photograph may not settle identification.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-diadema/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/hipposideros-diadema/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Diadem Roundleaf Bat (*Hipposideros diadema*) is a mammal in the family Hipposideridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Hipposideros diadema* |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Hipposideridae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Sumatera Utara, Nusa Tenggara Timur |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Taxonomic group | Chiroptera |
| GBIF records | 135 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5218566) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Diadem Roundleaf Bat?

Diadem Roundleaf Bat refers to Hipposideros diadema, in the genus Hipposideros, family Hipposideridae, and order Chiroptera. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5218566)

## What is known about the Diadem Roundleaf Bat?

The diadem roundleaf bat belongs to Hipposideridae, not Rhinolophidae; nose shape matters, but a single photograph may not settle identification.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipposideros%20diadema)

## Habitat and field observations of the Diadem Roundleaf Bat

Diadem roundleaf bats are reported from forest to agricultural settings. They hunt insects beneath the canopy, through gaps and over streams, sometimes waiting from a perch.

Evidence: [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/5218566/descriptions)

## How many Indonesian records name the Diadem Roundleaf Bat?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 135 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5218566&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Sumatera Utara, Nusa Tenggara Timur. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5218566&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Diadem Roundleaf Bat?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Diadem Roundleaf Bat with Fawn Roundleaf Bat, Lesser false vampire bat, Large Flying-fox. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Diadem Roundleaf Bat

### What is the scientific name of the Diadem Roundleaf Bat?

The scientific name of the Diadem Roundleaf Bat is *Hipposideros diadema*, in the family Hipposideridae and the order Chiroptera.

### Where can the Diadem Roundleaf Bat be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Diadem Roundleaf Bat summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Sumatera Utara, Nusa Tenggara Timur. That list is not a complete range map.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What is the conservation status of the Diadem Roundleaf Bat?

On the IUCN Red List, the Diadem Roundleaf Bat is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5218566), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Diadem Roundleaf Bat is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5218566)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5218566&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/5218566/descriptions)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/40719)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipposideros%20diadema)

## Keep exploring

- [Fawn Roundleaf Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-cervinus/)
- [Lesser false vampire bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/megaderma-spasma/)
- [Large Flying-fox](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pteropus-vampyrus/)
- [Tatar Horseshoe Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhinolophus-tatar/)
- [Northern Palm Civet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/paradoxurus-hermaphroditus/)
- [Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macroglossus-minimus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Diadem Roundleaf Bat. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-diadema/


---

# Domestic Water Buffalo

> Domestic Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Water buffalo are domesticated bovids with a long Asian husbandry history; Indonesian records should not be mapped as an original wild-buffalo range.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bubalus-bubalis/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/bubalus-bubalis/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Domestic Water Buffalo (*Bubalus bubalis*) is a mammal in the family Bovidae.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Bubalus bubalis* |
| Indonesian name | Kerbau |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Bovidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara Timur, Jawa Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat |
| Taxonomic group | Artiodactyla |
| GBIF records | 132 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |

## What is the Domestic Water Buffalo?

Domestic Water Buffalo refers to Bubalus bubalis, in the genus Bubalus, family Bovidae, and order Artiodactyla. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/7422937)

## What is known about the Domestic Water Buffalo?

Water buffalo are domesticated bovids with a long Asian husbandry history; Indonesian records should not be mapped as an original wild-buffalo range.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubalus%20bubalis)

## How many Indonesian records name the Domestic Water Buffalo?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 132 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=7422937&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara Timur, Jawa Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=7422937&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Domestic Water Buffalo?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Domestic Water Buffalo with Wild Boar, Spinner Dolphin, Fawn Roundleaf Bat. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Domestic Water Buffalo

### What is the scientific name of the Domestic Water Buffalo?

The scientific name of the Domestic Water Buffalo is *Bubalus bubalis*, in the family Bovidae and the order Artiodactyla. In Indonesian it is called Kerbau.

### Where can the Domestic Water Buffalo be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Domestic Water Buffalo summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara Timur, Jawa Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat. That list is not a complete range map.

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/7422937)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=7422937&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/81925)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubalus%20bubalis)

## Further reading

[Buffalo: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/buffalo/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Wild Boar](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sus-scrofa/)
- [Spinner Dolphin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/stenella-longirostris/)
- [Fawn Roundleaf Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-cervinus/)
- [Northern Palm Civet](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/paradoxurus-hermaphroditus/)
- [Mountain anoa](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mountain-anoa/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Domestic Water Buffalo. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bubalus-bubalis/


---

# Spinner Dolphin

> Spinner Dolphin (Stenella longirostris). Spinner dolphins are known for rotating leaps, but each leap need not have the same function; vessel encounters should maintain distance.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/stenella-longirostris/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/stenella-longirostris/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Spinner Dolphin (*Stenella longirostris*) is a mammal in the family Delphinidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Stenella longirostris* |
| Indonesian name | Lumba-Lumba Moncong Panjang |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Delphinidae |
| Observation records | Bali, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Maluku |
| Taxonomic group | Cetacea |
| GBIF records | 130 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5220060) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Spinner Dolphin?

Spinner Dolphin refers to Stenella longirostris, in the genus Stenella, family Delphinidae, and order Cetacea. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5220060)

## What is known about the Spinner Dolphin?

Spinner dolphins are known for rotating leaps, but each leap need not have the same function; vessel encounters should maintain distance.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenella%20longirostris)

## Habitat and field observations of the Spinner Dolphin

Spinner dolphins use tropical island waters and offshore areas. Food studies record small fish and cephalopods, but foraging timing and composition vary among populations.

Evidence: [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/5220060/descriptions)

## How many Indonesian records name the Spinner Dolphin?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 130 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5220060&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Bali, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Maluku. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5220060&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Spinner Dolphin?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Spinner Dolphin with Fawn Roundleaf Bat, Lesser false vampire bat, Moor Macaque. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Spinner Dolphin

### What is the scientific name of the Spinner Dolphin?

The scientific name of the Spinner Dolphin is *Stenella longirostris*, in the family Delphinidae and the order Cetacea. In Indonesian it is called Lumba-Lumba Moncong Panjang.

### Where can the Spinner Dolphin be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Spinner Dolphin summarised in this guide mainly come from Bali, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Maluku. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Spinner Dolphin?

On the IUCN Red List, the Spinner Dolphin is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5220060), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Spinner Dolphin is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5220060)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5220060&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/5220060/descriptions)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/41496)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenella%20longirostris)

## Keep exploring

- [Fawn Roundleaf Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-cervinus/)
- [Lesser false vampire bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/megaderma-spasma/)
- [Moor Macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-maura/)
- [Domestic Water Buffalo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bubalus-bubalis/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Spinner Dolphin. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/stenella-longirostris/


---

# Fawn Roundleaf Bat

> Fawn Roundleaf Bat (Hipposideros cervinus). The fawn roundleaf bat is a hipposiderid recorded across parts of Southeast Asia and Australia; colour alone is unreliable for similar bats.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-cervinus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/hipposideros-cervinus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Fawn Roundleaf Bat (*Hipposideros cervinus*) is a mammal in the family Hipposideridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Hipposideros cervinus* |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Hipposideridae |
| Observation records | South East Sulawesi, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sumatera Utara |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Taxonomic group | Chiroptera |
| GBIF records | 127 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5218596) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Fawn Roundleaf Bat?

Fawn Roundleaf Bat refers to Hipposideros cervinus, in the genus Hipposideros, family Hipposideridae, and order Chiroptera. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5218596)

## What is known about the Fawn Roundleaf Bat?

The fawn roundleaf bat is a hipposiderid recorded across parts of Southeast Asia and Australia; colour alone is unreliable for similar bats.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipposideros%20cervinus)

## Habitat and field observations of the Fawn Roundleaf Bat

Fawn roundleaf bats often roost in caves and are also recorded from tree hollows or old mines. Reports describe small insects taken below forest cover and near water.

Evidence: [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/5218596/descriptions)

## How many Indonesian records name the Fawn Roundleaf Bat?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 127 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5218596&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include South East Sulawesi, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sumatera Utara. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5218596&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Fawn Roundleaf Bat?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Fawn Roundleaf Bat with Diadem Roundleaf Bat, Lesser false vampire bat, Large Flying-fox. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Fawn Roundleaf Bat

### What is the scientific name of the Fawn Roundleaf Bat?

The scientific name of the Fawn Roundleaf Bat is *Hipposideros cervinus*, in the family Hipposideridae and the order Chiroptera.

### Where can the Fawn Roundleaf Bat be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Fawn Roundleaf Bat summarised in this guide mainly come from South East Sulawesi, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sumatera Utara. That list is not a complete range map.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What is the conservation status of the Fawn Roundleaf Bat?

On the IUCN Red List, the Fawn Roundleaf Bat is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5218596), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Fawn Roundleaf Bat is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5218596)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5218596&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/5218596/descriptions)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/40741)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipposideros%20cervinus)

## Keep exploring

- [Diadem Roundleaf Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-diadema/)
- [Lesser false vampire bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/megaderma-spasma/)
- [Large Flying-fox](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pteropus-vampyrus/)
- [Tatar Horseshoe Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhinolophus-tatar/)
- [Domestic Water Buffalo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bubalus-bubalis/)
- [Spinner Dolphin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/stenella-longirostris/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Fawn Roundleaf Bat. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-cervinus/


---

# Lesser false vampire bat

> Lesser false vampire bat (Megaderma spasma). The lesser false vampire bat does not drink blood; accounts describe cave and tree-hollow roosts and an insect diet.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/megaderma-spasma/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/megaderma-spasma/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Lesser false vampire bat (*Megaderma spasma*) is a mammal in the family Megadermatidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Megaderma spasma* |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Megadermatidae |
| Observation records | South East Sulawesi, Sulawesi Utara, Kalimantan Tengah |
| Taxonomic group | Chiroptera |
| GBIF records | 124 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2433352) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Lesser false vampire bat?

Lesser false vampire bat refers to Megaderma spasma, in the genus Megaderma, family Megadermatidae, and order Chiroptera. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2433352)

## What is known about the Lesser false vampire bat?

The lesser false vampire bat does not drink blood; accounts describe cave and tree-hollow roosts and an insect diet.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaderma%20spasma)

## Habitat and field observations of the Lesser false vampire bat

This bat roosts in caves and tree hollows. Feeding accounts include large arthropods and occasional small vertebrates; 'false vampire' does not mean it drinks blood.

Evidence: [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2433352/descriptions)

## How many Indonesian records name the Lesser false vampire bat?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 124 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2433352&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include South East Sulawesi, Sulawesi Utara, Kalimantan Tengah. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2433352&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Lesser false vampire bat?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Lesser false vampire bat with Large Flying-fox, Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat, Tatar Horseshoe Bat. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Lesser false vampire bat

### What is the scientific name of the Lesser false vampire bat?

The scientific name of the Lesser false vampire bat is *Megaderma spasma*, in the family Megadermatidae and the order Chiroptera.

### Where can the Lesser false vampire bat be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Lesser false vampire bat summarised in this guide mainly come from South East Sulawesi, Sulawesi Utara, Kalimantan Tengah. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Lesser false vampire bat?

On the IUCN Red List, the Lesser false vampire bat is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2433352), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Lesser false vampire bat is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2433352)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2433352&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2433352/descriptions)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/41321)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaderma%20spasma)

## Keep exploring

- [Large Flying-fox](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pteropus-vampyrus/)
- [Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macroglossus-minimus/)
- [Tatar Horseshoe Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhinolophus-tatar/)
- [Diadem Roundleaf Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-diadema/)
- [Spinner Dolphin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/stenella-longirostris/)
- [Fawn Roundleaf Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-cervinus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Lesser false vampire bat. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/megaderma-spasma/


---

# Moor Macaque

> Moor Macaque (Macaca maura). The moor macaque has dark brown-to-black fur and a paler rump patch; it differs from the crested macaque of northern Sulawesi.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-maura/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/macaca-maura/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Moor Macaque (*Macaca maura*) is a mammal in the family Cercopithecidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Macaca maura* |
| Indonesian name | Ceba |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Cercopithecidae |
| Observation records | Sulawesi Selatan |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Taxonomic group | Primates |
| GBIF records | 121 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2436606) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Moor Macaque?

Moor Macaque refers to Macaca maura, in the genus Macaca, family Cercopithecidae, and order Primates. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2436606)

## What is known about the Moor Macaque?

The moor macaque has dark brown-to-black fur and a paler rump patch; it differs from the crested macaque of northern Sulawesi.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaca%20maura)

## Habitat and field observations of the Moor Macaque

Moor macaques use moist forest and forest-open-land mosaics, including karst. Fruit from several forest trees is prominent in the diet alongside insects and leaves.

Evidence: [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2436606/descriptions)

## How many Indonesian records name the Moor Macaque?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 121 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2436606&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Sulawesi Selatan. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2436606&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Moor Macaque?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Moor Macaque with Southern Pig-tailed Macaque, Javan Surili, Javan Lutung. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Moor Macaque

### What is the scientific name of the Moor Macaque?

The scientific name of the Moor Macaque is *Macaca maura*, in the family Cercopithecidae and the order Primates. In Indonesian it is called Ceba.

### Where can the Moor Macaque be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Moor Macaque summarised in this guide mainly come from Sulawesi Selatan. That list is not a complete range map.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What is the conservation status of the Moor Macaque?

On the IUCN Red List, the Moor Macaque is listed as Endangered: it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2436606), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Moor Macaque is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2436606)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2436606&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2436606/descriptions)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/43449)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaca%20maura)

## Further reading

[Macaque: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/macaque/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Southern Pig-tailed Macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-nemestrina/)
- [Javan Surili](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-comata/)
- [Javan Lutung](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-auratus/)
- [Silvered Leaf Monkey](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-cristatus/)
- [Gursky's Spectral Tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tarsius-spectrumgurskyae/)
- [Sumatran Surili](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-melalophos/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Moor Macaque. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-maura/


---

# Black-striped Squirrel

> Black-striped Squirrel (Callosciurus nigrovittatus). The black-striped squirrel occurs on Java, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula; its dark side stripe can assist identification in a clear view.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-nigrovittatus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/callosciurus-nigrovittatus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Black-striped Squirrel (*Callosciurus nigrovittatus*) is a mammal in the family Sciuridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Callosciurus nigrovittatus* |
| Indonesian name | Bajing Kelabu |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Sciuridae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Jambi, Sumatra - Jambi |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Taxonomic group | Rodentia |
| GBIF records | 120 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2437400) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Black-striped Squirrel?

Black-striped Squirrel refers to Callosciurus nigrovittatus, in the genus Callosciurus, family Sciuridae, and order Rodentia. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2437400)

## What is known about the Black-striped Squirrel?

The black-striped squirrel occurs on Java, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula; its dark side stripe can assist identification in a clear view.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callosciurus%20nigrovittatus)

## Habitat and field observations of the Black-striped Squirrel

Black-striped squirrels forage in the canopy and understorey of primary and secondary forest. Fruit and insects are documented foods; use of disturbed sites varies by study area.

Evidence: [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2437400/descriptions)

## How many Indonesian records name the Black-striped Squirrel?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 120 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2437400&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Jambi, Sumatra - Jambi. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2437400&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Black-striped Squirrel?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Black-striped Squirrel with Prevost's Squirrel, Plantain Squirrel, Whitish Dwarf Squirrel. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Black-striped Squirrel

### What is the scientific name of the Black-striped Squirrel?

The scientific name of the Black-striped Squirrel is *Callosciurus nigrovittatus*, in the family Sciuridae and the order Rodentia. In Indonesian it is called Bajing Kelabu.

### Where can the Black-striped Squirrel be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Black-striped Squirrel summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Jambi, Sumatra - Jambi. That list is not a complete range map.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What is the conservation status of the Black-striped Squirrel?

On the IUCN Red List, the Black-striped Squirrel is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2437400), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Black-striped Squirrel is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2437400)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2437400&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2437400/descriptions)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/45948)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callosciurus%20nigrovittatus)

## Keep exploring

- [Prevost's Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-prevostii/)
- [Plantain Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-notatus/)
- [Whitish Dwarf Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/prosciurillus-leucomus/)
- [Black Giant Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ratufa-bicolor/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Black-striped Squirrel. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-nigrovittatus/


---

# Javan Porcupine

> Javan Porcupine (Hystrix javanica). The Javan or Sunda porcupine is an Indonesian rodent with defensive quills; West Java research records secondary forest and land near farms.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hystrix-javanica/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/hystrix-javanica/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Javan Porcupine (*Hystrix javanica*) is a mammal in the family Hystricidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Hystrix javanica* |
| Indonesian name | Landak Jawa |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Hystricidae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Bali, Nusa Tenggara Barat |
| Taxonomic group | Rodentia |
| GBIF records | 18 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219887) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Javan Porcupine?

Javan Porcupine refers to Hystrix javanica, in the genus Hystrix, family Hystricidae, and order Rodentia. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219887)

## What is known about the Javan Porcupine?

The Javan or Sunda porcupine is an Indonesian rodent with defensive quills; West Java research records secondary forest and land near farms.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [IPB University — Javan porcupine ecology in Indonesian forest and farmland](https://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/88160)

## How many Indonesian records name the Javan Porcupine?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 18 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5219887&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Bali, Nusa Tenggara Barat. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5219887&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Javan Porcupine?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Javan Porcupine with Whitish Dwarf Squirrel, Prevost's Squirrel, Plantain Squirrel. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Javan Porcupine

### What is the scientific name of the Javan Porcupine?

The scientific name of the Javan Porcupine is *Hystrix javanica*, in the family Hystricidae and the order Rodentia. In Indonesian it is called Landak Jawa.

### Where can the Javan Porcupine be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Javan Porcupine summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Bali, Nusa Tenggara Barat. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Javan Porcupine?

On the IUCN Red List, the Javan Porcupine is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219887), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Javan Porcupine is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219887)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5219887&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [IPB University — Javan porcupine ecology in Indonesian forest and farmland](https://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/88160)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/44174)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_porcupine)

## Further reading

[Porcupine: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/porcupine/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Whitish Dwarf Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/prosciurillus-leucomus/)
- [Prevost's Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-prevostii/)
- [Plantain Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-notatus/)
- [Malayan porcupine](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-porcupine/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Javan Porcupine. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hystrix-javanica/


---

# Large Flying-fox

> Large Flying-fox (Pteropus vampyrus). The large flying fox is a Southeast Asian fruit bat; its size and fruit-feeding ecology differ from many smaller insect-eating bats.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pteropus-vampyrus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/pteropus-vampyrus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Large Flying-fox (*Pteropus vampyrus*) is a mammal in the family Pteropodidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Pteropus vampyrus* |
| Indonesian name | Bengkawat (Kalimantan) |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Pteropodidae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Banten, Nusa Tenggara Timur |
| Linked habitats | [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/) |
| Taxonomic group | Chiroptera |
| GBIF records | 97 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5218644) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Large Flying-fox?

Large Flying-fox refers to Pteropus vampyrus, in the genus Pteropus, family Pteropodidae, and order Chiroptera. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5218644)

## What is known about the Large Flying-fox?

The large flying fox is a Southeast Asian fruit bat; its size and fruit-feeding ecology differ from many smaller insect-eating bats.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteropus%20vampyrus)

## Habitat and field observations of the Large Flying-fox

Large flying foxes roost in colonies in tall trees, including comparatively intact mangroves. Figs, flowers, nectar and pollen are among recorded foods.

Evidence: [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/5218644/descriptions)

## How many Indonesian records name the Large Flying-fox?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 97 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5218644&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Banten, Nusa Tenggara Timur. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5218644&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Large Flying-fox?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Large Flying-fox with Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat, Tatar Horseshoe Bat, Diadem Roundleaf Bat. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Large Flying-fox

### What is the scientific name of the Large Flying-fox?

The scientific name of the Large Flying-fox is *Pteropus vampyrus*, in the family Pteropodidae and the order Chiroptera. In Indonesian it is called Bengkawat (Kalimantan).

### Where can the Large Flying-fox be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Large Flying-fox summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Banten, Nusa Tenggara Timur. That list is not a complete range map.

Source-supported habitats: [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/).

### What is the conservation status of the Large Flying-fox?

On the IUCN Red List, the Large Flying-fox is listed as Endangered: it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5218644), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Large Flying-fox is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5218644)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5218644&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/5218644/descriptions)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/40902)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteropus%20vampyrus)

## Keep exploring

- [Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macroglossus-minimus/)
- [Tatar Horseshoe Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhinolophus-tatar/)
- [Diadem Roundleaf Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-diadema/)
- [Fawn Roundleaf Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-cervinus/)
- [Lesser false vampire bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/megaderma-spasma/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Large Flying-fox. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pteropus-vampyrus/


---

# Sunda Colugo

> Sunda Colugo (Galeopterus variegatus). The Sunda colugo is neither lemur nor bat; a skin membrane between its limbs lets it glide between trees.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/galeopterus-variegatus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/galeopterus-variegatus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Sunda Colugo (*Galeopterus variegatus*) is a mammal in the family Cynocephalidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Galeopterus variegatus* |
| Indonesian name | Kubung Sunda |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Cynocephalidae |
| Observation records | Banten, Jawa Barat, Aceh |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Taxonomic group | Dermoptera |
| GBIF records | 92 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2432087) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Sunda Colugo?

Sunda Colugo refers to Galeopterus variegatus, in the genus Galeopterus, family Cynocephalidae, and order Dermoptera. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2432087)

## What is known about the Sunda Colugo?

The Sunda colugo is neither lemur nor bat; a skin membrane between its limbs lets it glide between trees.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeopterus%20variegatus)

## Habitat and field observations of the Sunda Colugo

Sunda colugos use forest canopy and some tree-covered gardens; canopy structure matters for gliding. Leaves are a reported main food, with plant choices varying by region.

Evidence: [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2432087/descriptions)

## How many Indonesian records name the Sunda Colugo?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 92 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2432087&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Banten, Jawa Barat, Aceh. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2432087&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Sunda Colugo?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Sunda Colugo with Northern Common Cuscus, Whitish Dwarf Squirrel, Javan Surili. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Sunda Colugo

### What is the scientific name of the Sunda Colugo?

The scientific name of the Sunda Colugo is *Galeopterus variegatus*, in the family Cynocephalidae and the order Dermoptera. In Indonesian it is called Kubung Sunda.

### Where can the Sunda Colugo be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Sunda Colugo summarised in this guide mainly come from Banten, Jawa Barat, Aceh. That list is not a complete range map.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What is the conservation status of the Sunda Colugo?

On the IUCN Red List, the Sunda Colugo is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2432087), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Sunda Colugo is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2432087)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2432087&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2432087/descriptions)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/74351)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeopterus%20variegatus)

## Further reading

[Colugo: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/colugo/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Northern Common Cuscus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/phalanger-orientalis/)
- [Whitish Dwarf Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/prosciurillus-leucomus/)
- [Javan Surili](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-comata/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Sunda Colugo. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/galeopterus-variegatus/


---

# Northern Common Cuscus

> Northern Common Cuscus (Phalanger orientalis). The northern common cuscus is a New Guinean-region marsupial; some island populations may reflect human movement.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/phalanger-orientalis/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/phalanger-orientalis/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Northern Common Cuscus (*Phalanger orientalis*) is a mammal in the family Phalangeridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Phalanger orientalis* |
| Indonesian name | Kuskus Coklat |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Phalangeridae |
| Observation records | Papua Barat, Maluku, Papua |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Taxonomic group | Diprotodontia |
| GBIF records | 92 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2440259) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Northern Common Cuscus?

Northern Common Cuscus refers to Phalanger orientalis, in the genus Phalanger, family Phalangeridae, and order Diprotodontia. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2440259)

## What is known about the Northern Common Cuscus?

The northern common cuscus is a New Guinean-region marsupial; some island populations may reflect human movement.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanger%20orientalis)

## Habitat and field observations of the Northern Common Cuscus

Northern common cuscuses use several forest types and old gardens around New Guinea. Diet studies remain limited, but leaves, fruit and bark are recorded.

Evidence: [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2440259/descriptions)

## How many Indonesian records name the Northern Common Cuscus?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 92 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2440259&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Papua Barat, Maluku, Papua. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2440259&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Northern Common Cuscus?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Northern Common Cuscus with Waigeo Spotted Cuscus, Whitish Dwarf Squirrel, Javan Surili. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Northern Common Cuscus

### What is the scientific name of the Northern Common Cuscus?

The scientific name of the Northern Common Cuscus is *Phalanger orientalis*, in the family Phalangeridae and the order Diprotodontia. In Indonesian it is called Kuskus Coklat.

### Where can the Northern Common Cuscus be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Northern Common Cuscus summarised in this guide mainly come from Papua Barat, Maluku, Papua. That list is not a complete range map.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What is the conservation status of the Northern Common Cuscus?

On the IUCN Red List, the Northern Common Cuscus is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2440259), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Northern Common Cuscus is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2440259)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2440259&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2440259/descriptions)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/42825)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanger%20orientalis)

## Further reading

[Grey cuscus: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/grey-cuscus/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Waigeo Spotted Cuscus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spilocuscus-papuensis/)
- [Whitish Dwarf Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/prosciurillus-leucomus/)
- [Javan Surili](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-comata/)
- [Sunda Colugo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/galeopterus-variegatus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Northern Common Cuscus. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/phalanger-orientalis/


---

# Whitish Dwarf Squirrel

> Whitish Dwarf Squirrel (Prosciurillus leucomus). The whitish dwarf squirrel is endemic to Sulawesi and nearby islands; its scientific name separates it from wider-ranging striped squirrels.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/prosciurillus-leucomus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/prosciurillus-leucomus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Whitish Dwarf Squirrel (*Prosciurillus leucomus*) is a mammal in the family Sciuridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Prosciurillus leucomus* |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Sciuridae |
| Observation records | Sulawesi Utara, Sulawesi, Gorontalo |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Taxonomic group | Rodentia |
| GBIF records | 89 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2437464) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Whitish Dwarf Squirrel?

Whitish Dwarf Squirrel refers to Prosciurillus leucomus, in the genus Prosciurillus, family Sciuridae, and order Rodentia. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2437464)

## What is known about the Whitish Dwarf Squirrel?

The whitish dwarf squirrel is endemic to Sulawesi and nearby islands; its scientific name separates it from wider-ranging striped squirrels.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosciurillus%20leucomus)

## Habitat and field observations of the Whitish Dwarf Squirrel

This dwarf squirrel is reported from Sulawesi coastal lowland to montane forest. Direct food evidence is limited; suggestions of soft fruit and insects need field confirmation.

Evidence: [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2437464/descriptions)

## How many Indonesian records name the Whitish Dwarf Squirrel?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 89 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2437464&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Sulawesi Utara, Sulawesi, Gorontalo. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2437464&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Whitish Dwarf Squirrel?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Whitish Dwarf Squirrel with Prevost's Squirrel, Plantain Squirrel, Black Giant Squirrel. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Whitish Dwarf Squirrel

### What is the scientific name of the Whitish Dwarf Squirrel?

The scientific name of the Whitish Dwarf Squirrel is *Prosciurillus leucomus*, in the family Sciuridae and the order Rodentia.

### Where can the Whitish Dwarf Squirrel be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Whitish Dwarf Squirrel summarised in this guide mainly come from Sulawesi Utara, Sulawesi, Gorontalo. That list is not a complete range map.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What is the conservation status of the Whitish Dwarf Squirrel?

On the IUCN Red List, the Whitish Dwarf Squirrel is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2437464), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Whitish Dwarf Squirrel is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2437464)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2437464&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2437464/descriptions)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/45970)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosciurillus%20leucomus)

## Keep exploring

- [Prevost's Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-prevostii/)
- [Plantain Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-notatus/)
- [Black Giant Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ratufa-bicolor/)
- [Black-striped Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-nigrovittatus/)
- [Javan Porcupine](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hystrix-javanica/)
- [Sunda Colugo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/galeopterus-variegatus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Whitish Dwarf Squirrel. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/prosciurillus-leucomus/


---

# Javan Surili

> Javan Surili (Presbytis comata). The Javan surili is endemic to western Java; the word 'Javan' should not be read as an even range across the whole island.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-comata/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/presbytis-comata/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Javan Surili (*Presbytis comata*) is a mammal in the family Cercopithecidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Vulnerable.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Presbytis comata* |
| Indonesian name | Surili jawa |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Cercopithecidae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Banten |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Taxonomic group | Primates |
| GBIF records | 89 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Vulnerable · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219565) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Javan Surili?

Javan Surili refers to Presbytis comata, in the genus Presbytis, family Cercopithecidae, and order Primates. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219565)

## What is known about the Javan Surili?

The Javan surili is endemic to western Java; the word 'Javan' should not be read as an even range across the whole island.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbytis%20comata)

## Habitat and field observations of the Javan Surili

Javan surilis use primary and secondary forest and some plantations, mainly middle and upper canopy. Young leaves are important, with fruit, flowers, seeds and fungi also recorded.

Evidence: [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/5219565/descriptions)

## How many Indonesian records name the Javan Surili?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 89 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5219565&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Banten. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5219565&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Javan Surili?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Javan Surili with Thomas’s Langur, Sumatran Surili, Javan Lutung. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Javan Surili

### What is the scientific name of the Javan Surili?

The scientific name of the Javan Surili is *Presbytis comata*, in the family Cercopithecidae and the order Primates. In Indonesian it is called Surili jawa.

### Where can the Javan Surili be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Javan Surili summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Banten. That list is not a complete range map.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What is the conservation status of the Javan Surili?

On the IUCN Red List, the Javan Surili is listed as Vulnerable: it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219565), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Javan Surili is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219565)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5219565&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/5219565/descriptions)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/43507)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbytis%20comata)

## Keep exploring

- [Thomas’s Langur](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-thomasi/)
- [Sumatran Surili](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-melalophos/)
- [Javan Lutung](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-auratus/)
- [Moor Macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-maura/)
- [Sunda Colugo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/galeopterus-variegatus/)
- [Northern Common Cuscus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/phalanger-orientalis/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Javan Surili. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-comata/


---

# Prevost's Squirrel

> Prevost's Squirrel (Callosciurus prevostii). Prevost's squirrel shows strongly contrasting fur colours that vary regionally and occupies forests in Sumatra, Borneo and the Malay Peninsula.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-prevostii/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/callosciurus-prevostii/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Prevost's Squirrel (*Callosciurus prevostii*) is a mammal in the family Sciuridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Callosciurus prevostii* |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Sciuridae |
| Observation records | Riau, Sumatera Utara, Lampung |
| Taxonomic group | Rodentia |
| GBIF records | 79 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2437397) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Prevost's Squirrel?

Prevost's Squirrel refers to Callosciurus prevostii, in the genus Callosciurus, family Sciuridae, and order Rodentia. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2437397)

## What is known about the Prevost's Squirrel?

Prevost's squirrel shows strongly contrasting fur colours that vary regionally and occupies forests in Sumatra, Borneo and the Malay Peninsula.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callosciurus%20prevostii)

## Habitat and field observations of the Prevost's Squirrel

Prevost's squirrels eat seeds and fruit pulp along with other plant parts and some insects. Foraging and local abundance can change with fruiting seasons.

Evidence: [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2437397/descriptions)

## How many Indonesian records name the Prevost's Squirrel?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 79 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2437397&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Riau, Sumatera Utara, Lampung. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2437397&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Prevost's Squirrel?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Prevost's Squirrel with Plantain Squirrel, Black-striped Squirrel, Black Giant Squirrel. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Prevost's Squirrel

### What is the scientific name of the Prevost's Squirrel?

The scientific name of the Prevost's Squirrel is *Callosciurus prevostii*, in the family Sciuridae and the order Rodentia.

### Where can the Prevost's Squirrel be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Prevost's Squirrel summarised in this guide mainly come from Riau, Sumatera Utara, Lampung. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Prevost's Squirrel?

On the IUCN Red List, the Prevost's Squirrel is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2437397), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Prevost's Squirrel is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2437397)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2437397&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2437397/descriptions)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/45955)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callosciurus%20prevostii)

## Keep exploring

- [Plantain Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-notatus/)
- [Black-striped Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-nigrovittatus/)
- [Black Giant Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ratufa-bicolor/)
- [Javan Porcupine](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hystrix-javanica/)
- [Whitish Dwarf Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/prosciurillus-leucomus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Prevost's Squirrel. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-prevostii/


---

# Lar Gibbon

> Lar Gibbon (Hylobates lar). The lar gibbon is a tailless, long-armed canopy primate; Sumatran records need care near the ranges of other gibbons.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylobates-lar/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/hylobates-lar/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Lar Gibbon (*Hylobates lar*) is a mammal in the family Hylobatidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Hylobates lar* |
| Indonesian name | Owa Lengan Putih |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Hylobatidae |
| Observation records | Sumatera Utara, Aceh, Sumatra - Sumatera Utara |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Taxonomic group | Primates |
| GBIF records | 75 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219553) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Lar Gibbon?

Lar Gibbon refers to Hylobates lar, in the genus Hylobates, family Hylobatidae, and order Primates. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219553)

## What is known about the Lar Gibbon?

The lar gibbon is a tailless, long-armed canopy primate; Sumatran records need care near the ranges of other gibbons.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylobates%20lar)

## Habitat and field observations of the Lar Gibbon

Lar gibbons mainly use the canopy of rainforest and mixed forest. Small fruit including figs is important food, together with young leaves, flowers and some insects.

Evidence: [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/5219553/descriptions)

## How many Indonesian records name the Lar Gibbon?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 75 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5219553&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Sumatera Utara, Aceh, Sumatra - Sumatera Utara. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5219553&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Lar Gibbon?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Lar Gibbon with Bornean White-bearded Gibbon, Javan Lutung, Thomas’s Langur. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Lar Gibbon

### What is the scientific name of the Lar Gibbon?

The scientific name of the Lar Gibbon is *Hylobates lar*, in the family Hylobatidae and the order Primates. In Indonesian it is called Owa Lengan Putih.

### Where can the Lar Gibbon be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Lar Gibbon summarised in this guide mainly come from Sumatera Utara, Aceh, Sumatra - Sumatera Utara. That list is not a complete range map.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What is the conservation status of the Lar Gibbon?

On the IUCN Red List, the Lar Gibbon is listed as Endangered: it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219553), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Lar Gibbon is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219553)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5219553&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/5219553/descriptions)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/43593)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylobates%20lar)

## Further reading

[Gibbon: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/gibbon/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Bornean White-bearded Gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylobates-albibarbis/)
- [Javan Lutung](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-auratus/)
- [Thomas’s Langur](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-thomasi/)
- [Agile gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/agile-gibbon/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Lar Gibbon. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylobates-lar/


---

# Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat

> Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat (Macroglossus minimus). The lesser long-tongued fruit bat feeds at flowers and is much smaller than large flying foxes; size alone cannot identify it reliably.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macroglossus-minimus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/macroglossus-minimus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat (*Macroglossus minimus*) is a mammal in the family Pteropodidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Macroglossus minimus* |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Pteropodidae |
| Observation records | South East Sulawesi, Kalimantan Timur, Jawa Barat |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Taxonomic group | Chiroptera |
| GBIF records | 65 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5218625) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat?

Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat refers to Macroglossus minimus, in the genus Macroglossus, family Pteropodidae, and order Chiroptera. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5218625)

## What is known about the Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat?

The lesser long-tongued fruit bat feeds at flowers and is much smaller than large flying foxes; size alone cannot identify it reliably.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroglossus%20minimus)

## Habitat and field observations of the Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat

Lesser long-tongued bats use forest, gardens and some disturbed settings. They take nectar and pollen with the tongue and can connect visited flowers through pollination.

Evidence: [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/5218625/descriptions)

## How many Indonesian records name the Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 65 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5218625&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include South East Sulawesi, Kalimantan Timur, Jawa Barat. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5218625&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat with Large Flying-fox, Tatar Horseshoe Bat, Diadem Roundleaf Bat. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat

### What is the scientific name of the Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat?

The scientific name of the Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat is *Macroglossus minimus*, in the family Pteropodidae and the order Chiroptera.

### Where can the Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat summarised in this guide mainly come from South East Sulawesi, Kalimantan Timur, Jawa Barat. That list is not a complete range map.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What is the conservation status of the Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat?

On the IUCN Red List, the Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5218625), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5218625)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5218625&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [GBIF species treatments — natural-history accounts](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/5218625/descriptions)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/40946)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroglossus%20minimus)

## Keep exploring

- [Large Flying-fox](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pteropus-vampyrus/)
- [Tatar Horseshoe Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhinolophus-tatar/)
- [Diadem Roundleaf Bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hipposideros-diadema/)
- [Lesser false vampire bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/megaderma-spasma/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macroglossus-minimus/


---

# Bornean White-bearded Gibbon

> Bornean White-bearded Gibbon (Hylobates albibarbis). The Bornean white-bearded gibbon inhabits southern Borneo and is separated from the agile gibbon by some taxonomies; sources place it between the Kapuas and Barito rivers.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylobates-albibarbis/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/hylobates-albibarbis/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Bornean White-bearded Gibbon (*Hylobates albibarbis*) is a mammal in the family Hylobatidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Hylobates albibarbis* |
| Indonesian name | Kelempiao |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Hylobatidae |
| Observation records | Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan |
| Taxonomic group | Primates |
| GBIF records | 64 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5707402) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Bornean White-bearded Gibbon?

Bornean White-bearded Gibbon refers to Hylobates albibarbis, in the genus Hylobates, family Hylobatidae, and order Primates. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5707402)

## What is known about the Bornean White-bearded Gibbon?

The Bornean white-bearded gibbon inhabits southern Borneo and is separated from the agile gibbon by some taxonomies; sources place it between the Kapuas and Barito rivers.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylobates%20albibarbis)

## How many Indonesian records name the Bornean White-bearded Gibbon?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 64 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5707402&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5707402&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Bornean White-bearded Gibbon?

Watch from a distance, do not feed, and avoid sharing precise locations of vulnerable dens or resting sites. Do not try to catch or touch wild mammals. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Bornean White-bearded Gibbon with Lar Gibbon, Javan Lutung, Thomas’s Langur. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Bornean White-bearded Gibbon

### What is the scientific name of the Bornean White-bearded Gibbon?

The scientific name of the Bornean White-bearded Gibbon is *Hylobates albibarbis*, in the family Hylobatidae and the order Primates. In Indonesian it is called Kelempiao.

### Where can the Bornean White-bearded Gibbon be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Bornean White-bearded Gibbon summarised in this guide mainly come from Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Bornean White-bearded Gibbon?

On the IUCN Red List, the Bornean White-bearded Gibbon is listed as Endangered: it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5707402), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Bornean White-bearded Gibbon is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5707402)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5707402&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/74453)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylobates%20albibarbis)

## Further reading

[Gibbon: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/gibbon/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Lar Gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylobates-lar/)
- [Javan Lutung](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trachypithecus-auratus/)
- [Thomas’s Langur](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/presbytis-thomasi/)
- [Agile gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/agile-gibbon/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Bornean White-bearded Gibbon. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylobates-albibarbis/


---

# Tokay Gecko

> Tokay Gecko (Gekko gecko). The tokay gecko is a large mostly nocturnal tree gecko with a conspicuous call; a call need not reveal the animal's exact position.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gekko-gecko/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/gekko-gecko/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Tokay Gecko (*Gekko gecko*) is a reptile in the family Gekkonidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Gekko gecko* |
| Indonesian name | Tokek rumah |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Gekkonidae |
| Observation records | Bali, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah |
| Taxonomic group | Squamata |
| GBIF records | 5,657 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2447367) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Tokay Gecko?

Tokay Gecko refers to Gekko gecko, in the genus Gekko, family Gekkonidae, and class Squamata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2447367)

## What is known about the Tokay Gecko?

The tokay gecko is a large mostly nocturnal tree gecko with a conspicuous call; a call need not reveal the animal's exact position.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%20Tokay%20gecko)

## How many Indonesian records name the Tokay Gecko?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 5,657 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2447367&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Bali, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2447367&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Tokay Gecko?

A safe-distance photograph can record body, head and tail pattern and locality without handling the animal. Colour alone cannot establish whether a snake is venomous; seek local professional help if there is risk. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Tokay Gecko with Double-spotted Gecko, Flat-tailed House Gecko, Asian House Gecko. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Tokay Gecko

### What is the scientific name of the Tokay Gecko?

The scientific name of the Tokay Gecko is *Gekko gecko*, in the family Gekkonidae. In Indonesian it is called Tokek rumah.

### Where can the Tokay Gecko be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Tokay Gecko summarised in this guide mainly come from Bali, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Tokay Gecko?

On the IUCN Red List, the Tokay Gecko is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2447367), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Tokay Gecko is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2447367)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2447367&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/34615)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%20Tokay%20gecko)

## Further reading

[Gecko: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/gecko/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Double-spotted Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gekko-monarchus/)
- [Flat-tailed House Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-platyurus/)
- [Asian House Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-frenatus/)
- [Common Four-clawed Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gehyra-mutilata/)
- [Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cyrtodactylus-marmoratus/)
- [Emerald Tree Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lamprolepis-smaragdina/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Tokay Gecko. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gekko-gecko/


---

# Flat-tailed House Gecko

> Flat-tailed House Gecko (Hemidactylus platyurus). The flat-tailed house gecko has a noticeably flattened tail; tail and body form help distinguish it from other building-dwelling geckos.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-platyurus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/hemidactylus-platyurus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Flat-tailed House Gecko (*Hemidactylus platyurus*) is a reptile in the family Gekkonidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Hemidactylus platyurus* |
| Indonesian name | Cecak tembok |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Gekkonidae |
| Observation records | Bali, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah |
| Taxonomic group | Squamata |
| GBIF records | 2,309 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5816059) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Flat-tailed House Gecko?

Flat-tailed House Gecko refers to Hemidactylus platyurus, in the genus Hemidactylus, family Gekkonidae, and class Squamata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5816059)

## What is known about the Flat-tailed House Gecko?

The flat-tailed house gecko has a noticeably flattened tail; tail and body form help distinguish it from other building-dwelling geckos.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidactylus%20platyurus)

## How many Indonesian records name the Flat-tailed House Gecko?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 2,309 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5816059&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Bali, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5816059&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Flat-tailed House Gecko?

A safe-distance photograph can record body, head and tail pattern and locality without handling the animal. Colour alone cannot establish whether a snake is venomous; seek local professional help if there is risk. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Flat-tailed House Gecko with Asian House Gecko, Common Four-clawed Gecko, Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Flat-tailed House Gecko

### What is the scientific name of the Flat-tailed House Gecko?

The scientific name of the Flat-tailed House Gecko is *Hemidactylus platyurus*, in the family Gekkonidae. In Indonesian it is called Cecak tembok.

### Where can the Flat-tailed House Gecko be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Flat-tailed House Gecko summarised in this guide mainly come from Bali, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Flat-tailed House Gecko?

On the IUCN Red List, the Flat-tailed House Gecko is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5816059), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Flat-tailed House Gecko is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5816059)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5816059&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/33376)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidactylus%20platyurus)

## Keep exploring

- [Asian House Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-frenatus/)
- [Common Four-clawed Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gehyra-mutilata/)
- [Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cyrtodactylus-marmoratus/)
- [Tokay Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gekko-gecko/)
- [Double-spotted Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gekko-monarchus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Flat-tailed House Gecko. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-platyurus/


---

# Common Sun Skink

> Common Sun Skink (Eutropis multifasciata). The common sun skink uses open basking places; smooth scales and lengthwise pattern should be compared with other skinks.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eutropis-multifasciata/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/eutropis-multifasciata/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Common Sun Skink (*Eutropis multifasciata*) is a reptile in the family Scincidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Eutropis multifasciata* |
| Indonesian name | Bengkarung |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Scincidae |
| Observation records | Bali, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah |
| Taxonomic group | Squamata |
| GBIF records | 2,156 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2460886) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Common Sun Skink?

Common Sun Skink refers to Eutropis multifasciata, in the genus Eutropis, family Scincidae, and class Squamata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2460886)

## What is known about the Common Sun Skink?

The common sun skink uses open basking places; smooth scales and lengthwise pattern should be compared with other skinks.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutropis%20multifasciata)

## Habitat and field observations of the Common Sun Skink

During two field visits in West Sumatra and Jambi, researchers found this skink active by day in gardens, cultivated land and forest edges. Those local records help describe an encounter but do not delimit the species’ full habitat range.

Evidence: [Teynié, David & Ohler (2010) — Western Sumatra herpetofauna field study](https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.2416.1.1)

## How many Indonesian records name the Common Sun Skink?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 2,156 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2460886&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Bali, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2460886&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Common Sun Skink?

A safe-distance photograph can record body, head and tail pattern and locality without handling the animal. Colour alone cannot establish whether a snake is venomous; seek local professional help if there is risk. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Common Sun Skink with Pacific Bluetail Skink, Emerald Tree Skink, Indian Garden Lizard. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Common Sun Skink

### What is the scientific name of the Common Sun Skink?

The scientific name of the Common Sun Skink is *Eutropis multifasciata*, in the family Scincidae. In Indonesian it is called Bengkarung.

### Where can the Common Sun Skink be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Common Sun Skink summarised in this guide mainly come from Bali, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Common Sun Skink?

On the IUCN Red List, the Common Sun Skink is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2460886), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Common Sun Skink is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2460886)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2460886&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [Teynié, David & Ohler (2010) — Western Sumatra herpetofauna field study](https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.2416.1.1)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/38008)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutropis%20multifasciata)

## Keep exploring

- [Pacific Bluetail Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/emoia-caeruleocauda/)
- [Emerald Tree Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lamprolepis-smaragdina/)
- [Indian Garden Lizard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/calotes-versicolor/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Common Sun Skink. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eutropis-multifasciata/


---

# Indian Garden Lizard

> Indian Garden Lizard (Calotes versicolor). The oriental garden lizard can change colour with condition and behaviour; that does not make it a true chameleon.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/calotes-versicolor/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/calotes-versicolor/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Indian Garden Lizard (*Calotes versicolor*) is a reptile in the family Agamidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Calotes versicolor* |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Agamidae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur |
| Taxonomic group | Squamata |
| GBIF records | 1,869 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9125207) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Indian Garden Lizard?

Indian Garden Lizard refers to Calotes versicolor, in the genus Calotes, family Agamidae, and class Squamata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9125207)

## What is known about the Indian Garden Lizard?

The oriental garden lizard can change colour with condition and behaviour; that does not make it a true chameleon.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calotes%20versicolor)

## How many Indonesian records name the Indian Garden Lizard?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 1,869 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9125207&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9125207&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Indian Garden Lizard?

A safe-distance photograph can record body, head and tail pattern and locality without handling the animal. Colour alone cannot establish whether a snake is venomous; seek local professional help if there is risk. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Indian Garden Lizard with Great Crested Canopy Lizard, Javan Flying Dragon, Asian House Gecko. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Indian Garden Lizard

### What is the scientific name of the Indian Garden Lizard?

The scientific name of the Indian Garden Lizard is *Calotes versicolor*, in the family Agamidae.

### Where can the Indian Garden Lizard be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Indian Garden Lizard summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Indian Garden Lizard?

On the IUCN Red List, the Indian Garden Lizard is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9125207), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Indian Garden Lizard is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9125207)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9125207&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/31281)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calotes%20versicolor)

## Keep exploring

- [Great Crested Canopy Lizard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bronchocela-jubata/)
- [Javan Flying Dragon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/draco-volans/)
- [Asian House Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-frenatus/)
- [Common Sun Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eutropis-multifasciata/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Indian Garden Lizard. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/calotes-versicolor/


---

# Asian House Gecko

> Asian House Gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus). The Asian house gecko often lives on buildings and hunts insects around lights; separate it from flat-tailed house geckos.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-frenatus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/hemidactylus-frenatus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Asian House Gecko (*Hemidactylus frenatus*) is a reptile in the family Gekkonidae.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Hemidactylus frenatus* |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Gekkonidae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Yogyakarta, Bali |
| Linked habitats | [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/) |
| Taxonomic group | Squamata |
| GBIF records | 1,480 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |

## What is the Asian House Gecko?

Asian House Gecko refers to Hemidactylus frenatus, in the genus Hemidactylus, family Gekkonidae, and class Squamata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9537238)

## What is known about the Asian House Gecko?

The Asian house gecko often lives on buildings and hunts insects around lights; separate it from flat-tailed house geckos.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidactylus%20frenatus)

## Habitat and field observations of the Asian House Gecko

A West Sumatran herpetofauna survey recorded this house gecko on lighted buildings. The observation supports its association with settlements but does not show how numerous it is in any particular town.

Evidence: [Teynié, David & Ohler (2010) — Western Sumatra herpetofauna field study](https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.2416.1.1)

## How many Indonesian records name the Asian House Gecko?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 1,480 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9537238&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Yogyakarta, Bali. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9537238&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Asian House Gecko?

A safe-distance photograph can record body, head and tail pattern and locality without handling the animal. Colour alone cannot establish whether a snake is venomous; seek local professional help if there is risk. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Asian House Gecko with Flat-tailed House Gecko, Common Four-clawed Gecko, Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Asian House Gecko

### What is the scientific name of the Asian House Gecko?

The scientific name of the Asian House Gecko is *Hemidactylus frenatus*, in the family Gekkonidae.

### Where can the Asian House Gecko be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Asian House Gecko summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Yogyakarta, Bali. That list is not a complete range map.

Source-supported habitats: [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9537238)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9537238&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [Teynié, David & Ohler (2010) — Western Sumatra herpetofauna field study](https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.2416.1.1)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/51940)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidactylus%20frenatus)

## Keep exploring

- [Flat-tailed House Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-platyurus/)
- [Common Four-clawed Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gehyra-mutilata/)
- [Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cyrtodactylus-marmoratus/)
- [Tokay Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gekko-gecko/)
- [Indian Garden Lizard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/calotes-versicolor/)
- [Double-spotted Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gekko-monarchus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Asian House Gecko. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-frenatus/


---

# Great Crested Canopy Lizard

> Great Crested Canopy Lizard (Bronchocela jubata). The maned forest lizard is a slender arboreal agamid with a crest along the neck and back; its local 'chameleon' label is not a taxonomic classification.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bronchocela-jubata/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/bronchocela-jubata/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Great Crested Canopy Lizard (*Bronchocela jubata*) is a reptile in the family Agamidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Bronchocela jubata* |
| Indonesian name | Bunglon Surai |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Agamidae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Yogyakarta |
| Taxonomic group | Squamata |
| GBIF records | 1,330 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2466849) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Great Crested Canopy Lizard?

Great Crested Canopy Lizard refers to Bronchocela jubata, in the genus Bronchocela, family Agamidae, and class Squamata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2466849)

## What is known about the Great Crested Canopy Lizard?

The maned forest lizard is a slender arboreal agamid with a crest along the neck and back; its local 'chameleon' label is not a taxonomic classification.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchocela%20jubata)

## How many Indonesian records name the Great Crested Canopy Lizard?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 1,330 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2466849&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Yogyakarta. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2466849&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Great Crested Canopy Lizard?

A safe-distance photograph can record body, head and tail pattern and locality without handling the animal. Colour alone cannot establish whether a snake is venomous; seek local professional help if there is risk. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Great Crested Canopy Lizard with Javan Flying Dragon, Indian Garden Lizard, Oriental Whipsnake. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Great Crested Canopy Lizard

### What is the scientific name of the Great Crested Canopy Lizard?

The scientific name of the Great Crested Canopy Lizard is *Bronchocela jubata*, in the family Agamidae. In Indonesian it is called Bunglon Surai.

### Where can the Great Crested Canopy Lizard be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Great Crested Canopy Lizard summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Yogyakarta. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Great Crested Canopy Lizard?

On the IUCN Red List, the Great Crested Canopy Lizard is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2466849), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Great Crested Canopy Lizard is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2466849)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2466849&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/31299)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchocela%20jubata)

## Keep exploring

- [Javan Flying Dragon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/draco-volans/)
- [Indian Garden Lizard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/calotes-versicolor/)
- [Oriental Whipsnake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ahaetulla-prasina/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Great Crested Canopy Lizard. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bronchocela-jubata/


---

# Oriental Whipsnake

> Oriental Whipsnake (Ahaetulla prasina). The oriental whipsnake is exceptionally slender and often found in vegetation; green colour alone cannot separate it from other tree snakes.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ahaetulla-prasina/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/ahaetulla-prasina/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Oriental Whipsnake (*Ahaetulla prasina*) is a reptile in the family Colubridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Ahaetulla prasina* |
| Indonesian name | Ular gadung |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Colubridae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Bali, Jawa Tengah |
| Taxonomic group | Squamata |
| GBIF records | 988 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2453368) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Oriental Whipsnake?

Oriental Whipsnake refers to Ahaetulla prasina, in the genus Ahaetulla, family Colubridae, and class Squamata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2453368)

## What is known about the Oriental Whipsnake?

The oriental whipsnake is exceptionally slender and often found in vegetation; green colour alone cannot separate it from other tree snakes.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahaetulla%20prasina)

## How many Indonesian records name the Oriental Whipsnake?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 988 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2453368&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Bali, Jawa Tengah. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2453368&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Oriental Whipsnake?

A safe-distance photograph can record body, head and tail pattern and locality without handling the animal. Colour alone cannot establish whether a snake is venomous; seek local professional help if there is risk. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Oriental Whipsnake with Painted Bronzeback, Common Wolf Snake, Indo-Chinese Rat Snake. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Oriental Whipsnake

### What is the scientific name of the Oriental Whipsnake?

The scientific name of the Oriental Whipsnake is *Ahaetulla prasina*, in the family Colubridae. In Indonesian it is called Ular gadung.

### Where can the Oriental Whipsnake be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Oriental Whipsnake summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Bali, Jawa Tengah. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Oriental Whipsnake?

On the IUCN Red List, the Oriental Whipsnake is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2453368), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Oriental Whipsnake is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2453368)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2453368&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/30187)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahaetulla%20prasina)

## Keep exploring

- [Painted Bronzeback](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dendrelaphis-pictus/)
- [Common Wolf Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lycodon-capucinus/)
- [Indo-Chinese Rat Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ptyas-korros/)
- [Great Crested Canopy Lizard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bronchocela-jubata/)
- [Malayan pit viper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-pit-viper/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Oriental Whipsnake. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ahaetulla-prasina/


---

# Painted Bronzeback

> Painted Bronzeback (Dendrelaphis pictus). The painted bronzeback is a slender active snake ranging from South to Southeast Asia; side pattern must be checked with head shape.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dendrelaphis-pictus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/dendrelaphis-pictus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Painted Bronzeback (*Dendrelaphis pictus*) is a reptile in the family Colubridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Dendrelaphis pictus* |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Colubridae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Bali, Jawa Tengah |
| Taxonomic group | Squamata |
| GBIF records | 798 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2459346) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Painted Bronzeback?

Painted Bronzeback refers to Dendrelaphis pictus, in the genus Dendrelaphis, family Colubridae, and class Squamata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2459346)

## What is known about the Painted Bronzeback?

The painted bronzeback is a slender active snake ranging from South to Southeast Asia; side pattern must be checked with head shape.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrelaphis%20pictus)

## How many Indonesian records name the Painted Bronzeback?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 798 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2459346&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Bali, Jawa Tengah. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2459346&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Painted Bronzeback?

A safe-distance photograph can record body, head and tail pattern and locality without handling the animal. Colour alone cannot establish whether a snake is venomous; seek local professional help if there is risk. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Painted Bronzeback with Common Wolf Snake, Indo-Chinese Rat Snake, Oriental Whipsnake. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Painted Bronzeback

### What is the scientific name of the Painted Bronzeback?

The scientific name of the Painted Bronzeback is *Dendrelaphis pictus*, in the family Colubridae.

### Where can the Painted Bronzeback be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Painted Bronzeback summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Bali, Jawa Tengah. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Painted Bronzeback?

On the IUCN Red List, the Painted Bronzeback is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2459346), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Painted Bronzeback is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2459346)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2459346&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/26644)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrelaphis%20pictus)

## Keep exploring

- [Common Wolf Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lycodon-capucinus/)
- [Indo-Chinese Rat Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ptyas-korros/)
- [Oriental Whipsnake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ahaetulla-prasina/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Painted Bronzeback. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dendrelaphis-pictus/


---

# Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard

> Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard (Takydromus sexlineatus). The long-tailed grass lizard often has a tail several times its body length; never pull it by the tail, which can be shed.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/takydromus-sexlineatus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/takydromus-sexlineatus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard (*Takydromus sexlineatus*) is a reptile in the family Lacertidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Takydromus sexlineatus* |
| Indonesian name | Kadal Rumput |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Lacertidae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Banten |
| Taxonomic group | Squamata |
| GBIF records | 654 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2468614) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard?

Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard refers to Takydromus sexlineatus, in the genus Takydromus, family Lacertidae, and class Squamata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2468614)

## What is known about the Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard?

The long-tailed grass lizard often has a tail several times its body length; never pull it by the tail, which can be shed.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takydromus%20sexlineatus)

## How many Indonesian records name the Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 654 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2468614&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Banten. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2468614&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard?

A safe-distance photograph can record body, head and tail pattern and locality without handling the animal. Colour alone cannot establish whether a snake is venomous; seek local professional help if there is risk. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard with Javan Flying Dragon, Common Four-clawed Gecko, White-lipped Island Pitviper. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard

### What is the scientific name of the Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard?

The scientific name of the Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard is *Takydromus sexlineatus*, in the family Lacertidae. In Indonesian it is called Kadal Rumput.

### Where can the Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Banten. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard?

On the IUCN Red List, the Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2468614), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2468614)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2468614&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/35481)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takydromus%20sexlineatus)

## Keep exploring

- [Javan Flying Dragon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/draco-volans/)
- [Common Four-clawed Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gehyra-mutilata/)
- [White-lipped Island Pitviper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trimeresurus-insularis/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/takydromus-sexlineatus/


---

# Javan Flying Dragon

> Javan Flying Dragon (Draco volans). The Javan flying dragon glides on rib-supported skin membranes; it has neither bird wings nor bat wings.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/draco-volans/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/draco-volans/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Javan Flying Dragon (*Draco volans*) is a reptile in the family Agamidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Draco volans* |
| Indonesian name | Bengkarung Terbang Biasa |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Agamidae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Bali, Jawa Tengah |
| Taxonomic group | Squamata |
| GBIF records | 486 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5226131) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Javan Flying Dragon?

Javan Flying Dragon refers to Draco volans, in the genus Draco, family Agamidae, and class Squamata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5226131)

## What is known about the Javan Flying Dragon?

The Javan flying dragon glides on rib-supported skin membranes; it has neither bird wings nor bat wings.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draco%20volans)

## How many Indonesian records name the Javan Flying Dragon?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 486 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5226131&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Bali, Jawa Tengah. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5226131&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Javan Flying Dragon?

A safe-distance photograph can record body, head and tail pattern and locality without handling the animal. Colour alone cannot establish whether a snake is venomous; seek local professional help if there is risk. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Javan Flying Dragon with Indian Garden Lizard, Great Crested Canopy Lizard, Common Four-clawed Gecko. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Javan Flying Dragon

### What is the scientific name of the Javan Flying Dragon?

The scientific name of the Javan Flying Dragon is *Draco volans*, in the family Agamidae. In Indonesian it is called Bengkarung Terbang Biasa.

### Where can the Javan Flying Dragon be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Javan Flying Dragon summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Bali, Jawa Tengah. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Javan Flying Dragon?

On the IUCN Red List, the Javan Flying Dragon is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5226131), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Javan Flying Dragon is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5226131)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5226131&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/99570)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draco%20volans)

## Keep exploring

- [Indian Garden Lizard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/calotes-versicolor/)
- [Great Crested Canopy Lizard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bronchocela-jubata/)
- [Common Four-clawed Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gehyra-mutilata/)
- [Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/takydromus-sexlineatus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Javan Flying Dragon. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/draco-volans/


---

# Common Four-clawed Gecko

> Common Four-clawed Gecko (Gehyra mutilata). The four-clawed gecko is widespread; its common name points to foot structure, while species identification still needs toe detail and locality.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gehyra-mutilata/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/gehyra-mutilata/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Common Four-clawed Gecko (*Gehyra mutilata*) is a reptile in the family Gekkonidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Gehyra mutilata* |
| Indonesian name | Cecak Gula |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Gekkonidae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Bali |
| Taxonomic group | Squamata |
| GBIF records | 476 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2446249) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Common Four-clawed Gecko?

Common Four-clawed Gecko refers to Gehyra mutilata, in the genus Gehyra, family Gekkonidae, and class Squamata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2446249)

## What is known about the Common Four-clawed Gecko?

The four-clawed gecko is widespread; its common name points to foot structure, while species identification still needs toe detail and locality.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehyra%20mutilata)

## How many Indonesian records name the Common Four-clawed Gecko?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 476 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2446249&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Bali. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2446249&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Common Four-clawed Gecko?

A safe-distance photograph can record body, head and tail pattern and locality without handling the animal. Colour alone cannot establish whether a snake is venomous; seek local professional help if there is risk. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Common Four-clawed Gecko with Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko, Double-spotted Gecko, Tokay Gecko. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Common Four-clawed Gecko

### What is the scientific name of the Common Four-clawed Gecko?

The scientific name of the Common Four-clawed Gecko is *Gehyra mutilata*, in the family Gekkonidae. In Indonesian it is called Cecak Gula.

### Where can the Common Four-clawed Gecko be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Common Four-clawed Gecko summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Bali. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Common Four-clawed Gecko?

On the IUCN Red List, the Common Four-clawed Gecko is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2446249), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Common Four-clawed Gecko is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2446249)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2446249&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/34630)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehyra%20mutilata)

## Keep exploring

- [Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cyrtodactylus-marmoratus/)
- [Double-spotted Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gekko-monarchus/)
- [Tokay Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gekko-gecko/)
- [Flat-tailed House Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-platyurus/)
- [Asian House Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-frenatus/)
- [Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/takydromus-sexlineatus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Common Four-clawed Gecko. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gehyra-mutilata/


---

# White-lipped Island Pitviper

> White-lipped Island Pitviper (Trimeresurus insularis). The Sunda island pitviper is venomous; older sources treated it as a white-lipped pitviper subspecies, so taxon names need checking.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trimeresurus-insularis/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/trimeresurus-insularis/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The White-lipped Island Pitviper (*Trimeresurus insularis*) is a reptile in the family Viperidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Trimeresurus insularis* |
| Indonesian name | Ular Bangkai Laut (Trimeresurus insularis) |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Viperidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara Timur, Bali, Nusa Tenggara Barat |
| Taxonomic group | Squamata |
| GBIF records | 441 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/7656866) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the White-lipped Island Pitviper?

White-lipped Island Pitviper refers to Trimeresurus insularis, in the genus Trimeresurus, family Viperidae, and class Squamata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/7656866)

## What is known about the White-lipped Island Pitviper?

The Sunda island pitviper is venomous; older sources treated it as a white-lipped pitviper subspecies, so taxon names need checking.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/trimeresurus_albolabris_insularis)

## How many Indonesian records name the White-lipped Island Pitviper?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 441 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=7656866&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara Timur, Bali, Nusa Tenggara Barat. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=7656866&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the White-lipped Island Pitviper?

A safe-distance photograph can record body, head and tail pattern and locality without handling the animal. Colour alone cannot establish whether a snake is venomous; seek local professional help if there is risk. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare White-lipped Island Pitviper with White-lipped Pit Viper, Wagler's Pit Viper, Reticulated Python. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the White-lipped Island Pitviper

### What is the scientific name of the White-lipped Island Pitviper?

The scientific name of the White-lipped Island Pitviper is *Trimeresurus insularis*, in the family Viperidae. In Indonesian it is called Ular Bangkai Laut (Trimeresurus insularis).

### Where can the White-lipped Island Pitviper be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the White-lipped Island Pitviper summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara Timur, Bali, Nusa Tenggara Barat. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the White-lipped Island Pitviper?

On the IUCN Red List, the White-lipped Island Pitviper is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/7656866), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the White-lipped Island Pitviper is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/7656866)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=7656866&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/146509)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/trimeresurus_albolabris_insularis)

## Keep exploring

- [White-lipped Pit Viper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trimeresurus-albolabris/)
- [Wagler's Pit Viper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tropidolaemus-wagleri/)
- [Reticulated Python](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayopython-reticulatus/)
- [Oriental Long-tailed Grass Lizard](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/takydromus-sexlineatus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). White-lipped Island Pitviper. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trimeresurus-insularis/


---

# Reticulated Python

> Reticulated Python (Malayopython reticulatus). The reticulated python can grow exceptionally long and subdues prey by constriction; it is nonvenomous but large animals still require distance.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayopython-reticulatus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/malayopython-reticulatus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Reticulated Python (*Malayopython reticulatus*) is a reptile in the family Pythonidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Malayopython reticulatus* |
| Indonesian name | Sanca Kembang |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Pythonidae |
| Observation records | Bali, Jawa Barat, Jakarta Raya |
| Taxonomic group | Squamata |
| GBIF records | 427 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9260388) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Reticulated Python?

Reticulated Python refers to Malayopython reticulatus, in the genus Malayopython, family Pythonidae, and class Squamata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9260388)

## What is known about the Reticulated Python?

The reticulated python can grow exceptionally long and subdues prey by constriction; it is nonvenomous but large animals still require distance.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/reticulated%20python)

## How many Indonesian records name the Reticulated Python?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 427 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9260388&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Bali, Jawa Barat, Jakarta Raya. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9260388&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Reticulated Python?

A safe-distance photograph can record body, head and tail pattern and locality without handling the animal. Colour alone cannot establish whether a snake is venomous; seek local professional help if there is risk. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Reticulated Python with Keeled Slug Snake, Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko, Pacific Bluetail Skink. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Reticulated Python

### What is the scientific name of the Reticulated Python?

The scientific name of the Reticulated Python is *Malayopython reticulatus*, in the family Pythonidae. In Indonesian it is called Sanca Kembang.

### Where can the Reticulated Python be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Reticulated Python summarised in this guide mainly come from Bali, Jawa Barat, Jakarta Raya. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Reticulated Python?

On the IUCN Red List, the Reticulated Python is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9260388), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Reticulated Python is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9260388)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9260388&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/491869)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/reticulated%20python)

## Further reading

[Python: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/python/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Keeled Slug Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pareas-carinatus/)
- [Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cyrtodactylus-marmoratus/)
- [Pacific Bluetail Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/emoia-caeruleocauda/)
- [White-lipped Island Pitviper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trimeresurus-insularis/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Reticulated Python. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayopython-reticulatus/


---

# Keeled Slug Snake

> Keeled Slug Snake (Pareas carinatus). The keeled slug snake is a pareid associated with feeding on slugs and snails; a group name does not prove every individual meal.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pareas-carinatus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/pareas-carinatus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Keeled Slug Snake (*Pareas carinatus*) is a reptile in the family Pareidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Pareas carinatus* |
| Indonesian name | Ular siput |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Pareidae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Bali, Jawa Tengah |
| Taxonomic group | Squamata |
| GBIF records | 425 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9038344) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Keeled Slug Snake?

Keeled Slug Snake refers to Pareas carinatus, in the genus Pareas, family Pareidae, and class Squamata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9038344)

## What is known about the Keeled Slug Snake?

The keeled slug snake is a pareid associated with feeding on slugs and snails; a group name does not prove every individual meal.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareas%20carinatus)

## How many Indonesian records name the Keeled Slug Snake?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 425 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9038344&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Bali, Jawa Tengah. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9038344&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Keeled Slug Snake?

A safe-distance photograph can record body, head and tail pattern and locality without handling the animal. Colour alone cannot establish whether a snake is venomous; seek local professional help if there is risk. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Keeled Slug Snake with Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko, Pacific Bluetail Skink, Yellow-lipped Sea Krait. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Keeled Slug Snake

### What is the scientific name of the Keeled Slug Snake?

The scientific name of the Keeled Slug Snake is *Pareas carinatus*, in the family Pareidae. In Indonesian it is called Ular siput.

### Where can the Keeled Slug Snake be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Keeled Slug Snake summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Bali, Jawa Tengah. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Keeled Slug Snake?

On the IUCN Red List, the Keeled Slug Snake is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9038344), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Keeled Slug Snake is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9038344)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9038344&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/29133)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareas%20carinatus)

## Keep exploring

- [Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cyrtodactylus-marmoratus/)
- [Pacific Bluetail Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/emoia-caeruleocauda/)
- [Yellow-lipped Sea Krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/laticauda-colubrina/)
- [Reticulated Python](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayopython-reticulatus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Keeled Slug Snake. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pareas-carinatus/


---

# Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko

> Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko (Cyrtodactylus marmoratus). The marbled bent-toed gecko occurs in Java and Southeast Asia; mottled pattern should be considered with toe shape and photo locality.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cyrtodactylus-marmoratus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/cyrtodactylus-marmoratus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko (*Cyrtodactylus marmoratus*) is a reptile in the family Gekkonidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Cyrtodactylus marmoratus* |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Gekkonidae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Yogyakarta |
| Taxonomic group | Squamata |
| GBIF records | 373 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9384058) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko?

Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko refers to Cyrtodactylus marmoratus, in the genus Cyrtodactylus, family Gekkonidae, and class Squamata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9384058)

## What is known about the Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko?

The marbled bent-toed gecko occurs in Java and Southeast Asia; mottled pattern should be considered with toe shape and photo locality.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrtodactylus%20marmoratus)

## How many Indonesian records name the Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 373 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9384058&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Yogyakarta. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9384058&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko?

A safe-distance photograph can record body, head and tail pattern and locality without handling the animal. Colour alone cannot establish whether a snake is venomous; seek local professional help if there is risk. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko with Double-spotted Gecko, Tokay Gecko, Flat-tailed House Gecko. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko

### What is the scientific name of the Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko?

The scientific name of the Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko is *Cyrtodactylus marmoratus*, in the family Gekkonidae.

### Where can the Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Yogyakarta. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko?

On the IUCN Red List, the Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9384058), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9384058)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9384058&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/98999)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrtodactylus%20marmoratus)

## Keep exploring

- [Double-spotted Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gekko-monarchus/)
- [Tokay Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gekko-gecko/)
- [Flat-tailed House Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-platyurus/)
- [Asian House Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-frenatus/)
- [Common Four-clawed Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gehyra-mutilata/)
- [Reticulated Python](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayopython-reticulatus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cyrtodactylus-marmoratus/


---

# Pacific Bluetail Skink

> Pacific Bluetail Skink (Emoia caeruleocauda). The Pacific bluetail skink can show a blue tail, especially at some ages; colour changes and other skinks also have blue tails.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/emoia-caeruleocauda/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/emoia-caeruleocauda/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Pacific Bluetail Skink (*Emoia caeruleocauda*) is a reptile in the family Scincidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Emoia caeruleocauda* |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Scincidae |
| Observation records | Papua Barat, Papua, Sulawesi Tengah |
| Taxonomic group | Squamata |
| GBIF records | 318 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2463461) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Pacific Bluetail Skink?

Pacific Bluetail Skink refers to Emoia caeruleocauda, in the genus Emoia, family Scincidae, and class Squamata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2463461)

## What is known about the Pacific Bluetail Skink?

The Pacific bluetail skink can show a blue tail, especially at some ages; colour changes and other skinks also have blue tails.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoia%20caeruleocauda)

## How many Indonesian records name the Pacific Bluetail Skink?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 318 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2463461&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Papua Barat, Papua, Sulawesi Tengah. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2463461&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Pacific Bluetail Skink?

A safe-distance photograph can record body, head and tail pattern and locality without handling the animal. Colour alone cannot establish whether a snake is venomous; seek local professional help if there is risk. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Pacific Bluetail Skink with Emerald Tree Skink, Common Sun Skink, Yellow-lipped Sea Krait. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Pacific Bluetail Skink

### What is the scientific name of the Pacific Bluetail Skink?

The scientific name of the Pacific Bluetail Skink is *Emoia caeruleocauda*, in the family Scincidae.

### Where can the Pacific Bluetail Skink be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Pacific Bluetail Skink summarised in this guide mainly come from Papua Barat, Papua, Sulawesi Tengah. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Pacific Bluetail Skink?

On the IUCN Red List, the Pacific Bluetail Skink is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2463461), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Pacific Bluetail Skink is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2463461)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2463461&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/38573)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoia%20caeruleocauda)

## Keep exploring

- [Emerald Tree Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lamprolepis-smaragdina/)
- [Common Sun Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eutropis-multifasciata/)
- [Yellow-lipped Sea Krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/laticauda-colubrina/)
- [Reticulated Python](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayopython-reticulatus/)
- [Keeled Slug Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pareas-carinatus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Pacific Bluetail Skink. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/emoia-caeruleocauda/


---

# Yellow-lipped Sea Krait

> Yellow-lipped Sea Krait (Laticauda colubrina). The yellow-lipped sea krait has dark-and-light bands and uses both sea and land during its life cycle; it is venomous and should not be handled.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/laticauda-colubrina/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/laticauda-colubrina/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Yellow-lipped Sea Krait (*Laticauda colubrina*) is a reptile in the family Elapidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Laticauda colubrina* |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Elapidae |
| Observation records | Bali, Sulawesi Utara, Papua Barat |
| Taxonomic group | Squamata |
| GBIF records | 311 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/8374394) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Yellow-lipped Sea Krait?

Yellow-lipped Sea Krait refers to Laticauda colubrina, in the genus Laticauda, family Elapidae, and class Squamata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/8374394)

## What is known about the Yellow-lipped Sea Krait?

The yellow-lipped sea krait has dark-and-light bands and uses both sea and land during its life cycle; it is venomous and should not be handled.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laticauda%20colubrina)

## How many Indonesian records name the Yellow-lipped Sea Krait?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 311 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=8374394&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Bali, Sulawesi Utara, Papua Barat. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=8374394&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Yellow-lipped Sea Krait?

A safe-distance photograph can record body, head and tail pattern and locality without handling the animal. Colour alone cannot establish whether a snake is venomous; seek local professional help if there is risk. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Yellow-lipped Sea Krait with Puff-faced Water Snake, Double-spotted Gecko, Common Wolf Snake. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Yellow-lipped Sea Krait

### What is the scientific name of the Yellow-lipped Sea Krait?

The scientific name of the Yellow-lipped Sea Krait is *Laticauda colubrina*, in the family Elapidae.

### Where can the Yellow-lipped Sea Krait be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Yellow-lipped Sea Krait summarised in this guide mainly come from Bali, Sulawesi Utara, Papua Barat. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Yellow-lipped Sea Krait?

On the IUCN Red List, the Yellow-lipped Sea Krait is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/8374394), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Yellow-lipped Sea Krait is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/8374394)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=8374394&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/68343)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laticauda%20colubrina)

## Keep exploring

- [Puff-faced Water Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/homalopsis-buccata/)
- [Double-spotted Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gekko-monarchus/)
- [Common Wolf Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lycodon-capucinus/)
- [Keeled Slug Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pareas-carinatus/)
- [Pacific Bluetail Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/emoia-caeruleocauda/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Yellow-lipped Sea Krait. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/laticauda-colubrina/


---

# Puff-faced Water Snake

> Puff-faced Water Snake (Homalopsis buccata). The puff-faced water snake occurs in tropical South and Southeast Asian waters; head shape and wet habitat matter more than colour alone.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/homalopsis-buccata/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/homalopsis-buccata/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Puff-faced Water Snake (*Homalopsis buccata*) is a reptile in the family Homalopsidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Homalopsis buccata* |
| Indonesian name | Ular Air Belang |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Homalopsidae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Riau, Jawa Tengah |
| Taxonomic group | Squamata |
| GBIF records | 296 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/8885291) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Puff-faced Water Snake?

Puff-faced Water Snake refers to Homalopsis buccata, in the genus Homalopsis, family Homalopsidae, and class Squamata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/8885291)

## What is known about the Puff-faced Water Snake?

The puff-faced water snake occurs in tropical South and Southeast Asian waters; head shape and wet habitat matter more than colour alone.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homalopsis%20buccata)

## How many Indonesian records name the Puff-faced Water Snake?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 296 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=8885291&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Riau, Jawa Tengah. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=8885291&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Puff-faced Water Snake?

A safe-distance photograph can record body, head and tail pattern and locality without handling the animal. Colour alone cannot establish whether a snake is venomous; seek local professional help if there is risk. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Puff-faced Water Snake with Double-spotted Gecko, Common Wolf Snake, Indo-Chinese Rat Snake. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Puff-faced Water Snake

### What is the scientific name of the Puff-faced Water Snake?

The scientific name of the Puff-faced Water Snake is *Homalopsis buccata*, in the family Homalopsidae. In Indonesian it is called Ular Air Belang.

### Where can the Puff-faced Water Snake be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Puff-faced Water Snake summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Riau, Jawa Tengah. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Puff-faced Water Snake?

On the IUCN Red List, the Puff-faced Water Snake is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/8885291), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Puff-faced Water Snake is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/8885291)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=8885291&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/29910)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homalopsis%20buccata)

## Keep exploring

- [Double-spotted Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gekko-monarchus/)
- [Common Wolf Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lycodon-capucinus/)
- [Indo-Chinese Rat Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ptyas-korros/)
- [Yellow-lipped Sea Krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/laticauda-colubrina/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Puff-faced Water Snake. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/homalopsis-buccata/


---

# Double-spotted Gecko

> Double-spotted Gecko (Gekko monarchus). The double-spotted gecko occurs across the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and nearby islands; spots alone are insufficient without body shape and locality.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gekko-monarchus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/gekko-monarchus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Double-spotted Gecko (*Gekko monarchus*) is a reptile in the family Gekkonidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Gekko monarchus* |
| Indonesian name | Tokek berbintik |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Gekkonidae |
| Observation records | Bengkulu, Jambi, Sumatera Utara |
| Taxonomic group | Squamata |
| GBIF records | 285 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2447302) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Double-spotted Gecko?

Double-spotted Gecko refers to Gekko monarchus, in the genus Gekko, family Gekkonidae, and class Squamata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2447302)

## What is known about the Double-spotted Gecko?

The double-spotted gecko occurs across the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and nearby islands; spots alone are insufficient without body shape and locality.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gekko%20monarchus)

## Habitat and field observations of the Double-spotted Gecko

Researchers near Lake Maninjau recorded individuals in a bathroom and a house; one observation was near eggs attached to a damp wall. These are local field notes, not evidence that every wall-clinging egg belongs to this species.

Evidence: [Teynié, David & Ohler (2010) — Western Sumatra herpetofauna field study](https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.2416.1.1)

## How many Indonesian records name the Double-spotted Gecko?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 285 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2447302&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Bengkulu, Jambi, Sumatera Utara. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2447302&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Double-spotted Gecko?

A safe-distance photograph can record body, head and tail pattern and locality without handling the animal. Colour alone cannot establish whether a snake is venomous; seek local professional help if there is risk. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Double-spotted Gecko with Tokay Gecko, Flat-tailed House Gecko, Asian House Gecko. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Double-spotted Gecko

### What is the scientific name of the Double-spotted Gecko?

The scientific name of the Double-spotted Gecko is *Gekko monarchus*, in the family Gekkonidae. In Indonesian it is called Tokek berbintik.

### Where can the Double-spotted Gecko be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Double-spotted Gecko summarised in this guide mainly come from Bengkulu, Jambi, Sumatera Utara. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Double-spotted Gecko?

On the IUCN Red List, the Double-spotted Gecko is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2447302), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Double-spotted Gecko is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2447302)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2447302&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [Teynié, David & Ohler (2010) — Western Sumatra herpetofauna field study](https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.2416.1.1)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/34610)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gekko%20monarchus)

## Keep exploring

- [Tokay Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gekko-gecko/)
- [Flat-tailed House Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-platyurus/)
- [Asian House Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-frenatus/)
- [Common Four-clawed Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gehyra-mutilata/)
- [Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cyrtodactylus-marmoratus/)
- [Yellow-lipped Sea Krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/laticauda-colubrina/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Double-spotted Gecko. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gekko-monarchus/


---

# Common Wolf Snake

> Common Wolf Snake (Lycodon capucinus). The common wolf snake is named for enlarged front teeth, not kinship with wolves; building encounters are often misidentified.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lycodon-capucinus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/lycodon-capucinus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Common Wolf Snake (*Lycodon capucinus*) is a reptile in the family Colubridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Lycodon capucinus* |
| Indonesian name | Ular Cicak |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Colubridae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Bali, Nusa Tenggara Timur |
| Taxonomic group | Squamata |
| GBIF records | 280 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5222820) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Common Wolf Snake?

Common Wolf Snake refers to Lycodon capucinus, in the genus Lycodon, family Colubridae, and class Squamata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5222820)

## What is known about the Common Wolf Snake?

The common wolf snake is named for enlarged front teeth, not kinship with wolves; building encounters are often misidentified.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycodon%20capucinus)

## How many Indonesian records name the Common Wolf Snake?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 280 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5222820&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Bali, Nusa Tenggara Timur. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5222820&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Common Wolf Snake?

A safe-distance photograph can record body, head and tail pattern and locality without handling the animal. Colour alone cannot establish whether a snake is venomous; seek local professional help if there is risk. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Common Wolf Snake with Indo-Chinese Rat Snake, Oriental Whipsnake, Painted Bronzeback. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Common Wolf Snake

### What is the scientific name of the Common Wolf Snake?

The scientific name of the Common Wolf Snake is *Lycodon capucinus*, in the family Colubridae. In Indonesian it is called Ular Cicak.

### Where can the Common Wolf Snake be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Common Wolf Snake summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Bali, Nusa Tenggara Timur. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Common Wolf Snake?

On the IUCN Red List, the Common Wolf Snake is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5222820), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Common Wolf Snake is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5222820)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5222820&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/104885)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycodon%20capucinus)

## Keep exploring

- [Indo-Chinese Rat Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ptyas-korros/)
- [Oriental Whipsnake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ahaetulla-prasina/)
- [Painted Bronzeback](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dendrelaphis-pictus/)
- [Yellow-lipped Sea Krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/laticauda-colubrina/)
- [Puff-faced Water Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/homalopsis-buccata/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Common Wolf Snake. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lycodon-capucinus/


---

# Indo-Chinese Rat Snake

> Indo-Chinese Rat Snake (Ptyas korros). The Indo-Chinese rat snake is a Southeast Asian ratsnake; the common name does not imply every individual eats only rodents.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ptyas-korros/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/ptyas-korros/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Indo-Chinese Rat Snake (*Ptyas korros*) is a reptile in the family Colubridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Near Threatened.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Ptyas korros* |
| Indonesian name | Ular Jali |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Colubridae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Bali, Jawa Tengah |
| Taxonomic group | Squamata |
| GBIF records | 273 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Near Threatened · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5224050) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Indo-Chinese Rat Snake?

Indo-Chinese Rat Snake refers to Ptyas korros, in the genus Ptyas, family Colubridae, and class Squamata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5224050)

## What is known about the Indo-Chinese Rat Snake?

The Indo-Chinese rat snake is a Southeast Asian ratsnake; the common name does not imply every individual eats only rodents.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptyas%20korros)

## Habitat and field observations of the Indo-Chinese Rat Snake

Two individuals in a West Sumatran survey were found in the morning in cultivated and plantation areas. That small, local sample is an encounter example, not a measure of habitat preference across the range.

Evidence: [Teynié, David & Ohler (2010) — Western Sumatra herpetofauna field study](https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.2416.1.1)

## How many Indonesian records name the Indo-Chinese Rat Snake?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 273 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5224050&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Bali, Jawa Tengah. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5224050&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Indo-Chinese Rat Snake?

A safe-distance photograph can record body, head and tail pattern and locality without handling the animal. Colour alone cannot establish whether a snake is venomous; seek local professional help if there is risk. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Indo-Chinese Rat Snake with Oriental Whipsnake, Painted Bronzeback, Common Wolf Snake. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Indo-Chinese Rat Snake

### What is the scientific name of the Indo-Chinese Rat Snake?

The scientific name of the Indo-Chinese Rat Snake is *Ptyas korros*, in the family Colubridae. In Indonesian it is called Ular Jali.

### Where can the Indo-Chinese Rat Snake be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Indo-Chinese Rat Snake summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Bali, Jawa Tengah. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Indo-Chinese Rat Snake?

On the IUCN Red List, the Indo-Chinese Rat Snake is listed as Near Threatened: it is close to qualifying, or likely to qualify, for a threatened category in the near future. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5224050), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Indo-Chinese Rat Snake is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5224050)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5224050&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [Teynié, David & Ohler (2010) — Western Sumatra herpetofauna field study](https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.2416.1.1)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/28870)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptyas%20korros)

## Keep exploring

- [Oriental Whipsnake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ahaetulla-prasina/)
- [Painted Bronzeback](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dendrelaphis-pictus/)
- [Common Wolf Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lycodon-capucinus/)
- [Puff-faced Water Snake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/homalopsis-buccata/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Indo-Chinese Rat Snake. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ptyas-korros/


---

# Wagler's Pit Viper

> Wagler's Pit Viper (Tropidolaemus wagleri). Wagler's pitviper is a venomous Southeast Asian snake; the 'temple' nickname comes from a well-known site, not every habitat.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tropidolaemus-wagleri/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/tropidolaemus-wagleri/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Wagler's Pit Viper (*Tropidolaemus wagleri*) is a reptile in the family Viperidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Tropidolaemus wagleri* |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Viperidae |
| Observation records | Sumatera Utara, Jambi, Riau |
| Taxonomic group | Squamata |
| GBIF records | 272 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2443722) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Wagler's Pit Viper?

Wagler's Pit Viper refers to Tropidolaemus wagleri, in the genus Tropidolaemus, family Viperidae, and class Squamata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2443722)

## What is known about the Wagler's Pit Viper?

Wagler's pitviper is a venomous Southeast Asian snake; the 'temple' nickname comes from a well-known site, not every habitat.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropidolaemus%20wagleri)

## Habitat and field observations of the Wagler's Pit Viper

In a West Sumatran survey, young snakes were found on the forest floor while some adults perched above ground during rainy nights. That pattern describes the surveyed place and time; do not approach or handle a venomous snake to check it.

Evidence: [Teynié, David & Ohler (2010) — Western Sumatra herpetofauna field study](https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.2416.1.1)

## How many Indonesian records name the Wagler's Pit Viper?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 272 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2443722&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Sumatera Utara, Jambi, Riau. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2443722&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Wagler's Pit Viper?

A safe-distance photograph can record body, head and tail pattern and locality without handling the animal. Colour alone cannot establish whether a snake is venomous; seek local professional help if there is risk. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Wagler's Pit Viper with White-lipped Pit Viper, White-lipped Island Pitviper, Emerald Tree Skink. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Wagler's Pit Viper

### What is the scientific name of the Wagler's Pit Viper?

The scientific name of the Wagler's Pit Viper is *Tropidolaemus wagleri*, in the family Viperidae.

### Where can the Wagler's Pit Viper be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Wagler's Pit Viper summarised in this guide mainly come from Sumatera Utara, Jambi, Riau. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Wagler's Pit Viper?

On the IUCN Red List, the Wagler's Pit Viper is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2443722), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Wagler's Pit Viper is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2443722)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2443722&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [Teynié, David & Ohler (2010) — Western Sumatra herpetofauna field study](https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.2416.1.1)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/30936)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropidolaemus%20wagleri)

## Keep exploring

- [White-lipped Pit Viper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trimeresurus-albolabris/)
- [White-lipped Island Pitviper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trimeresurus-insularis/)
- [Emerald Tree Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lamprolepis-smaragdina/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Wagler's Pit Viper. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tropidolaemus-wagleri/


---

# White-lipped Pit Viper

> White-lipped Pit Viper (Trimeresurus albolabris). The white-lipped pitviper is venomous and has lookalike relatives; safe-distance photographs and locality are better than handling for identification.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trimeresurus-albolabris/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/trimeresurus-albolabris/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The White-lipped Pit Viper (*Trimeresurus albolabris*) is a reptile in the family Viperidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Trimeresurus albolabris* |
| Indonesian name | Ular Bangkai Laut (Trimeresurus albolabris) |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Viperidae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Yogyakarta, Jawa Tengah |
| Taxonomic group | Squamata |
| GBIF records | 272 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/8219807) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the White-lipped Pit Viper?

White-lipped Pit Viper refers to Trimeresurus albolabris, in the genus Trimeresurus, family Viperidae, and class Squamata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/8219807)

## What is known about the White-lipped Pit Viper?

The white-lipped pitviper is venomous and has lookalike relatives; safe-distance photographs and locality are better than handling for identification.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimeresurus%20albolabris)

## How many Indonesian records name the White-lipped Pit Viper?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 272 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=8219807&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Yogyakarta, Jawa Tengah. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=8219807&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the White-lipped Pit Viper?

A safe-distance photograph can record body, head and tail pattern and locality without handling the animal. Colour alone cannot establish whether a snake is venomous; seek local professional help if there is risk. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare White-lipped Pit Viper with White-lipped Island Pitviper, Wagler's Pit Viper, Emerald Tree Skink. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the White-lipped Pit Viper

### What is the scientific name of the White-lipped Pit Viper?

The scientific name of the White-lipped Pit Viper is *Trimeresurus albolabris*, in the family Viperidae. In Indonesian it is called Ular Bangkai Laut (Trimeresurus albolabris).

### Where can the White-lipped Pit Viper be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the White-lipped Pit Viper summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Yogyakarta, Jawa Tengah. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the White-lipped Pit Viper?

On the IUCN Red List, the White-lipped Pit Viper is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/8219807), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the White-lipped Pit Viper is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/8219807)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=8219807&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/146506)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimeresurus%20albolabris)

## Keep exploring

- [White-lipped Island Pitviper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trimeresurus-insularis/)
- [Wagler's Pit Viper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tropidolaemus-wagleri/)
- [Emerald Tree Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lamprolepis-smaragdina/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). White-lipped Pit Viper. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trimeresurus-albolabris/


---

# Emerald Tree Skink

> Emerald Tree Skink (Lamprolepis smaragdina). The emerald tree skink is a bright green arboreal skink; green colour alone cannot distinguish it from other green lizards.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lamprolepis-smaragdina/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/lamprolepis-smaragdina/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Emerald Tree Skink (*Lamprolepis smaragdina*) is a reptile in the family Scincidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Lamprolepis smaragdina* |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Scincidae |
| Observation records | Papua Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Sulawesi Tengah |
| Taxonomic group | Squamata |
| GBIF records | 259 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5225525) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Emerald Tree Skink?

Emerald Tree Skink refers to Lamprolepis smaragdina, in the genus Lamprolepis, family Scincidae, and class Squamata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5225525)

## What is known about the Emerald Tree Skink?

The emerald tree skink is a bright green arboreal skink; green colour alone cannot distinguish it from other green lizards.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamprolepis%20smaragdina)

## How many Indonesian records name the Emerald Tree Skink?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 259 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5225525&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Papua Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Sulawesi Tengah. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5225525&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Emerald Tree Skink?

A safe-distance photograph can record body, head and tail pattern and locality without handling the animal. Colour alone cannot establish whether a snake is venomous; seek local professional help if there is risk. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Emerald Tree Skink with Common Sun Skink, Pacific Bluetail Skink, Tokay Gecko. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Emerald Tree Skink

### What is the scientific name of the Emerald Tree Skink?

The scientific name of the Emerald Tree Skink is *Lamprolepis smaragdina*, in the family Scincidae.

### Where can the Emerald Tree Skink be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Emerald Tree Skink summarised in this guide mainly come from Papua Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Sulawesi Tengah. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Emerald Tree Skink?

On the IUCN Red List, the Emerald Tree Skink is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5225525), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Emerald Tree Skink is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5225525)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5225525&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/38302)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamprolepis%20smaragdina)

## Keep exploring

- [Common Sun Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eutropis-multifasciata/)
- [Pacific Bluetail Skink](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/emoia-caeruleocauda/)
- [Tokay Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/gekko-gecko/)
- [Wagler's Pit Viper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tropidolaemus-wagleri/)
- [White-lipped Pit Viper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/trimeresurus-albolabris/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Emerald Tree Skink. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lamprolepis-smaragdina/


---

# Blacktip Reef Shark

> Blacktip Reef Shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus). The blacktip reef shark has dark tips on several fins, especially the first dorsal fin; it differs from the whitetip reef shark.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/carcharhinus-melanopterus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/carcharhinus-melanopterus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Blacktip Reef Shark (*Carcharhinus melanopterus*) is a marine animal in the family Carcharhinidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Vulnerable.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Carcharhinus melanopterus* |
| Indonesian name | Hiu karang sirip hitam |
| Group | Marine |
| Family | Carcharhinidae |
| Observation records | Papua Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Bali |
| Taxonomic group | Carcharhiniformes |
| GBIF records | 394 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Vulnerable · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2417981) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Blacktip Reef Shark?

Blacktip Reef Shark refers to Carcharhinus melanopterus, in the genus Carcharhinus, family Carcharhinidae, and order Carcharhiniformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2417981)

## What is known about the Blacktip Reef Shark?

The blacktip reef shark has dark tips on several fins, especially the first dorsal fin; it differs from the whitetip reef shark.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcharhinus%20melanopterus)

## How many Indonesian records name the Blacktip Reef Shark?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 394 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2417981&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Papua Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Bali. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2417981&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Blacktip Reef Shark?

In the water, keep space, do not chase or touch, and avoid blocking the animal’s route. Record place and date; photographs cannot estimate how many individuals live throughout a sea area. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Blacktip Reef Shark with Whitetip Reef Shark, Bluespotted Fantail Ray, Tasselled Wobbegong. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Blacktip Reef Shark

### What is the scientific name of the Blacktip Reef Shark?

The scientific name of the Blacktip Reef Shark is *Carcharhinus melanopterus*, in the family Carcharhinidae and the order Carcharhiniformes. In Indonesian it is called Hiu karang sirip hitam.

### Where can the Blacktip Reef Shark be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Blacktip Reef Shark summarised in this guide mainly come from Papua Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Bali. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Blacktip Reef Shark?

On the IUCN Red List, the Blacktip Reef Shark is listed as Vulnerable: it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2417981), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Blacktip Reef Shark is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2417981)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2417981&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/67964)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcharhinus%20melanopterus)

## Keep exploring

- [Whitetip Reef Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/triaenodon-obesus/)
- [Bluespotted Fantail Ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/taeniura-lymma/)
- [Tasselled Wobbegong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eucrossorhinus-dasypogon/)
- [Leatherback turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leatherback-turtle/)
- [Indonesian coelacanth](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/indonesian-coelacanth/)
- [Scalloped hammerhead shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/scalloped-hammerhead-shark/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Blacktip Reef Shark. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/carcharhinus-melanopterus/


---

# Bluespotted Fantail Ray

> Bluespotted Fantail Ray (Taeniura lymma). The bluespotted fantail ray inhabits Indo-Pacific reefs; blue spots should be checked with disc and tail shape to separate similar maskrays.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/taeniura-lymma/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/taeniura-lymma/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Bluespotted Fantail Ray (*Taeniura lymma*) is a marine animal in the family Dasyatidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Taeniura lymma* |
| Group | Marine |
| Family | Dasyatidae |
| Observation records | Sulawesi Utara, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Papua Barat |
| Taxonomic group | Myliobatiformes |
| GBIF records | 340 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5215810) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Bluespotted Fantail Ray?

Bluespotted Fantail Ray refers to Taeniura lymma, in the genus Taeniura, family Dasyatidae, and order Myliobatiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5215810)

## What is known about the Bluespotted Fantail Ray?

The bluespotted fantail ray inhabits Indo-Pacific reefs; blue spots should be checked with disc and tail shape to separate similar maskrays.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taeniura%20lymma)

## How many Indonesian records name the Bluespotted Fantail Ray?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 340 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5215810&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Sulawesi Utara, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Papua Barat. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5215810&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Bluespotted Fantail Ray?

In the water, keep space, do not chase or touch, and avoid blocking the animal’s route. Record place and date; photographs cannot estimate how many individuals live throughout a sea area. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Bluespotted Fantail Ray with Bluespotted Maskray, Oriental Bluespotted Maskray, Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Bluespotted Fantail Ray

### What is the scientific name of the Bluespotted Fantail Ray?

The scientific name of the Bluespotted Fantail Ray is *Taeniura lymma*, in the family Dasyatidae and the order Myliobatiformes.

### Where can the Bluespotted Fantail Ray be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Bluespotted Fantail Ray summarised in this guide mainly come from Sulawesi Utara, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Papua Barat. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Bluespotted Fantail Ray?

On the IUCN Red List, the Bluespotted Fantail Ray is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5215810), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Bluespotted Fantail Ray is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5215810)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5215810&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/113735)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taeniura%20lymma)

## Keep exploring

- [Bluespotted Maskray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-caeruleopunctata/)
- [Oriental Bluespotted Maskray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-orientale/)
- [Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-moluccensis/)
- [Blacktip Reef Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/carcharhinus-melanopterus/)
- [Oceanic Manta Ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mobula-birostris/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Bluespotted Fantail Ray. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/taeniura-lymma/


---

# Tasselled Wobbegong

> Tasselled Wobbegong (Eucrossorhinus dasypogon). The tasselled wobbegong blends into shallow reef bottoms near New Guinea and northern Australia; branched head fringes add to its camouflage.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eucrossorhinus-dasypogon/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/eucrossorhinus-dasypogon/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Tasselled Wobbegong (*Eucrossorhinus dasypogon*) is a marine animal in the family Orectolobidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Eucrossorhinus dasypogon* |
| Group | Marine |
| Family | Orectolobidae |
| Observation records | Papua Barat |
| Taxonomic group | Orectolobiformes |
| GBIF records | 305 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2417535) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Tasselled Wobbegong?

Tasselled Wobbegong refers to Eucrossorhinus dasypogon, in the genus Eucrossorhinus, family Orectolobidae, and order Orectolobiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2417535)

## What is known about the Tasselled Wobbegong?

The tasselled wobbegong blends into shallow reef bottoms near New Guinea and northern Australia; branched head fringes add to its camouflage.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucrossorhinus%20dasypogon)

## How many Indonesian records name the Tasselled Wobbegong?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 305 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2417535&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Papua Barat. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2417535&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Tasselled Wobbegong?

In the water, keep space, do not chase or touch, and avoid blocking the animal’s route. Record place and date; photographs cannot estimate how many individuals live throughout a sea area. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Tasselled Wobbegong with Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark, Brown-banded Bamboo Shark, Whitetip Reef Shark. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Tasselled Wobbegong

### What is the scientific name of the Tasselled Wobbegong?

The scientific name of the Tasselled Wobbegong is *Eucrossorhinus dasypogon*, in the family Orectolobidae and the order Orectolobiformes.

### Where can the Tasselled Wobbegong be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Tasselled Wobbegong summarised in this guide mainly come from Papua Barat. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Tasselled Wobbegong?

On the IUCN Red List, the Tasselled Wobbegong is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2417535), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Tasselled Wobbegong is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2417535)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2417535&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/63637)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucrossorhinus%20dasypogon)

## Keep exploring

- [Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemiscyllium-freycineti/)
- [Brown-banded Bamboo Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chiloscyllium-punctatum/)
- [Whitetip Reef Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/triaenodon-obesus/)
- [Blacktip Reef Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/carcharhinus-melanopterus/)
- [Leatherback turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leatherback-turtle/)
- [Indonesian coelacanth](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/indonesian-coelacanth/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Tasselled Wobbegong. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eucrossorhinus-dasypogon/


---

# Whitetip Reef Shark

> Whitetip Reef Shark (Triaenodon obesus). The whitetip reef shark often rests near the reef bottom; white tips on the dorsal and tail fins separate it from blacktip reef sharks.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/triaenodon-obesus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/triaenodon-obesus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Whitetip Reef Shark (*Triaenodon obesus*) is a marine animal in the family Carcharhinidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Vulnerable.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Triaenodon obesus* |
| Group | Marine |
| Family | Carcharhinidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara Timur, Bali, Nusa Tenggara Barat |
| Taxonomic group | Carcharhiniformes |
| GBIF records | 305 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Vulnerable · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2418054) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Whitetip Reef Shark?

Whitetip Reef Shark refers to Triaenodon obesus, in the genus Triaenodon, family Carcharhinidae, and order Carcharhiniformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2418054)

## What is known about the Whitetip Reef Shark?

The whitetip reef shark often rests near the reef bottom; white tips on the dorsal and tail fins separate it from blacktip reef sharks.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triaenodon%20obesus)

## How many Indonesian records name the Whitetip Reef Shark?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 305 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2418054&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara Timur, Bali, Nusa Tenggara Barat. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2418054&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Whitetip Reef Shark?

In the water, keep space, do not chase or touch, and avoid blocking the animal’s route. Record place and date; photographs cannot estimate how many individuals live throughout a sea area. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Whitetip Reef Shark with Blacktip Reef Shark, Bluespotted Maskray, Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Whitetip Reef Shark

### What is the scientific name of the Whitetip Reef Shark?

The scientific name of the Whitetip Reef Shark is *Triaenodon obesus*, in the family Carcharhinidae and the order Carcharhiniformes.

### Where can the Whitetip Reef Shark be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Whitetip Reef Shark summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara Timur, Bali, Nusa Tenggara Barat. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Whitetip Reef Shark?

On the IUCN Red List, the Whitetip Reef Shark is listed as Vulnerable: it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2418054), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Whitetip Reef Shark is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2418054)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2418054&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/52314)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triaenodon%20obesus)

## Keep exploring

- [Blacktip Reef Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/carcharhinus-melanopterus/)
- [Bluespotted Maskray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-caeruleopunctata/)
- [Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemiscyllium-freycineti/)
- [Tasselled Wobbegong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eucrossorhinus-dasypogon/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Whitetip Reef Shark. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/triaenodon-obesus/


---

# Bluespotted Maskray

> Bluespotted Maskray (Neotrygon caeruleopunctata). The bluespotted maskray belongs to a taxonomically revised Neotrygon complex; blue spots alone do not establish species identity without form and locality.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-caeruleopunctata/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/neotrygon-caeruleopunctata/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Bluespotted Maskray (*Neotrygon caeruleopunctata*) is a marine animal in the family Dasyatidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Neotrygon caeruleopunctata* |
| Group | Marine |
| Family | Dasyatidae |
| Observation records | Bali, Lampung, Bengkulu |
| Taxonomic group | Myliobatiformes |
| GBIF records | 208 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9612495) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Bluespotted Maskray?

Bluespotted Maskray refers to Neotrygon caeruleopunctata, in the genus Neotrygon, family Dasyatidae, and order Myliobatiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9612495)

## What is known about the Bluespotted Maskray?

The bluespotted maskray belongs to a taxonomically revised Neotrygon complex; blue spots alone do not establish species identity without form and locality.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Peer-reviewed Neotrygon taxonomic comparison](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12463764/)

## How many Indonesian records name the Bluespotted Maskray?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 208 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9612495&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Bali, Lampung, Bengkulu. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9612495&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Bluespotted Maskray?

In the water, keep space, do not chase or touch, and avoid blocking the animal’s route. Record place and date; photographs cannot estimate how many individuals live throughout a sea area. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Bluespotted Maskray with Oriental Bluespotted Maskray, Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray, Bluespotted Fantail Ray. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Bluespotted Maskray

### What is the scientific name of the Bluespotted Maskray?

The scientific name of the Bluespotted Maskray is *Neotrygon caeruleopunctata*, in the family Dasyatidae and the order Myliobatiformes.

### Where can the Bluespotted Maskray be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Bluespotted Maskray summarised in this guide mainly come from Bali, Lampung, Bengkulu. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Bluespotted Maskray?

On the IUCN Red List, the Bluespotted Maskray is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9612495), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Bluespotted Maskray is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9612495)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9612495&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [Peer-reviewed Neotrygon taxonomic comparison](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12463764/)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/786235)

## Keep exploring

- [Oriental Bluespotted Maskray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-orientale/)
- [Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-moluccensis/)
- [Bluespotted Fantail Ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/taeniura-lymma/)
- [Whitetip Reef Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/triaenodon-obesus/)
- [Oceanic Manta Ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mobula-birostris/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Bluespotted Maskray. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-caeruleopunctata/


---

# Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark

> Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark (Hemiscyllium freycineti). The Indonesian speckled carpetshark is known from shallow Raja Ampat waters; older accounts included populations now assigned to other species.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemiscyllium-freycineti/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/hemiscyllium-freycineti/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark (*Hemiscyllium freycineti*) is a marine animal in the family Hemiscylliidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Near Threatened.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Hemiscyllium freycineti* |
| Indonesian name | Cucut tekeh |
| Group | Marine |
| Family | Hemiscylliidae |
| Observation records | Papua Barat |
| Taxonomic group | Orectolobiformes |
| GBIF records | 120 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Near Threatened · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5215505) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark?

Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark refers to Hemiscyllium freycineti, in the genus Hemiscyllium, family Hemiscylliidae, and order Orectolobiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5215505)

## What is known about the Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark?

The Indonesian speckled carpetshark is known from shallow Raja Ampat waters; older accounts included populations now assigned to other species.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiscyllium%20freycineti)

## How many Indonesian records name the Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 120 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5215505&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Papua Barat. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5215505&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark?

In the water, keep space, do not chase or touch, and avoid blocking the animal’s route. Record place and date; photographs cannot estimate how many individuals live throughout a sea area. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark with Brown-banded Bamboo Shark, Tasselled Wobbegong, Oriental Bluespotted Maskray. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark

### What is the scientific name of the Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark?

The scientific name of the Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark is *Hemiscyllium freycineti*, in the family Hemiscylliidae and the order Orectolobiformes. In Indonesian it is called Cucut tekeh.

### Where can the Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark summarised in this guide mainly come from Papua Barat. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark?

On the IUCN Red List, the Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark is listed as Near Threatened: it is close to qualifying, or likely to qualify, for a threatened category in the near future. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5215505), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5215505)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5215505&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/102599)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiscyllium%20freycineti)

## Keep exploring

- [Brown-banded Bamboo Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chiloscyllium-punctatum/)
- [Tasselled Wobbegong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eucrossorhinus-dasypogon/)
- [Oriental Bluespotted Maskray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-orientale/)
- [Whitetip Reef Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/triaenodon-obesus/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemiscyllium-freycineti/


---

# Oriental Bluespotted Maskray

> Oriental Bluespotted Maskray (Neotrygon orientale). The Oriental bluespotted maskray is reported from Indonesia and nearby countries; sources use orientale and orientalis spellings, so taxonomy should be cited.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-orientale/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/neotrygon-orientale/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Oriental Bluespotted Maskray (*Neotrygon orientale*) is a marine animal in the family Dasyatidae.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Neotrygon orientale* |
| Group | Marine |
| Family | Dasyatidae |
| Observation records | Sulawesi Utara, Kalimantan Timur, Sulawesi Selatan |
| Taxonomic group | Myliobatiformes |
| GBIF records | 120 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |

## What is the Oriental Bluespotted Maskray?

Oriental Bluespotted Maskray refers to Neotrygon orientale, in the genus Neotrygon, family Dasyatidae, and order Myliobatiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9349663)

## What is known about the Oriental Bluespotted Maskray?

The Oriental bluespotted maskray is reported from Indonesia and nearby countries; sources use orientale and orientalis spellings, so taxonomy should be cited.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotrygon%20orientale)

## How many Indonesian records name the Oriental Bluespotted Maskray?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 120 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9349663&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Sulawesi Utara, Kalimantan Timur, Sulawesi Selatan. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9349663&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Oriental Bluespotted Maskray?

In the water, keep space, do not chase or touch, and avoid blocking the animal’s route. Record place and date; photographs cannot estimate how many individuals live throughout a sea area. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Oriental Bluespotted Maskray with Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray, Bluespotted Maskray, Bluespotted Fantail Ray. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Oriental Bluespotted Maskray

### What is the scientific name of the Oriental Bluespotted Maskray?

The scientific name of the Oriental Bluespotted Maskray is *Neotrygon orientale*, in the family Dasyatidae and the order Myliobatiformes.

### Where can the Oriental Bluespotted Maskray be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Oriental Bluespotted Maskray summarised in this guide mainly come from Sulawesi Utara, Kalimantan Timur, Sulawesi Selatan. That list is not a complete range map.

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9349663)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9349663&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/786236)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotrygon%20orientale)

## Keep exploring

- [Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-moluccensis/)
- [Bluespotted Maskray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-caeruleopunctata/)
- [Bluespotted Fantail Ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/taeniura-lymma/)
- [Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemiscyllium-freycineti/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Oriental Bluespotted Maskray. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-orientale/


---

# Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray

> Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray (Neotrygon moluccensis). The Moluccan bluespotted maskray is a narrowly defined Neotrygon; generic blue-spotted ray records cannot automatically be assigned to it.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-moluccensis/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/neotrygon-moluccensis/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray (*Neotrygon moluccensis*) is a marine animal in the family Dasyatidae.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Neotrygon moluccensis* |
| Group | Marine |
| Family | Dasyatidae |
| Observation records | Papua Barat, Maluku, Maluku Utara |
| Taxonomic group | Myliobatiformes |
| GBIF records | 86 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |

## What is the Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray?

Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray refers to Neotrygon moluccensis, in the genus Neotrygon, family Dasyatidae, and order Myliobatiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9266510)

## What is known about the Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray?

The Moluccan bluespotted maskray is a narrowly defined Neotrygon; generic blue-spotted ray records cannot automatically be assigned to it.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Peer-reviewed Neotrygon taxonomic comparison](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12463764/)

## How many Indonesian records name the Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 86 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9266510&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Papua Barat, Maluku, Maluku Utara. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9266510&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray?

In the water, keep space, do not chase or touch, and avoid blocking the animal’s route. Record place and date; photographs cannot estimate how many individuals live throughout a sea area. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray with Bluespotted Maskray, Oriental Bluespotted Maskray, Bluespotted Fantail Ray. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray

### What is the scientific name of the Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray?

The scientific name of the Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray is *Neotrygon moluccensis*, in the family Dasyatidae and the order Myliobatiformes.

### Where can the Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray summarised in this guide mainly come from Papua Barat, Maluku, Maluku Utara. That list is not a complete range map.

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9266510)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9266510&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [Peer-reviewed Neotrygon taxonomic comparison](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12463764/)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/1303398)

## Keep exploring

- [Bluespotted Maskray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-caeruleopunctata/)
- [Oriental Bluespotted Maskray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-orientale/)
- [Bluespotted Fantail Ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/taeniura-lymma/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Moluccan Bluespotted Maskray. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-moluccensis/


---

# Brown-banded Bamboo Shark

> Brown-banded Bamboo Shark (Chiloscyllium punctatum). The brownbanded bamboo shark is an Indo-Pacific bottom-dweller; banding is particularly noticeable in young animals and changes with age.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chiloscyllium-punctatum/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/chiloscyllium-punctatum/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Brown-banded Bamboo Shark (*Chiloscyllium punctatum*) is a marine animal in the family Hemiscylliidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Near Threatened.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Chiloscyllium punctatum* |
| Group | Marine |
| Family | Hemiscylliidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara Timur, Bali, Papua Barat |
| Taxonomic group | Orectolobiformes |
| GBIF records | 81 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Near Threatened · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2417604) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Brown-banded Bamboo Shark?

Brown-banded Bamboo Shark refers to Chiloscyllium punctatum, in the genus Chiloscyllium, family Hemiscylliidae, and order Orectolobiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2417604)

## What is known about the Brown-banded Bamboo Shark?

The brownbanded bamboo shark is an Indo-Pacific bottom-dweller; banding is particularly noticeable in young animals and changes with age.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiloscyllium%20punctatum)

## How many Indonesian records name the Brown-banded Bamboo Shark?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 81 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2417604&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara Timur, Bali, Papua Barat. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2417604&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Brown-banded Bamboo Shark?

In the water, keep space, do not chase or touch, and avoid blocking the animal’s route. Record place and date; photographs cannot estimate how many individuals live throughout a sea area. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Brown-banded Bamboo Shark with Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark, Tasselled Wobbegong, Oceanic Manta Ray. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Brown-banded Bamboo Shark

### What is the scientific name of the Brown-banded Bamboo Shark?

The scientific name of the Brown-banded Bamboo Shark is *Chiloscyllium punctatum*, in the family Hemiscylliidae and the order Orectolobiformes.

### Where can the Brown-banded Bamboo Shark be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Brown-banded Bamboo Shark summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara Timur, Bali, Papua Barat. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Brown-banded Bamboo Shark?

On the IUCN Red List, the Brown-banded Bamboo Shark is listed as Near Threatened: it is close to qualifying, or likely to qualify, for a threatened category in the near future. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2417604), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Brown-banded Bamboo Shark is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2417604)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2417604&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/97441)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiloscyllium%20punctatum)

## Keep exploring

- [Indonesian Speckled Carpetshark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemiscyllium-freycineti/)
- [Tasselled Wobbegong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eucrossorhinus-dasypogon/)
- [Oceanic Manta Ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mobula-birostris/)
- [Leatherback turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leatherback-turtle/)
- [Indonesian coelacanth](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/indonesian-coelacanth/)
- [Scalloped hammerhead shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/scalloped-hammerhead-shark/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Brown-banded Bamboo Shark. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chiloscyllium-punctatum/


---

# Oceanic Manta Ray

> Oceanic Manta Ray (Mobula birostris). The giant oceanic manta ray differs from Indonesia's reef manta; size, habitat and body characters should be considered together rather than the word 'manta' alone.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mobula-birostris/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/mobula-birostris/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Oceanic Manta Ray (*Mobula birostris*) is a marine animal in the family Myliobatidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Mobula birostris* |
| Group | Marine |
| Family | Myliobatidae |
| Observation records | Papua Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Bali |
| Taxonomic group | Myliobatiformes |
| GBIF records | 80 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9548142) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Oceanic Manta Ray?

Oceanic Manta Ray refers to Mobula birostris, in the genus Mobula, family Myliobatidae, and order Myliobatiformes. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9548142)

## What is known about the Oceanic Manta Ray?

The giant oceanic manta ray differs from Indonesia's reef manta; size, habitat and body characters should be considered together rather than the word 'manta' alone.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_oceanic_manta_ray)

## How many Indonesian records name the Oceanic Manta Ray?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 80 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9548142&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Papua Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Bali. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9548142&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Oceanic Manta Ray?

In the water, keep space, do not chase or touch, and avoid blocking the animal’s route. Record place and date; photographs cannot estimate how many individuals live throughout a sea area. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Oceanic Manta Ray with Reef manta ray, Bluespotted Fantail Ray, Bluespotted Maskray. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Oceanic Manta Ray

### What is the scientific name of the Oceanic Manta Ray?

The scientific name of the Oceanic Manta Ray is *Mobula birostris*, in the family Myliobatidae and the order Myliobatiformes.

### Where can the Oceanic Manta Ray be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Oceanic Manta Ray summarised in this guide mainly come from Papua Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Bali. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Oceanic Manta Ray?

On the IUCN Red List, the Oceanic Manta Ray is listed as Endangered: it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9548142), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Oceanic Manta Ray is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/9548142)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=9548142&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/623966)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_oceanic_manta_ray)

## Further reading

[Manta ray: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/manta-ray/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Reef manta ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/reef-manta-ray/)
- [Bluespotted Fantail Ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/taeniura-lymma/)
- [Bluespotted Maskray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neotrygon-caeruleopunctata/)
- [Brown-banded Bamboo Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chiloscyllium-punctatum/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Oceanic Manta Ray. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mobula-birostris/


---

# Asian Common Toad

> Asian Common Toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus). Asian common toads use many human-modified habitats; genetic research suggests the name may encompass a more complex set of lineages.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/duttaphrynus-melanostictus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/duttaphrynus-melanostictus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Asian Common Toad (*Duttaphrynus melanostictus*) is an amphibian in the family Bufonidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Duttaphrynus melanostictus* |
| Indonesian name | Bangkong Kolong |
| Group | Amphibians |
| Family | Bufonidae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Bali, Jawa Tengah |
| Taxonomic group | Anura |
| GBIF records | 3,732 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2422538) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Asian Common Toad?

Asian Common Toad refers to Duttaphrynus melanostictus, in the genus Duttaphrynus, family Bufonidae, and order Anura. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2422538)

## What is known about the Asian Common Toad?

Asian common toads use many human-modified habitats; genetic research suggests the name may encompass a more complex set of lineages.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duttaphrynus%20melanostictus)

## How many Indonesian records name the Asian Common Toad?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 3,732 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2422538&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Bali, Jawa Tengah. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2422538&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Asian Common Toad?

Observe in place without moving eggs, tadpoles or frogs. Images of the body and habitat, together with date and calls, can help specialists assess an identification; common names do not establish handling safety. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Asian Common Toad with River Toad, Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog, Schlegel's Frog. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Asian Common Toad

### What is the scientific name of the Asian Common Toad?

The scientific name of the Asian Common Toad is *Duttaphrynus melanostictus*, in the family Bufonidae and the order Anura. In Indonesian it is called Bangkong Kolong.

### Where can the Asian Common Toad be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Asian Common Toad summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Bali, Jawa Tengah. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Asian Common Toad?

On the IUCN Red List, the Asian Common Toad is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2422538), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Asian Common Toad is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2422538)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2422538&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/62345)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duttaphrynus%20melanostictus)

## Keep exploring

- [River Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/phrynoidis-asper/)
- [Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/polypedates-leucomystax/)
- [Schlegel's Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcorana-chalconota/)
- [Muller's Narrowmouth Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/kaloula-baleata/)
- [Hasselt's Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leptobrachium-hasseltii/)
- [Reinwardt's flying frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/reinwardts-flying-frog/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Asian Common Toad. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/duttaphrynus-melanostictus/


---

# Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog

> Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog (Polypedates leucomystax). The Southeast Asian tree frog builds foam nests near water for its eggs; a nest site should be left undisturbed.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/polypedates-leucomystax/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/polypedates-leucomystax/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog (*Polypedates leucomystax*) is an amphibian in the family Rhacophoridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Polypedates leucomystax* |
| Group | Amphibians |
| Family | Rhacophoridae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Bali, Yogyakarta |
| Taxonomic group | Anura |
| GBIF records | 2,194 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2423785) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog?

Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog refers to Polypedates leucomystax, in the genus Polypedates, family Rhacophoridae, and order Anura. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2423785)

## What is known about the Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog?

The Southeast Asian tree frog builds foam nests near water for its eggs; a nest site should be left undisturbed.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypedates%20leucomystax)

## Habitat and field observations of the Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog

A survey around Lake Maninjau recorded this frog in forest, plantations and near houses, usually at night. Researchers also found a foam nest; leave nests and eggs undisturbed when observing.

Evidence: [Teynié, David & Ohler (2010) — Western Sumatra herpetofauna field study](https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.2416.1.1)

## How many Indonesian records name the Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 2,194 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2423785&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Bali, Yogyakarta. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2423785&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog?

Observe in place without moving eggs, tadpoles or frogs. Images of the body and habitat, together with date and calls, can help specialists assess an identification; common names do not establish handling safety. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog with Schlegel's Frog, Paddy Field Frog, River Toad. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog

### What is the scientific name of the Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog?

The scientific name of the Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog is *Polypedates leucomystax*, in the family Rhacophoridae and the order Anura.

### Where can the Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Bali, Yogyakarta. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog?

On the IUCN Red List, the Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2423785), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2423785)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2423785&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [Teynié, David & Ohler (2010) — Western Sumatra herpetofauna field study](https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.2416.1.1)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/26592)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypedates%20leucomystax)

## Keep exploring

- [Schlegel's Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcorana-chalconota/)
- [Paddy Field Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/fejervarya-limnocharis/)
- [River Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/phrynoidis-asper/)
- [Asian Common Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/duttaphrynus-melanostictus/)
- [Muller's Narrowmouth Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/kaloula-baleata/)
- [Hasselt's Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leptobrachium-hasseltii/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/polypedates-leucomystax/


---

# Schlegel's Frog

> Schlegel's Frog (Chalcorana chalconota). Schlegel's frog once covered stream-frog populations later split into other species; Sumatran and Javan identifications need current taxonomy.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcorana-chalconota/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/chalcorana-chalconota/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Schlegel's Frog (*Chalcorana chalconota*) is an amphibian in the family Ranidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Chalcorana chalconota* |
| Indonesian name | Kongkang kolam |
| Group | Amphibians |
| Family | Ranidae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Yogyakarta |
| Taxonomic group | Anura |
| GBIF records | 1,516 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/10886187) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## Important taxonomic note

GBIF uses Chalcorana chalconota while Amphibian Species of the World treats that name as Hylarana chalconota. The different genus names reflect different taxonomic treatments; field identification still requires character-level review.

Evidence: [Amphibian Species of the World — Hylarana chalconota](https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Ranidae/Hylarana/Hylarana-chalconota)

## What is the Schlegel's Frog?

Schlegel's Frog refers to Chalcorana chalconota, in the genus Chalcorana, family Ranidae, and order Anura. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/10886187)

## What is known about the Schlegel's Frog?

Schlegel's frog once covered stream-frog populations later split into other species; Sumatran and Javan identifications need current taxonomy.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Amphibian Species of the World — Hylarana chalconota](https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Ranidae/Hylarana/Hylarana-chalconota)

## How many Indonesian records name the Schlegel's Frog?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 1,516 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=10886187&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Yogyakarta. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=10886187&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Schlegel's Frog?

Observe in place without moving eggs, tadpoles or frogs. Images of the body and habitat, together with date and calls, can help specialists assess an identification; common names do not establish handling safety. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Schlegel's Frog with Green Paddy Frog, Poisonous Rock Frog, Paddy Field Frog. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Schlegel's Frog

### What is the scientific name of the Schlegel's Frog?

The scientific name of the Schlegel's Frog is *Chalcorana chalconota*, in the family Ranidae and the order Anura. In Indonesian it is called Kongkang kolam.

### Where can the Schlegel's Frog be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Schlegel's Frog summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Yogyakarta. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Schlegel's Frog?

On the IUCN Red List, the Schlegel's Frog is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/10886187), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Schlegel's Frog is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/10886187)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=10886187&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [Amphibian Species of the World — Hylarana chalconota](https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Ranidae/Hylarana/Hylarana-chalconota)

## Keep exploring

- [Green Paddy Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylarana-erythraea/)
- [Poisonous Rock Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/odorrana-hosii/)
- [Paddy Field Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/fejervarya-limnocharis/)
- [Asian Common Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/duttaphrynus-melanostictus/)
- [Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/polypedates-leucomystax/)
- [Hasselt's Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leptobrachium-hasseltii/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Schlegel's Frog. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcorana-chalconota/


---

# River Toad

> River Toad (Phrynoidis asper). The river toad is a Southeast Asian bufonid; 'giant' is a relative common name, not a fixed size for every individual.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/phrynoidis-asper/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/phrynoidis-asper/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The River Toad (*Phrynoidis asper*) is an amphibian in the family Bufonidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Phrynoidis asper* |
| Group | Amphibians |
| Family | Bufonidae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Yogyakarta, Jawa Tengah |
| Taxonomic group | Anura |
| GBIF records | 647 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5785383) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the River Toad?

River Toad refers to Phrynoidis asper, in the genus Phrynoidis, family Bufonidae, and order Anura. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5785383)

## What is known about the River Toad?

The river toad is a Southeast Asian bufonid; 'giant' is a relative common name, not a fixed size for every individual.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrynoidis%20asper)

## Habitat and field observations of the River Toad

A West Sumatran survey found this toad particularly near forest streams, often active at night and sometimes by day. Those local observations do not establish its presence in every Indonesian river or stream.

Evidence: [Teynié, David & Ohler (2010) — Western Sumatra herpetofauna field study](https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.2416.1.1)

## How many Indonesian records name the River Toad?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 647 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5785383&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Yogyakarta, Jawa Tengah. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5785383&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the River Toad?

Observe in place without moving eggs, tadpoles or frogs. Images of the body and habitat, together with date and calls, can help specialists assess an identification; common names do not establish handling safety. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare River Toad with Asian Common Toad, Green Paddy Frog, Poisonous Rock Frog. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the River Toad

### What is the scientific name of the River Toad?

The scientific name of the River Toad is *Phrynoidis asper*, in the family Bufonidae and the order Anura.

### Where can the River Toad be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the River Toad summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Yogyakarta, Jawa Tengah. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the River Toad?

On the IUCN Red List, the River Toad is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5785383), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the River Toad is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5785383)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5785383&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [Teynié, David & Ohler (2010) — Western Sumatra herpetofauna field study](https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.2416.1.1)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/476534)
5. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrynoidis%20asper)

## Keep exploring

- [Asian Common Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/duttaphrynus-melanostictus/)
- [Green Paddy Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylarana-erythraea/)
- [Poisonous Rock Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/odorrana-hosii/)
- [Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/polypedates-leucomystax/)
- [Paddy Field Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/fejervarya-limnocharis/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). River Toad. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/phrynoidis-asper/


---

# Green Paddy Frog

> Green Paddy Frog (Hylarana erythraea). The green paddy frog occurs in Southeast Asia and formerly appeared under Rana; wetland observations do not measure local abundance or status.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylarana-erythraea/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/hylarana-erythraea/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Green Paddy Frog (*Hylarana erythraea*) is an amphibian in the family Ranidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Hylarana erythraea* |
| Group | Amphibians |
| Family | Ranidae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Riau, Kalimantan Timur |
| Taxonomic group | Anura |
| GBIF records | 576 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2426893) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Green Paddy Frog?

Green Paddy Frog refers to Hylarana erythraea, in the genus Hylarana, family Ranidae, and order Anura. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2426893)

## What is known about the Green Paddy Frog?

The green paddy frog occurs in Southeast Asia and formerly appeared under Rana; wetland observations do not measure local abundance or status.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylarana%20erythraea)

## How many Indonesian records name the Green Paddy Frog?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 576 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2426893&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Riau, Kalimantan Timur. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2426893&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Green Paddy Frog?

Observe in place without moving eggs, tadpoles or frogs. Images of the body and habitat, together with date and calls, can help specialists assess an identification; common names do not establish handling safety. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Green Paddy Frog with Poisonous Rock Frog, Schlegel's Frog, Crab-eating Frog. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Green Paddy Frog

### What is the scientific name of the Green Paddy Frog?

The scientific name of the Green Paddy Frog is *Hylarana erythraea*, in the family Ranidae and the order Anura.

### Where can the Green Paddy Frog be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Green Paddy Frog summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Riau, Kalimantan Timur. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Green Paddy Frog?

On the IUCN Red List, the Green Paddy Frog is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2426893), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Green Paddy Frog is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2426893)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2426893&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/65574)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylarana%20erythraea)

## Keep exploring

- [Poisonous Rock Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/odorrana-hosii/)
- [Schlegel's Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcorana-chalconota/)
- [Crab-eating Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/fejervarya-cancrivora/)
- [Paddy Field Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/fejervarya-limnocharis/)
- [River Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/phrynoidis-asper/)
- [Reinwardt's flying frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/reinwardts-flying-frog/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Green Paddy Frog. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylarana-erythraea/


---

# Poisonous Rock Frog

> Poisonous Rock Frog (Odorrana hosii). Hose's frog is associated with rocky stream settings in Southeast Asia; a common name is no reason to handle an unidentified frog.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/odorrana-hosii/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/odorrana-hosii/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Poisonous Rock Frog (*Odorrana hosii*) is an amphibian in the family Ranidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Odorrana hosii* |
| Indonesian name | Kongkang racun |
| Group | Amphibians |
| Family | Ranidae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Sumatera Utara |
| Taxonomic group | Anura |
| GBIF records | 552 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2427195) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Poisonous Rock Frog?

Poisonous Rock Frog refers to Odorrana hosii, in the genus Odorrana, family Ranidae, and order Anura. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2427195)

## What is known about the Poisonous Rock Frog?

Hose's frog is associated with rocky stream settings in Southeast Asia; a common name is no reason to handle an unidentified frog.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hose's_frog)

## How many Indonesian records name the Poisonous Rock Frog?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 552 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2427195&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Sumatera Utara. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2427195&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Poisonous Rock Frog?

Observe in place without moving eggs, tadpoles or frogs. Images of the body and habitat, together with date and calls, can help specialists assess an identification; common names do not establish handling safety. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Poisonous Rock Frog with Schlegel's Frog, Green Paddy Frog, Crab-eating Frog. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Poisonous Rock Frog

### What is the scientific name of the Poisonous Rock Frog?

The scientific name of the Poisonous Rock Frog is *Odorrana hosii*, in the family Ranidae and the order Anura. In Indonesian it is called Kongkang racun.

### Where can the Poisonous Rock Frog be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Poisonous Rock Frog summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Sumatera Utara. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Poisonous Rock Frog?

On the IUCN Red List, the Poisonous Rock Frog is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2427195), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Poisonous Rock Frog is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2427195)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2427195&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/66243)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hose's_frog)

## Keep exploring

- [Schlegel's Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcorana-chalconota/)
- [Green Paddy Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylarana-erythraea/)
- [Crab-eating Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/fejervarya-cancrivora/)
- [River Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/phrynoidis-asper/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Poisonous Rock Frog. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/odorrana-hosii/


---

# Crab-eating Frog

> Crab-eating Frog (Fejervarya cancrivora). Crab-eating frogs use brackish habitats; salinity studies document tadpole tolerance, but laboratory limits do not justify moving animals into seawater.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/fejervarya-cancrivora/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/fejervarya-cancrivora/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Crab-eating Frog (*Fejervarya cancrivora*) is an amphibian in the family Dicroglossidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Fejervarya cancrivora* |
| Indonesian name | Kodok Sawah |
| Group | Amphibians |
| Family | Dicroglossidae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Riau, Jawa Tengah |
| Taxonomic group | Anura |
| GBIF records | 485 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2430433) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Crab-eating Frog?

Crab-eating Frog refers to Fejervarya cancrivora, in the genus Fejervarya, family Dicroglossidae, and order Anura. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2430433)

## What is known about the Crab-eating Frog?

Crab-eating frogs use brackish habitats; salinity studies document tadpole tolerance, but laboratory limits do not justify moving animals into seawater.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fejervarya%20cancrivora)

## How many Indonesian records name the Crab-eating Frog?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 485 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2430433&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Riau, Jawa Tengah. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2430433&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Crab-eating Frog?

Observe in place without moving eggs, tadpoles or frogs. Images of the body and habitat, together with date and calls, can help specialists assess an identification; common names do not establish handling safety. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Crab-eating Frog with Paddy Field Frog, Muller's Narrowmouth Frog, Hasselt's Toad. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Crab-eating Frog

### What is the scientific name of the Crab-eating Frog?

The scientific name of the Crab-eating Frog is *Fejervarya cancrivora*, in the family Dicroglossidae and the order Anura. In Indonesian it is called Kodok Sawah.

### Where can the Crab-eating Frog be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Crab-eating Frog summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Riau, Jawa Tengah. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Crab-eating Frog?

On the IUCN Red List, the Crab-eating Frog is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2430433), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Crab-eating Frog is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2430433)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2430433&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/134935)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fejervarya%20cancrivora)

## Keep exploring

- [Paddy Field Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/fejervarya-limnocharis/)
- [Muller's Narrowmouth Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/kaloula-baleata/)
- [Hasselt's Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leptobrachium-hasseltii/)
- [Green Paddy Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylarana-erythraea/)
- [Poisonous Rock Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/odorrana-hosii/)
- [Reinwardt's flying frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/reinwardts-flying-frog/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Crab-eating Frog. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/fejervarya-cancrivora/


---

# Muller's Narrowmouth Frog

> Muller's Narrowmouth Frog (Kaloula baleata). Müller's narrowmouth frog is a microhylid with a rounded body; skin condition and age can change its appearance.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/kaloula-baleata/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/kaloula-baleata/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Muller's Narrowmouth Frog (*Kaloula baleata*) is an amphibian in the family Microhylidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Kaloula baleata* |
| Indonesian name | Belentuk-pohon jawa |
| Group | Amphibians |
| Family | Microhylidae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Yogyakarta, Bali |
| Taxonomic group | Anura |
| GBIF records | 419 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2421649) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Muller's Narrowmouth Frog?

Muller's Narrowmouth Frog refers to Kaloula baleata, in the genus Kaloula, family Microhylidae, and order Anura. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2421649)

## What is known about the Muller's Narrowmouth Frog?

Müller's narrowmouth frog is a microhylid with a rounded body; skin condition and age can change its appearance.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaloula%20baleata)

## How many Indonesian records name the Muller's Narrowmouth Frog?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 419 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2421649&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Yogyakarta, Bali. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2421649&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Muller's Narrowmouth Frog?

Observe in place without moving eggs, tadpoles or frogs. Images of the body and habitat, together with date and calls, can help specialists assess an identification; common names do not establish handling safety. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Muller's Narrowmouth Frog with Hasselt's Toad, Asian Common Toad, Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Muller's Narrowmouth Frog

### What is the scientific name of the Muller's Narrowmouth Frog?

The scientific name of the Muller's Narrowmouth Frog is *Kaloula baleata*, in the family Microhylidae and the order Anura. In Indonesian it is called Belentuk-pohon jawa.

### Where can the Muller's Narrowmouth Frog be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Muller's Narrowmouth Frog summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Yogyakarta, Bali. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Muller's Narrowmouth Frog?

On the IUCN Red List, the Muller's Narrowmouth Frog is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2421649), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Muller's Narrowmouth Frog is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2421649)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2421649&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/24914)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaloula%20baleata)

## Keep exploring

- [Hasselt's Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leptobrachium-hasseltii/)
- [Asian Common Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/duttaphrynus-melanostictus/)
- [Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/polypedates-leucomystax/)
- [Crab-eating Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/fejervarya-cancrivora/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Muller's Narrowmouth Frog. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/kaloula-baleata/


---

# Hasselt's Toad

> Hasselt's Toad (Leptobrachium hasseltii). Hasselt's litter frog was once a broad name for Southeast Asian populations; current taxonomy narrows confident identification and calls for comparison with relatives.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leptobrachium-hasseltii/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/leptobrachium-hasseltii/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Hasselt's Toad (*Leptobrachium hasseltii*) is an amphibian in the family Megophryidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Leptobrachium hasseltii* |
| Indonesian name | Katak-serasah mata-bara |
| Group | Amphibians |
| Family | Megophryidae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Yogyakarta |
| Taxonomic group | Anura |
| GBIF records | 381 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2424701) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Hasselt's Toad?

Hasselt's Toad refers to Leptobrachium hasseltii, in the genus Leptobrachium, family Megophryidae, and order Anura. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2424701)

## What is known about the Hasselt's Toad?

Hasselt's litter frog was once a broad name for Southeast Asian populations; current taxonomy narrows confident identification and calls for comparison with relatives.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptobrachium_hasseltii)

## How many Indonesian records name the Hasselt's Toad?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 381 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2424701&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Yogyakarta. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2424701&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Hasselt's Toad?

Observe in place without moving eggs, tadpoles or frogs. Images of the body and habitat, together with date and calls, can help specialists assess an identification; common names do not establish handling safety. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Hasselt's Toad with Asian Common Toad, Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog, Schlegel's Frog. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Hasselt's Toad

### What is the scientific name of the Hasselt's Toad?

The scientific name of the Hasselt's Toad is *Leptobrachium hasseltii*, in the family Megophryidae and the order Anura. In Indonesian it is called Katak-serasah mata-bara.

### Where can the Hasselt's Toad be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Hasselt's Toad summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Yogyakarta. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Hasselt's Toad?

On the IUCN Red List, the Hasselt's Toad is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2424701), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Hasselt's Toad is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/2424701)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=2424701&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/24717)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptobrachium_hasseltii)

## Keep exploring

- [Asian Common Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/duttaphrynus-melanostictus/)
- [Common Southeast Asian Tree Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/polypedates-leucomystax/)
- [Schlegel's Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcorana-chalconota/)
- [Crab-eating Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/fejervarya-cancrivora/)
- [Muller's Narrowmouth Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/kaloula-baleata/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Hasselt's Toad. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leptobrachium-hasseltii/


---

# Slender Skimmer

> Slender Skimmer (Orthetrum sabina). The slender skimmer ranges widely from Asia to Australia; its green-and-black pattern and perching behaviour aid recognition.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/orthetrum-sabina/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/orthetrum-sabina/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Slender Skimmer (*Orthetrum sabina*) is an invertebrate in the family Libellulidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Orthetrum sabina* |
| Indonesian name | Capung-Sambar Hijau |
| Group | Invertebrates |
| Family | Libellulidae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Bali, Yogyakarta |
| Taxonomic group | Odonata |
| GBIF records | 2,570 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/1428645) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Slender Skimmer?

Slender Skimmer refers to Orthetrum sabina, in the genus Orthetrum, family Libellulidae, and order Odonata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/1428645)

## What is known about the Slender Skimmer?

The slender skimmer ranges widely from Asia to Australia; its green-and-black pattern and perching behaviour aid recognition.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthetrum%20sabina)

## How many Indonesian records name the Slender Skimmer?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 2,570 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=1428645&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Bali, Yogyakarta. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=1428645&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Slender Skimmer?

Record body or wing pattern, age and sex differences, and the plant or water body where the animal was seen. Leave nests and immature stages intact; one image may not support a certain identification. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Slender Skimmer with Straight-edge Red Parasol, Red Percher, Chalky Percher. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Slender Skimmer

### What is the scientific name of the Slender Skimmer?

The scientific name of the Slender Skimmer is *Orthetrum sabina*, in the family Libellulidae and the order Odonata. In Indonesian it is called Capung-Sambar Hijau.

### Where can the Slender Skimmer be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Slender Skimmer summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Bali, Yogyakarta. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Slender Skimmer?

On the IUCN Red List, the Slender Skimmer is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/1428645), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Slender Skimmer is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/1428645)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=1428645&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/107974)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthetrum%20sabina)

## Keep exploring

- [Straight-edge Red Parasol](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neurothemis-terminata/)
- [Red Percher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neurothemis-ramburii/)
- [Chalky Percher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/diplacodes-trivialis/)
- [Scarlet Skimmer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocothemis-servilia/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Slender Skimmer. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/orthetrum-sabina/


---

# Great Eggfly

> Great Eggfly (Hypolimnas bolina). Great eggflies show sex-linked differences in wing pattern; one photograph cannot represent all population variation.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hypolimnas-bolina/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/hypolimnas-bolina/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Great Eggfly (*Hypolimnas bolina*) is an invertebrate in the family Nymphalidae.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Hypolimnas bolina* |
| Group | Invertebrates |
| Family | Nymphalidae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Bali |
| Taxonomic group | Lepidoptera |
| GBIF records | 1,891 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |

## What is the Great Eggfly?

Great Eggfly refers to Hypolimnas bolina, in the genus Hypolimnas, family Nymphalidae, and order Lepidoptera. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/1910629)

## What is known about the Great Eggfly?

Great eggflies show sex-linked differences in wing pattern; one photograph cannot represent all population variation.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypolimnas%20bolina)

## How many Indonesian records name the Great Eggfly?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 1,891 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=1910629&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Bali. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=1910629&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Great Eggfly?

Record body or wing pattern, age and sex differences, and the plant or water body where the animal was seen. Leave nests and immature stages intact; one image may not support a certain identification. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Great Eggfly with Blue Pansy, Great Mormon Swallowtail, Lime Swallowtail. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Great Eggfly

### What is the scientific name of the Great Eggfly?

The scientific name of the Great Eggfly is *Hypolimnas bolina*, in the family Nymphalidae and the order Lepidoptera.

### Where can the Great Eggfly be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Great Eggfly summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Bali. That list is not a complete range map.

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/1910629)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=1910629&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/70174)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypolimnas%20bolina)

## Keep exploring

- [Blue Pansy](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/junonia-orithya/)
- [Great Mormon Swallowtail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/papilio-memnon/)
- [Lime Swallowtail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/papilio-demoleus/)
- [Wallace's golden birdwing](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/wallaces-golden-birdwing/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Great Eggfly. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hypolimnas-bolina/


---

# Asian Weaver Ant

> Asian Weaver Ant (Oecophylla smaragdina). Asian weaver ants join leaves into nests with silk produced by larvae; one colony can occupy several nests in a tree.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oecophylla-smaragdina/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/oecophylla-smaragdina/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Asian Weaver Ant (*Oecophylla smaragdina*) is an invertebrate in the family Formicidae.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Oecophylla smaragdina* |
| Indonesian name | Rangrang |
| Group | Invertebrates |
| Family | Formicidae |
| Observation records | Bali, Jawa Barat, Yogyakarta |
| Taxonomic group | Hymenoptera |
| GBIF records | 1,385 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |

## What is the Asian Weaver Ant?

Asian Weaver Ant refers to Oecophylla smaragdina, in the genus Oecophylla, family Formicidae, and order Hymenoptera. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/1317388)

## What is known about the Asian Weaver Ant?

Asian weaver ants join leaves into nests with silk produced by larvae; one colony can occupy several nests in a tree.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecophylla%20smaragdina)

## How many Indonesian records name the Asian Weaver Ant?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 1,385 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=1317388&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Bali, Jawa Barat, Yogyakarta. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=1317388&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Asian Weaver Ant?

Record body or wing pattern, age and sex differences, and the plant or water body where the animal was seen. Leave nests and immature stages intact; one image may not support a certain identification. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Asian Weaver Ant with Straight-edge Red Parasol, Red Percher, Chalky Percher. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Asian Weaver Ant

### What is the scientific name of the Asian Weaver Ant?

The scientific name of the Asian Weaver Ant is *Oecophylla smaragdina*, in the family Formicidae and the order Hymenoptera. In Indonesian it is called Rangrang.

### Where can the Asian Weaver Ant be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Asian Weaver Ant summarised in this guide mainly come from Bali, Jawa Barat, Yogyakarta. That list is not a complete range map.

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/1317388)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=1317388&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/117293)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecophylla%20smaragdina)

## Keep exploring

- [Straight-edge Red Parasol](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neurothemis-terminata/)
- [Red Percher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neurothemis-ramburii/)
- [Chalky Percher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/diplacodes-trivialis/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Asian Weaver Ant. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oecophylla-smaragdina/


---

# Straight-edge Red Parasol

> Straight-edge Red Parasol (Neurothemis terminata). The straight-edge red parasol can use artificial wetlands and ranges from Southeast Asia towards the Lesser Sundas.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neurothemis-terminata/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/neurothemis-terminata/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Straight-edge Red Parasol (*Neurothemis terminata*) is an invertebrate in the family Libellulidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Neurothemis terminata* |
| Indonesian name | Capung-Jala Lurus |
| Group | Invertebrates |
| Family | Libellulidae |
| Observation records | Bali, Jawa Barat, Yogyakarta |
| Taxonomic group | Odonata |
| GBIF records | 1,065 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/1427815) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Straight-edge Red Parasol?

Straight-edge Red Parasol refers to Neurothemis terminata, in the genus Neurothemis, family Libellulidae, and order Odonata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/1427815)

## What is known about the Straight-edge Red Parasol?

The straight-edge red parasol can use artificial wetlands and ranges from Southeast Asia towards the Lesser Sundas.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurothemis%20terminata)

## How many Indonesian records name the Straight-edge Red Parasol?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 1,065 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=1427815&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Bali, Jawa Barat, Yogyakarta. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=1427815&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Straight-edge Red Parasol?

Record body or wing pattern, age and sex differences, and the plant or water body where the animal was seen. Leave nests and immature stages intact; one image may not support a certain identification. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Straight-edge Red Parasol with Red Percher, Chalky Percher, Scarlet Skimmer. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Straight-edge Red Parasol

### What is the scientific name of the Straight-edge Red Parasol?

The scientific name of the Straight-edge Red Parasol is *Neurothemis terminata*, in the family Libellulidae and the order Odonata. In Indonesian it is called Capung-Jala Lurus.

### Where can the Straight-edge Red Parasol be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Straight-edge Red Parasol summarised in this guide mainly come from Bali, Jawa Barat, Yogyakarta. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Straight-edge Red Parasol?

On the IUCN Red List, the Straight-edge Red Parasol is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/1427815), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Straight-edge Red Parasol is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/1427815)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=1427815&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/107007)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurothemis%20terminata)

## Keep exploring

- [Red Percher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neurothemis-ramburii/)
- [Chalky Percher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/diplacodes-trivialis/)
- [Scarlet Skimmer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocothemis-servilia/)
- [Slender Skimmer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/orthetrum-sabina/)
- [Asian Weaver Ant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oecophylla-smaragdina/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Straight-edge Red Parasol. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neurothemis-terminata/


---

# Red Percher

> Red Percher (Neurothemis ramburii). Neurothemis ramburii is a libellulid; identification requires wing and body pattern rather than generic red colour.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neurothemis-ramburii/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/neurothemis-ramburii/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Red Percher (*Neurothemis ramburii*) is an invertebrate in the family Libellulidae.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Neurothemis ramburii* |
| Indonesian name | Capung-Jala Lekuk |
| Group | Invertebrates |
| Family | Libellulidae |
| Observation records | Bali, Jawa Barat, Yogyakarta |
| Taxonomic group | Odonata |
| GBIF records | 1,052 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |

## What is the Red Percher?

Red Percher refers to Neurothemis ramburii, in the genus Neurothemis, family Libellulidae, and order Odonata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/1427789)

## What is known about the Red Percher?

Neurothemis ramburii is a libellulid; identification requires wing and body pattern rather than generic red colour.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [International Dragonfly Fund — Neurothemis morphology](https://dragonflyfund.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/IDF_Report_93_Seehausen_Dow_Neurothemis_2016_small.pdf)

## How many Indonesian records name the Red Percher?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 1,052 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=1427789&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Bali, Jawa Barat, Yogyakarta. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=1427789&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Red Percher?

Record body or wing pattern, age and sex differences, and the plant or water body where the animal was seen. Leave nests and immature stages intact; one image may not support a certain identification. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Red Percher with Straight-edge Red Parasol, Chalky Percher, Scarlet Skimmer. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Red Percher

### What is the scientific name of the Red Percher?

The scientific name of the Red Percher is *Neurothemis ramburii*, in the family Libellulidae and the order Odonata. In Indonesian it is called Capung-Jala Lekuk.

### Where can the Red Percher be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Red Percher summarised in this guide mainly come from Bali, Jawa Barat, Yogyakarta. That list is not a complete range map.

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/1427789)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=1427789&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [International Dragonfly Fund — Neurothemis morphology](https://dragonflyfund.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/IDF_Report_93_Seehausen_Dow_Neurothemis_2016_small.pdf)
4. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/107006)

## Keep exploring

- [Straight-edge Red Parasol](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neurothemis-terminata/)
- [Chalky Percher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/diplacodes-trivialis/)
- [Scarlet Skimmer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocothemis-servilia/)
- [Slender Skimmer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/orthetrum-sabina/)
- [Asian Weaver Ant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oecophylla-smaragdina/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Red Percher. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neurothemis-ramburii/


---

# Chalky Percher

> Chalky Percher (Diplacodes trivialis). The chalky percher is often seen low to the ground; mature males can differ in colour from females and young individuals.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/diplacodes-trivialis/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/diplacodes-trivialis/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Chalky Percher (*Diplacodes trivialis*) is an invertebrate in the family Libellulidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Diplacodes trivialis* |
| Indonesian name | Capung-Tengger biru |
| Group | Invertebrates |
| Family | Libellulidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara Barat, Bali, Nusa Tenggara Timur |
| Taxonomic group | Odonata |
| GBIF records | 1,044 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/1428428) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Chalky Percher?

Chalky Percher refers to Diplacodes trivialis, in the genus Diplacodes, family Libellulidae, and order Odonata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/1428428)

## What is known about the Chalky Percher?

The chalky percher is often seen low to the ground; mature males can differ in colour from females and young individuals.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplacodes%20trivialis)

## How many Indonesian records name the Chalky Percher?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 1,044 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=1428428&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara Barat, Bali, Nusa Tenggara Timur. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=1428428&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Chalky Percher?

Record body or wing pattern, age and sex differences, and the plant or water body where the animal was seen. Leave nests and immature stages intact; one image may not support a certain identification. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Chalky Percher with Scarlet Skimmer, Slender Skimmer, Straight-edge Red Parasol. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Chalky Percher

### What is the scientific name of the Chalky Percher?

The scientific name of the Chalky Percher is *Diplacodes trivialis*, in the family Libellulidae and the order Odonata. In Indonesian it is called Capung-Tengger biru.

### Where can the Chalky Percher be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Chalky Percher summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara Barat, Bali, Nusa Tenggara Timur. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Chalky Percher?

On the IUCN Red List, the Chalky Percher is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/1428428), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Chalky Percher is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/1428428)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=1428428&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/99331)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplacodes%20trivialis)

## Keep exploring

- [Scarlet Skimmer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocothemis-servilia/)
- [Slender Skimmer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/orthetrum-sabina/)
- [Straight-edge Red Parasol](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neurothemis-terminata/)
- [Asian Weaver Ant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oecophylla-smaragdina/)
- [Red Percher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neurothemis-ramburii/)
- [Wallace's golden birdwing](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/wallaces-golden-birdwing/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Chalky Percher. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/diplacodes-trivialis/


---

# Blue Pansy

> Blue Pansy (Junonia orithya). Junonia orithya has region-dependent common names and many subspecies; wing eyespots and locality should be recorded together.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/junonia-orithya/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/junonia-orithya/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Blue Pansy (*Junonia orithya*) is an invertebrate in the family Nymphalidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Junonia orithya* |
| Group | Invertebrates |
| Family | Nymphalidae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Aceh |
| Taxonomic group | Lepidoptera |
| GBIF records | 905 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5130464) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Blue Pansy?

Blue Pansy refers to Junonia orithya, in the genus Junonia, family Nymphalidae, and order Lepidoptera. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5130464)

## What is known about the Blue Pansy?

Junonia orithya has region-dependent common names and many subspecies; wing eyespots and locality should be recorded together.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junonia_orithya)

## How many Indonesian records name the Blue Pansy?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 905 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5130464&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Aceh. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5130464&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Blue Pansy?

Record body or wing pattern, age and sex differences, and the plant or water body where the animal was seen. Leave nests and immature stages intact; one image may not support a certain identification. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Blue Pansy with Great Eggfly, Great Mormon Swallowtail, Lime Swallowtail. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Blue Pansy

### What is the scientific name of the Blue Pansy?

The scientific name of the Blue Pansy is *Junonia orithya*, in the family Nymphalidae and the order Lepidoptera.

### Where can the Blue Pansy be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Blue Pansy summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Aceh. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Blue Pansy?

On the IUCN Red List, the Blue Pansy is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5130464), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Blue Pansy is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/5130464)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=5130464&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/51566)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junonia_orithya)

## Keep exploring

- [Great Eggfly](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hypolimnas-bolina/)
- [Great Mormon Swallowtail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/papilio-memnon/)
- [Lime Swallowtail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/papilio-demoleus/)
- [Wallace's golden birdwing](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/wallaces-golden-birdwing/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Blue Pansy. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/junonia-orithya/


---

# Great Mormon Swallowtail

> Great Mormon Swallowtail (Papilio memnon). Female great Mormon swallowtails occur in several colour forms, including mimics; these forms should not automatically be treated as different species.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/papilio-memnon/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/papilio-memnon/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Great Mormon Swallowtail (*Papilio memnon*) is an invertebrate in the family Papilionidae.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Papilio memnon* |
| Indonesian name | Kupu kupu pastur |
| Group | Invertebrates |
| Family | Papilionidae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Bali, Jawa Tengah |
| Taxonomic group | Lepidoptera |
| GBIF records | 835 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |

## What is the Great Mormon Swallowtail?

Great Mormon Swallowtail refers to Papilio memnon, in the genus Papilio, family Papilionidae, and order Lepidoptera. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/1937892)

## What is known about the Great Mormon Swallowtail?

Female great Mormon swallowtails occur in several colour forms, including mimics; these forms should not automatically be treated as different species.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilio%20memnon)

## How many Indonesian records name the Great Mormon Swallowtail?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 835 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=1937892&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Bali, Jawa Tengah. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=1937892&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Great Mormon Swallowtail?

Record body or wing pattern, age and sex differences, and the plant or water body where the animal was seen. Leave nests and immature stages intact; one image may not support a certain identification. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Great Mormon Swallowtail with Lime Swallowtail, Great Eggfly, Blue Pansy. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Great Mormon Swallowtail

### What is the scientific name of the Great Mormon Swallowtail?

The scientific name of the Great Mormon Swallowtail is *Papilio memnon*, in the family Papilionidae and the order Lepidoptera. In Indonesian it is called Kupu kupu pastur.

### Where can the Great Mormon Swallowtail be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Great Mormon Swallowtail summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Bali, Jawa Tengah. That list is not a complete range map.

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/1937892)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=1937892&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/133442)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilio%20memnon)

## Keep exploring

- [Lime Swallowtail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/papilio-demoleus/)
- [Great Eggfly](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hypolimnas-bolina/)
- [Blue Pansy](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/junonia-orithya/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Great Mormon Swallowtail. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/papilio-memnon/


---

# Scarlet Skimmer

> Scarlet Skimmer (Crocothemis servilia). Scarlet skimmers are native to East and Southeast Asia with introductions elsewhere; red males do not represent every age or sex.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocothemis-servilia/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/crocothemis-servilia/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Scarlet Skimmer (*Crocothemis servilia*) is an invertebrate in the family Libellulidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Crocothemis servilia* |
| Indonesian name | Capung-Sambar Garis-Hitam |
| Group | Invertebrates |
| Family | Libellulidae |
| Observation records | Nusa Tenggara Barat, Yogyakarta, Jawa Tengah |
| Taxonomic group | Odonata |
| GBIF records | 817 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/1427734) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Scarlet Skimmer?

Scarlet Skimmer refers to Crocothemis servilia, in the genus Crocothemis, family Libellulidae, and order Odonata. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/1427734)

## What is known about the Scarlet Skimmer?

Scarlet skimmers are native to East and Southeast Asia with introductions elsewhere; red males do not represent every age or sex.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocothemis%20servilia)

## How many Indonesian records name the Scarlet Skimmer?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 817 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=1427734&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Nusa Tenggara Barat, Yogyakarta, Jawa Tengah. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=1427734&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Scarlet Skimmer?

Record body or wing pattern, age and sex differences, and the plant or water body where the animal was seen. Leave nests and immature stages intact; one image may not support a certain identification. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Scarlet Skimmer with Slender Skimmer, Straight-edge Red Parasol, Red Percher. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Scarlet Skimmer

### What is the scientific name of the Scarlet Skimmer?

The scientific name of the Scarlet Skimmer is *Crocothemis servilia*, in the family Libellulidae and the order Odonata. In Indonesian it is called Capung-Sambar Garis-Hitam.

### Where can the Scarlet Skimmer be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Scarlet Skimmer summarised in this guide mainly come from Nusa Tenggara Barat, Yogyakarta, Jawa Tengah. That list is not a complete range map.

### What is the conservation status of the Scarlet Skimmer?

On the IUCN Red List, the Scarlet Skimmer is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/1427734), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Scarlet Skimmer is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/1427734)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=1427734&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/52055)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocothemis%20servilia)

## Keep exploring

- [Slender Skimmer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/orthetrum-sabina/)
- [Straight-edge Red Parasol](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neurothemis-terminata/)
- [Red Percher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/neurothemis-ramburii/)
- [Chalky Percher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/diplacodes-trivialis/)
- [Wallace's golden birdwing](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/wallaces-golden-birdwing/)
- [Yellow fever mosquito](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/yellow-fever-mosquito/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Scarlet Skimmer. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocothemis-servilia/


---

# Lime Swallowtail

> Lime Swallowtail (Papilio demoleus). Lime swallowtails use citrus among larval host plants; garden records should distinguish eggs, caterpillars and adult butterflies.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/papilio-demoleus/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/papilio-demoleus/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** This guide was compiled from the listed species sources and observation records; it has not been reviewed by a taxonomic specialist. GBIF records are neither a census nor proof of native range.

## Quick answer

The Lime Swallowtail (*Papilio demoleus*) is an invertebrate in the family Papilionidae.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Papilio demoleus* |
| Indonesian name | Kupu-kupu jeruk |
| Group | Invertebrates |
| Family | Papilionidae |
| Observation records | Jawa Barat, Yogyakarta, Jawa Tengah |
| Taxonomic group | Lepidoptera |
| GBIF records | 814 human-observation records, 2016–2026 |
| Data retrieved | 2026-09-23 |

## What is the Lime Swallowtail?

Lime Swallowtail refers to Papilio demoleus, in the genus Papilio, family Papilionidae, and order Lepidoptera. The scientific name follows the accepted taxon in the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Common names can vary between places; the scientific name distinguishes this species from relatives.

Evidence: [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/1938069)

## What is known about the Lime Swallowtail?

Lime swallowtails use citrus among larval host plants; garden records should distinguish eggs, caterpillars and adult butterflies.

Read that fact alongside the scientific name and species source, not as proof from an unclear photograph. Populations, ages and taxonomic limits can differ; when identification is uncertain, record the broader group.

Evidence: [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilio%20demoleus)

## How many Indonesian records name the Lime Swallowtail?

When checked on 2026-09-23, the GBIF search returned 814 human-observation records from Indonesia under this species name for 2016–2026. That is a count of indexed records, not an estimate of population, abundance or unique individuals. Observation effort can vary by location, and the count may change as records are added or identifications revised.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=1938069&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## Where were observations reported?

Place labels appearing in the results include Jawa Barat, Yogyakarta, Jawa Tengah. They are labels attached to records, not a complete range map or evidence that the species occurs only there. Some labels may be broad or inconsistent. Check the underlying records before using the location information for field decisions.

Evidence: [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=1938069&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)

## How can you observe the Lime Swallowtail?

Record body or wing pattern, age and sex differences, and the plant or water body where the animal was seen. Leave nests and immature stages intact; one image may not support a certain identification. A well-documented sighting helps others check the identification without turning one encounter into a conservation-status claim.

## Explore related animals

To explore this group further, compare Lime Swallowtail with Great Mormon Swallowtail, Great Eggfly, Blue Pansy. These links reflect a shared genus, family, order, class or catalogue group; taxonomic proximity does not imply identical habitat needs or conservation status.

## Common questions about the Lime Swallowtail

### What is the scientific name of the Lime Swallowtail?

The scientific name of the Lime Swallowtail is *Papilio demoleus*, in the family Papilionidae and the order Lepidoptera. In Indonesian it is called Kupu-kupu jeruk.

### Where can the Lime Swallowtail be found in Indonesia?

Observation records of the Lime Swallowtail summarised in this guide mainly come from Jawa Barat, Yogyakarta, Jawa Tengah. That list is not a complete range map.

## Sources & references

1. [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — accepted taxon](https://www.gbif.org/species/1938069)
2. [GBIF occurrence search — Indonesia, human observations, 2016–2026](https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?country=ID&speciesKey=1938069&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION&year=2016%2C2026&limit=0&facet=stateProvince&facetLimit=7)
3. [iNaturalist — exact species taxon and community observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/51583)
4. [Species account — background reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilio%20demoleus)

## Keep exploring

- [Great Mormon Swallowtail](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/papilio-memnon/)
- [Great Eggfly](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hypolimnas-bolina/)
- [Blue Pansy](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/junonia-orithya/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Lime Swallowtail. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/papilio-demoleus/


---

# Malayan pit viper

> The Malayan pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma) is a haemotoxic viper of Java that hides in leaf litter and tends to stay still when approached.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-pit-viper/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/ular-tanah/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Malayan pit viper (*Calloselasma rhodostoma*) is a reptile in the family Viperidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Calloselasma rhodostoma* |
| Indonesian name | Ular tanah |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Viperidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Java, Karimunjawa and Kangean |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/) |
| Diet | Rodents and other small mammals, frogs, lizards and birds |
| Range in Indonesia | Java, Karimunjawa and Kangean |
| Key feature | Triangular head; dark triangular blotches along each side |
| Length | Females about 100 cm, males about 75 cm |
| Other names | Ular tanah, ular biludak |
| Risk to people | Haemotoxic venom; damages tissue and causes bleeding |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2443815) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Malayan pit viper?

The Malayan pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma), called ular tanah in Indonesia, is a stout, venomous viper with a triangular head and the only member of its genus. As a pit viper, it has a heat-sensing organ between the nostril and the eye. According to MyBIS, its back is reddish-brown or purplish-brown with a row of dark brown triangular blotches on each side, whitish upper lips, a dark stripe behind the eye and a pointed, slightly upturned snout. Unlike most vipers, its back scales are smooth. Females grow to about 100 cm and males to about 75 cm. It is also known as ular biludak.

Evidence: [MyBIS (Malaysia Biodiversity Information System) — Calloselasma rhodostoma](https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/217) · [Toxins — Tan et al. (2023), De novo venom gland transcriptome of Calloselasma rhodostoma, the Malayan pit viper](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10222492/) · [Acta Medica Indonesiana — Adiwinata & Nelwan (2015), Snakebite in Indonesia](https://actamedindones.org/index.php/ijim/article/view/30)

## Where does the Malayan pit viper live?

In Indonesia, the Malayan pit viper is recorded from Java and the Karimunjawa and Kangean islands. A study by Kadafi, Hamidy and Kurniawan (2018) examined museum specimens from West, Central and East Java, Karimunjawa and Kangean. There are reports from Kalimantan, but their status is uncertain; a 2023 study suggests snakes there may have been introduced for pest control in plantations. It lives in lowland forest, plantations, scrub and rocky areas. Around people, the Indonesian Herpetological Society notes it can be found in damp places such as woodpiles, rubbish heaps and under houses.

Evidence: [Journal of Experimental Life Science — Kadafi, Hamidy & Kurniawan (2018), Morphological characters of the Malayan pit viper and distribution status in Indonesia](https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ecf4/f48b6e2032c55dc9cbde813fe5a1144e1be1.pdf) · [Toxins — Tan et al. (2023), De novo venom gland transcriptome of Calloselasma rhodostoma, the Malayan pit viper](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10222492/) · [Perhimpunan Herpetologi Indonesia — Ular Viper Tanah (Calloselasma rhodostoma) (salinan arsip Wayback Machine, April 2026)](https://web.archive.org/web/20260411151716/http://perhimpunanherpetologi.com/ular-viper-tanah-calloselasma-rhodostoma-boie-1827-malayan-pit-viper/)

## What does the Malayan pit viper eat?

The Malayan pit viper eats small mammals such as rats, as well as frogs, lizards and birds. It is an ambush hunter: it lies still among dead leaves, where its colour and pattern camouflage it, and strikes at passing prey. MyBIS says its prey probably includes any small animal that comes within striking range. The heat-sensing pit between nostril and eye lets pit vipers sense the body heat of prey and judge its size and position. As its Indonesian name, ground snake, suggests, it lives on the ground, and it is active at night.

Evidence: [MyBIS (Malaysia Biodiversity Information System) — Calloselasma rhodostoma](https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/217) · [Perhimpunan Herpetologi Indonesia — Ular Viper Tanah (Calloselasma rhodostoma) (salinan arsip Wayback Machine, April 2026)](https://web.archive.org/web/20260411151716/http://perhimpunanherpetologi.com/ular-viper-tanah-calloselasma-rhodostoma-boie-1827-malayan-pit-viper/)

## How does the Malayan pit viper breed?

The Malayan pit viper lays eggs, and the female guards them until they hatch. In a study by York and Burghardt (1988), a female laid 27 eggs and stayed coiled on top of them until hatching. She did not regulate the eggs' temperature but changed how much of the clutch was exposed as humidity changed. When prodded while brooding, she made jerking body movements that may help to deter predators. Observations in a Thai forest also recorded a female coiled around her eggs for the whole incubation period. The Reptile Database notes that the eggshells of this species are very thin.

Evidence: [The Herpetological Journal — York & Burghardt (1988), Brooding in the Malayan pit viper, Calloselasma rhodostoma](https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-journal/volume-1-number-6-june-1988/1170-02-brooding-in-the-malayan-pit-viper-caloselasma-rhodostoma-temperature-relative-humidity-and-defensive-behaviour) · [MyBIS (Malaysia Biodiversity Information System) — Calloselasma rhodostoma](https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/217) · [The Reptile Database — Calloselasma rhodostoma](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Calloselasma&species=rhodostoma)

## Is the Malayan pit viper dangerous?

Yes, the Malayan pit viper is dangerous: its venom is haemotoxic and a bite can be fatal. WHO lists it as Category 1, the highest medical importance, in Java. A bite can damage tissue around the wound and disrupt blood clotting, causing bleeding such as nosebleeds and blood in the urine. In Thailand, it causes 38% of snakebites where the species is known, according to WHO. The Indonesian Herpetological Society notes that it tends to stay put and will bite people who come close. If bitten, seek medical care at a health facility immediately.

Evidence: [WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia — Guidelines for the management of snakebites, 2nd edition (2016)](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/searo/india/health-topic-pdf/who-guidance-on-management-of-snakebites.pdf) · [Toxins — Tan et al. (2023), De novo venom gland transcriptome of Calloselasma rhodostoma, the Malayan pit viper](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10222492/) · [Perhimpunan Herpetologi Indonesia — Ular Viper Tanah (Calloselasma rhodostoma) (salinan arsip Wayback Machine, April 2026)](https://web.archive.org/web/20260411151716/http://perhimpunanherpetologi.com/ular-viper-tanah-calloselasma-rhodostoma-boie-1827-malayan-pit-viper/)

## What should you do if you meet a Malayan pit viper?

If you see a Malayan pit viper, do not approach, touch, catch or kill it; back away slowly and call trained officers such as Damkar, the fire and rescue service. In Greater Jakarta, fire departments respond to snake reports in homes. Because it lies still and camouflaged in leaf litter, watch your step in gardens, scrub and leaf piles. WHO notes that most snakebites happen when a snake is trodden on, in the dark or in undergrowth, by someone barefoot or in sandals. Wear closed footwear and use a light at night. The main threat to the species is the loss of forest to farmland and settlements.

Evidence: [WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia — Guidelines for the management of snakebites, 2nd edition (2016)](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/searo/india/health-topic-pdf/who-guidance-on-management-of-snakebites.pdf) · [Perhimpunan Herpetologi Indonesia — Ular Viper Tanah (Calloselasma rhodostoma) (salinan arsip Wayback Machine, April 2026)](https://web.archive.org/web/20260411151716/http://perhimpunanherpetologi.com/ular-viper-tanah-calloselasma-rhodostoma-boie-1827-malayan-pit-viper/) · [Media Konservasi — Khoerunisa, Kusrini & Mardiastuti (2021), Diversity of snake rescued from residential areas in Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area](https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/konservasi/article/view/34956)

## Common questions about the Malayan pit viper

### What is the scientific name of the Malayan pit viper?

The scientific name of the Malayan pit viper is *Calloselasma rhodostoma*, in the family Viperidae. In Indonesian it is called Ular tanah.

### Where can the Malayan pit viper be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Malayan pit viper in: Java, Karimunjawa and Kangean.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/).

### What does the Malayan pit viper eat?

Diet of the Malayan pit viper: rodents and other small mammals, frogs, lizards and birds.

### What is the conservation status of the Malayan pit viper?

On the IUCN Red List, the Malayan pit viper is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2443815), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Malayan pit viper is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [The Reptile Database — Calloselasma rhodostoma](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Calloselasma&species=rhodostoma)
2. [MyBIS (Malaysia Biodiversity Information System) — Calloselasma rhodostoma](https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/217)
3. [Perhimpunan Herpetologi Indonesia — Ular Viper Tanah (Calloselasma rhodostoma) (salinan arsip Wayback Machine, April 2026)](https://web.archive.org/web/20260411151716/http://perhimpunanherpetologi.com/ular-viper-tanah-calloselasma-rhodostoma-boie-1827-malayan-pit-viper/)
4. [Journal of Experimental Life Science — Kadafi, Hamidy & Kurniawan (2018), Morphological characters of the Malayan pit viper and distribution status in Indonesia](https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ecf4/f48b6e2032c55dc9cbde813fe5a1144e1be1.pdf)
5. [Toxins — Tan et al. (2023), De novo venom gland transcriptome of Calloselasma rhodostoma, the Malayan pit viper](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10222492/)
6. [The Herpetological Journal — York & Burghardt (1988), Brooding in the Malayan pit viper, Calloselasma rhodostoma](https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-journal/volume-1-number-6-june-1988/1170-02-brooding-in-the-malayan-pit-viper-caloselasma-rhodostoma-temperature-relative-humidity-and-defensive-behaviour)
7. [WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia — Guidelines for the management of snakebites, 2nd edition (2016)](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/searo/india/health-topic-pdf/who-guidance-on-management-of-snakebites.pdf)
8. [Acta Medica Indonesiana — Adiwinata & Nelwan (2015), Snakebite in Indonesia](https://actamedindones.org/index.php/ijim/article/view/30)
9. [Media Konservasi — Khoerunisa, Kusrini & Mardiastuti (2021), Diversity of snake rescued from residential areas in Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area](https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/konservasi/article/view/34956)

## Keep exploring

- [Crocodile monitor](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocodile-monitor/)
- [False gharial](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/false-gharial/)
- [Asian House Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-frenatus/)
- [Oriental Whipsnake](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/ahaetulla-prasina/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/)
- [Sunda king cobra](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-king-cobra/)
- [Malayan krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-krait/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Malayan pit viper. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-pit-viper/


---

# White-rumped shama

> The white-rumped shama (Copsychus malabaricus) is a forest songbird with a rich song whose Indonesian populations have fallen through trapping for trade.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/white-rumped-shama/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/murai-batu/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The White-rumped shama (*Copsychus malabaricus*) is a bird in the family Muscicapidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Copsychus malabaricus* |
| Indonesian name | Murai batu |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Muscicapidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra and nearby islands, Borneo and Java (now very rare in the wild on Java) |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/) |
| Diet | Ground-dwelling arthropods, plus worms and berries |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, nearby islands and Borneo; rare on Java |
| Key feature | Glossy black, orange belly, white rump, long tail |
| Other names | Kucica hutan; Kittacincla malabarica |
| International trade | CITES Appendix II since CoP19 (2022) |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2492675) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the white-rumped shama?

The white-rumped shama is a songbird of the Old World flycatcher family, Muscicapidae, famed for its rich song and long tail. Males are glossy blue-black above, with orange-rufous underparts, a bright white rump and white outer tail feathers. Females are a duller dark grey. The Bird Society of Singapore gives its length as 21.5–28 cm. It is often confused with the oriental magpie-robin, which has white underparts and no white rump.

BirdLife and CITES use the name Copsychus malabaricus; some other lists use Kittacincla malabarica. A 2022 genomic study by Wu and colleagues showed that the shama is really several distinct lineages.

Evidence: [Bird Society of Singapore, Birds of Singapore — White-rumped Shama](https://singaporebirds.com/species/white-rumped-shama/) · [IUCN/TRAFFIC — Analyses of the proposals to amend the CITES Appendices at CoP19 (2022)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/19065/iucn-traffic-cop19-full-analyses-1.pdf) · [Wu et al. (2022), Molecular Biology and Evolution — Genomes From Historic DNA Unveil Massive Hidden Extinction and Terminal Endangerment in a Tropical Asian Songbird Radiation (PMC)](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9486911/)

## Where does the white-rumped shama live?

The white-rumped shama lives in lowland forest across South and Southeast Asia, including Sumatra, Borneo and Java. BirdLife lists its habitats as lowland rainforest, swamp forest, secondary jungle, overgrown plantations, mangroves and forest clearings, usually up to 500–600 m. It prefers undergrowth and shady ravines. In Aceh, Mongabay Indonesia has reported shamas in the Leuser and Ulu Masen forests and on Weh, Simeulue and the Banyak Islands.

On Java, an IUCN and TRAFFIC analysis says the shama was already rare in the 1980s and was thought to have been trapped out of the wild before 1997.

Evidence: [BirdLife International DataZone — White-rumped Shama Copsychus malabaricus species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/white-rumped-shama-copsychus-malabaricus) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Diburu, Nasib Murai Batu Makin Tak Menentu (2021)](https://mongabay.co.id/2021/02/28/diburu-nasib-murai-batu-makin-tak-menentu/) · [IUCN/TRAFFIC — Analyses of the proposals to amend the CITES Appendices at CoP19 (2022)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/19065/iucn-traffic-cop19-full-analyses-1.pdf)

## What does the white-rumped shama eat?

The white-rumped shama feeds mainly on arthropods, such as insects, and also takes worms and berries. According to BirdLife, it forages on the ground and in the lower layers of the forest. The Bird Society of Singapore notes that it feeds mostly among leaf litter and spends much of its time moving through dense thickets. A resident of Gayo Lues quoted by Mongabay Indonesia said shamas once came into gardens to eat insects and caterpillars, but are now rarely seen because of hunting.

Evidence: [BirdLife International DataZone — White-rumped Shama Copsychus malabaricus species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/white-rumped-shama-copsychus-malabaricus) · [Bird Society of Singapore, Birds of Singapore — White-rumped Shama](https://singaporebirds.com/species/white-rumped-shama/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Diburu, Nasib Murai Batu Makin Tak Menentu (2021)](https://mongabay.co.id/2021/02/28/diburu-nasib-murai-batu-makin-tak-menentu/)

## How does the white-rumped shama breed?

The white-rumped shama nests in cavities, such as tree holes or nest boxes. In a nest-box study in Guangxi, southern China, Zhang and colleagues (2024) found that shamas chose nests in trees close to the forest edge. The most common clutch was five eggs. Eggs were incubated for about 12 days, and chicks were fed in the nest for about 11 days. Males and females both fed the young.

Its song is a series of flute-like notes and loud whistles, often mimicking other birds. BirdLife says research on its breeding behaviour is still urgently needed.

Evidence: [Zhang et al. (2024), Animals — Comparison of Reproductive Strategies between Two Sympatric Copsychus Passerines (PMC)](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10885907/) · [Hawaiʻi Birding Trails (State of Hawaiʻi) — White-rumped shama](https://hawaiibirdingtrails.hawaii.gov/bird/white-rumped-shama/) · [BirdLife International DataZone — White-rumped Shama Copsychus malabaricus species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/white-rumped-shama-copsychus-malabaricus)

## Why is the white-rumped shama so heavily trapped for the songbird trade?

The white-rumped shama is trapped because its song is highly prized in songbird contests, especially in Indonesia. According to BirdLife, a 2018 survey of more than 3,000 households in Java's six provinces estimated that about 3.4 million shamas are kept on Java alone. An IUCN and TRAFFIC analysis recorded 432 seizures involving more than 15,000 birds in five Southeast Asian countries in 2008–2018, with cross-border smuggling mainly from Malaysia into Indonesia.

Wu and colleagues (2022) found that over 40% of the group's phylogenetic diversity is already extinct in the wild or nearly so, including forms from Java and Kangean Island.

Evidence: [BirdLife International DataZone — White-rumped Shama Copsychus malabaricus species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/white-rumped-shama-copsychus-malabaricus) · [IUCN/TRAFFIC — Analyses of the proposals to amend the CITES Appendices at CoP19 (2022)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/19065/iucn-traffic-cop19-full-analyses-1.pdf) · [Wu et al. (2022), Molecular Biology and Evolution — Genomes From Historic DNA Unveil Massive Hidden Extinction and Terminal Endangerment in a Tropical Asian Songbird Radiation (PMC)](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9486911/)

## How can the white-rumped shama be protected?

The most important step is to stop trapping from the wild and smuggling. At CoP19 in 2022, the shama was listed in CITES Appendix II, so international trade now requires permits. People can help by not buying wild-caught birds, not setting traps or decoy birds in forests, and reporting suspected smuggling to the local conservation agency (BKSDA) or the police. Protecting lowland forest matters too: Mongabay Indonesia reports that songbird trappers still target areas such as Kerinci Seblat National Park.

Evidence: [TRAFFIC — Asian songbirds](https://www.traffic.org/what-we-do/species/asian-songbirds/) · [TRAFFIC — In the Market for Extinction: An inventory of Jakarta's bird markets (Chng et al., 2015)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/2466/market_for_extinction_jakarta.pdf) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Nasib Sang 'Biduan' Hutan Makin Suram (2023)](https://mongabay.co.id/2023/02/03/nasib-sang-biduan-hutan-makin-suram/)

## Common questions about the White-rumped shama

### What is the scientific name of the White-rumped shama?

The scientific name of the White-rumped shama is *Copsychus malabaricus*, in the family Muscicapidae. In Indonesian it is called Murai batu.

### Where can the White-rumped shama be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the White-rumped shama in: Sumatra and nearby islands, Borneo and Java (now very rare in the wild on Java).

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/).

### What does the White-rumped shama eat?

Diet of the White-rumped shama: ground-dwelling arthropods, plus worms and berries.

### What is the conservation status of the White-rumped shama?

On the IUCN Red List, the White-rumped shama is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2492675), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the White-rumped shama is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [BirdLife International DataZone — White-rumped Shama Copsychus malabaricus species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/white-rumped-shama-copsychus-malabaricus)
2. [Wu et al. (2022), Molecular Biology and Evolution — Genomes From Historic DNA Unveil Massive Hidden Extinction and Terminal Endangerment in a Tropical Asian Songbird Radiation (PMC)](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9486911/)
3. [IUCN/TRAFFIC — Analyses of the proposals to amend the CITES Appendices at CoP19 (2022)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/19065/iucn-traffic-cop19-full-analyses-1.pdf)
4. [TRAFFIC — Asian songbirds](https://www.traffic.org/what-we-do/species/asian-songbirds/)
5. [Mongabay Indonesia — Diburu, Nasib Murai Batu Makin Tak Menentu (2021)](https://mongabay.co.id/2021/02/28/diburu-nasib-murai-batu-makin-tak-menentu/)
6. [Mongabay Indonesia — Nasib Sang 'Biduan' Hutan Makin Suram (2023)](https://mongabay.co.id/2023/02/03/nasib-sang-biduan-hutan-makin-suram/)
7. [Bird Society of Singapore, Birds of Singapore — White-rumped Shama](https://singaporebirds.com/species/white-rumped-shama/)
8. [Hawaiʻi Birding Trails (State of Hawaiʻi) — White-rumped shama](https://hawaiibirdingtrails.hawaii.gov/bird/white-rumped-shama/)
9. [Zhang et al. (2024), Animals — Comparison of Reproductive Strategies between Two Sympatric Copsychus Passerines (PMC)](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10885907/)
10. [TRAFFIC — In the Market for Extinction: An inventory of Jakarta's bird markets (Chng et al., 2015)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/2466/market_for_extinction_jakarta.pdf)

## Keep exploring

- [Oriental magpie-robin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oriental-magpie-robin/)
- [Common hill myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/common-hill-myna/)
- [Flores hawk-eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/flores-hawk-eagle/)
- [Greater bird-of-paradise](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/greater-bird-of-paradise/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). White-rumped shama. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/white-rumped-shama/


---

# Straw-headed bulbul

> The straw-headed bulbul (Pycnonotus zeylanicus) is a large, straw-crowned bulbul now Critically Endangered because of trapping for the bird trade.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/straw-headed-bulbul/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/cucak-rawa/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Straw-headed bulbul (*Pycnonotus zeylanicus*) is a bird in the family Pycnonotidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Critically Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Pycnonotus zeylanicus* |
| Indonesian name | Cucak rawa |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Pycnonotidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Borneo (remnant populations in remote areas) and possibly Sumatra; extinct on Java |
| Linked habitats | [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/), [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Mainly fruit: berries, figs and palm fruits |
| Range in Indonesia | Remnants in remote Borneo; extinct on Java |
| Key feature | Straw-yellow crown and cheeks, black moustachial stripe |
| IUCN status | Critically Endangered since 2018 |
| International trade | Moved to CITES Appendix I at CoP19 (2022) |
| IUCN status | Critically Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2486118) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the straw-headed bulbul?

The straw-headed bulbul is a large member of the bulbul family, Pycnonotidae, about 29 cm long, with a golden, straw-coloured crown and cheeks. BirdLife describes blackish eye and moustachial stripes, a white throat and fine whitish streaks on the upperparts and breast. Juveniles have a duller, browner head. The Bird Society of Singapore adds that the wings and tail have olive-green edges and the iris is red. TRAFFIC once found a yellow-vented bulbul with a dyed crown being sold as this species in Jakarta.

Evidence: [BirdLife International DataZone — Straw-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus zeylanicus species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/straw-headed-bulbul-pycnonotus-zeylanicus) · [Bird Society of Singapore, Birds of Singapore — Straw-headed Bulbul](https://singaporebirds.com/species/straw-headed-bulbul/) · [TRAFFIC — In the Market for Extinction: An inventory of Jakarta's bird markets (Chng et al., 2015)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/2466/market_for_extinction_jakarta.pdf)

## Where does the straw-headed bulbul live?

The straw-headed bulbul lives along rivers, streams and marshes in the lowlands, mainly in secondary and disturbed forest. According to BirdLife, it once ranged from southern Myanmar and Thailand through Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore to Sumatra, Java and Borneo. It is now considered extinct in Thailand and probably in Myanmar, Java, Nias and Sipora. In Kalimantan, the survivors are confined to areas furthest from people. An IUCN and TRAFFIC analysis says the largest stable population is now in Singapore.

Evidence: [BirdLife International DataZone — Straw-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus zeylanicus species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/straw-headed-bulbul-pycnonotus-zeylanicus) · [IUCN/TRAFFIC — Analyses of the proposals to amend the CITES Appendices at CoP19 (2022)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/19065/iucn-traffic-cop19-full-analyses-1.pdf)

## What does the straw-headed bulbul eat?

The straw-headed bulbul feeds mainly on fruit. The Bird Society of Singapore records it eating berries, figs and exotic palm fruits, and it also forages on the ground. It is usually seen in pairs or small family groups. BirdLife gives group sizes of up to five birds, while the Bird Society of Singapore says three to six. BirdLife also describes its habitat as successional vegetation beside water, where seasonal flooding stops climax forest from forming.

Evidence: [Bird Society of Singapore, Birds of Singapore — Straw-headed Bulbul](https://singaporebirds.com/species/straw-headed-bulbul/) · [BirdLife International DataZone — Straw-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus zeylanicus species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/straw-headed-bulbul-pycnonotus-zeylanicus)

## How does the straw-headed bulbul behave?

The straw-headed bulbul is sedentary and lives in pairs or family groups. Its song is loud, rich and melodious. According to the Bird Society of Singapore, the full song usually heard is a duet or a group chorus. BirdLife advises listening for it in marshes and along forested rivers.

Its behaviour makes it easy to catch. BirdLife notes that it is not shy and roosts and nests in easily reached places, which has made it more vulnerable to trappers.

Evidence: [BirdLife International DataZone — Straw-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus zeylanicus species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/straw-headed-bulbul-pycnonotus-zeylanicus) · [Bird Society of Singapore, Birds of Singapore — Straw-headed Bulbul](https://singaporebirds.com/species/straw-headed-bulbul/)

## Why has the straw-headed bulbul almost vanished from the wild?

The straw-headed bulbul has almost vanished from the wild because it is still trapped for the songbird trade. BirdLife's 2021 IUCN assessment estimates only 600–1,700 mature individuals remain, after a decline of more than 80% over three generations. Scarcity has pushed prices up from about US$20 in 1987 to over US$900 in 2018, according to an IUCN and TRAFFIC analysis. TRAFFIC market surveys in Kalimantan and Java in 2014–2015 still found 71 birds in 11 markets. Wild-caught birds are seen as better singers, so captive breeding has not reduced demand.

Evidence: [BirdLife International DataZone — Straw-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus zeylanicus species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/straw-headed-bulbul-pycnonotus-zeylanicus) · [IUCN/TRAFFIC — Analyses of the proposals to amend the CITES Appendices at CoP19 (2022)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/19065/iucn-traffic-cop19-full-analyses-1.pdf) · [TRAFFIC — Trade is the straw breaking the Straw-headed Bulbul's back, says new paper (2017)](https://www.traffic.org/news/trade-is-the-straw-breaking-the-straw-headed-bulbuls-back-says-new-paper/)

## How can the straw-headed bulbul be protected?

Protecting the straw-headed bulbul depends on ending the capture and trade of wild birds. It has been on CITES Appendix II since 1997. At CoP19 in 2022, CITES Parties agreed to move it to Appendix I after a 12-month delay, which bans international commercial trade in wild-caught birds. BirdLife recommends tighter policing of bird markets and more patrols around protected areas. People can help by not buying wild-caught birds and by reporting suspicious trapping or sales to the local conservation agency (BKSDA) or the police.

Evidence: [TRAFFIC — CITES CoP19 Decisions and listings come into force (2023)](https://www.traffic.org/news/cites-cop19-decisions-and-listings-come-into-force/) · [TRAFFIC — Trade is the straw breaking the Straw-headed Bulbul's back, says new paper (2017)](https://www.traffic.org/news/trade-is-the-straw-breaking-the-straw-headed-bulbuls-back-says-new-paper/) · [BirdLife International DataZone — Straw-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus zeylanicus species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/straw-headed-bulbul-pycnonotus-zeylanicus)

## Common questions about the Straw-headed bulbul

### What is the scientific name of the Straw-headed bulbul?

The scientific name of the Straw-headed bulbul is *Pycnonotus zeylanicus*, in the family Pycnonotidae. In Indonesian it is called Cucak rawa.

### Where can the Straw-headed bulbul be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Straw-headed bulbul in: Borneo (remnant populations in remote areas) and possibly Sumatra; extinct on Java.

Source-supported habitats: [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/), [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Straw-headed bulbul eat?

Diet of the Straw-headed bulbul: mainly fruit: berries, figs and palm fruits.

### What is the conservation status of the Straw-headed bulbul?

On the IUCN Red List, the Straw-headed bulbul is listed as Critically Endangered: it is considered to face an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2486118), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Straw-headed bulbul is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [BirdLife International DataZone — Straw-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus zeylanicus species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/straw-headed-bulbul-pycnonotus-zeylanicus)
2. [IUCN/TRAFFIC — Analyses of the proposals to amend the CITES Appendices at CoP19 (2022)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/19065/iucn-traffic-cop19-full-analyses-1.pdf)
3. [TRAFFIC — Trade is the straw breaking the Straw-headed Bulbul's back, says new paper (2017)](https://www.traffic.org/news/trade-is-the-straw-breaking-the-straw-headed-bulbuls-back-says-new-paper/)
4. [TRAFFIC — CITES CoP19 Decisions and listings come into force (2023)](https://www.traffic.org/news/cites-cop19-decisions-and-listings-come-into-force/)
5. [Bird Society of Singapore, Birds of Singapore — Straw-headed Bulbul](https://singaporebirds.com/species/straw-headed-bulbul/)
6. [TRAFFIC — In the Market for Extinction: An inventory of Jakarta's bird markets (Chng et al., 2015)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/2466/market_for_extinction_jakarta.pdf)

## Keep exploring

- [Yellow-vented bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pycnonotus-goiavier/)
- [Sooty-headed bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sooty-headed-bulbul/)
- [Barn owl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/barn-owl/)
- [Common hill myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/common-hill-myna/)
- [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Straw-headed bulbul. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/straw-headed-bulbul/


---

# Sooty-headed bulbul

> The sooty-headed bulbul (Pycnonotus aurigaster) is a black-capped bulbul native to Java and Bali, common in gardens and towns but widely trapped for sale.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sooty-headed-bulbul/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/kutilang/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Sooty-headed bulbul (*Pycnonotus aurigaster*) is a bird in the family Pycnonotidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Pycnonotus aurigaster* |
| Indonesian name | Kutilang |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Pycnonotidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Java and Bali (native); introduced to Sumatra, Borneo and Sulawesi |
| Linked habitats | [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/) |
| Diet | Soft fruit and small insects |
| Range in Indonesia | Native to Java and Bali; introduced elsewhere |
| Key feature | Black head and crest, white rump, orange-red vent |
| Other names | Cucak kutilang, cangkurileung (Sundanese), ketilang, genthilang (Javanese) |
| Length | About 19–21 cm |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2486121) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the sooty-headed bulbul?

The sooty-headed bulbul, known in Indonesia as kutilang, is perhaps the country's best-known bulbul, helped by a children's song named after it. The Bird Society of Singapore gives its length as 19–21 cm. It has a black head, chin and nape with a short crest, brown upperparts, a white rump, white underparts and an orange-red vent. Juveniles have a browner head. Indonesia's conservation directorate (Ditjen KSDAE) gives its official Indonesian name as cucak kutilang and notes about nine recognised subspecies.

Evidence: [Bird Society of Singapore, Birds of Singapore — Sooty-headed Bulbul](https://singaporebirds.com/species/sooty-headed-bulbul/) · [Ditjen KSDAE (Balai TN Batang Gadis) — Burung Kutilang (Pycnonotus aurigaster) Cucak Terpopuler](https://ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/publikasi/berita/burung-kutilang-pycnonotus-aurigaster-cucak-terpopuler-p28m5Fpk/)

## Where does the sooty-headed bulbul live?

The sooty-headed bulbul is native to Java and Bali. According to Ditjen KSDAE, the populations on Sumatra, Borneo and Sulawesi come from birds brought by people. Outside Indonesia it ranges across southern China and mainland Southeast Asia. It uses a wide range of habitats, from open woodland, forest edge, scrub, secondary growth and roadsides to yards, gardens and city parks, from the lowlands up to about 1,500 m. BirdLife also lists urban areas, farmland and degraded former forest as suitable habitat.

Evidence: [Ditjen KSDAE (Balai TN Batang Gadis) — Burung Kutilang (Pycnonotus aurigaster) Cucak Terpopuler](https://ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/publikasi/berita/burung-kutilang-pycnonotus-aurigaster-cucak-terpopuler-p28m5Fpk/) · [Bird Society of Singapore, Birds of Singapore — Sooty-headed Bulbul](https://singaporebirds.com/species/sooty-headed-bulbul/) · [BirdLife International DataZone — Sooty-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus aurigaster species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/sooty-headed-bulbul-pycnonotus-aurigaster)

## What does the sooty-headed bulbul eat?

Like other bulbuls, the sooty-headed bulbul feeds mainly on soft fruit, though it also eats a variety of small insects. According to Ditjen KSDAE, it is often seen in groups, either with its own kind or with other bulbuls. It is still easy to find in many areas, especially on Java, including in yards, gardens and city parks. BirdLife also describes the species as still common on Java, and lists rural gardens and farmland among its suitable habitats.

Evidence: [Ditjen KSDAE (Balai TN Batang Gadis) — Burung Kutilang (Pycnonotus aurigaster) Cucak Terpopuler](https://ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/publikasi/berita/burung-kutilang-pycnonotus-aurigaster-cucak-terpopuler-p28m5Fpk/) · [BirdLife International DataZone — Sooty-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus aurigaster species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/sooty-headed-bulbul-pycnonotus-aurigaster)

## How does the sooty-headed bulbul breed?

The sooty-headed bulbul builds a cup-shaped nest woven from grass, leaf stalks or fine twigs. According to Ditjen KSDAE, the female lays two or three eggs per clutch. The eggs are pinkish with fine purple and grey spots.

It is a noisy, restless bird. Its song is loud but sweet, with rapidly repeated "cuk-cuk" and "cang-kur" notes. Its Sundanese name, cangkurileung, and Javanese names, ketilang or genthilang, are widely used locally.

Evidence: [Ditjen KSDAE (Balai TN Batang Gadis) — Burung Kutilang (Pycnonotus aurigaster) Cucak Terpopuler](https://ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/publikasi/berita/burung-kutilang-pycnonotus-aurigaster-cucak-terpopuler-p28m5Fpk/)

## Is the sooty-headed bulbul affected by the songbird trade?

Yes: it is still listed as Least Concern, but BirdLife's 2024 assessment says its population is suspected to be declining because of heavy trapping pressure. A TRAFFIC survey of Jakarta's three largest bird markets in July 2014 counted 476 sooty-headed bulbuls in 32 shops. A TRAFFIC survey of five markets in Surabaya, Yogyakarta and Malang in June 2015 counted 345. In that survey it was among the 20 most numerous species out of 22,911 birds counted.

Evidence: [BirdLife International DataZone — Sooty-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus aurigaster species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/sooty-headed-bulbul-pycnonotus-aurigaster) · [TRAFFIC — In the Market for Extinction: An inventory of Jakarta's bird markets (Chng et al., 2015)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/2466/market_for_extinction_jakarta.pdf) · [TRAFFIC — In the Market for Extinction: Eastern and Central Java (Chng & Eaton, 2016)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/2393/in-the-market-for-extinction.pdf)

## How can the sooty-headed bulbul be protected?

The simplest way to protect the sooty-headed bulbul is to leave it free. Do not catch adults, take chicks from nests, or buy wild-caught birds. According to Ditjen KSDAE, its numbers are falling because of habitat damage as well as capture and trade, so yards and city parks with trees are worth keeping. Some regions have acted. Mongabay Indonesia reports that a 2011 Aceh governor's instruction barred hunting this bird and nine other species, or taking them out of Aceh, because wild numbers had fallen.

Evidence: [Ditjen KSDAE (Balai TN Batang Gadis) — Burung Kutilang (Pycnonotus aurigaster) Cucak Terpopuler](https://ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/publikasi/berita/burung-kutilang-pycnonotus-aurigaster-cucak-terpopuler-p28m5Fpk/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Diburu, Nasib Murai Batu Makin Tak Menentu (2021)](https://mongabay.co.id/2021/02/28/diburu-nasib-murai-batu-makin-tak-menentu/)

## Common questions about the Sooty-headed bulbul

### What is the scientific name of the Sooty-headed bulbul?

The scientific name of the Sooty-headed bulbul is *Pycnonotus aurigaster*, in the family Pycnonotidae. In Indonesian it is called Kutilang.

### Where can the Sooty-headed bulbul be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Sooty-headed bulbul in: Java and Bali (native); introduced to Sumatra, Borneo and Sulawesi.

Source-supported habitats: [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/).

### What does the Sooty-headed bulbul eat?

Diet of the Sooty-headed bulbul: soft fruit and small insects.

### What is the conservation status of the Sooty-headed bulbul?

On the IUCN Red List, the Sooty-headed bulbul is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2486121), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Sooty-headed bulbul is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [BirdLife International DataZone — Sooty-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus aurigaster species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/sooty-headed-bulbul-pycnonotus-aurigaster)
2. [Ditjen KSDAE (Balai TN Batang Gadis) — Burung Kutilang (Pycnonotus aurigaster) Cucak Terpopuler](https://ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/publikasi/berita/burung-kutilang-pycnonotus-aurigaster-cucak-terpopuler-p28m5Fpk/)
3. [Bird Society of Singapore, Birds of Singapore — Sooty-headed Bulbul](https://singaporebirds.com/species/sooty-headed-bulbul/)
4. [TRAFFIC — In the Market for Extinction: An inventory of Jakarta's bird markets (Chng et al., 2015)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/2466/market_for_extinction_jakarta.pdf)
5. [TRAFFIC — In the Market for Extinction: Eastern and Central Java (Chng & Eaton, 2016)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/2393/in-the-market-for-extinction.pdf)
6. [Mongabay Indonesia — Diburu, Nasib Murai Batu Makin Tak Menentu (2021)](https://mongabay.co.id/2021/02/28/diburu-nasib-murai-batu-makin-tak-menentu/)

## Keep exploring

- [Yellow-vented bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pycnonotus-goiavier/)
- [Straw-headed bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/straw-headed-bulbul/)
- [Barn owl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/barn-owl/)
- [Pacific swallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hirundo-javanica/)
- [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Sooty-headed bulbul. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sooty-headed-bulbul/


---

# Oriental magpie-robin

> The oriental magpie-robin (Copsychus saularis) is a black-and-white songbird that was once common on Java but is now rare there because of trapping.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oriental-magpie-robin/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/kacer/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Oriental magpie-robin (*Copsychus saularis*) is a bird in the family Muscicapidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Copsychus saularis* |
| Indonesian name | Kacer |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Muscicapidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Java, Bali and Borneo (now rare in the wild on Java and Bali) |
| Linked habitats | [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/), [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/) |
| Diet | Mainly ground insects; also worms, snails, small lizards |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Java, Bali and Borneo |
| Key feature | Black-and-white male with a broad white wing stripe |
| Other names | Kucica kampung, kacer |
| Length | About 19–21 cm |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2492680) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the oriental magpie-robin?

The oriental magpie-robin, called kacer or kucica kampung in Indonesia, is a 19–21 cm songbird of the family Muscicapidae. According to the Bird Society of Singapore, the male has a glossy black head, upperparts and upper breast, white from the lower breast to the vent, and a broad white wing stripe. In females the black is replaced by grey. It differs from the white-rumped shama in having white, not orange, underparts and no white rump. BirdLife now treats Copsychus mindanensis, once lumped with it, as a separate species.

Evidence: [Bird Society of Singapore, Birds of Singapore — Oriental Magpie-Robin](https://singaporebirds.com/species/oriental-magpie-robin/) · [BirdLife International DataZone — Oriental Magpie-robin Copsychus saularis species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/oriental-magpie-robin-copsychus-saularis)

## Where does the oriental magpie-robin live?

The oriental magpie-robin lives at forest edges and in secondary growth, gardens, parks, plantations and mangroves, often close to people. In Indonesia, TRAFFIC lists it from Sumatra, Java, Bali and Borneo. On Java and Bali, however, wild birds are now very scarce. BirdLife reports that during a citizen-science count in January 2020 it was found in just 9 of the 7,935 two-by-two-kilometre squares visited across Java and Bali. The subspecies amoenus is thought to survive only in shaded, well-guarded resort grounds on Bali.

Evidence: [Bird Society of Singapore, Birds of Singapore — Oriental Magpie-Robin](https://singaporebirds.com/species/oriental-magpie-robin/) · [TRAFFIC — In the Market for Extinction: An inventory of Jakarta's bird markets (Chng et al., 2015)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/2466/market_for_extinction_jakarta.pdf) · [BirdLife International DataZone — Oriental Magpie-robin Copsychus saularis species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/oriental-magpie-robin-copsychus-saularis)

## What does the oriental magpie-robin eat?

The oriental magpie-robin feeds mainly on insects caught on the ground. According to the Oiseaux-Birds species card, which draws on the Handbook of the Birds of the World, it also eats earthworms, snails, small lizards, some plant matter and flower nectar. The Bird Society of Singapore describes it foraging mostly on the ground, hopping in an upright stance with its tail pumped over its back. It also feeds in trees at times.

Evidence: [Oiseaux-Birds (N. Bouglouan) — Oriental Magpie-Robin species card](https://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-oriental-magpie-robin.html) · [Bird Society of Singapore, Birds of Singapore — Oriental Magpie-Robin](https://singaporebirds.com/species/oriental-magpie-robin/)

## How does the oriental magpie-robin breed?

The oriental magpie-robin nests in cavities such as tree holes, gaps in walls or nest boxes. In a study in Guangxi, southern China, Zhang and colleagues (2024) found that magpie-robins used nest boxes on poles near houses more often than shamas did. The most common clutch was five eggs, with an average of 4.7. Eggs were incubated for about 12 days, and chicks were fed in the nest for about 13 days. Both parents fed the young.

Evidence: [Zhang et al. (2024), Animals — Comparison of Reproductive Strategies between Two Sympatric Copsychus Passerines (PMC)](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10885907/)

## Why is the oriental magpie-robin becoming rare in the wild?

The oriental magpie-robin is becoming rare because it is trapped in huge numbers for the songbird trade. According to TRAFFIC, it was once common on Java, but uncontrolled trapping made it scarce. BirdLife cites a 2018 survey estimating that about 2.5 million are kept on Java. Supply now often comes from Malaysia: TRAFFIC recorded 26,950 birds seized in 44 cases involving Malaysia in 2015–2020, 64% of them bound for Indonesia. In Aceh, a resident quoted by Mongabay Indonesia said the bird was easy to see near villages in the 1990s but is now disappearing.

Evidence: [TRAFFIC — Smuggled for its Song: The Trade in Malaysia's Oriental Magpie-robins (2021)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/13547/smuggled_for_its_song_oriental_magpie_robin_trade_malaysia_en_report_5_march.pdf) · [BirdLife International DataZone — Oriental Magpie-robin Copsychus saularis species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/oriental-magpie-robin-copsychus-saularis) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Diburu, Nasib Murai Batu Makin Tak Menentu (2021)](https://mongabay.co.id/2021/02/28/diburu-nasib-murai-batu-makin-tak-menentu/)

## How can the oriental magpie-robin be protected?

The oriental magpie-robin can be protected by curbing trapping and smuggling. Singapore offers a lesson: according to the Oriental Bird Club, wild birds there were trapped to near-extinction in the 1980s and had to be restored through a reintroduction programme. TRAFFIC calls for Malaysia and Indonesia to work together to break smuggling networks. People can help by not buying wild-caught or smuggled birds, not catching wild magpie-robins, and reporting suspected smuggling to the local conservation agency (BKSDA) or the police. Wild birds nesting around homes are best left alone.

Evidence: [Oriental Bird Club — Trouble ahead for heavily smuggled Oriental Magpie-robin (2021)](https://www.orientalbirdclub.org/club-news/2021/3/4/trouble-ahead-for-heavily-smuggled-but-unprotected-oriental-magpie-robin) · [TRAFFIC — Smuggled for its Song: The Trade in Malaysia's Oriental Magpie-robins (2021)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/13547/smuggled_for_its_song_oriental_magpie_robin_trade_malaysia_en_report_5_march.pdf) · [Zhang et al. (2024), Animals — Comparison of Reproductive Strategies between Two Sympatric Copsychus Passerines (PMC)](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10885907/)

## Common questions about the Oriental magpie-robin

### What is the scientific name of the Oriental magpie-robin?

The scientific name of the Oriental magpie-robin is *Copsychus saularis*, in the family Muscicapidae. In Indonesian it is called Kacer.

### Where can the Oriental magpie-robin be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Oriental magpie-robin in: Sumatra, Java, Bali and Borneo (now rare in the wild on Java and Bali).

Source-supported habitats: [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/), [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/).

### What does the Oriental magpie-robin eat?

Diet of the Oriental magpie-robin: mainly ground insects; also worms, snails, small lizards.

### What is the conservation status of the Oriental magpie-robin?

On the IUCN Red List, the Oriental magpie-robin is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2492680), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Oriental magpie-robin is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [BirdLife International DataZone — Oriental Magpie-robin Copsychus saularis species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/oriental-magpie-robin-copsychus-saularis)
2. [TRAFFIC — Smuggled for its Song: The Trade in Malaysia's Oriental Magpie-robins (2021)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/13547/smuggled_for_its_song_oriental_magpie_robin_trade_malaysia_en_report_5_march.pdf)
3. [Oriental Bird Club — Trouble ahead for heavily smuggled Oriental Magpie-robin (2021)](https://www.orientalbirdclub.org/club-news/2021/3/4/trouble-ahead-for-heavily-smuggled-but-unprotected-oriental-magpie-robin)
4. [Bird Society of Singapore, Birds of Singapore — Oriental Magpie-Robin](https://singaporebirds.com/species/oriental-magpie-robin/)
5. [Oiseaux-Birds (N. Bouglouan) — Oriental Magpie-Robin species card](https://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-oriental-magpie-robin.html)
6. [Zhang et al. (2024), Animals — Comparison of Reproductive Strategies between Two Sympatric Copsychus Passerines (PMC)](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10885907/)
7. [TRAFFIC — In the Market for Extinction: An inventory of Jakarta's bird markets (Chng et al., 2015)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/2466/market_for_extinction_jakarta.pdf)
8. [Mongabay Indonesia — Diburu, Nasib Murai Batu Makin Tak Menentu (2021)](https://mongabay.co.id/2021/02/28/diburu-nasib-murai-batu-makin-tak-menentu/)

## Keep exploring

- [White-rumped shama](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/white-rumped-shama/)
- [Barn owl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/barn-owl/)
- [Pacific swallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hirundo-javanica/)
- [Eurasian tree sparrow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/passer-montanus/)
- [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/)
- [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Oriental magpie-robin. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oriental-magpie-robin/


---

# Common hill myna

> The common hill myna (Gracula religiosa) is a glossy black myna with yellow wattles, famous for its ability to mimic human speech.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/common-hill-myna/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/beo/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Common hill myna (*Gracula religiosa*) is a bird in the family Sturnidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Gracula religiosa* |
| Indonesian name | Beo |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Sturnidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Borneo, Java and Bali, including Enggano Island (now hard to find in the wild on Java and Bali) |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Mainly fruit, especially figs; also nectar and insects |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Bali and Enggano |
| Key feature | Glossy black, yellow wattles, orange bill |
| Other names | Tiong emas, beo |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Protected (Regulation P.106/2018, listed as tiong emas) |
| International trade | CITES Appendix II since 1997 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2488999) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the common hill myna?

The common hill myna, called beo or tiong emas in Indonesia, is a 27–31 cm member of the starling family, Sturnidae, according to the Bird Society of Singapore. It is glossy black with a purple and green sheen, yellow wattles on the cheeks and nape, a bright orange bill and yellow legs. White wing patches show clearly in flight. According to BirdLife, several forms once lumped in Gracula religiosa are now treated as separate species, including G. robusta of Nias and G. venerata of Nusa Tenggara. Indonesia's Regulation P.106/2018 also lists them separately.

Evidence: [Bird Society of Singapore, Birds of Singapore — Common Hill Myna](https://singaporebirds.com/species/common-hill-myna/) · [BirdLife International DataZone — Common Hill Myna Gracula religiosa species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/common-hill-myna-gracula-religiosa) · [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (teks dan lampiran)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Where does the common hill myna live?

The common hill myna lives in moist and semi-evergreen forest from the lowlands up into the hills and mountains. BirdLife maps its range from eastern India and southern China to Borneo and the Greater Sundas, including Enggano Island. Animal Diversity Web says it prefers areas of high rainfall and humidity and is common at forest edges and clearings. Mongabay Indonesia, writing with Burung Indonesia, reports that it is common in the lowland forests of Sumatra and Borneo, but now hard to find in the wild on Java and Bali.

Evidence: [BirdLife International DataZone — Common Hill Myna Gracula religiosa species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/common-hill-myna-gracula-religiosa) · [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Gracula religiosa (hill myna)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gracula_religiosa/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Tiong Emas, Si Peniru Suara Manusia yang Ulung (2016)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2016/01/11/tiong-emas-si-peniru-suara-manusia-yang-ulung/)

## What does the common hill myna eat?

The common hill myna feeds mainly on fruit, and figs are what it eats most often. According to Animal Diversity Web, it also takes berries and seeds from many trees and shrubs, as well as nectar, insects and lizards. Most insects are picked from trees, but it has been seen catching flying termites in the air. It lives almost entirely in the trees. The Bird Society of Singapore notes that it is usually seen in pairs or small groups, especially at fruiting trees.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Gracula religiosa (hill myna)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gracula_religiosa/) · [Bird Society of Singapore, Birds of Singapore — Common Hill Myna](https://singaporebirds.com/species/common-hill-myna/)

## Why can the common hill myna mimic human speech?

The hill myna's talent for mimicry comes from its syrinx, the bird's voice organ. According to Mongabay Indonesia, one of the cartilage ridges in the syrinx wall works much like human vocal cords. In the wild, each bird has three to 13 call types, and hill mynas do not copy other bird species. Their ability to imitate human speech appears in captivity.

Hill mynas nest in tree holes at the forest edge, mostly from April to July. According to Animal Diversity Web, the female usually lays two blue eggs with brown spots.

Evidence: [Mongabay Indonesia — Tiong Emas, Si Peniru Suara Manusia yang Ulung (2016)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2016/01/11/tiong-emas-si-peniru-suara-manusia-yang-ulung/) · [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Gracula religiosa (hill myna)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gracula_religiosa/)

## Why is the common hill myna so heavily hunted?

The hill myna is hunted because its mimicry makes it one of the most popular pet birds in Asia. According to BirdLife, more than 170,000 wild-caught hill mynas were exported from range states in 1994–2003. Trade combined with forest loss has caused major declines in Indonesia, China, Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand, driven mainly by domestic demand. A TRAFFIC survey of five markets in Surabaya, Yogyakarta and Malang in June 2015 still found 197 hill mynas for sale, at an average of about US$188 each.

Evidence: [BirdLife International DataZone — Common Hill Myna Gracula religiosa species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/common-hill-myna-gracula-religiosa) · [TRAFFIC — In the Market for Extinction: Eastern and Central Java (Chng & Eaton, 2016)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/2393/in-the-market-for-extinction.pdf)

## How can the common hill myna be protected?

The common hill myna is protected in Indonesia: Gracula religiosa is listed as tiong emas in the annex of Environment and Forestry Ministerial Regulation P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018. Internationally, it was added to CITES Appendix III in 1992 at Thailand's request and moved to Appendix II in 1997. People can help by not catching, buying or trading hill mynas, and by reporting sales in markets or on social media to the local conservation agency (BKSDA) or the police. Protecting lowland and hill forest with large, hollow trees also matters, because hill mynas nest in tree holes.

Evidence: [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (teks dan lampiran)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf) · [BirdLife International DataZone — Common Hill Myna Gracula religiosa species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/common-hill-myna-gracula-religiosa) · [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Gracula religiosa (hill myna)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gracula_religiosa/)

## Common questions about the Common hill myna

### What is the scientific name of the Common hill myna?

The scientific name of the Common hill myna is *Gracula religiosa*, in the family Sturnidae. In Indonesian it is called Beo.

### Where can the Common hill myna be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Common hill myna in: Sumatra, Borneo, Java and Bali, including Enggano Island (now hard to find in the wild on Java and Bali).

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Common hill myna eat?

Diet of the Common hill myna: mainly fruit, especially figs; also nectar and insects.

### What is the conservation status of the Common hill myna?

On the IUCN Red List, the Common hill myna is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2488999), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Common hill myna is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [BirdLife International DataZone — Common Hill Myna Gracula religiosa species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/common-hill-myna-gracula-religiosa)
2. [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Gracula religiosa (hill myna)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gracula_religiosa/)
3. [Mongabay Indonesia — Tiong Emas, Si Peniru Suara Manusia yang Ulung (2016)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2016/01/11/tiong-emas-si-peniru-suara-manusia-yang-ulung/)
4. [Bird Society of Singapore, Birds of Singapore — Common Hill Myna](https://singaporebirds.com/species/common-hill-myna/)
5. [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (teks dan lampiran)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)
6. [TRAFFIC — In the Market for Extinction: Eastern and Central Java (Chng & Eaton, 2016)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/2393/in-the-market-for-extinction.pdf)

## Keep exploring

- [Flores hawk-eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/flores-hawk-eagle/)
- [Greater bird-of-paradise](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/greater-bird-of-paradise/)
- [Green peafowl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-peafowl/)
- [Helmeted hornbill](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/helmeted-hornbill/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [White-rumped shama](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/white-rumped-shama/)
- [Straw-headed bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/straw-headed-bulbul/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Common hill myna. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/common-hill-myna/


---

# Black-winged myna

> The black-winged myna (Acridotheres melanopterus) is a white, black-winged starling endemic to Java and Bali, almost wiped out in the wild by the bird trade.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-winged-myna/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/jalak-putih/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Black-winged myna (*Acridotheres melanopterus*) is a bird in the family Sturnidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Acridotheres melanopterus* |
| Indonesian name | Jalak putih |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Sturnidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Java, Bali, Madura and Nusa Penida (endemic to Indonesia) |
| Linked habitats | [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/) |
| Diet | Insects in savanna; also parasites on deer's backs |
| Range in Indonesia | Endemic to Java, Bali, Madura and Nusa Penida |
| Key feature | White body, black wings and tail, yellow bill |
| Other names | Jalak putih, black-winged starling |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Protected (Regulation P.106/2018) |
| IUCN status | Endangered (2021 assessment) |
| IUCN status | Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5845376) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the black-winged myna?

The black-winged myna is a stocky starling about 23 cm long, white all over apart from black wings and tail. According to BirdLife, adults have a short white crest, bare yellowish or pinkish skin around the eye and a yellow bill and legs. The Bali myna differs in having black only on the wing and tail tips, a much longer crest and blue skin around the eye. There are three subspecies. A 2020 genomic study by Sadanandan and colleagues found them genetically very similar, so BirdLife now treats them as one species again.

Evidence: [BirdLife International DataZone — Black-winged Myna Acridotheres melanopterus species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/black-winged-myna-acridotheres-melanopterus) · [Sadanandan et al. (2020), Scientific Reports — The conservation value of admixed phenotypes in a critically endangered species complex (PMC)](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7511927/)

## Where does the black-winged myna live?

The black-winged myna is endemic to Java and Bali and also occurs on Madura and Nusa Penida. The subspecies melanopterus lives across most of Java, tricolor in south-east Java and tertius on Bali. According to BirdLife, it uses open lowland country such as farmland, grazed pasture, savanna, monsoon forest including teak, and forest edge. BirdLife's 2021 assessment says melanopterus may already be extinct in the wild. The largest wild population, about 180 birds, is in Baluran National Park, while 35–100 are thought to remain in West Bali National Park.

Evidence: [BirdLife International DataZone — Black-winged Myna Acridotheres melanopterus species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/black-winged-myna-acridotheres-melanopterus) · [Shepherd et al. (2016), Bird Conservation International — Illegal trade pushing the Critically Endangered Black-winged Myna Acridotheres melanopterus towards imminent extinction](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bird-conservation-international/article/illegal-trade-pushing-the-critically-endangered-blackwinged-myna-acridotheres-melanopterus-towards-imminent-extinction/6830606866841E8D01817345FE546AA6)

## What does the black-winged myna eat?

The black-winged myna feeds on open ground such as savanna and grassland, and its food includes insects. A study by Brillianti (2019) in West Bali National Park found that it used the savanna to feed and drink. In the rainy season the savanna offers plenty of insects in the undergrowth and nearby trees. The researchers also watched mynas picking parasites off the backs of deer, while grazing deer flushed insects that the birds could catch. BirdLife adds that some flocks on Bali were thought to move around following flowering and fruiting trees.

Evidence: [Brillianti (2019), Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (IPB) — Black-winged Starling Populations and Habitats in West Bali National Park](https://journal.ipb.ac.id/jpsl/article/view/19404) · [BirdLife International DataZone — Black-winged Myna Acridotheres melanopterus species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/black-winged-myna-acridotheres-melanopterus)

## How does the black-winged myna behave?

The black-winged myna usually lives in pairs or small flocks and feeds on grassy ground. According to Shepherd and colleagues (2016), it once roosted in trees and even on houses in towns. It nests in natural cavities and in artificial nest boxes. BirdLife reports that birds released at the Taman Safari Bogor site breed in both natural and artificial cavities. Cikananga Wildlife Center reports the first wild breeding by its released birds in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park in April 2014.

Evidence: [Shepherd et al. (2016), Bird Conservation International — Illegal trade pushing the Critically Endangered Black-winged Myna Acridotheres melanopterus towards imminent extinction](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bird-conservation-international/article/illegal-trade-pushing-the-critically-endangered-blackwinged-myna-acridotheres-melanopterus-towards-imminent-extinction/6830606866841E8D01817345FE546AA6) · [BirdLife International DataZone — Black-winged Myna Acridotheres melanopterus species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/black-winged-myna-acridotheres-melanopterus) · [Cikananga Wildlife Center — Black-winged Myna](https://www.cikanangawildlifecenter.com/black-winged-myna/)

## Why is the black-winged myna endangered?

The black-winged myna is endangered mainly because it is caught for the bird trade. BirdLife calls it one of the most popular cage birds on Java. The 2021 IUCN assessment estimates a global population of only 220–285 birds, or about 150–190 mature individuals, and lists it as Endangered. According to TRAFFIC, its price in Jakarta rose from about US$12.50 in 1987 to an average of US$270 in 2014. Poaching continues even in protected areas: three juveniles were taken from West Bali National Park in May 2021.

Evidence: [BirdLife International DataZone — Black-winged Myna Acridotheres melanopterus species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/black-winged-myna-acridotheres-melanopterus) · [TRAFFIC — In the Market for Extinction: An inventory of Jakarta's bird markets (Chng et al., 2015)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/2466/market_for_extinction_jakarta.pdf)

## How can the black-winged myna be protected?

The black-winged myna is protected in Indonesia: Acridotheres melanopterus is listed in the annex of Regulation P.106/2018, as are A. tricolor and A. tertius. According to BirdLife, protection makes catching, transporting and trading it illegal, but enforcement remains weak. BirdLife recommends enforcement at bird markets and in protected areas, and campaigns to stop people buying protected wildlife. People can help by reporting sales to the local conservation agency (BKSDA) or the police. Do not release caged birds yourself: unplanned releases can mix subspecies. Sadanandan and colleagues recommend separate breeding programmes for each subspecies.

Evidence: [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (teks dan lampiran)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf) · [BirdLife International DataZone — Black-winged Myna Acridotheres melanopterus species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/black-winged-myna-acridotheres-melanopterus) · [Sadanandan et al. (2020), Scientific Reports — The conservation value of admixed phenotypes in a critically endangered species complex (PMC)](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7511927/)

## Common questions about the Black-winged myna

### What is the scientific name of the Black-winged myna?

The scientific name of the Black-winged myna is *Acridotheres melanopterus*, in the family Sturnidae. In Indonesian it is called Jalak putih.

### Where can the Black-winged myna be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Black-winged myna in: Java, Bali, Madura and Nusa Penida (endemic to Indonesia).

Source-supported habitats: [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/).

### What does the Black-winged myna eat?

Diet of the Black-winged myna: insects in savanna; also parasites on deer's backs.

### What is the conservation status of the Black-winged myna?

On the IUCN Red List, the Black-winged myna is listed as Endangered: it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5845376), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Black-winged myna is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [BirdLife International DataZone — Black-winged Myna Acridotheres melanopterus species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/black-winged-myna-acridotheres-melanopterus)
2. [Shepherd et al. (2016), Bird Conservation International — Illegal trade pushing the Critically Endangered Black-winged Myna Acridotheres melanopterus towards imminent extinction](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bird-conservation-international/article/illegal-trade-pushing-the-critically-endangered-blackwinged-myna-acridotheres-melanopterus-towards-imminent-extinction/6830606866841E8D01817345FE546AA6)
3. [Sadanandan et al. (2020), Scientific Reports — The conservation value of admixed phenotypes in a critically endangered species complex (PMC)](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7511927/)
4. [Brillianti (2019), Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (IPB) — Black-winged Starling Populations and Habitats in West Bali National Park](https://journal.ipb.ac.id/jpsl/article/view/19404)
5. [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (teks dan lampiran)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)
6. [Cikananga Wildlife Center — Black-winged Myna](https://www.cikanangawildlifecenter.com/black-winged-myna/)
7. [TRAFFIC — In the Market for Extinction: An inventory of Jakarta's bird markets (Chng et al., 2015)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/2466/market_for_extinction_jakarta.pdf)

## Keep exploring

- [Bali myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bali-myna/)
- [Green peafowl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-peafowl/)
- [Palm cockatoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/palm-cockatoo/)
- [Common Sandpiper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/actitis-hypoleucos/)
- [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/)
- [Crested serpent eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-serpent-eagle/)
- [Javan pied starling](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-pied-starling/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Black-winged myna. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-winged-myna/


---

# Rhinoceros hornbill

> The rhinoceros hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros) is a large hornbill with an upturned orange-red casque, found in Sumatra, Java and Borneo; Vulnerable.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhinoceros-hornbill/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/rangkong-badak/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Rhinoceros hornbill (*Buceros rhinoceros*) is a bird in the family Bucerotidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Vulnerable.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Buceros rhinoceros* |
| Indonesian name | Rangkong badak |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Bucerotidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Java and Borneo (Kalimantan) |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Mainly figs, plus insects, lizards and other small animals |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Java and Kalimantan |
| Key feature | Upturned orange-red casque; white tail with black band |
| Other names | Enggang cula, rangkong badak |
| IUCN status | Vulnerable (BirdLife assessment, 2020) |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Protected (Ministerial Regulation P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018) |
| IUCN status | Vulnerable · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2476004) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the rhinoceros hornbill?

The rhinoceros hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros) is a very large hornbill with an orange-red casque that curves upwards above its bill. According to the IUCN SSC Hornbill Specialist Group, it measures 99–125 cm; males weigh 2,465–3,000 g and females 2,040–2,330 g. It is black, with white thighs, vent and tail, and a broad black tail band. Males have red eyes; females have white eyes and a smaller casque.

Three subspecies exist: B. r. rhinoceros (Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula), B. r. borneoensis (Borneo) and B. r. silvestris (Java). Unlike the similar great hornbill (Buceros bicornis), it has all-black wings and a reddish, upturned casque rather than a yellowish, straight one.

Evidence: [IUCN SSC Hornbill Specialist Group — Rhinoceros Hornbill](https://iucnhornbills.org/rhinoceros-hornbill/) · [Animal Diversity Web — Buceros rhinoceros (rhinoceros hornbill)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Buceros_rhinoceros/)

## Where does the rhinoceros hornbill live?

In Indonesia, the rhinoceros hornbill lives in the forests of Sumatra, Java and Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo). Beyond Indonesia it occurs in Peninsular Malaysia, southern Thailand, Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei, but it is locally extinct in Singapore. Its main habitat is extensive primary lowland and hill forest, extending into tall secondary forest and swamp forest, up to about 1,400 m. It sometimes crosses plantations or disturbed land to reach fruiting trees. BirdLife International lists protected areas where it occurs, including Gunung Leuser, Bukit Barisan Selatan, Way Kambas and Berbak in Sumatra, and Bukit Baka Bukit Raya in West Kalimantan.

Evidence: [BirdLife International DataZone — Rhinoceros Hornbill Buceros rhinoceros species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/rhinoceros-hornbill-buceros-rhinoceros) · [IUCN SSC Hornbill Specialist Group — Rhinoceros Hornbill](https://iucnhornbills.org/rhinoceros-hornbill/)

## What does the rhinoceros hornbill eat?

The rhinoceros hornbill mainly eats fruit, especially figs (Ficus), and occasionally takes small animals. Animal Diversity Web cites one study in which figs made up 76.9% of its diet. In southern Thailand, food delivered to nests was 72% figs, 24% other fruit and 4% animal prey by weight. Animal prey includes insects, lizards, tree frogs, rodents and bird eggs, taken especially to give protein to chicks. Because it regurgitates or excretes seeds away from the parent tree, it is an important seed disperser, including for trees with very large seeds.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Buceros rhinoceros (rhinoceros hornbill)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Buceros_rhinoceros/) · [IUCN SSC Hornbill Specialist Group — Rhinoceros Hornbill](https://iucnhornbills.org/rhinoceros-hornbill/) · [BirdLife International DataZone — Rhinoceros Hornbill Buceros rhinoceros species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/rhinoceros-hornbill-buceros-rhinoceros)

## How does the rhinoceros hornbill nest?

The rhinoceros hornbill nests in natural cavities in large trees, and the female seals herself inside. It cannot dig its own hole, so it depends on old trees; BirdLife notes nest cavities 9–15 m above the ground. The female closes the entrance with mud, droppings and fruit remains, leaving a narrow slit through which the male passes food. According to Animal Diversity Web, she lays 1–2 eggs, incubates them for 37–46 days and stays sealed in for 5–7 weeks after hatching. The young are nearly independent at about four months. Pairs are monogamous and first breed at about five years old.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Buceros rhinoceros (rhinoceros hornbill)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Buceros_rhinoceros/) · [BirdLife International DataZone — Rhinoceros Hornbill Buceros rhinoceros species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/rhinoceros-hornbill-buceros-rhinoceros)

## Why is the rhinoceros hornbill threatened?

The rhinoceros hornbill is threatened because its lowland forest keeps disappearing and it is still hunted. BirdLife International has assessed it as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 2018, and its 2020 assessment projects a 35–40% population decline over three generations, or 42 years. It is hunted for food and trade, and for its casque and tail feathers, which are used in ceremonial dress. BirdLife also notes that it may be caught as bycatch by hunters targeting helmeted hornbills, and that hunting for feathers and casques sold online in Kalimantan is likely to increase.

Evidence: [BirdLife International DataZone — Rhinoceros Hornbill Buceros rhinoceros species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/rhinoceros-hornbill-buceros-rhinoceros) · [Animal Diversity Web — Buceros rhinoceros (rhinoceros hornbill)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Buceros_rhinoceros/)

## How can the rhinoceros hornbill be protected?

The rhinoceros hornbill benefits most when large tracts of lowland forest stay intact and hunting stops. It is listed as a protected species, under the name enggang cula, in the annex to Indonesian Ministerial Regulation P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018, and its international trade is regulated under CITES Appendix II. People can help by not buying or keeping hornbills, or their feathers and casques, including those offered online. Large hollow trees near forest should be left standing, because hornbills cannot make their own nest holes. If you see hornbills being hunted or sold, report it to local forestry or conservation officers.

Evidence: [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK No. P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf) · [BirdLife International DataZone — Rhinoceros Hornbill Buceros rhinoceros species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/rhinoceros-hornbill-buceros-rhinoceros) · [Animal Diversity Web — Buceros rhinoceros (rhinoceros hornbill)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Buceros_rhinoceros/)

## Common questions about the Rhinoceros hornbill

### What is the scientific name of the Rhinoceros hornbill?

The scientific name of the Rhinoceros hornbill is *Buceros rhinoceros*, in the family Bucerotidae. In Indonesian it is called Rangkong badak.

### Where can the Rhinoceros hornbill be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Rhinoceros hornbill in: Sumatra, Java and Borneo (Kalimantan).

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Rhinoceros hornbill eat?

Diet of the Rhinoceros hornbill: mainly figs, plus insects, lizards and other small animals.

### What is the conservation status of the Rhinoceros hornbill?

On the IUCN Red List, the Rhinoceros hornbill is listed as Vulnerable: it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2476004), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Rhinoceros hornbill is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [BirdLife International DataZone — Rhinoceros Hornbill Buceros rhinoceros species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/rhinoceros-hornbill-buceros-rhinoceros)
2. [Animal Diversity Web — Buceros rhinoceros (rhinoceros hornbill)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Buceros_rhinoceros/)
3. [IUCN SSC Hornbill Specialist Group — Rhinoceros Hornbill](https://iucnhornbills.org/rhinoceros-hornbill/)
4. [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK No. P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Further reading

[Rhinoceros hornbill: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/rhinoceros-hornbill/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Common hill myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/common-hill-myna/)
- [Flores hawk-eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/flores-hawk-eagle/)
- [Greater bird-of-paradise](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/greater-bird-of-paradise/)
- [Green peafowl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-peafowl/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Rhinoceros hornbill. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhinoceros-hornbill/


---

# Greater bird-of-paradise

> The greater bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea apoda) is a yellow-plumed bird-of-paradise of the Aru Islands and the southern lowlands of New Guinea.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/greater-bird-of-paradise/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/cenderawasih-besar/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Greater bird-of-paradise (*Paradisaea apoda*) is a bird in the family Paradisaeidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Paradisaea apoda* |
| Indonesian name | Cenderawasih besar |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Paradisaeidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Aru Islands (Maluku) and the southern lowlands of Papua |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Fruit and arthropods such as insects |
| Range in Indonesia | Aru Islands and the southern lowlands of Papua |
| Key feature | Males have long yellow plumes and two tail wires |
| Other names | Cenderawasih kuning besar, cendrawasih besar |
| IUCN status | Least Concern (BirdLife assessment, 2024) |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Protected (Ministerial Regulation P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018) |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2494862) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the greater bird-of-paradise?

The greater bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea apoda) is a bird-of-paradise whose males carry long yellow flank plumes and two wire-like central tail feathers. According to the Australian Museum, males average 43 cm excluding the tail wires, and females about 35 cm. Males have a yellow head and an iridescent green throat, with a brown back, wings and underparts. Females are brown all over.

In Indonesian it is also called cenderawasih kuning besar. It resembles the lesser bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea minor), but its back is brown rather than yellow, and it is the larger of the two.

Evidence: [Australian Museum — Greater Bird of Paradise](https://australian.museum/about/history/exhibitions/birds-of-paradise/greater-bird-of-paradise/) · [Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi — Pohon Bermain Burung Cenderawasih Kuning Besar (Paradisaea apoda) di Hutan Kampung Katan, Kabupaten Mappi (2023)](https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/kauniyah/article/view/22859)

## Where does the greater bird-of-paradise live?

The greater bird-of-paradise lives in the Aru Islands, Maluku, and the southern lowlands of New Guinea, from around Timika east to the Fly and Strickland rivers in Papua New Guinea. Its habitat is lowland and hill forest up to about 950 m. A study in the village forest of Katan, Mappi Regency, recorded the birds using particular display trees. Mongabay Indonesia, citing researchers from Pattimura University, reports that within Maluku it occurs only in the Aru Islands. Key habitat there lies on Kobror and Baun islands in Central Aru, which have tall natural forest and mangrove-fringed coasts.

Evidence: [Australian Museum — Greater Bird of Paradise](https://australian.museum/about/history/exhibitions/birds-of-paradise/greater-bird-of-paradise/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Tidak Hanya di Papua, Habitat Cendrawasih Juga Ada di Pulau Kobror, Aru (2023)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2023/10/29/tidak-hanya-di-papua-habitat-cendrawasih-juga-ada-di-pulau-kobror-aru/) · [Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi — Pohon Bermain Burung Cenderawasih Kuning Besar (Paradisaea apoda) di Hutan Kampung Katan, Kabupaten Mappi (2023)](https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/kauniyah/article/view/22859)

## What does the greater bird-of-paradise eat?

The greater bird-of-paradise eats fruit and arthropods, including insects. Mongabay Indonesia, citing research in the Aru Islands, says it takes a range of small to medium-sized fruits and some insects. Much of its activity takes place in large forest trees such as wild canarium (Canarium vulgare), wild nutmeg (Myristica fatua) and tawang (Pometia pinnata), which can reach 30 m. It uses these trees for perching, feeding, nesting and mating. The bird is sensitive to disturbance and may leave an area if it is bothered by the noise of human activity.

Evidence: [Australian Museum — Greater Bird of Paradise](https://australian.museum/about/history/exhibitions/birds-of-paradise/greater-bird-of-paradise/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Tidak Hanya di Papua, Habitat Cendrawasih Juga Ada di Pulau Kobror, Aru (2023)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2023/10/29/tidak-hanya-di-papua-habitat-cendrawasih-juga-ada-di-pulau-kobror-aru/)

## How does the greater bird-of-paradise display and breed?

The greater bird-of-paradise breeds at leks, where several males display together on traditional perches to attract females. The Australian Museum records up to 15 adult males at one lek, plus younger males still in female-like plumage. Displaying males throw their plumes over their backs, hop along the branch and then hang facing downwards with plumes spread. Females build and attend nests alone. Breeding has been recorded at least in March–May and August–December. A study in a production forest in Papua saw young males watch adult males and then imitate their dance, suggesting a learning process.

Evidence: [Australian Museum — Greater Bird of Paradise](https://australian.museum/about/history/exhibitions/birds-of-paradise/greater-bird-of-paradise/) · [Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (IPB) — Pramunandya 2024, The Display Behavior of Sub-Adult Greater Bird-of-Paradise (Paradisaea apoda)](https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jpsl/article/view/52395)

## Why is the greater bird-of-paradise called the ‘footless’ bird?

The scientific name apoda means ‘footless’ because the first trade skins taken to Europe had their legs removed. The Australian Museum explains that these skins were prepared without legs, which is why Linnaeus gave the species this name in 1758. Trade is still a pressure today. BirdLife reports that the species appears at high prevalence in wildlife-trade datasets, including for handicrafts and the pet trade. In the Aru Islands, a resident interviewed by Mongabay Indonesia said the population on Trangan Island had declined because of hunting for sale and illegal logging.

Evidence: [Australian Museum — Greater Bird of Paradise](https://australian.museum/about/history/exhibitions/birds-of-paradise/greater-bird-of-paradise/) · [BirdLife International DataZone — Greater Bird-of-paradise Paradisaea apoda species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/greater-bird-of-paradise-paradisaea-apoda) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Tidak Hanya di Papua, Habitat Cendrawasih Juga Ada di Pulau Kobror, Aru (2023)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2023/10/29/tidak-hanya-di-papua-habitat-cendrawasih-juga-ada-di-pulau-kobror-aru/)

## How can the greater bird-of-paradise be protected?

The greater bird-of-paradise is listed as a protected species, as cendrawasih besar, in the annex to Indonesian Ministerial Regulation P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018. BirdLife assessed it as Least Concern in 2024, but its population is suspected to be declining as forest cover shrinks. The best help is to protect lowland forest, including the trees used for leks. Do not buy live birds, mounted specimens or ornaments made from its plumes. When watching displays in the wild, keep your distance and stay quiet. In the Aru Islands, Kobror and Baun are designated as part of a wildlife reserve in the regency’s spatial plan.

Evidence: [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK No. P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf) · [BirdLife International DataZone — Greater Bird-of-paradise Paradisaea apoda species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/greater-bird-of-paradise-paradisaea-apoda) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Tidak Hanya di Papua, Habitat Cendrawasih Juga Ada di Pulau Kobror, Aru (2023)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2023/10/29/tidak-hanya-di-papua-habitat-cendrawasih-juga-ada-di-pulau-kobror-aru/)

## Common questions about the Greater bird-of-paradise

### What is the scientific name of the Greater bird-of-paradise?

The scientific name of the Greater bird-of-paradise is *Paradisaea apoda*, in the family Paradisaeidae. In Indonesian it is called Cenderawasih besar.

### Where can the Greater bird-of-paradise be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Greater bird-of-paradise in: Aru Islands (Maluku) and the southern lowlands of Papua.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Greater bird-of-paradise eat?

Diet of the Greater bird-of-paradise: fruit and arthropods such as insects.

### What is the conservation status of the Greater bird-of-paradise?

On the IUCN Red List, the Greater bird-of-paradise is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2494862), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Greater bird-of-paradise is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [BirdLife International DataZone — Greater Bird-of-paradise Paradisaea apoda species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/greater-bird-of-paradise-paradisaea-apoda)
2. [Australian Museum — Greater Bird of Paradise](https://australian.museum/about/history/exhibitions/birds-of-paradise/greater-bird-of-paradise/)
3. [Mongabay Indonesia — Tidak Hanya di Papua, Habitat Cendrawasih Juga Ada di Pulau Kobror, Aru (2023)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2023/10/29/tidak-hanya-di-papua-habitat-cendrawasih-juga-ada-di-pulau-kobror-aru/)
4. [Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (IPB) — Pramunandya 2024, The Display Behavior of Sub-Adult Greater Bird-of-Paradise (Paradisaea apoda)](https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jpsl/article/view/52395)
5. [Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi — Pohon Bermain Burung Cenderawasih Kuning Besar (Paradisaea apoda) di Hutan Kampung Katan, Kabupaten Mappi (2023)](https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/kauniyah/article/view/22859)
6. [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK No. P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Further reading

[Greater bird-of-paradise: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/greater-bird-of-paradise/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Red bird-of-paradise](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/red-bird-of-paradise/)
- [Common hill myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/common-hill-myna/)
- [Flores hawk-eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/flores-hawk-eagle/)
- [Green peafowl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-peafowl/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [White-rumped shama](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/white-rumped-shama/)
- [Rhinoceros hornbill](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhinoceros-hornbill/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Greater bird-of-paradise. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/greater-bird-of-paradise/


---

# Victoria crowned pigeon

> The Victoria crowned pigeon (Goura victoria) is a giant pigeon with a lacy blue crest, living in lowland forest in northern Papua, Yapen and Biak.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/victoria-crowned-pigeon/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/mambruk-victoria/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Victoria crowned pigeon (*Goura victoria*) is a bird in the family Columbidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Near Threatened.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Goura victoria* |
| Indonesian name | Mambruk Victoria |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Columbidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Northern Papua, Yapen and Biak-Supiori |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Fallen fruit, berries, seeds and insects |
| Range in Indonesia | Northern Papua, Yapen and Biak-Supiori |
| Key feature | Lacy fan-shaped crest tipped white; red eyes |
| Other names | Mambruk, crowned pigeon |
| IUCN status | Near Threatened (BirdLife assessment, 2021) |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Protected (Ministerial Regulation P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018) |
| IUCN status | Near Threatened · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495204) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Victoria crowned pigeon?

The Victoria crowned pigeon (Goura victoria) is one of the world’s largest pigeons, with a lace-like, fan-shaped crest whose feathers are tipped white. According to Toronto Zoo, it weighs around 3.4 kg and measures 75–85 cm. Its plumage is blue-grey with a purple chest, its red eyes sit in a dark mask, and its legs are long. Males and females look almost alike.

A 2018 genetic study recognised four crowned pigeon species, all endemic to New Guinea, and found that the Victoria crowned pigeon’s closest relative is Goura scheepmakeri. Indonesia’s protected-species regulation lists three: G. cristata (mambruk ubiaat), G. sclaterii (mambruk selatan) and the Victoria crowned pigeon.

Evidence: [Toronto Zoo — Victoria crowned pigeon](https://www.torontozoo.com/animals/Victoria%20crowned%20pigeon) · [PubMed — Bruxaux et al. 2018, Recovering the evolutionary history of crowned pigeons (Columbidae: Goura), Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29199106/) · [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK No. P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Where does the Victoria crowned pigeon live?

In Indonesia, the Victoria crowned pigeon lives in northern Papua, from Cenderawasih (Geelvink) Bay eastwards, and on Yapen and Biak-Supiori. BirdLife International says the Biak-Supiori birds may have been introduced. The main populations are in the Mamberamo Basin of Papua and the Sepik Basin of Papua New Guinea. It lives in lowland forest, including swamp forest, sago forest and drier forest, mostly in the extreme lowlands and up to about 600 m. A 2014 study found it only in continuous forest, not in forest fragments.

Evidence: [BirdLife International DataZone — Victoria Crowned-pigeon Goura victoria species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/victoria-crowned-pigeon-goura-victoria) · [Toronto Zoo — Victoria crowned pigeon](https://www.torontozoo.com/animals/Victoria%20crowned%20pigeon)

## What does the Victoria crowned pigeon eat?

The Victoria crowned pigeon feeds on the forest floor, mainly on fallen fruit, berries and seeds. BirdLife notes that it forages in small groups of 2–10 birds and roosts in trees. Toronto Zoo adds that it also eats insects and spends much of its time searching the soft, marshy ground of the forest. Feeding on the ground makes it vulnerable to the small snares that local hunters commonly set for ground-dwelling birds in the lowland forests of northern Papua.

Evidence: [BirdLife International DataZone — Victoria Crowned-pigeon Goura victoria species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/victoria-crowned-pigeon-goura-victoria) · [Toronto Zoo — Victoria crowned pigeon](https://www.torontozoo.com/animals/Victoria%20crowned%20pigeon)

## How does the Victoria crowned pigeon breed?

The Victoria crowned pigeon lays a single egg per nesting attempt. According to Toronto Zoo, pairs tend to mate for life; the male chooses the site and gathers twigs, and the female builds a platform nest fairly low in a tree or shrub. Both parents take turns incubating for about 30 days and feed the chick on ‘crop milk’. The young leave the nest 35–40 days after hatching. BirdLife notes that captive birds start breeding at 15 months old. A researcher quoted by Mongabay Indonesia said a Victoria crowned pigeon at Rotterdam Zoo lived to 35 years.

Evidence: [Toronto Zoo — Victoria crowned pigeon](https://www.torontozoo.com/animals/Victoria%20crowned%20pigeon) · [BirdLife International DataZone — Victoria Crowned-pigeon Goura victoria species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/victoria-crowned-pigeon-goura-victoria) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Dijuluki Merpati Bermahkota, Burung Ini Hanya Ada di Papua (2021)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2021/06/01/dijuluki-merpati-bermahkota-burung-ini-hanya-ada-di-papua/)

## Why is the Victoria crowned pigeon hunted?

The Victoria crowned pigeon is hunted mainly for meat and to a lesser extent for its feathers, and nestlings are taken to be raised or sold. BirdLife notes that a 2010 study placed it among the main birds hunted in northern Papua, and that it has disappeared near some transmigration settlements. A researcher quoted by Mongabay Indonesia said crowned pigeons trust people, which makes them easy to shoot with arrows or catch. Selective logging, oil palm and logging roads that open access to hunters add pressure. BirdLife assessed it as Near Threatened in 2021, with a rough estimate of 10,000–19,999 mature individuals (2016).

Evidence: [BirdLife International DataZone — Victoria Crowned-pigeon Goura victoria species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/victoria-crowned-pigeon-goura-victoria) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Dijuluki Merpati Bermahkota, Burung Ini Hanya Ada di Papua (2021)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2021/06/01/dijuluki-merpati-bermahkota-burung-ini-hanya-ada-di-papua/)

## How can the Victoria crowned pigeon be protected?

The Victoria crowned pigeon is listed as a protected species in the annex to Indonesian Ministerial Regulation P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018, and its international trade is regulated under CITES Appendix II. People can help by not buying, keeping or eating crowned pigeons, and by not setting snares in the forest. Continuous lowland forest needs protecting, because the species is not found in small forest fragments. BirdLife recommends monitoring trade, working with port authorities, enforcing protection in reserves and promoting the bird as an ecotourism flagship. If you see crowned pigeons for sale, report it to local conservation officers.

Evidence: [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK No. P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf) · [BirdLife International DataZone — Victoria Crowned-pigeon Goura victoria species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/victoria-crowned-pigeon-goura-victoria)

## Common questions about the Victoria crowned pigeon

### What is the scientific name of the Victoria crowned pigeon?

The scientific name of the Victoria crowned pigeon is *Goura victoria*, in the family Columbidae. In Indonesian it is called Mambruk Victoria.

### Where can the Victoria crowned pigeon be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Victoria crowned pigeon in: Northern Papua, Yapen and Biak-Supiori.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Victoria crowned pigeon eat?

Diet of the Victoria crowned pigeon: fallen fruit, berries, seeds and insects.

### What is the conservation status of the Victoria crowned pigeon?

On the IUCN Red List, the Victoria crowned pigeon is listed as Near Threatened: it is close to qualifying, or likely to qualify, for a threatened category in the near future. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2495204), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Victoria crowned pigeon is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [BirdLife International DataZone — Victoria Crowned-pigeon Goura victoria species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/victoria-crowned-pigeon-goura-victoria)
2. [Toronto Zoo — Victoria crowned pigeon](https://www.torontozoo.com/animals/Victoria%20crowned%20pigeon)
3. [Mongabay Indonesia — Dijuluki Merpati Bermahkota, Burung Ini Hanya Ada di Papua (2021)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2021/06/01/dijuluki-merpati-bermahkota-burung-ini-hanya-ada-di-papua/)
4. [PubMed — Bruxaux et al. 2018, Recovering the evolutionary history of crowned pigeons (Columbidae: Goura), Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29199106/)
5. [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK No. P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Further reading

[Victoria crowned pigeon: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/victoria-crowned-pigeon/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Common hill myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/common-hill-myna/)
- [Flores hawk-eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/flores-hawk-eagle/)
- [Greater bird-of-paradise](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/greater-bird-of-paradise/)
- [Green peafowl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-peafowl/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Victoria crowned pigeon. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/victoria-crowned-pigeon/


---

# Palm cockatoo

> The palm cockatoo (Probosciger aterrimus) is a large black cockatoo with red cheek patches from New Guinea and the Aru Islands, known for drumming.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/palm-cockatoo/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/kakatua-raja/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Palm cockatoo (*Probosciger aterrimus*) is a bird in the family Psittacidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Near Threatened.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Probosciger aterrimus* |
| Indonesian name | Kakatua raja |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Psittacidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Papua (including Misool) and the Aru Islands |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/) |
| Diet | Seeds, fruit, leaf buds, sometimes insects |
| Range in Indonesia | Papua, Misool and the Aru Islands |
| Key feature | Black plumage, long crest, red cheek patches |
| Other names | Goliath cockatoo, great black cockatoo, Cape York cockatoo |
| IUCN status | Near Threatened (BirdLife assessment, 2023) |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Protected (Ministerial Regulation P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018) |
| IUCN status | Near Threatened · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2479187) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the palm cockatoo?

The palm cockatoo (Probosciger aterrimus) is a large black cockatoo with a long erectile crest of about 15 cm and bare red cheek patches. According to Animal Diversity Web, it measures 49–68 cm and weighs 500–1,100 g; males are usually heavier, with larger bills. Its powerful bill never closes completely, so the red tongue often shows. During courtship the male’s cheek skin usually turns deep red.

BirdLife places it in the cockatoo family, Cacatuidae. Its black plumage makes it easy to tell apart from white cockatoos such as the yellow-crested cockatoo.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Probosciger aterrimus (palm cockatoo)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Probosciger_aterrimus/) · [BirdLife International DataZone — Palm Cockatoo Probosciger aterrimus species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/palm-cockatoo-probosciger-aterrimus)

## Where does the palm cockatoo live?

In Indonesia, the palm cockatoo lives on New Guinea, including Misool and other western Papuan islands, and in the Aru Islands. Beyond Indonesia it occurs in Papua New Guinea and on the northern tip of Cape York Peninsula, Australia. BirdLife notes that in New Guinea it is widespread in the lowlands and foothills, occasionally up to 1,350 m, but is commonest below 750 m. Its habitats include rainforest, gallery forest, forest edges and monsoon woodland. It depends on forest but tolerates some degradation, and it needs large trees for nesting and roosting.

Evidence: [BirdLife International DataZone — Palm Cockatoo Probosciger aterrimus species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/palm-cockatoo-probosciger-aterrimus) · [Animal Diversity Web — Probosciger aterrimus (palm cockatoo)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Probosciger_aterrimus/)

## What does the palm cockatoo eat?

The palm cockatoo mainly eats seeds, fruit and leaf buds, and sometimes insects and their larvae. According to Animal Diversity Web, it forages mostly in the forest canopy but also drops to the ground for fallen fruit and seeds. Its large bill is used to crack hard seeds and fruit. Palm cockatoos often feed in groups, with one bird acting as a sentinel that calls an alarm if a predator appears. By eating and carrying fruit, the species also helps to disperse the seeds of many forest fruit trees.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Probosciger aterrimus (palm cockatoo)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Probosciger_aterrimus/)

## Do palm cockatoos really play the drums?

Yes, male palm cockatoos really do drum, striking home-made sticks against trunks or tree hollows while displaying to females. They make the sticks from thick twigs or seed pods. Heinsohn and colleagues (2017) analysed 131 drumming sequences by 18 wild males on Cape York Peninsula, Australia. The beats were regularly spaced, and each male had his own drumming style. The researchers concluded that the drumming shares key elements of human instrumental music, including making a sound tool and keeping a regular beat. According to Sci-News, the sound carries up to about 100 m, and drumming is also used to advertise territory.

Evidence: [PubMed — Heinsohn et al. 2017, Tool-assisted rhythmic drumming in palm cockatoos shares key elements of human instrumental music, Science Advances](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28782005/) · [Sci-News — Male Palm Cockatoos Play Drums to Attract Mates (2017)](https://www.sci.news/biology/palm-cockatoos-play-drums-attract-mates-05002.html) · [Animal Diversity Web — Probosciger aterrimus (palm cockatoo)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Probosciger_aterrimus/)

## Why is the palm cockatoo threatened by the wildlife trade?

The palm cockatoo is threatened by trapping for the pet trade and by forest loss, and it breeds very slowly. BirdLife assessed it as Near Threatened in 2023 and suspects a population decline of 20–29% over three generations (47 years). Females lay a single egg per nest, and at one site in Papua New Guinea pairs were estimated to nest only once every six years. According to Animal Diversity Web, chicks take 100–110 days to fledge. Even low levels of trapping, especially of adults, can therefore have a large impact, and new roads are opening forests to trappers.

Evidence: [BirdLife International DataZone — Palm Cockatoo Probosciger aterrimus species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/palm-cockatoo-probosciger-aterrimus) · [Animal Diversity Web — Probosciger aterrimus (palm cockatoo)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Probosciger_aterrimus/)

## How can the palm cockatoo be protected?

The palm cockatoo is listed as a protected species in the annex to Indonesian Ministerial Regulation P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 and is on CITES Appendix I, the strictest level of international trade control. The most direct way to help is not to buy, keep or accept wild-caught palm cockatoos. Large old trees should be kept, because the species needs deep tree hollows for nesting. BirdLife stresses the need to enforce the CITES listing, monitor trade and track forest cover in New Guinea. If you see palm cockatoos for sale, report it to local conservation officers.

Evidence: [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK No. P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf) · [BirdLife International DataZone — Palm Cockatoo Probosciger aterrimus species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/palm-cockatoo-probosciger-aterrimus)

## Common questions about the Palm cockatoo

### What is the scientific name of the Palm cockatoo?

The scientific name of the Palm cockatoo is *Probosciger aterrimus*, in the family Psittacidae. In Indonesian it is called Kakatua raja.

### Where can the Palm cockatoo be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Palm cockatoo in: Papua (including Misool) and the Aru Islands.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/).

### What does the Palm cockatoo eat?

Diet of the Palm cockatoo: seeds, fruit, leaf buds, sometimes insects.

### What is the conservation status of the Palm cockatoo?

On the IUCN Red List, the Palm cockatoo is listed as Near Threatened: it is close to qualifying, or likely to qualify, for a threatened category in the near future. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2479187), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Palm cockatoo is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [BirdLife International DataZone — Palm Cockatoo Probosciger aterrimus species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/palm-cockatoo-probosciger-aterrimus)
2. [Animal Diversity Web — Probosciger aterrimus (palm cockatoo)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Probosciger_aterrimus/)
3. [PubMed — Heinsohn et al. 2017, Tool-assisted rhythmic drumming in palm cockatoos shares key elements of human instrumental music, Science Advances](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28782005/)
4. [Sci-News — Male Palm Cockatoos Play Drums to Attract Mates (2017)](https://www.sci.news/biology/palm-cockatoos-play-drums-attract-mates-05002.html)
5. [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK No. P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Further reading

[Palm cockatoo: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/palm-cockatoo/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Bali myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bali-myna/)
- [Black-winged myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-winged-myna/)
- [Common hill myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/common-hill-myna/)
- [Flores hawk-eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/flores-hawk-eagle/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Palm cockatoo. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/palm-cockatoo/


---

# Flores hawk-eagle

> The Flores hawk-eagle (Nisaetus floris) is a white-headed forest eagle endemic to Nusa Tenggara, from Lombok to Alor, and listed as Endangered.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/flores-hawk-eagle/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/elang-flores/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Flores hawk-eagle (*Nisaetus floris*) is a bird in the family Accipitridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Nisaetus floris* |
| Indonesian name | Elang Flores |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Accipitridae |
| Range in Indonesia | Lombok, Sumbawa, Komodo, Rinca, Flores and Alor (Nusa Tenggara) |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Poorly studied; reported to take village chickens |
| Range in Indonesia | Lombok, Sumbawa, Komodo, Rinca, Flores and Alor |
| Key feature | White head and white patch on upper wing |
| Other names | Formerly Spizaetus cirrhatus floris or Spizaetus floris |
| IUCN status | Endangered (BirdLife assessment, 2024) |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Protected (Ministerial Regulation P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018) |
| IUCN status | Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5788507) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Flores hawk-eagle?

The Flores hawk-eagle (Nisaetus floris) is a large, white-headed forest eagle found only in Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. It was once treated as a subspecies of the changeable hawk-eagle (Nisaetus cirrhatus). In 2004 Gjershaug and colleagues proposed recognising it as a separate species, and BirdLife and Indonesia’s protected-species regulation now treat it as a full species.

According to that study, adults and juveniles alike have white heads and a diagnostic white patch on the upper primaries, and are much larger than changeable hawk-eagles. In the field it can be confused with juvenile short-toed snake eagles, Bonelli’s eagles, rufous-bellied eagles and white-bellied sea eagles, which also have white underparts.

Evidence: [Forktail 20 (Oriental Bird Club) — Gjershaug et al. 2004, The taxonomic status of Flores Hawk Eagle Spizaetus floris (PDF)](https://www.orientalbirdclub.org/s/Gjershaug-Flores.pdf) · [BirdLife International DataZone — Flores Hawk-eagle Nisaetus floris species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/flores-hawk-eagle-nisaetus-floris) · [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK No. P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Where does the Flores hawk-eagle live?

The Flores hawk-eagle is endemic to Nusa Tenggara and has been recorded on Lombok, Sumbawa, Komodo, Flores and Alor, as well as several nearby small islands. Gjershaug and colleagues (2004) also recorded it on Rinca and Satonda, and its first Lombok record came from the edge of Gunung Rinjani National Park in 2002. It lives in lowland and submontane forest up to about 1,600 m, with most sightings in lowland rainforest. BirdLife treats all the island birds as one subpopulation, because individuals are thought to cross between islands occasionally.

Evidence: [BirdLife International DataZone — Flores Hawk-eagle Nisaetus floris species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/flores-hawk-eagle-nisaetus-floris) · [Forktail 20 (Oriental Bird Club) — Gjershaug et al. 2004, The taxonomic status of Flores Hawk Eagle Spizaetus floris (PDF)](https://www.orientalbirdclub.org/s/Gjershaug-Flores.pdf)

## What does the Flores hawk-eagle eat?

The Flores hawk-eagle’s diet is poorly studied, but it is known to hunt in forest and over farmland near forest. Gjershaug and colleagues (2004) reported that people in every village they visited knew a white-headed eagle said to take chickens and piglets around villages, although confusion with other raptors could not be ruled out. The team also saw a Flores hawk-eagle hunting in the middle of a village early one morning. BirdLife notes that it regularly hunts over degraded habitat, and that its taste for poultry leads some local people to see it as a pest.

Evidence: [Forktail 20 (Oriental Bird Club) — Gjershaug et al. 2004, The taxonomic status of Flores Hawk Eagle Spizaetus floris (PDF)](https://www.orientalbirdclub.org/s/Gjershaug-Flores.pdf) · [BirdLife International DataZone — Flores Hawk-eagle Nisaetus floris species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/flores-hawk-eagle-nisaetus-floris)

## How does the Flores hawk-eagle breed?

The Flores hawk-eagle is thought to breed in the dry season. According to BirdLife, display flights and mating have been seen on Flores in June–July, and the breeding season on Lombok is thought to be similar. It needs stands of tall trees for nesting, even though it can hunt over more open land. Gjershaug and colleagues (2004) estimated a territory of about 40 km² per pair, while a more recent movement study suggests a home range of 8.4–23.1 km². At Mbeliling, Flores, the team heard of a large nest tree being felled and the chick sold at a bird market.

Evidence: [BirdLife International DataZone — Flores Hawk-eagle Nisaetus floris species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/flores-hawk-eagle-nisaetus-floris) · [Forktail 20 (Oriental Bird Club) — Gjershaug et al. 2004, The taxonomic status of Flores Hawk Eagle Spizaetus floris (PDF)](https://www.orientalbirdclub.org/s/Gjershaug-Flores.pdf)

## Why is the Flores hawk-eagle endangered?

The Flores hawk-eagle is endangered because its population is small, its forest is shrinking and it is killed for taking chickens. BirdLife estimates 320–1,500 mature individuals (2023 estimate) and assessed it as Endangered in 2024; from 2009 to 2016 it was listed as Critically Endangered. BirdLife notes that a change of category does not necessarily mean the species is doing better, as it may reflect better data. Chicks are also sometimes taken to be kept as pets. The Manggarai people of western Flores once regarded the eagle as a totem (‘empo’) and an ancestor and did not hunt it, but this tradition has since broken down.

Evidence: [BirdLife International DataZone — Flores Hawk-eagle Nisaetus floris species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/flores-hawk-eagle-nisaetus-floris) · [Forktail 20 (Oriental Bird Club) — Gjershaug et al. 2004, The taxonomic status of Flores Hawk Eagle Spizaetus floris (PDF)](https://www.orientalbirdclub.org/s/Gjershaug-Flores.pdf)

## How can the Flores hawk-eagle be protected?

The Flores hawk-eagle is listed as a protected species in the annex to Indonesian Ministerial Regulation P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 and is on CITES Appendix II. The most important steps are protecting forest and the tall trees it nests in, and stopping the killing of eagles over conflicts with poultry. Do not take chicks from nests or buy eagles as pets. BirdLife reports that community-based education schemes are under way to reduce offtake, but more protected areas are still needed. If you find an injured eagle or one being sold, do not handle it yourself; contact local conservation officers.

Evidence: [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK No. P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf) · [BirdLife International DataZone — Flores Hawk-eagle Nisaetus floris species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/flores-hawk-eagle-nisaetus-floris)

## Common questions about the Flores hawk-eagle

### What is the scientific name of the Flores hawk-eagle?

The scientific name of the Flores hawk-eagle is *Nisaetus floris*, in the family Accipitridae. In Indonesian it is called Elang Flores.

### Where can the Flores hawk-eagle be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Flores hawk-eagle in: Lombok, Sumbawa, Komodo, Rinca, Flores and Alor (Nusa Tenggara).

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Flores hawk-eagle eat?

Diet of the Flores hawk-eagle: poorly studied; reported to take village chickens.

### What is the conservation status of the Flores hawk-eagle?

On the IUCN Red List, the Flores hawk-eagle is listed as Endangered: it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5788507), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Flores hawk-eagle is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [BirdLife International DataZone — Flores Hawk-eagle Nisaetus floris species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/flores-hawk-eagle-nisaetus-floris)
2. [Forktail 20 (Oriental Bird Club) — Gjershaug et al. 2004, The taxonomic status of Flores Hawk Eagle Spizaetus floris (PDF)](https://www.orientalbirdclub.org/s/Gjershaug-Flores.pdf)
3. [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK No. P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Keep exploring

- [Javan hawk-eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-hawk-eagle/)
- [Common hill myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/common-hill-myna/)
- [Greater bird-of-paradise](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/greater-bird-of-paradise/)
- [Green peafowl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-peafowl/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [White-rumped shama](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/white-rumped-shama/)
- [Rhinoceros hornbill](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rhinoceros-hornbill/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Flores hawk-eagle. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/flores-hawk-eagle/


---

# Barn owl

> The barn owl (Tyto alba) is a pale, heart-faced owl that hunts rats in rice fields, oil palm plantations and villages across Indonesia.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/barn-owl/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/serak-jawa/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Barn owl (*Tyto alba*) is a bird in the family Tytonidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Tyto alba* |
| Indonesian name | Serak Jawa |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Tytonidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Widespread in Indonesia, including Sumatra and Java |
| Linked habitats | [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/) |
| Diet | Mainly rats; also small birds, insects and bats |
| Range in Indonesia | Widespread, including Javan rice fields and Sumatran oil palm |
| Key feature | White heart-shaped face; active at night |
| Other names | Eastern barn owl, Tyto alba javanica, Tyto javanica (IOC) |
| IUCN status | Least Concern (BirdLife assessment, 2025) |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2497921) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the barn owl?

The barn owl is an owl of the family Tytonidae, with a white, heart-shaped face edged in brown, a rounded head without ear tufts, and long legs. Its upperparts are light greyish-brown with spots; its underparts are whitish. According to Animal Diversity Web, females are usually slightly larger: 34–40 cm and about 570 g, against 32–38 cm and about 470 g for males.

BirdLife International and the IUCN Red List include Indonesian birds in Tyto alba, and Indonesian agencies often call them Tyto alba javanica. The IOC World Bird List, however, treats South Asian, Southeast Asian and Australasian birds as a separate species, the eastern barn owl (Tyto javanica).

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Tyto alba (barn owl)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tyto_alba/) · [BIOMA (Universitas Diponegoro) — Hadi 2008, Pola Aktivitas Harian Pasangan Burung Serak Jawa (Tyto alba) (PDF)](https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/bioma/article/viewFile/3371/3032) · [South American Classification Committee — Proposal 908: Split Barn Owl (Tyto alba) into three species](https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCprop908.htm)

## Where does the barn owl live?

The barn owl is widespread in Indonesia and usually lives in open areas close to people. BirdLife notes that it uses farmland, oil palm plantations, rice paddies and settlements, but does not normally live inside forest. In Sumatra it lives in oil palm plantations, including in Riau. Barn owls do not build their own nests. A survey of rice fields in Kendal Regency, Central Java, found 106 nests: 76.41% in building ceilings, 20.75% in trees and 2.84% in nest boxes.

Evidence: [BirdLife International DataZone — Common Barn-owl Tyto alba species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/common-barn-owl-tyto-alba) · [Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia (UGM) — Astuti K. dkk. 2004, Tipe Hunian dan Jenis Mangsa Burung Serak Tyto alba javanica pada Ekosistem Persawahan](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jpti/article/view/12121) · [PMC — Nijman et al. 2022, Disentangling the Legal and Illegal Wildlife Trade: Insights from Indonesian Wildlife Market Surveys, Animals](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8909552/)

## What does the barn owl eat?

The barn owl feeds mainly on rats. An analysis of 2,261 pellets from 106 nests in the rice fields of Kendal, Central Java, found that rats made up 86.90% of prey, led by the ricefield rat (Rattus argentiventer) at 77.08%. The rest was birds (5.49%), insects (3.98%), bats (2.07%) and other animals such as squirrels, geckos, house lizards and frogs. In oil palm plantations its main prey is the wood rat (Rattus tiomanicus). According to Animal Diversity Web, it hunts in low flight and relies on extremely acute hearing, helped by asymmetrically placed ears. Prey is usually swallowed whole.

Evidence: [Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia (UGM) — Astuti K. dkk. 2004, Tipe Hunian dan Jenis Mangsa Burung Serak Tyto alba javanica pada Ekosistem Persawahan](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jpti/article/view/12121) · [IPB University Repository — Adidharma 2009, Kajian sosial ekonomi pengendalian hama tikus pohon, Rattus tiomanicus, dengan burung hantu Tyto alba pada perkebunan kelapa sawit](https://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/54330) · [Animal Diversity Web — Tyto alba (barn owl)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tyto_alba/)

## How does the barn owl behave and breed?

The barn owl is active at night and spends much of the day resting in its nest. A 14-day, round-the-clock study of a pair nesting in a university building in Semarang recorded an average of 14 hours 44 minutes of rest per day; the male hunted for about 7 hours 40 minutes and brought food to the female. In general, according to Animal Diversity Web, females lay 2–18 eggs (usually 4–7) and incubate them for 29–34 days. Chicks first fly 50–70 days after hatching. Most barn owls are short-lived: one study found a mean age at death of 20.9 months.

Evidence: [BIOMA (Universitas Diponegoro) — Hadi 2008, Pola Aktivitas Harian Pasangan Burung Serak Jawa (Tyto alba) (PDF)](https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/bioma/article/viewFile/3371/3032) · [Animal Diversity Web — Tyto alba (barn owl)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tyto_alba/)

## How do barn owls help farmers control rats?

Barn owls help farmers because rats are their main prey, so ‘owl houses’ (rubuha) are put up in rice fields and plantations to attract them. In oil palm plantations, biological control with Tyto alba has been developed since the 1970s. A 2009 review by Adidharma reported rat damage falling from 20% to under 5% within two years, at about 60% lower cost than poison baits. According to Nijman and colleagues (2022), one oil palm company in Riau had installed 6,210 nest boxes by 2019. In rice fields, an owl programme in Tlogoweru village, Demak, was reported to cut rat damage significantly.

Evidence: [IPB University Repository — Adidharma 2009, Kajian sosial ekonomi pengendalian hama tikus pohon, Rattus tiomanicus, dengan burung hantu Tyto alba pada perkebunan kelapa sawit](https://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/54330) · [PMC — Nijman et al. 2022, Disentangling the Legal and Illegal Wildlife Trade: Insights from Indonesian Wildlife Market Surveys, Animals](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8909552/) · [Balai Besar Perbenihan dan Pelindungan Tanaman Perkebunan Medan (Ditjenbun, Kementan) — Pengembangan Burung Hantu (Tyto alba javanica) dalam Pengendalian Hama Tikus (2023)](https://balaimedan.ditjenbun.pertanian.go.id/pengembangan-burung-hantu-tyto-alba-javanica-gmel-dalam-pengendalian-hama-tikus/)

## What should you do if you find a barn owl?

If barn owls nest in the ceiling of a house, school or warehouse, do not chase them away, catch them or kill them, because they help keep rats down. An agriculture ministry office in Medan notes that owls are often driven away or killed because people see them as a bad omen. Nijman and colleagues (2022) found barn owls among the owls commonly sold in bird markets on Java and Bali, and many owls on sale were nestlings taken from nests, so avoid buying them. BirdLife notes that rat poisons have harmed owl populations in several countries. If you find an injured owl, contact local officers.

Evidence: [Balai Besar Perbenihan dan Pelindungan Tanaman Perkebunan Medan (Ditjenbun, Kementan) — Pengembangan Burung Hantu (Tyto alba javanica) dalam Pengendalian Hama Tikus (2023)](https://balaimedan.ditjenbun.pertanian.go.id/pengembangan-burung-hantu-tyto-alba-javanica-gmel-dalam-pengendalian-hama-tikus/) · [PMC — Nijman et al. 2022, Disentangling the Legal and Illegal Wildlife Trade: Insights from Indonesian Wildlife Market Surveys, Animals](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8909552/) · [BirdLife International DataZone — Common Barn-owl Tyto alba species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/common-barn-owl-tyto-alba)

## Common questions about the Barn owl

### What is the scientific name of the Barn owl?

The scientific name of the Barn owl is *Tyto alba*, in the family Tytonidae. In Indonesian it is called Serak Jawa.

### Where can the Barn owl be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Barn owl in: Widespread in Indonesia, including Sumatra and Java.

Source-supported habitats: [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/).

### What does the Barn owl eat?

Diet of the Barn owl: mainly rats; also small birds, insects and bats.

### What is the conservation status of the Barn owl?

On the IUCN Red List, the Barn owl is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2497921), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Barn owl is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [BirdLife International DataZone — Common Barn-owl Tyto alba species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/common-barn-owl-tyto-alba)
2. [Animal Diversity Web — Tyto alba (barn owl)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tyto_alba/)
3. [Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia (UGM) — Astuti K. dkk. 2004, Tipe Hunian dan Jenis Mangsa Burung Serak Tyto alba javanica pada Ekosistem Persawahan](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jpti/article/view/12121)
4. [IPB University Repository — Adidharma 2009, Kajian sosial ekonomi pengendalian hama tikus pohon, Rattus tiomanicus, dengan burung hantu Tyto alba pada perkebunan kelapa sawit](https://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/54330)
5. [Balai Besar Perbenihan dan Pelindungan Tanaman Perkebunan Medan (Ditjenbun, Kementan) — Pengembangan Burung Hantu (Tyto alba javanica) dalam Pengendalian Hama Tikus (2023)](https://balaimedan.ditjenbun.pertanian.go.id/pengembangan-burung-hantu-tyto-alba-javanica-gmel-dalam-pengendalian-hama-tikus/)
6. [PMC — Nijman et al. 2022, Disentangling the Legal and Illegal Wildlife Trade: Insights from Indonesian Wildlife Market Surveys, Animals](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8909552/)
7. [South American Classification Committee — Proposal 908: Split Barn Owl (Tyto alba) into three species](https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCprop908.htm)
8. [BIOMA (Universitas Diponegoro) — Hadi 2008, Pola Aktivitas Harian Pasangan Burung Serak Jawa (Tyto alba) (PDF)](https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/bioma/article/viewFile/3371/3032)

## Further reading

[Barn owl: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/barn-owl/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Pacific swallow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hirundo-javanica/)
- [Oriental magpie-robin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/oriental-magpie-robin/)
- [Eurasian tree sparrow](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/passer-montanus/)
- [Yellow-vented bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pycnonotus-goiavier/)
- [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/)
- [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/)
- [Straw-headed bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/straw-headed-bulbul/)
- [Sooty-headed bulbul](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sooty-headed-bulbul/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Barn owl. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/barn-owl/


---

# Javan mouse-deer

> The Javan mouse-deer (Tragulus javanicus) is a tiny, antlerless chevrotain found only in the forests of Java, where it is a protected species.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-mouse-deer/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/kancil-jawa/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Javan mouse-deer (*Tragulus javanicus*) is a mammal in the family Tragulidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Data Deficient.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Tragulus javanicus* |
| Indonesian name | Kancil jawa |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Tragulidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Java and a few small nearby islands |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Mainly fruit, plus leaves and young shoots |
| Range in Indonesia | Java and a few small nearby islands |
| Key feature | No antlers; adult males have long upper canines |
| Other names | Javan chevrotain, pelanduk kancil, kancil |
| IUCN Red List status | Data Deficient (2015 assessment) |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Protected (Ministerial Regulation P.106/2018) |
| IUCN status | Data Deficient · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5220187) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Javan mouse-deer?

The Javan mouse-deer (Tragulus javanicus) is a tiny, antlerless chevrotain found only on Java. Ultimate Ungulate gives a head-and-body length of 40–45 cm, a shoulder height of 25–30 cm and a weight of about 2 kg. The coat is reddish-brown with white underparts, and three white stripes run from the chin down the throat. Adult males have long upper canines that can protrude past the lip. Since a 2004 taxonomic revision, the name T. javanicus has applied only to Java's lesser mouse-deer; those in Sumatra and Borneo are now Tragulus kanchil. Unlike the muntjac, it has no antlers at all.

Evidence: [Ultimate Ungulate — Javan chevrotain (Tragulus javanicus) fact sheet](https://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Tragulus_javanicus.html) · [Mammal Diversity Database (ASM) — Tragulus kanchil, Lesser Indo-Malayan Chevrotain](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006356/) · [Biodiversitas — Farida et al. (2003), Habitat dan keragaman tumbuhan pakan kancil (Tragulus javanicus) dan kijang (Muntiacus muntjak) di Cagar Alam Nusakambangan](https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/view/663)

## Where does the Javan mouse-deer live?

The Javan mouse-deer lives only in the forests of Java and a few small nearby islands; its presence on Bali is unconfirmed. Ultimate Ungulate notes that it favours forest with a dense, brushy understorey, often near rivers, from sea level to 1,150 m or even 1,600 m. In the Nusakambangan nature reserve near Cilacap, LIPI researchers found it in thick scrub with deep leaf litter and under salak palms, usually close to a river. In Gunung Halimun National Park, West Java, it was recorded up to 1,100 m, using dense bush, rock crevices, tree hollows and even overgrown tea plantations.

Evidence: [Ultimate Ungulate — Javan chevrotain (Tragulus javanicus) fact sheet](https://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Tragulus_javanicus.html) · [Biodiversitas — Farida et al. (2003), Habitat dan keragaman tumbuhan pakan kancil (Tragulus javanicus) dan kijang (Muntiacus muntjak) di Cagar Alam Nusakambangan](https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/view/663) · [Tropics (J-STAGE) — Farida et al. (2006), Habitat distribution and diversity of plants as feed resources for mouse deer and barking deer in Gunung Halimun National Park](https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tropics/15/4/15_4_371/_article)

## What does the Javan mouse-deer eat?

The Javan mouse-deer feeds mainly on fruit, along with leaves and young shoots. On Nusakambangan, Farida and colleagues (2003) recorded 14 food plants, mostly fruits, including several figs (Ficus), wild salak palm and the seeds of mresak (Amomum). Muntjacs in the same forest chose mainly leaves. In Gunung Halimun, a second study listed 50 food plants for mouse-deer and muntjac, 44 of them eaten by mouse-deer. Both studies found that the animals feed mostly at night and in the early morning. Their tiny hooves leave few tracks, so researchers more often find droppings.

Evidence: [Ultimate Ungulate — Javan chevrotain (Tragulus javanicus) fact sheet](https://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Tragulus_javanicus.html) · [Biodiversitas — Farida et al. (2003), Habitat dan keragaman tumbuhan pakan kancil (Tragulus javanicus) dan kijang (Muntiacus muntjak) di Cagar Alam Nusakambangan](https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/view/663) · [Tropics (J-STAGE) — Farida et al. (2006), Habitat distribution and diversity of plants as feed resources for mouse deer and barking deer in Gunung Halimun National Park](https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tropics/15/4/15_4_371/_article)

## How does the Javan mouse-deer behave and breed?

The Javan mouse-deer is shy and usually solitary, occasionally seen in pairs. According to Ultimate Ungulate, camera traps show it is active by day and by night. It rests in hollow tree trunks and often uses footpaths through dense brush. It normally moves slowly with a low, slinking gait, but if startled at close range it bounds away with its tail raised, flashing the white underside. Little is known about its breeding. Gestation lasts 132–134 days and usually produces one young, although twins are known. Captive births in Java have been recorded in several different months, suggesting year-round breeding.

Evidence: [Ultimate Ungulate — Javan chevrotain (Tragulus javanicus) fact sheet](https://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Tragulus_javanicus.html)

## How is the Javan mouse-deer linked to the Si Kancil folk tales?

Si Kancil, the clever hero of Indonesian animal fables, is a mouse-deer, and the stories have long been told in Java, the Javan mouse-deer's home island. According to the history magazine Historia, Kancil tales existed in Java before the island had a written tradition and were often used to teach children. The folklorist James Danandjaja classed Kancil as a trickster figure. The oldest known written version is the Serat Kancil Amongsastra by Kyai Rangga Amongsastra of Surakarta, composed in 1822 and printed in 1878. The tales do not name a species, but Java's small mouse-deer is now recognised as Tragulus javanicus.

Evidence: [Historia.id — Di Balik Cerdik Licik Si Kancil](https://www.historia.id/article/di-balik-cerdik-licik-si-kancil-6k5rv) · [Ultimate Ungulate — Javan chevrotain (Tragulus javanicus) fact sheet](https://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Tragulus_javanicus.html)

## How can the Javan mouse-deer be protected?

The Javan mouse-deer is protected in Indonesia, so the most important step is not to hunt, buy, sell or keep one. Tragulus javanicus is listed as ‘pelanduk kancil’ in the annex of Ministerial Regulation P.106/2018 on protected species. Its main threats are forest loss and fragmentation, and hunting. The IUCN Red List assessed it as Data Deficient in 2015, and no population estimate exists. In 2017, the Central Java conservation agency (BKSDA) arrested a Cilacap man for selling a mouse-deer, and officers still detect hunters seeking mouse-deer on Nusakambangan. Report any trade to the local BKSDA, and hand over captive animals to officers.

Evidence: [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf) · [Ultimate Ungulate — Javan chevrotain (Tragulus javanicus) fact sheet](https://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Tragulus_javanicus.html) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Kasus Perburuan dan Perdagangan Satwa Liar Masih Marak Terjadi (2017)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2017/01/28/kasus-perburuan-dan-perdagangan-satwa-liar-masih-marak-terjadi/)

## Common questions about the Javan mouse-deer

### What is the scientific name of the Javan mouse-deer?

The scientific name of the Javan mouse-deer is *Tragulus javanicus*, in the family Tragulidae. In Indonesian it is called Kancil jawa.

### Where can the Javan mouse-deer be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Javan mouse-deer in: Java and a few small nearby islands.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Javan mouse-deer eat?

Diet of the Javan mouse-deer: mainly fruit, plus leaves and young shoots.

### What is the conservation status of the Javan mouse-deer?

On the IUCN Red List, the Javan mouse-deer is listed as Data Deficient: there is not enough information to assess its extinction risk. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5220187), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Javan mouse-deer is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Ultimate Ungulate — Javan chevrotain (Tragulus javanicus) fact sheet](https://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Tragulus_javanicus.html)
2. [Mammal Diversity Database (ASM) — Tragulus kanchil, Lesser Indo-Malayan Chevrotain](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006356/)
3. [Biodiversitas — Farida et al. (2003), Habitat dan keragaman tumbuhan pakan kancil (Tragulus javanicus) dan kijang (Muntiacus muntjak) di Cagar Alam Nusakambangan](https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/view/663)
4. [Tropics (J-STAGE) — Farida et al. (2006), Habitat distribution and diversity of plants as feed resources for mouse deer and barking deer in Gunung Halimun National Park](https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tropics/15/4/15_4_371/_article)
5. [Historia.id — Di Balik Cerdik Licik Si Kancil](https://www.historia.id/article/di-balik-cerdik-licik-si-kancil-6k5rv)
6. [Mongabay Indonesia — Kasus Perburuan dan Perdagangan Satwa Liar Masih Marak Terjadi (2017)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2017/01/28/kasus-perburuan-dan-perdagangan-satwa-liar-masih-marak-terjadi/)
7. [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Further reading

[Chevrotain: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/chevrotain/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Agile gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/agile-gibbon/)
- [Banteng](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banteng/)
- [Bearded pig](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bearded-pig/)
- [Binturong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/binturong/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Javan mouse-deer. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-mouse-deer/


---

# Southern red muntjac

> The southern red muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) is a small deer with short antlers and tusks, found in Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Bali and Lombok.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/southern-red-muntjac/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/kijang-muncak/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Southern red muntjac (*Muntiacus muntjak*) is a mammal in the family Cervidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Muntiacus muntjak* |
| Indonesian name | Kijang muncak |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Cervidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Bali, Lombok and many smaller islands |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Leaves, grass, shoots and fruit; sometimes eggs and small animals |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Bali, Lombok and smaller islands |
| Key feature | Males have short antlers and tusks; dog-like barking call |
| Other names | Kijang, barking deer, Sunda red muntjac |
| IUCN Red List status | Least Concern |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Protected (Ministerial Regulation P.106/2018) |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2440943) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the southern red muntjac?

The southern red muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) is a small reddish-brown deer; males carry short antlers and tusk-like canines. It is smaller and more slender than other deer. Farida and colleagues (2003) describe a darker back and a white chin, throat and belly, with paler females and young. Animal Diversity Web gives the male's upper canines as about 2.5 cm long. All Asian red muntjacs were once lumped in M. muntjak. Several authorities, including the Mammal Diversity Database, now treat mainland animals as M. vaginalis, leaving M. muntjak for the Malay Peninsula and the Sunda Islands. Unlike mouse-deer, male muntjacs have antlers.

Evidence: [Biodiversitas — Farida et al. (2003), Habitat dan keragaman tumbuhan pakan kancil (Tragulus javanicus) dan kijang (Muntiacus muntjak) di Cagar Alam Nusakambangan](https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/view/663) · [Animal Diversity Web — Muntiacus muntjak (Indian muntjac)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Muntiacus_muntjak/) · [Mammal Diversity Database (ASM) — Muntiacus muntjak, Southern Red Muntjac](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006332/)

## Where does the southern red muntjac live?

In Indonesia, the southern red muntjac occurs in Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Bali, Lombok and many smaller islands, according to the Mammal Diversity Database; its range also includes the Malay Peninsula. It prefers dense scrub at forest edges, overgrown old fields and teak forest, from the lowlands up to mountains at 2,400 m. In Gunung Halimun National Park it was recorded up to 1,600 m on Gunung Botol and was often seen in the afternoon on open ground with tall, coarse grass. It also lives in West Bali National Park, where park staff estimated about 400 muntjacs in 2017.

Evidence: [Mammal Diversity Database (ASM) — Muntiacus muntjak, Southern Red Muntjac](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006332/) · [Tropics (J-STAGE) — Farida et al. (2006), Habitat distribution and diversity of plants as feed resources for mouse deer and barking deer in Gunung Halimun National Park](https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tropics/15/4/15_4_371/_article) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Kijang Mati Diburu di Taman Nasional Bali Barat. Kok Bisa? (2017)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2017/01/17/kijang-mati-diburu-di-taman-nasional-bali-barat-kok-bisa/)

## What does the southern red muntjac eat?

The southern red muntjac eats leaves, grass, shoots, seeds and fruit, and occasionally birds' eggs and small animals; Animal Diversity Web describes red muntjacs as omnivores. On Nusakambangan, Farida and colleagues (2003) recorded 19 food plants, mostly leaves, such as mahang (Macaranga), anggrung (Trema), Leucaena and cassava leaves. In Gunung Halimun, muntjacs ate every plant species eaten by mouse-deer plus six more, including cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) and several figs. Like mouse-deer, muntjacs usually feed at night and in the early morning.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Muntiacus muntjak (Indian muntjac)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Muntiacus_muntjak/) · [Biodiversitas — Farida et al. (2003), Habitat dan keragaman tumbuhan pakan kancil (Tragulus javanicus) dan kijang (Muntiacus muntjak) di Cagar Alam Nusakambangan](https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/view/663) · [Tropics (J-STAGE) — Farida et al. (2006), Habitat distribution and diversity of plants as feed resources for mouse deer and barking deer in Gunung Halimun National Park](https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tropics/15/4/15_4_371/_article)

## Why is the muntjac called the barking deer?

The muntjac is called the barking deer because it gives a dog-like bark when it senses a predator. According to Animal Diversity Web, it may keep barking for more than an hour to make the predator reveal itself or leave. Adult males and females are mostly solitary and pair up only in the mating season. Muntjacs are active both by day and at night. They can breed at any time of year and usually have a single fawn. The young leave the mother's territory at about six months old and must then find a territory of their own.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Muntiacus muntjak (Indian muntjac)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Muntiacus_muntjak/) · [Biodiversitas — Farida et al. (2003), Habitat dan keragaman tumbuhan pakan kancil (Tragulus javanicus) dan kijang (Muntiacus muntjak) di Cagar Alam Nusakambangan](https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/view/663)

## Is the southern red muntjac endangered?

The southern red muntjac is not globally threatened, but hunting and forest loss are putting pressure on its populations. The IUCN Red List classes it as Least Concern. A 2017 genetic study by Martins and colleagues notes that habitat loss and hunting have already caused significant declines in red muntjacs across their range, although they cope with disturbance better than many other hoofed mammals. On Nusakambangan, local people report that muntjacs are still hunted for meat, some of which is sold. In January 2017, four female muntjacs shot by poachers were found in West Bali National Park.

Evidence: [BMC Evolutionary Biology (PMC) — Martins et al. (2017), Phylogeography of red muntjacs reveals three distinct mitochondrial lineages](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5267393/) · [Biodiversitas — Farida et al. (2003), Habitat dan keragaman tumbuhan pakan kancil (Tragulus javanicus) dan kijang (Muntiacus muntjak) di Cagar Alam Nusakambangan](https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/view/663) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Kijang Mati Diburu di Taman Nasional Bali Barat. Kok Bisa? (2017)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2017/01/17/kijang-mati-diburu-di-taman-nasional-bali-barat-kok-bisa/)

## What should you do if a muntjac wanders into a village?

If a muntjac wanders into a village or building, do not chase, catch or hurt it; contact the conservation agency (BKSDA) or the nearest national park office. In August 2019, a young male muntjac entered a classroom at a vocational school in Turi, Sleman. The Yogyakarta BKSDA quick response team, Mount Merapi National Park staff and local people removed it. It was injured, probably from hitting desks, and was treated by a vet. The southern red muntjac is listed as protected under Ministerial Regulation P.106/2018, so do not buy its meat or live animals, and report poaching to the authorities.

Evidence: [Ditjen KSDAE — Kijang Masuk SMK Muhammadiyah II Turi, Tim Quick Response Segera Evakuasi (2019)](https://ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/berita/6565/Kijang-Masuk-SMK-Muhammadiyah-II-Turi-Tim-Quick-Response-Segera-Evakuasi.html) · [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Common questions about the Southern red muntjac

### What is the scientific name of the Southern red muntjac?

The scientific name of the Southern red muntjac is *Muntiacus muntjak*, in the family Cervidae. In Indonesian it is called Kijang muncak.

### Where can the Southern red muntjac be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Southern red muntjac in: Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Bali, Lombok and many smaller islands.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Southern red muntjac eat?

Diet of the Southern red muntjac: leaves, grass, shoots and fruit; sometimes eggs and small animals.

### What is the conservation status of the Southern red muntjac?

On the IUCN Red List, the Southern red muntjac is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2440943), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Southern red muntjac is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Animal Diversity Web — Muntiacus muntjak (Indian muntjac)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Muntiacus_muntjak/)
2. [Mammal Diversity Database (ASM) — Muntiacus muntjak, Southern Red Muntjac](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006332/)
3. [BMC Evolutionary Biology (PMC) — Martins et al. (2017), Phylogeography of red muntjacs reveals three distinct mitochondrial lineages](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5267393/)
4. [Biodiversitas — Farida et al. (2003), Habitat dan keragaman tumbuhan pakan kancil (Tragulus javanicus) dan kijang (Muntiacus muntjak) di Cagar Alam Nusakambangan](https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/view/663)
5. [Tropics (J-STAGE) — Farida et al. (2006), Habitat distribution and diversity of plants as feed resources for mouse deer and barking deer in Gunung Halimun National Park](https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tropics/15/4/15_4_371/_article)
6. [Mongabay Indonesia — Kijang Mati Diburu di Taman Nasional Bali Barat. Kok Bisa? (2017)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2017/01/17/kijang-mati-diburu-di-taman-nasional-bali-barat-kok-bisa/)
7. [Ditjen KSDAE — Kijang Masuk SMK Muhammadiyah II Turi, Tim Quick Response Segera Evakuasi (2019)](https://ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/berita/6565/Kijang-Masuk-SMK-Muhammadiyah-II-Turi-Tim-Quick-Response-Segera-Evakuasi.html)
8. [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Keep exploring

- [Agile gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/agile-gibbon/)
- [Banteng](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banteng/)
- [Bearded pig](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bearded-pig/)
- [Binturong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/binturong/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Southern red muntjac. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/southern-red-muntjac/


---

# Sambar deer

> The sambar (Rusa unicolor) is Indonesia's largest deer, found in the forests of Sumatra and Borneo; it is Vulnerable and protected in Indonesia.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sambar-deer/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/rusa-sambar/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Sambar deer (*Rusa unicolor*) is a mammal in the family Cervidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Vulnerable.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Rusa unicolor* |
| Indonesian name | Rusa sambar |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Cervidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Borneo, Bangka, Nias and the Mentawai Islands |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Grass, understorey plants, leaves, fallen fruit and young bark |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Borneo and nearby islands such as Bangka and Nias |
| Key feature | Indonesia's largest deer; male antlers up to about one metre |
| Other names | Sambar, rusa sambar, Cervus unicolor |
| IUCN Red List status | Vulnerable |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Protected (Ministerial Regulation P.106/2018) |
| IUCN status | Vulnerable · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/7261386) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the sambar deer?

The sambar (Rusa unicolor) is Indonesia's largest deer, standing 1–1.6 m tall with a body about 1.5 m long, according to the forestry ministry's conservation directorate (KSDAE). KSDAE gives adult males as 90–125 kg and females as 80–90 kg, while Animal Diversity Web lists 109–260 kg across the species' whole range. The coat is short, coarse and dark, with paler underparts. Males have a thick neck mane and antlers with three or four tines, up to about 1 m long. It is still sometimes called Cervus unicolor. In Mandailing Natal, North Sumatra, local people call it ursa.

Evidence: [Ditjen KSDAE — Menjadi Rusa Terbesar di Indonesia, Ini yang Menarik dari Rusa Sambar (2022)](https://ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/publikasi/artikel/menjadi-rusa-terbesar-di-indonesia-ini-yang-menarik-dari-rusa-sambar-RWj2xNys/) · [Animal Diversity Web — Rusa unicolor (sambar)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rusa_unicolor/) · [Mammal Diversity Database (ASM) — Rusa unicolor, Sambar](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006325/)

## Where does the sambar live?

In Indonesia, the sambar lives only in Sumatra, Borneo and some nearby islands. The Mammal Diversity Database lists Sumatra, Borneo, Nias, Siberut, Sipora and the Pagai Islands, and Mongabay Indonesia also reports it from the Bangka Belitung Islands. Beyond Indonesia, its range stretches from India and Sri Lanka to southern China, Taiwan and Peninsular Malaysia. Sambar live on gentle and steep forested slopes, in swamp forest and in open scrub, from the lowlands to the mountains. They often forage along forest edges and in clearings.

Evidence: [Mammal Diversity Database (ASM) — Rusa unicolor, Sambar](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006325/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Dambus dan Kelestarian Rusa Sambar di Pulau Bangka (2022)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2022/08/24/dambus-dan-kelestarian-rusa-sambar-di-pulau-bangka/) · [Animal Diversity Web — Rusa unicolor (sambar)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rusa_unicolor/)

## What does the sambar eat?

The sambar is a herbivore that eats grasses, understorey plants, leaves, berries, fallen fruit, buds and the bark of young trees. Animal Diversity Web notes that it feeds mainly at dusk and at night, a habit thought to have developed in response to hunting by people. KSDAE describes it, like other ruminants, feeding on grasses and low-growing plants. While foraging it may help to disperse seeds. Near villages, however, sambar sometimes damage crops.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Rusa unicolor (sambar)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rusa_unicolor/) · [Ditjen KSDAE — Menjadi Rusa Terbesar di Indonesia, Ini yang Menarik dari Rusa Sambar (2022)](https://ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/publikasi/artikel/menjadi-rusa-terbesar-di-indonesia-ini-yang-menarik-dari-rusa-sambar-RWj2xNys/)

## How do sambar deer breed?

Sambar can mate at any time of year, and a female usually gives birth to a single fawn after a pregnancy of eight to nine months. According to Animal Diversity Web, a newborn weighs about 10 kg, has a brown coat with pale spots that soon fade, and stays with its mother for one to two years. Females mature at around two years old. Males live alone and become aggressive in the rutting season, while females often group with other females and their young. A male's antlers drop about a year after growing, then regrow. Sambar are also strong swimmers.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Rusa unicolor (sambar)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rusa_unicolor/) · [Ditjen KSDAE — Menjadi Rusa Terbesar di Indonesia, Ini yang Menarik dari Rusa Sambar (2022)](https://ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/publikasi/artikel/menjadi-rusa-terbesar-di-indonesia-ini-yang-menarik-dari-rusa-sambar-RWj2xNys/)

## Why is the sambar threatened?

The sambar is threatened by hunting and habitat loss, and the IUCN Red List classes it as Vulnerable. In Aceh, Mongabay Indonesia reported in 2019 that hunting with snares and home-made guns was still going on. Deer meat was sold in markets and food stalls, and dried venison (dendeng) was even sold online. In September 2019, the Aceh conservation agency and a forest management unit seized 63 snares, mostly set for deer but also able to injure elephants and tigers. On Bangka Island, villagers now rarely see sambar as rivers and hills are lost to mining and large plantations.

Evidence: [Mongabay Indonesia — Meski Dilindungi, Perburuan Rusa Sambar Belum Berhenti (2019)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2019/10/14/meski-dilindungi-perburuan-rusa-sambar-belum-berhenti/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Dambus dan Kelestarian Rusa Sambar di Pulau Bangka (2022)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2022/08/24/dambus-dan-kelestarian-rusa-sambar-di-pulau-bangka/) · [Ditjen KSDAE — Menjadi Rusa Terbesar di Indonesia, Ini yang Menarik dari Rusa Sambar (2022)](https://ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/publikasi/artikel/menjadi-rusa-terbesar-di-indonesia-ini-yang-menarik-dari-rusa-sambar-RWj2xNys/)

## How can the sambar be protected?

The most direct way to protect the sambar is not to hunt it, set snares or buy its meat, dendeng or antlers. Rusa unicolor is listed as a protected species under Ministerial Regulation P.106/2018. KSDAE stresses that catching, injuring, killing, keeping, transporting or trading a sambar, alive or dead, or any of its parts, is against the law. Report snares, poaching or deer meat for sale to the local BKSDA or national park office. Protecting forests also protects culture: on Bangka, the sambar inspired the shape of the dambus, a plucked lute now recognised as intangible cultural heritage.

Evidence: [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf) · [Ditjen KSDAE — Menjadi Rusa Terbesar di Indonesia, Ini yang Menarik dari Rusa Sambar (2022)](https://ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/publikasi/artikel/menjadi-rusa-terbesar-di-indonesia-ini-yang-menarik-dari-rusa-sambar-RWj2xNys/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Dambus dan Kelestarian Rusa Sambar di Pulau Bangka (2022)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2022/08/24/dambus-dan-kelestarian-rusa-sambar-di-pulau-bangka/)

## Common questions about the Sambar deer

### What is the scientific name of the Sambar deer?

The scientific name of the Sambar deer is *Rusa unicolor*, in the family Cervidae. In Indonesian it is called Rusa sambar.

### Where can the Sambar deer be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Sambar deer in: Sumatra, Borneo, Bangka, Nias and the Mentawai Islands.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Sambar deer eat?

Diet of the Sambar deer: grass, understorey plants, leaves, fallen fruit and young bark.

### What is the conservation status of the Sambar deer?

On the IUCN Red List, the Sambar deer is listed as Vulnerable: it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/7261386), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Sambar deer is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Ditjen KSDAE — Menjadi Rusa Terbesar di Indonesia, Ini yang Menarik dari Rusa Sambar (2022)](https://ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/publikasi/artikel/menjadi-rusa-terbesar-di-indonesia-ini-yang-menarik-dari-rusa-sambar-RWj2xNys/)
2. [Animal Diversity Web — Rusa unicolor (sambar)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rusa_unicolor/)
3. [Mammal Diversity Database (ASM) — Rusa unicolor, Sambar](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006325/)
4. [Mongabay Indonesia — Dambus dan Kelestarian Rusa Sambar di Pulau Bangka (2022)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2022/08/24/dambus-dan-kelestarian-rusa-sambar-di-pulau-bangka/)
5. [Mongabay Indonesia — Meski Dilindungi, Perburuan Rusa Sambar Belum Berhenti (2019)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2019/10/14/meski-dilindungi-perburuan-rusa-sambar-belum-berhenti/)
6. [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Keep exploring

- [Timor deer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/timor-deer/)
- [Agile gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/agile-gibbon/)
- [Banteng](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banteng/)
- [Bearded pig](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bearded-pig/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Sambar deer. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sambar-deer/


---

# Binturong

> The binturong (Arctictis binturong) is the largest civet, a tree-dwelling mammal with a gripping tail, found in the forests of Sumatra, Borneo and Java.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/binturong/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/binturong/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Binturong (*Arctictis binturong*) is a mammal in the family Viverridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Vulnerable.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Arctictis binturong* |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Viverridae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Bangka and Nias |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Mainly figs and other fruit; also small animals, eggs, carrion |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Borneo, Java, plus Bangka and Nias |
| Key feature | Shaggy black fur, prehensile tail, buttered-popcorn smell |
| Other names | Bearcat, binturung, kucing beruang |
| IUCN Red List status | Vulnerable (since 2008) |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Protected (Ministerial Regulation P.106/2018) |
| IUCN status | Vulnerable · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2434615) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is a binturong?

The binturong (Arctictis binturong) is the largest member of the civet family (Viverridae): a tree-dwelling mammal with coarse black fur and a prehensile tail. It is nicknamed the bearcat, but it is not closely related to bears or cats. Animal Diversity Web gives a weight of 9–20 kg and a body length of 61–96 cm, with a tail almost as long. Females are larger than males. It has small ears with long tufts and white whiskers. It is one of only two carnivores with a prehensile tail, the other being the kinkajou, and uses its tail like a fifth limb when climbing.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Arctictis binturong (binturong)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Arctictis_binturong/) · [Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute — Binturong](https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/binturong) · [Mongabay — What is a binturong? (2016)](https://news.mongabay.com/2016/10/its-a-bear-its-a-cat-no-its-a-binturong-and-its-threatened/)

## Where does the binturong live?

In Indonesia, the binturong lives in the forests of Sumatra, Borneo and Java, and on islands such as Bangka and Nias. The Mammal Diversity Database lists Kalimantan, Java and Sumatra, and Animal Diversity Web also mentions Nias and Bangka. Beyond Indonesia, its range runs from India and Nepal across mainland South-east Asia to Palawan in the Philippines. It lives in the canopy of tall, dense tropical forest and sleeps in the branches. Too heavy to leap between trees, it often comes down to the ground to cross. Records from Java are scarcer; one appeared in Pandeglang, Banten, in January 2026.

Evidence: [Mammal Diversity Database (ASM) — Arctictis binturong, Binturong](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006097/) · [Animal Diversity Web — Arctictis binturong (binturong)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Arctictis_binturong/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Binturong, Satwa Langka Dilindungi yang Dijuluki Kucing Beruang (2026)](https://mongabay.co.id/2026/02/16/binturong-satwa-langka-dilindungi-yang-dijuluki-kucing-beruang/)

## What does the binturong eat?

Although it belongs to the order Carnivora, the binturong eats mainly fruit, especially strangler figs. Animal Diversity Web and Smithsonian's National Zoo add that it also catches small animals such as insects, birds, fish and rodents, and eats carrion, eggs, shoots and leaves. It has even been recorded swimming and diving for food. It plays an important role in the forest: strangler fig seeds germinate better after passing through a binturong's gut, so it helps to spread them. On Bangka, local traditions that treat fig trees as sacred are seen as supporting its conservation.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Arctictis binturong (binturong)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Arctictis_binturong/) · [Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute — Binturong](https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/binturong) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Binturong dan Kearifan Masyarakat Pulau Bangka Menjaganya (2023)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2023/01/26/binturong-dan-kearifan-masyarakat-pulau-bangka-menjaganya/)

## Why does a binturong smell like popcorn?

A binturong smells like buttered popcorn because its urine contains 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, the compound that gives popcorn its aroma, according to Smithsonian's National Zoo. The scent tells other binturongs that it is around. Binturongs also have scent glands near the base of the tail, which they rub on branches as they climb to mark their trail. They communicate by sound too: they purr or chuckle when content, and scream, hiss or howl when frightened or angry. Binturongs are mostly active at night and live alone except when mating.

Evidence: [Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute — Binturong](https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/binturong) · [Animal Diversity Web — Arctictis binturong (binturong)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Arctictis_binturong/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Binturong, Satwa Langka Dilindungi yang Dijuluki Kucing Beruang (2026)](https://mongabay.co.id/2026/02/16/binturong-satwa-langka-dilindungi-yang-dijuluki-kucing-beruang/)

## Why is the binturong threatened?

The binturong is threatened mainly by forest loss, along with hunting and illegal trade; the IUCN has classed it as Vulnerable since 2008. Mongabay reports that its numbers fell by about 30% over the three generations before that assessment. Much lowland forest in Sumatra, Borneo and Java has been turned into oil palm plantations. Binturongs are also hunted for meat, traditional medicine and the pet trade. Ignorance can be deadly too. In January 2026, villagers in Pandeglang, Banten, mistook a binturong for a wolf or a supernatural creature. It was brought down and died, and the conservation agency found snare and gunshot wounds on its neck.

Evidence: [Mongabay — What is a binturong? (2016)](https://news.mongabay.com/2016/10/its-a-bear-its-a-cat-no-its-a-binturong-and-its-threatened/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Binturong, Satwa Langka Dilindungi yang Dijuluki Kucing Beruang (2026)](https://mongabay.co.id/2026/02/16/binturong-satwa-langka-dilindungi-yang-dijuluki-kucing-beruang/)

## What should you do if you meet a binturong?

If you meet a binturong, do not approach, catch or harm it; keep your distance and contact the local conservation agency (BKSDA) or forestry officers. Arctictis binturong is listed as protected under Ministerial Regulation P.106/2018, so it must not be hunted, kept or traded. Although it looks slow, a wild binturong can be aggressive: researcher Lonnie Grassman reported that binturongs released from traps may chase nearby people. The Banten case shows why recognising the animal matters. On Bangka, the Mapur and Jerieng communities traditionally neither hunt nor eat binturongs, a custom that helps to protect them.

Evidence: [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf) · [Mongabay — What is a binturong? (2016)](https://news.mongabay.com/2016/10/its-a-bear-its-a-cat-no-its-a-binturong-and-its-threatened/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Binturong dan Kearifan Masyarakat Pulau Bangka Menjaganya (2023)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2023/01/26/binturong-dan-kearifan-masyarakat-pulau-bangka-menjaganya/)

## Common questions about the Binturong

### What is the scientific name of the Binturong?

The scientific name of the Binturong is *Arctictis binturong*, in the family Viverridae.

### Where can the Binturong be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Binturong in: Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Bangka and Nias.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Binturong eat?

Diet of the Binturong: mainly figs and other fruit; also small animals, eggs, carrion.

### What is the conservation status of the Binturong?

On the IUCN Red List, the Binturong is listed as Vulnerable: it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2434615), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Binturong is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Animal Diversity Web — Arctictis binturong (binturong)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Arctictis_binturong/)
2. [Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute — Binturong](https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/binturong)
3. [Mammal Diversity Database (ASM) — Arctictis binturong, Binturong](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006097/)
4. [Mongabay — What is a binturong? (2016)](https://news.mongabay.com/2016/10/its-a-bear-its-a-cat-no-its-a-binturong-and-its-threatened/)
5. [Mongabay Indonesia — Binturong, Satwa Langka Dilindungi yang Dijuluki Kucing Beruang (2026)](https://mongabay.co.id/2026/02/16/binturong-satwa-langka-dilindungi-yang-dijuluki-kucing-beruang/)
6. [Mongabay Indonesia — Binturong dan Kearifan Masyarakat Pulau Bangka Menjaganya (2023)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2023/01/26/binturong-dan-kearifan-masyarakat-pulau-bangka-menjaganya/)
7. [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Further reading

[Binturong: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/binturong/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Agile gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/agile-gibbon/)
- [Banteng](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banteng/)
- [Bearded pig](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bearded-pig/)
- [Bornean elephant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-elephant/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Javan mouse-deer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-mouse-deer/)
- [Southern red muntjac](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/southern-red-muntjac/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Binturong. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/binturong/


---

# Asian small-clawed otter

> The Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) is the world's smallest otter, living in family groups in rivers, rice fields and mangroves in Indonesia.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-small-clawed-otter/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/berang-berang-cakar-kecil/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Asian small-clawed otter (*Aonyx cinereus*) is a mammal in the family Mustelidae.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Aonyx cinereus* |
| Indonesian name | Berang-berang cakar kecil |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Mustelidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Java and Borneo |
| Linked habitats | [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/), [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/) |
| Diet | Crabs, shrimps, snails, shellfish, small fish, frogs and insects |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Java and Borneo |
| Key feature | World's smallest otter; short claws and very nimble hands |
| Other names | Oriental small-clawed otter, sero ampang, Lutra cinerea |
| Conservation status | Vulnerable (IUCN); CITES Appendix I since 2019 |

## What is the Asian small-clawed otter?

The Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) is the smallest of the world's 13 otter species. The IUCN SSC Otter Specialist Group gives a total length of 65–94 cm, including a 25–35 cm tail, and a weight of 2–5 kg. It is dark brown above and paler below, often with grey or white markings on the face and throat. True to its name, its claws are short and do not reach beyond the finger pads, and its fingers are only partly webbed, which makes its hands very dexterous. The Mammal Diversity Database now places it in Lutra, as Lutra cinerea, but IUCN and CITES still use Aonyx cinereus.

Evidence: [IUCN SSC Otter Specialist Group — Aonyx cinereus](https://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/osg-newsite/aonyx-cinereus/) · [Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute — Asian small-clawed otter](https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/asian-small-clawed-otter) · [Mammal Diversity Database (ASM) — Lutra cinerea, Asian Small-clawed Otter](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1005840/)

## Where does the Asian small-clawed otter live?

In Indonesia, the Asian small-clawed otter lives in Sumatra, Java and Borneo, in rivers, lakes, swamps, rice fields and mangrove forests. An article by a conservation cadre of the South Sumatra conservation agency, published by the forestry ministry's KSDAE directorate, calls it native to Sumatra and notes its liking for sandy, grassy rivers, where family groups dig dens in the banks. The IUCN SSC Otter Specialist Group describes it as highly adaptable, from fast streams in Thailand to still pools in West Java, swamps, paddies, peat and mangroves. When foraging, it roams further from water than other Asian otters.

Evidence: [Ditjen KSDAE — Aonyx cinereus si Berang-Berang Cakar Kecil Penghuni Sungai Sumatera](https://ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/publikasi/pengumuman/aonyx-cinereus-si-berang-berang-cakar-kecil-penghuni-sungai-sumatera-1gQglq0z/) · [IUCN SSC Otter Specialist Group — Aonyx cinereus](https://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/osg-newsite/aonyx-cinereus/) · [Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute — Asian small-clawed otter](https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/asian-small-clawed-otter)

## What does the Asian small-clawed otter eat?

The Asian small-clawed otter feeds mainly on crabs, shrimps and other crustaceans, plus snails, shellfish, small fish and insects. Unlike most otters, it catches food with its hands rather than its mouth. Smithsonian's National Zoo explains that its sensitive finger pads let it feel for prey under rocks or in murky water, and it cracks shells with its hands or its broad, strong teeth. The South Sumatra conservation article also lists frogs, snakes and small mammals as prey. Because it eats crabs that are pests in rice paddies, some rice farmers regard it as an asset.

Evidence: [IUCN SSC Otter Specialist Group — Aonyx cinereus](https://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/osg-newsite/aonyx-cinereus/) · [Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute — Asian small-clawed otter](https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/asian-small-clawed-otter) · [Ditjen KSDAE — Aonyx cinereus si Berang-Berang Cakar Kecil Penghuni Sungai Sumatera](https://ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/publikasi/pengumuman/aonyx-cinereus-si-berang-berang-cakar-kecil-penghuni-sungai-sumatera-1gQglq0z/)

## How do Asian small-clawed otters live and breed?

Asian small-clawed otters live in family groups made up of a lifelong breeding pair and their young. The South Sumatra conservation article reports groups of 5–12, and the IUCN SSC Otter Specialist Group notes that groups of up to 20 are sometimes seen. According to Smithsonian's National Zoo, pregnancy lasts 68–72 days and produces one to six pups, typically twice a year. The whole family helps to feed and raise the young. The species is also very vocal, with at least twelve different calls, and marks its range with scent from glands at the base of the tail, often at shared latrines.

Evidence: [Ditjen KSDAE — Aonyx cinereus si Berang-Berang Cakar Kecil Penghuni Sungai Sumatera](https://ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/publikasi/pengumuman/aonyx-cinereus-si-berang-berang-cakar-kecil-penghuni-sungai-sumatera-1gQglq0z/) · [IUCN SSC Otter Specialist Group — Aonyx cinereus](https://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/osg-newsite/aonyx-cinereus/) · [Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute — Asian small-clawed otter](https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/asian-small-clawed-otter)

## Why are Asian small-clawed otters traded as pets?

Asian small-clawed otters are taken for the pet trade because they are small and look cute, and they are widely sold on social media. A 2018 report by TRAFFIC and the IUCN SSC Otter Specialist Group found at least 560 online adverts offering 734–1,189 otters in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand between January and April 2017. On average, 711 of these were offered in Indonesia. Over 70% were under a year old, and small-clawed otters were the most traded species, with at least 700 animals. Mothers may be killed so their cubs can be taken. Japan has been identified as a smuggling destination.

Evidence: [TRAFFIC — Illegal otter trade in Southeast Asia (2018)](https://www.traffic.org/publications/reports/illegal-otter-trade-in-southeast-asia/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Nasib Berang-berang, Terancam Punah di Alam Liar (2024)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2024/03/24/nasib-berang-berang-terancam-punah-di-alam-liar/) · [Ditjen KSDAE — Aonyx cinereus si Berang-Berang Cakar Kecil Penghuni Sungai Sumatera](https://ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/publikasi/pengumuman/aonyx-cinereus-si-berang-berang-cakar-kecil-penghuni-sungai-sumatera-1gQglq0z/)

## How can the Asian small-clawed otter be protected?

The most important way to protect the Asian small-clawed otter is not to buy, keep or promote pet otters on social media. Since the CITES CoP18 meeting in Geneva in 2019, the species has been listed on Appendix I, which bans international commercial trade in wild-caught animals. The IUCN Red List classes it as Vulnerable and declining. Otter cubs are hard to hand-rear and catch the same diseases as cats and dogs. Other threats include the loss of rivers and wetlands, pollution, and conflict with people who see otters as pests. Keep rivers clean and report wildlife sales to the local BKSDA.

Evidence: [Monitor Conservation Research Society — Otters at CITES CoP18: Stronger protection from over-exploitation (2019)](https://mcrsociety.org/2019/09/01/otters-at-cites-cop18-stronger-protection-from-over-exploitation/) · [TRAFFIC — Illegal otter trade in Southeast Asia (2018)](https://www.traffic.org/publications/reports/illegal-otter-trade-in-southeast-asia/) · [Ditjen KSDAE — Aonyx cinereus si Berang-Berang Cakar Kecil Penghuni Sungai Sumatera](https://ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/publikasi/pengumuman/aonyx-cinereus-si-berang-berang-cakar-kecil-penghuni-sungai-sumatera-1gQglq0z/)

## Common questions about the Asian small-clawed otter

### What is the scientific name of the Asian small-clawed otter?

The scientific name of the Asian small-clawed otter is *Aonyx cinereus*, in the family Mustelidae. In Indonesian it is called Berang-berang cakar kecil.

### Where can the Asian small-clawed otter be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Asian small-clawed otter in: Sumatra, Java and Borneo.

Source-supported habitats: [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/), [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/).

### What does the Asian small-clawed otter eat?

Diet of the Asian small-clawed otter: crabs, shrimps, snails, shellfish, small fish, frogs and insects.

## Sources & references

1. [IUCN SSC Otter Specialist Group — Aonyx cinereus](https://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/osg-newsite/aonyx-cinereus/)
2. [Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute — Asian small-clawed otter](https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/asian-small-clawed-otter)
3. [Ditjen KSDAE — Aonyx cinereus si Berang-Berang Cakar Kecil Penghuni Sungai Sumatera](https://ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/publikasi/pengumuman/aonyx-cinereus-si-berang-berang-cakar-kecil-penghuni-sungai-sumatera-1gQglq0z/)
4. [Mammal Diversity Database (ASM) — Lutra cinerea, Asian Small-clawed Otter](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1005840/)
5. [TRAFFIC — Illegal otter trade in Southeast Asia (2018)](https://www.traffic.org/publications/reports/illegal-otter-trade-in-southeast-asia/)
6. [Mongabay Indonesia — Nasib Berang-berang, Terancam Punah di Alam Liar (2024)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2024/03/24/nasib-berang-berang-terancam-punah-di-alam-liar/)
7. [Monitor Conservation Research Society — Otters at CITES CoP18: Stronger protection from over-exploitation (2019)](https://mcrsociety.org/2019/09/01/otters-at-cites-cop18-stronger-protection-from-over-exploitation/)

## Further reading

[Otter: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/otter/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Bearded pig](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bearded-pig/)
- [Bornean elephant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-elephant/)
- [Bornean orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-orangutan/)
- [Plantain Squirrel](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/callosciurus-notatus/)
- [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/)
- [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/)
- [Smooth-coated otter](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/smooth-coated-otter/)
- [Lesser short-nosed fruit bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lesser-short-nosed-fruit-bat/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Asian small-clawed otter. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-small-clawed-otter/


---

# Sunda slow loris

> The Sunda slow loris (Nycticebus coucang) is a slow, venomous nocturnal primate of Sumatra, threatened by the pet trade and protected in Indonesia.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-slow-loris/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/kukang-sunda/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Sunda slow loris (*Nycticebus coucang*) is a mammal in the family Lorisidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Nycticebus coucang* |
| Indonesian name | Kukang sunda |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Lorisidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, the Riau Islands and the Natuna Islands |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Tree gum, nectar and fruit; sometimes insects, snails and eggs |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Batam, Galang and the Natuna Islands |
| Key feature | Large eyes, white stripe between them, slow movements |
| Risk to people | Venomous bite; can trigger anaphylactic shock |
| Other names | Greater slow loris, kukang sumatera, malu-malu |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Protected (Ministerial Regulation P.106/2018) |
| IUCN status | Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2436629) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Sunda slow loris?

The Sunda slow loris (Nycticebus coucang), often called kukang sumatera in Indonesia, is a small, venomous primate that is active at night and moves slowly. Animal Diversity Web gives a length of 27–38 cm and a weight of about 600–685 g. It has light brown fur with a darker stripe down the back and a white stripe between its large eyes. The tail is a tiny stump hidden in the fur. N. coucang once also included the Javan, Bornean and Bangka slow lorises, now separate species. The Mammal Diversity Database also treats northern Sumatran lorises as Nycticebus hilleri and lists the Sunda slow loris as Endangered.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Nycticebus coucang (Sunda slow loris)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nycticebus_coucang/) · [Mammal Diversity Database (ASM) — Nycticebus coucang, Malaysian (Sunda) Slow Loris](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1001064/) · [Mammal Diversity Database (ASM) — Nycticebus hilleri, Hiller's Slow Loris](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1001065/)

## Where does the Sunda slow loris live?

In Indonesia, the Sunda slow loris lives in Sumatra and some nearby islands, including Batam and Galang in the Riau Archipelago and Bunguran in the Natuna Islands. Outside Indonesia it occurs in Peninsular Malaysia, southern Thailand and Singapore. According to Animal Diversity Web, it mainly inhabits primary and secondary lowland rainforest up to 1,300 m, including peat swamp and logged forest. It needs an unbroken canopy to move from tree to tree. In Lampung, the conservation agency has released rehabilitated lorises into Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park and Batutegi forest.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Nycticebus coucang (Sunda slow loris)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nycticebus_coucang/) · [Mammal Diversity Database (ASM) — Nycticebus coucang, Malaysian (Sunda) Slow Loris](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1001064/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Mewaspadai Perdagangan Ilegal Kukang di Media Sosial (2020)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2020/08/30/mewaspadai-perdagangan-ilegal-kukang-di-media-sosial/)

## What does the Sunda slow loris eat?

The Sunda slow loris eats tree gum and sap, nectar and fruit, and occasionally insects, snails and birds' eggs. Animal Diversity Web estimates that about a third of its diet is gum, another third nectar and nectar-producing plants, and roughly a quarter fruit. It uses the toothcomb in its lower jaw to scrape gum from bark. ADW also notes that a loris whose teeth have been removed can no longer be returned to the wild. International Animal Rescue reports that pet lorises are often fed the wrong food and become obese, with infections, diabetes or bone disease.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Nycticebus coucang (Sunda slow loris)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nycticebus_coucang/) · [International Animal Rescue — The Truth Behind the Slow Loris Pet Trade](https://www.internationalanimalrescue.org/truth-behind-slow-loris-pet-trade)

## Is the Sunda slow loris venomous?

Yes, slow lorises are among the few venomous mammals: fluid from a gland on the inner elbow mixes with saliva, and the venom is delivered by a bite. A 2013 review by Nekaris and colleagues describes a threatened loris raising its arms above its head, bringing its mouth to the brachial glands, then biting or smearing the mixture on its head. Bites are rare, but International Animal Rescue says they are extremely painful and can cause anaphylactic shock and even death in humans. If bitten, seek medical care at a health facility immediately. Never catch, handle or keep a slow loris.

Evidence: [Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases — Nekaris et al. (2013), Mad, bad and dangerous to know: the biochemistry, ecology and evolution of slow loris venom](https://jvat.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1678-9199-19-21) · [International Animal Rescue — The Truth Behind the Slow Loris Pet Trade](https://www.internationalanimalrescue.org/truth-behind-slow-loris-pet-trade) · [Animal Diversity Web — Nycticebus coucang (Sunda slow loris)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nycticebus_coucang/)

## Why are slow lorises traded, and what is wrong with ‘tickling’ videos?

Slow lorises are poached for the pet trade because they look cute, and online ‘tickling’ videos have helped to fuel that demand. A 2013 PLOS ONE study by Nekaris and colleagues analysed 12,411 comments on a viral video of a pet pygmy slow loris being tickled in Russia; in the early months, a quarter of commenters said they wanted one. International Animal Rescue explains that a loris raising its arms like this is terrified and in a defensive posture. Before sale, traders often cut out lorises' teeth with pliers or nail clippers, without anaesthetic. IAR Indonesia recorded 353 Facebook groups offering about 4,089 lorises between 2012 and 2019.

Evidence: [PLOS ONE — Nekaris et al. (2013), Tickled to death: analysing public perceptions of ‘cute’ videos of threatened species (slow lorises) on Web 2.0 sites](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0069215) · [International Animal Rescue — The Truth Behind the Slow Loris Pet Trade](https://www.internationalanimalrescue.org/truth-behind-slow-loris-pet-trade) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Mewaspadai Perdagangan Ilegal Kukang di Media Sosial (2020)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2020/08/30/mewaspadai-perdagangan-ilegal-kukang-di-media-sosial/)

## What should you do if you find a slow loris?

If you find a slow loris near your home, do not touch, catch or keep it; keep your distance and report it to the local conservation agency (BKSDA). Nycticebus coucang is listed as protected under Ministerial Regulation P.106/2018, and all slow lorises have been on CITES Appendix I since 2007. In Lampung, residents and electricity company staff, who often find lorises on substations, hand them to the BKSDA for rehabilitation and release. Never buy a loris: Nekaris and colleagues note that lorises have one young every one to two years and rarely breed in captivity, so traded animals are most likely wild-caught.

Evidence: [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Mewaspadai Perdagangan Ilegal Kukang di Media Sosial (2020)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2020/08/30/mewaspadai-perdagangan-ilegal-kukang-di-media-sosial/) · [PLOS ONE — Nekaris et al. (2013), Tickled to death: analysing public perceptions of ‘cute’ videos of threatened species (slow lorises) on Web 2.0 sites](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0069215)

## Common questions about the Sunda slow loris

### What is the scientific name of the Sunda slow loris?

The scientific name of the Sunda slow loris is *Nycticebus coucang*, in the family Lorisidae. In Indonesian it is called Kukang sunda.

### Where can the Sunda slow loris be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Sunda slow loris in: Sumatra, the Riau Islands and the Natuna Islands.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Sunda slow loris eat?

Diet of the Sunda slow loris: tree gum, nectar and fruit; sometimes insects, snails and eggs.

### What is the conservation status of the Sunda slow loris?

On the IUCN Red List, the Sunda slow loris is listed as Endangered: it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2436629), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Sunda slow loris is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Animal Diversity Web — Nycticebus coucang (Sunda slow loris)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nycticebus_coucang/)
2. [Mammal Diversity Database (ASM) — Nycticebus coucang, Malaysian (Sunda) Slow Loris](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1001064/)
3. [Mammal Diversity Database (ASM) — Nycticebus hilleri, Hiller's Slow Loris](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1001065/)
4. [Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases — Nekaris et al. (2013), Mad, bad and dangerous to know: the biochemistry, ecology and evolution of slow loris venom](https://jvat.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1678-9199-19-21)
5. [PLOS ONE — Nekaris et al. (2013), Tickled to death: analysing public perceptions of ‘cute’ videos of threatened species (slow lorises) on Web 2.0 sites](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0069215)
6. [International Animal Rescue — The Truth Behind the Slow Loris Pet Trade](https://www.internationalanimalrescue.org/truth-behind-slow-loris-pet-trade)
7. [Mongabay Indonesia — Mewaspadai Perdagangan Ilegal Kukang di Media Sosial (2020)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2020/08/30/mewaspadai-perdagangan-ilegal-kukang-di-media-sosial/)
8. [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Further reading

[Slow loris: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/slow-loris/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Javan slow loris](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-slow-loris/)
- [Agile gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/agile-gibbon/)
- [Banteng](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banteng/)
- [Bearded pig](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bearded-pig/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Philippine slow loris](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/philippine-slow-loris/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Sunda slow loris. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-slow-loris/


---

# Mountain anoa

> The mountain anoa (Bubalus quarlesi) is a dwarf wild buffalo endemic to Sulawesi and Buton, smaller and shaggier than the lowland anoa.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mountain-anoa/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/anoa-pegunungan/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Mountain anoa (*Bubalus quarlesi*) is a mammal in the family Bovidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Bubalus quarlesi* |
| Indonesian name | Anoa pegunungan |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Bovidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sulawesi and Buton Island |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Grasses and other forest vegetation |
| Range in Indonesia | Endemic to Sulawesi and Buton Island |
| Key feature | Smaller and more densely haired than the lowland anoa |
| Other names | Anoa gunung (Indonesian) |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Protected under Permen LHK P.106 of 2018 |
| IUCN status | Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/7846959) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the mountain anoa?

The mountain anoa (Bubalus quarlesi) is a small wild buffalo found only on Sulawesi and Buton Island. The IUCN Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group describes anoa as the smallest wild cattle. Mountain anoa are smaller and more densely haired than lowland anoa, which gives them a woolly look. Animal Diversity Web (ADW) describes a dark brown to black coat. After the February–April moult, pale marks appear on the cheeks, the neck and just above the hooves. The horns are flat at the front and triangular towards the tips.

Evidence: [IUCN SSC Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group — Anoa](https://www.asianwildcattle.org/anoa.html) · [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Bubalus quarlesi, mountain anoa](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bubalus_quarlesi/)

## Where does the mountain anoa live?

Mountain anoa live in dense forest on Sulawesi and Buton Island, usually recorded at 1,000–2,300 m but occasionally found near sea level. The IUCN assessment summarised in Japan's ESABII database says skull records confirm the species across most of central Sulawesi and in northern Buton. Older reports also place it on the northern peninsula and part of the south-eastern peninsula. It favours forest with dense undergrowth, near plentiful water and away from human activity. Key sites include Lore Lindu and Bogani Nani Wartabone national parks and Tanjung Peropa Wildlife Reserve.

Evidence: [ESABII Threatened Mammal Species Database (Biodiversity Center of Japan) — Bubalus quarlesi](https://www.esabii.biodic.go.jp/database/mammal/cetartiodactyla/bubalus_quarlesi.html) · [IUCN SSC Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group — Anoa](https://www.asianwildcattle.org/anoa.html)

## What does the mountain anoa eat?

The mountain anoa is a plant-eater that browses grasses and other forest vegetation. Very little is known about its wild diet. ADW notes that palms, ferns, gingers, grasses and fruit grow in its habitat, but that list is not a confirmed menu. The specialist group explains that anoa food plants are generally low in minerals. Anoa are therefore thought to top up minerals at salt licks and mineral springs. They have also been reported drinking seawater where no licks are available.

Evidence: [ESABII Threatened Mammal Species Database (Biodiversity Center of Japan) — Bubalus quarlesi](https://www.esabii.biodic.go.jp/database/mammal/cetartiodactyla/bubalus_quarlesi.html) · [IUCN SSC Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group — Anoa](https://www.asianwildcattle.org/anoa.html) · [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Bubalus quarlesi, mountain anoa](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bubalus_quarlesi/)

## How does the mountain anoa live and breed?

Mountain anoa usually live alone, although several may gather at salt licks and wallows. Like other wild buffalo, they wallow and bathe in pools of water or mud. ESABII notes that in captivity anoa reach sexual maturity at 2–3 years, usually have one calf a year and may live 20–30 years. Breeding rates in the wild may be lower. ADW gives a gestation period of about 275–315 days. Calves stay with their mothers until they are relatively large.

Evidence: [ESABII Threatened Mammal Species Database (Biodiversity Center of Japan) — Bubalus quarlesi](https://www.esabii.biodic.go.jp/database/mammal/cetartiodactyla/bubalus_quarlesi.html) · [IUCN SSC Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group — Anoa](https://www.asianwildcattle.org/anoa.html) · [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Bubalus quarlesi, mountain anoa](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bubalus_quarlesi/)

## How does the mountain anoa differ from the lowland anoa?

The mountain anoa is smaller, shaggier and generally recorded in higher forest than the lowland anoa (Bubalus depressicornis). These differences are not always usable in the field. ESABII notes that mountain anoa cannot be told apart from young lowland anoa. Their local ranges are also unclear, and the two may live in the same places. Whether they are separate species is still debated; some experts suggest they may be one. A 2024 mitochondrial DNA study by Priyono and colleagues found two groups, lowland and mountain, that split about 1.42 million years ago.

Evidence: [IUCN SSC Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group — Anoa](https://www.asianwildcattle.org/anoa.html) · [ESABII Threatened Mammal Species Database (Biodiversity Center of Japan) — Bubalus quarlesi](https://www.esabii.biodic.go.jp/database/mammal/cetartiodactyla/bubalus_quarlesi.html) · [Evolutionary Systematics (Priyono et al. 2024) — Biogeographic history of the endangered dwarf buffalo, subgenus Anoa](https://evolsyst.pensoft.net/article/132970/)

## How can the mountain anoa be protected?

The mountain anoa is protected in Indonesia: it is listed as “anoa gunung” in the annex to Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018. IUCN lists it as Endangered, and it is on CITES Appendix I. The main threats are hunting for meat and habitat damage from farming and gold mining. Declines have been most severe in Gorontalo and Buol Toli-Toli. Recommended actions include protection from hunting, preventing habitat loss at key sites, and law enforcement combined with education. People can help by refusing anoa meat, horns or hides and by reporting hunting to the local BKSDA.

Evidence: [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang jenis tumbuhan dan satwa yang dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf) · [ESABII Threatened Mammal Species Database (Biodiversity Center of Japan) — Bubalus quarlesi](https://www.esabii.biodic.go.jp/database/mammal/cetartiodactyla/bubalus_quarlesi.html) · [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Bubalus quarlesi, mountain anoa](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bubalus_quarlesi/)

## Common questions about the Mountain anoa

### What is the scientific name of the Mountain anoa?

The scientific name of the Mountain anoa is *Bubalus quarlesi*, in the family Bovidae. In Indonesian it is called Anoa pegunungan.

### Where can the Mountain anoa be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Mountain anoa in: Sulawesi and Buton Island.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Mountain anoa eat?

Diet of the Mountain anoa: grasses and other forest vegetation.

### What is the conservation status of the Mountain anoa?

On the IUCN Red List, the Mountain anoa is listed as Endangered: it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/7846959), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Mountain anoa is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [IUCN SSC Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group — Anoa](https://www.asianwildcattle.org/anoa.html)
2. [ESABII Threatened Mammal Species Database (Biodiversity Center of Japan) — Bubalus quarlesi](https://www.esabii.biodic.go.jp/database/mammal/cetartiodactyla/bubalus_quarlesi.html)
3. [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Bubalus quarlesi, mountain anoa](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bubalus_quarlesi/)
4. [Evolutionary Systematics (Priyono et al. 2024) — Biogeographic history of the endangered dwarf buffalo, subgenus Anoa](https://evolsyst.pensoft.net/article/132970/)
5. [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang jenis tumbuhan dan satwa yang dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Further reading

[Anoa: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/anoa/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Domestic Water Buffalo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bubalus-bubalis/)
- [Lowland anoa](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lowland-anoa/)
- [Agile gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/agile-gibbon/)
- [Banteng](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banteng/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Mountain anoa. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mountain-anoa/


---

# Marbled cat

> The marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata) is a small, marble-patterned wild cat with a very long, bushy tail, living in the forests of Sumatra and Borneo.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/marbled-cat/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/kucing-batu/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Marbled cat (*Pardofelis marmorata*) is a mammal in the family Felidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Near Threatened.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Pardofelis marmorata* |
| Indonesian name | Kucing batu |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Felidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra and Borneo (Kalimantan) |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Probably birds, squirrels, fruit bats and rats |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra and Kalimantan |
| Key feature | Marbled coat, bushy tail almost as long as body |
| Other names | Kucing batu (Indonesian) |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Protected under Permen LHK P.106 of 2018 |
| IUCN status | Near Threatened · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2435089) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the marbled cat?

The marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata) is a small wild cat about the size of a large house cat, with a marbled coat and a thick, very long tail. ADW gives a head-and-body length of 45–61 cm, a tail of 35–55 cm and a weight of 2.4–5 kg. The base colour ranges from grey-brown to red-brown, with large black-edged blotches. Its pattern resembles a clouded leopard's, but genetic studies show its closest relatives are the Asiatic golden cat (Catopuma temminckii) and the bay cat (Catopuma badia). Sumatran and Bornean animals belong to the subspecies P. m. marmorata.

Evidence: [IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group — Marbled cat](https://www.catsg.org/living-species-marbledcat) · [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Pardofelis marmorata, marbled cat](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pardofelis_marmorata/)

## Where does the marbled cat live?

In Indonesia, the marbled cat lives in the forests of Sumatra and Borneo. It depends on forest and appears to prefer remote, moist primary forest. On Sumatra, camera traps have recorded it in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, in lowland secondary and primary forest, and even in small forest fragments among coffee plantations. In Kalimantan it has been recorded in the Sabangau peat-swamp forest. It seems to avoid heavily disturbed habitats, and a survey in Sabah did not record it inside oil palm plantations. Across its range it has been recorded from sea level to about 3,000 m.

Evidence: [IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group — Marbled cat](https://www.catsg.org/living-species-marbledcat) · [PLOS One (Hearn et al. 2016) — The first estimates of marbled cat Pardofelis marmorata population density from Bornean primary and selectively logged forest](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0151046)

## What does the marbled cat eat?

The marbled cat is thought to prey on birds and small mammals, especially those living in trees. No dedicated diet study exists. The IUCN Cat Specialist Group lists likely prey as birds, tree squirrels, fruit bats and rats, and probably insects, lizards and frogs. There are several records of marbled cats preying on primates, and one has been seen stalking birds in trees. The stomach of a dead individual in Thailand held the remains of a small rat. On Sumatra, villagers outside national parks report that it very occasionally takes poultry.

Evidence: [IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group — Marbled cat](https://www.catsg.org/living-species-marbledcat) · [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Pardofelis marmorata, marbled cat](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pardofelis_marmorata/)

## How does the marbled cat behave?

The marbled cat is a skilled climber that usually lives alone, yet it also often walks on the ground. It can climb down trees head-first, and its long tail helps it balance while climbing. Camera traps on Sumatra and Borneo suggest it may be mainly active by day, contrary to the old view that it is nocturnal. Most breeding data come from captivity. According to ADW, gestation lasts 66–82 days, litters have 2–4 kittens, and sexual maturity comes at about 21–22 months.

Evidence: [IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group — Marbled cat](https://www.catsg.org/living-species-marbledcat) · [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Pardofelis marmorata, marbled cat](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pardofelis_marmorata/) · [PLOS One (Hearn et al. 2016) — The first estimates of marbled cat Pardofelis marmorata population density from Bornean primary and selectively logged forest](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0151046)

## Why is the marbled cat threatened?

Forest loss is the main threat, because the marbled cat depends on tree cover. South-east Asia has some of the fastest deforestation anywhere, driven by logging and conversion to settlements, oil palm, coffee, rubber and other plantations. Indiscriminate snaring is also a major problem. Some Dayak communities in Kalimantan use its meat and skin as medicine. IUCN lists it as Near Threatened, with an unknown population trend. It is rarely photographed: in the Sabangau peat-swamp forest, more than 5,423 camera-trap nights passed before the first image.

Evidence: [IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group — Marbled cat](https://www.catsg.org/living-species-marbledcat) · [PLOS One (Hearn et al. 2016) — The first estimates of marbled cat Pardofelis marmorata population density from Bornean primary and selectively logged forest](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0151046)

## How can the marbled cat be protected?

The marbled cat is protected in Indonesia: it is listed in the annex to Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018, and internationally it is on CITES Appendix I. Do not catch, keep or trade marbled cats or their body parts. Protecting forest is key, including selectively logged forest: a study in Sabah found evidence of marbled cats breeding in such forest. If you find snares or see marbled cats offered for sale, report it to the local BKSDA. Camera-trap photos and sighting records also help researchers understand this rarely seen cat.

Evidence: [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang jenis tumbuhan dan satwa yang dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf) · [IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group — Marbled cat](https://www.catsg.org/living-species-marbledcat) · [PLOS One (Hearn et al. 2016) — The first estimates of marbled cat Pardofelis marmorata population density from Bornean primary and selectively logged forest](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0151046)

## Common questions about the Marbled cat

### What is the scientific name of the Marbled cat?

The scientific name of the Marbled cat is *Pardofelis marmorata*, in the family Felidae. In Indonesian it is called Kucing batu.

### Where can the Marbled cat be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Marbled cat in: Sumatra and Borneo (Kalimantan).

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Marbled cat eat?

Diet of the Marbled cat: probably birds, squirrels, fruit bats and rats.

### What is the conservation status of the Marbled cat?

On the IUCN Red List, the Marbled cat is listed as Near Threatened: it is close to qualifying, or likely to qualify, for a threatened category in the near future. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2435089), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Marbled cat is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group — Marbled cat](https://www.catsg.org/living-species-marbledcat)
2. [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Pardofelis marmorata, marbled cat](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pardofelis_marmorata/)
3. [PLOS One (Hearn et al. 2016) — The first estimates of marbled cat Pardofelis marmorata population density from Bornean primary and selectively logged forest](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0151046)
4. [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang jenis tumbuhan dan satwa yang dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Keep exploring

- [Agile gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/agile-gibbon/)
- [Banteng](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banteng/)
- [Bearded pig](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bearded-pig/)
- [Binturong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/binturong/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Marbled cat. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/marbled-cat/


---

# Agile gibbon

> The agile gibbon (Hylobates agilis) is a tailless small ape of Sumatra's forest canopy, known for its white brow band and its dawn songs.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/agile-gibbon/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/owa-ungko/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Agile gibbon (*Hylobates agilis*) is a mammal in the family Hylobatidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Hylobates agilis* |
| Indonesian name | Owa ungko |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Hylobatidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, south of Lake Toba |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Mainly fruit, plus young leaves, flowers and insects |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, south of Lake Toba |
| Key feature | White brow band, dark hands, very long arms |
| Other names | Black-handed gibbon, dark-handed gibbon |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Protected under Permen LHK P.106 of 2018 |
| IUCN status | Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219550) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the agile gibbon?

The agile gibbon (Hylobates agilis) is a tailless small ape of the gibbon family (Hylobatidae) that lives in the forest canopy. Its arms are about 1.5 times longer than its legs. Fur ranges from pale buff to dark brown, with blond animals typical on Sumatra, but the hands are always dark. A white band across the brow is characteristic, and males also have pale cheeks. The New England Primate Conservancy gives weights of 4.4–7.4 kg for males and 4.5–6.8 kg for females. The Bornean white-bearded gibbon (Hylobates albibarbis) was once treated as a subspecies of the agile gibbon, but genetic analyses separated it as a distinct species.

Evidence: [New England Primate Conservancy — Agile gibbon, Hylobates agilis](https://neprimateconservancy.org/agile-gibbon/) · [New England Primate Conservancy — Bornean white-bearded gibbon, Hylobates albibarbis](https://neprimateconservancy.org/bornean-white-bearded-gibbon/)

## Where does the agile gibbon live?

In Indonesia, the agile gibbon lives only on Sumatra, in forests south of Lake Toba; around Toba its range meets that of the lar gibbon (Hylobates lar). Outside Indonesia it also occurs in northern Peninsular Malaysia and southern Thailand. It uses evergreen and semi-deciduous forest, from lowland swamp forest up to montane forest at about 1,400 m. Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park is one of its important strongholds. Older references placing the agile gibbon on Borneo follow the taxonomy used before the white-bearded gibbon was recognised as a separate species.

Evidence: [Mongabay — The singing apes of Sumatra need rescuing, too (commentary, 2021)](https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/the-singing-apes-of-sumatra-need-rescuing-too-commentary/) · [New England Primate Conservancy — Agile gibbon, Hylobates agilis](https://neprimateconservancy.org/agile-gibbon/) · [New England Primate Conservancy — Bornean white-bearded gibbon, Hylobates albibarbis](https://neprimateconservancy.org/bornean-white-bearded-gibbon/)

## What does the agile gibbon eat?

The agile gibbon feeds mainly on energy-rich fruit, plus young leaves, flowers and insects. The New England Primate Conservancy reports that about 60% of its nutrition comes from fruit and 39% from young leaves. In fruiting seasons, families stay longer around trees in fruit. In drier months they travel further and eat more leaves and insects. Because it swallows fruit and then moves long distances, the agile gibbon disperses seeds, helping new trees grow away from their parent tree.

Evidence: [New England Primate Conservancy — Agile gibbon, Hylobates agilis](https://neprimateconservancy.org/agile-gibbon/) · [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Hylobates agilis, agile gibbon](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hylobates_agilis/)

## How do agile gibbons live and sing?

Agile gibbons live in small families, usually a monogamous adult pair with one or two young, and defend their territory by singing. The female gives a “great call” that carries about 1 km, and the male closes it with a coda. Males also sing solo before sunrise. A family's home range covers 16–43 ha, and they may travel up to 1.34 km a day. Females are pregnant for 7–8 months, bear a single infant and typically give birth about once every 3.2 years. Young gibbons reach sexual maturity at around 8 years.

Evidence: [New England Primate Conservancy — Agile gibbon, Hylobates agilis](https://neprimateconservancy.org/agile-gibbon/) · [Ditjen KSDAE (BBKSDA Riau) — Mari mengenal satwa owa ungko](https://ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/publikasi/berita/mari-mengenal-satwa-owa-ungko-3H2XLf7p/)

## Why is the agile gibbon threatened?

The agile gibbon is threatened mainly by the loss and fragmentation of Sumatra's forests, and by the capture of infants for the pet trade. IUCN lists it as Endangered. Andalas University primatologist Rizaldi told Mongabay Indonesia that gibbon numbers have fallen in lowlands converted to oil palm and rubber. Gibbons will not cross forest gaps wider than 20 m, so they are easily isolated. For each infant traded, usually two to four family members are killed. Slow breeding makes it hard for populations to recover.

Evidence: [Mongabay Indonesia — Sebanyak 16 owa dikembalikan ke habitatnya, ancaman perburuan? (2023)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2023/12/03/sebanyak-16-owa-dikembalikan-ke-habitatnya-ancaman-perburuan/) · [Mongabay — The singing apes of Sumatra need rescuing, too (commentary, 2021)](https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/the-singing-apes-of-sumatra-need-rescuing-too-commentary/) · [New England Primate Conservancy — Agile gibbon, Hylobates agilis](https://neprimateconservancy.org/agile-gibbon/)

## How can the agile gibbon be protected?

The agile gibbon is protected in Indonesia: it is listed in the annex to Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018. Do not buy, keep or accept an infant gibbon as a pet. Former pets are hard to return to the wild: they must be healthy, paired, and released into forest not already occupied by other groups. For example, 16 agile gibbons that had been confiscated or handed in by residents were released by BKSDA West Sumatra in November 2023, after 3–7 years of rehabilitation. If you know of a gibbon being kept or sold, report it to the local BKSDA.

Evidence: [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang jenis tumbuhan dan satwa yang dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Sebanyak 16 owa dikembalikan ke habitatnya, ancaman perburuan? (2023)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2023/12/03/sebanyak-16-owa-dikembalikan-ke-habitatnya-ancaman-perburuan/) · [Mongabay — The singing apes of Sumatra need rescuing, too (commentary, 2021)](https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/the-singing-apes-of-sumatra-need-rescuing-too-commentary/)

## Common questions about the Agile gibbon

### What is the scientific name of the Agile gibbon?

The scientific name of the Agile gibbon is *Hylobates agilis*, in the family Hylobatidae. In Indonesian it is called Owa ungko.

### Where can the Agile gibbon be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Agile gibbon in: Sumatra, south of Lake Toba.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Agile gibbon eat?

Diet of the Agile gibbon: mainly fruit, plus young leaves, flowers and insects.

### What is the conservation status of the Agile gibbon?

On the IUCN Red List, the Agile gibbon is listed as Endangered: it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219550), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Agile gibbon is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [New England Primate Conservancy — Agile gibbon, Hylobates agilis](https://neprimateconservancy.org/agile-gibbon/)
2. [New England Primate Conservancy — Bornean white-bearded gibbon, Hylobates albibarbis](https://neprimateconservancy.org/bornean-white-bearded-gibbon/)
3. [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Hylobates agilis, agile gibbon](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hylobates_agilis/)
4. [Mongabay — The singing apes of Sumatra need rescuing, too (commentary, 2021)](https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/the-singing-apes-of-sumatra-need-rescuing-too-commentary/)
5. [Mongabay Indonesia — Sebanyak 16 owa dikembalikan ke habitatnya, ancaman perburuan? (2023)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2023/12/03/sebanyak-16-owa-dikembalikan-ke-habitatnya-ancaman-perburuan/)
6. [Ditjen KSDAE (BBKSDA Riau) — Mari mengenal satwa owa ungko](https://ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/publikasi/berita/mari-mengenal-satwa-owa-ungko-3H2XLf7p/)
7. [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang jenis tumbuhan dan satwa yang dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Further reading

[Gibbon: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/gibbon/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Bornean White-bearded Gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylobates-albibarbis/)
- [Lar Gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylobates-lar/)
- [Javan gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-gibbon/)
- [Banteng](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banteng/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Javan mouse-deer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-mouse-deer/)
- [Southern red muntjac](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/southern-red-muntjac/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Agile gibbon. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/agile-gibbon/


---

# Bearded pig

> The bearded pig (Sus barbatus) is a wild pig with a bristly facial beard from the forests of Borneo and Sumatra, known for mass migrations that follow fruiting.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bearded-pig/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/babi-berjenggot/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Bearded pig (*Sus barbatus*) is a mammal in the family Suidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Vulnerable.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Sus barbatus* |
| Indonesian name | Babi berjenggot |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Suidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Borneo (Kalimantan) and Sumatra |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/) |
| Diet | Omnivore: dipterocarp seeds, fruit, roots, earthworms, carrion |
| Range in Indonesia | Kalimantan, Sumatra and some smaller islands |
| Key feature | Bristly beard on jaw and snout, long head |
| Other names | Sunda bearded pig, Bornean bearded pig |
| IUCN status | Vulnerable, assessed before the African swine fever outbreak |
| IUCN status | Vulnerable · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2441222) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the bearded pig?

The bearded pig (Sus barbatus) is a long-legged wild pig with an elongated head and a “beard” of coarse bristles along the lower jaw and across the snout. Young animals are blackish, while adults range from reddish brown to yellow-grey or almost white. Piglets are striped lengthwise, and the stripes fade by about six months. The IUCN Wild Pig Specialist Group gives a usual weight of 58–83 kg, rising to 200 kg when food is plentiful. It recognises two subspecies: S. b. barbatus on Borneo and nearby islands, and S. b. oi on Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula.

Evidence: [IUCN SSC Wild Pig Specialist Group — Sunda bearded pig (detailed profile)](https://www.iucn-wpsg.org/sunda-bearded-pig-detailed) · [ASM Mammal Diversity Database — Sus barbatus, bearded pig](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006371/)

## Where does the bearded pig live?

In Indonesia, bearded pigs live on Borneo (Kalimantan) and Sumatra, and have been recorded on smaller islands such as Karimata and Laut. On Borneo the species is still widespread but declining; on Sumatra it now occupies only a small part of its former range. Its core habitat is lowland and hill dipterocarp forest, but it also uses riverbanks, estuarine swamps, beaches, secondary forest and plantations. It is the only wild pig on Borneo. On Sumatra it shares its range with the Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa), which is now more widespread.

Evidence: [IUCN SSC Wild Pig Specialist Group — Sunda bearded pig (detailed profile)](https://www.iucn-wpsg.org/sunda-bearded-pig-detailed) · [Animals (Daniel et al. 2025, via PubMed Central) — Rapid spread of African swine fever across Borneo](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12427262/)

## What does the bearded pig eat?

The bearded pig is a true omnivore that eats almost anything, with forest seeds and fruit as its most important foods. Oil-rich seeds of dipterocarps and of the oak family (Fagaceae, such as Castanopsis, Lithocarpus and Quercus) matter most, especially in mast-fruiting years. It also roots for earthworms and roots along riverbanks, and eats fungi, invertebrates in rotting wood, small vertebrates, turtle eggs and carrion. ADW notes that bearded pigs often follow macaques to pick up dropped fruit. By eating and spreading seeds, they shape how forests regenerate.

Evidence: [IUCN SSC Wild Pig Specialist Group — Sunda bearded pig (detailed profile)](https://www.iucn-wpsg.org/sunda-bearded-pig-detailed) · [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Sus barbatus, bearded pig](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sus_barbatus/)

## Why do bearded pigs migrate?

Bearded pigs are known for mass migrations linked to the mast fruiting of dipterocarp trees. When fruit is abundant, herds move from mountains and swamps to drier lowland forest, and they cross rivers in groups of more than 100. They are strong swimmers and have even been reported crossing sea channels. Mating appears to coincide with synchronised flowering in the forest, and females build nests of vegetation to give birth. The Wild Pig Specialist Group notes that litter size varies widely: 3–4 piglets for small mothers and 10–12 for large ones.

Evidence: [IUCN SSC Wild Pig Specialist Group — Sunda bearded pig (detailed profile)](https://www.iucn-wpsg.org/sunda-bearded-pig-detailed) · [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Sus barbatus, bearded pig](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sus_barbatus/)

## How has African swine fever affected the bearded pig?

African swine fever (ASF) has caused mass deaths of bearded pigs on Borneo since late 2020. A 2025 study by Daniel and colleagues in the journal Animals records the first deaths in bearded pigs in Sabah in December 2020. The virus then spread across almost the whole island within about a year. In Kalimantan, the first pig deaths were reported in May 2021 in North and East Kalimantan. An estimate cited in the study suggests about 90% of Sabah's bearded pigs disappeared. ASF does not infect people, but there is no vaccine or cure.

Evidence: [Animals (Daniel et al. 2025, via PubMed Central) — Rapid spread of African swine fever across Borneo](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12427262/)

## How can the bearded pig be protected?

Protecting the bearded pig depends on large areas of dipterocarp forest, controlled hunting and preventing the spread of disease. Before the ASF outbreak, IUCN already listed it as Vulnerable because of forest loss and heavy hunting. The authors of the ASF study recommend keeping existing hunting bans, tightening biosecurity where outbreaks reach backyard pig farms, and urgently reassessing its IUCN status. ASF spreads through contact with sick pigs and contaminated meat. If you find a dead wild pig, do not touch it or take its meat, and report it to local animal health officers.

Evidence: [Animals (Daniel et al. 2025, via PubMed Central) — Rapid spread of African swine fever across Borneo](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12427262/) · [IUCN SSC Wild Pig Specialist Group — Sunda bearded pig (detailed profile)](https://www.iucn-wpsg.org/sunda-bearded-pig-detailed) · [Mongabay — Southeast Asian wild pigs confront deadly African swine fever epidemic (2021)](https://news.mongabay.com/2021/02/southeast-asian-wild-pigs-confront-deadly-african-swine-fever-epidemic/)

## Common questions about the Bearded pig

### What is the scientific name of the Bearded pig?

The scientific name of the Bearded pig is *Sus barbatus*, in the family Suidae. In Indonesian it is called Babi berjenggot.

### Where can the Bearded pig be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Bearded pig in: Borneo (Kalimantan) and Sumatra.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/).

### What does the Bearded pig eat?

Diet of the Bearded pig: omnivore: dipterocarp seeds, fruit, roots, earthworms, carrion.

### What is the conservation status of the Bearded pig?

On the IUCN Red List, the Bearded pig is listed as Vulnerable: it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2441222), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Bearded pig is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [IUCN SSC Wild Pig Specialist Group — Sunda bearded pig (detailed profile)](https://www.iucn-wpsg.org/sunda-bearded-pig-detailed)
2. [Animals (Daniel et al. 2025, via PubMed Central) — Rapid spread of African swine fever across Borneo](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12427262/)
3. [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Sus barbatus, bearded pig](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sus_barbatus/)
4. [ASM Mammal Diversity Database — Sus barbatus, bearded pig](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006371/)
5. [Mongabay — Southeast Asian wild pigs confront deadly African swine fever epidemic (2021)](https://news.mongabay.com/2021/02/southeast-asian-wild-pigs-confront-deadly-african-swine-fever-epidemic/)

## Further reading

[Bornean bearded pig: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/bornean-bearded-pig/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Wild Boar](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sus-scrofa/)
- [Agile gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/agile-gibbon/)
- [Asian small-clawed otter](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-small-clawed-otter/)
- [Banteng](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banteng/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/)
- [Javan mouse-deer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-mouse-deer/)
- [Southern red muntjac](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/southern-red-muntjac/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Bearded pig. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bearded-pig/


---

# Smooth-coated otter

> The smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) is Indonesia's largest otter, with short sleek fur, living in family groups in rivers, swamps and mangroves.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/smooth-coated-otter/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/berang-berang-wregul/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Smooth-coated otter (*Lutrogale perspicillata*) is a mammal in the family Mustelidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Vulnerable.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Lutrogale perspicillata* |
| Indonesian name | Berang-berang wregul |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Mustelidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Java and Borneo (Kalimantan) |
| Linked habitats | [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/), [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/) |
| Diet | Mainly fish, plus shrimps, crabs, frogs and birds |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Java and Kalimantan |
| Key feature | Short sleek fur, flattened tail, over 1 m long |
| Other names | Indian smooth-coated otter |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Protected under Permen LHK P.106 of 2018 |
| IUCN status | Vulnerable · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2433686) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the smooth-coated otter?

The smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) is Indonesia's largest otter, with short, sleek, velvety fur. Berang-Berang Indonesia gives a total length of 107–130 cm, a tail of 40–50 cm and a weight of 7–12 kg. The tail flattens towards the tip, giving a roughly triangular cross-section that sets it apart from other otters. The back is dark to reddish brown and the underside is paler. The nose is black and hairless, and all the toes are fully webbed. It is one of four otter species found in Indonesia.

Evidence: [Berang-Berang Indonesia — Berang-berang bulu licin (Lutrogale perspicillata)](https://berang-berang.com/jenis/bulu-licin/) · [IUCN SSC Otter Specialist Group — Lutrogale perspicillata, smooth-coated otter](https://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/otter-species/lutrogale-perspicillata/) · [IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin (Gomez, Shepherd & Morgan 2019) — Improved legislation and stronger enforcement actions needed as the online otter trade in Indonesia continues](https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume36/Gomez_et_al_2019.html)

## Where does the smooth-coated otter live?

In Indonesia, the smooth-coated otter lives on Sumatra, Java and Borneo (Kalimantan). Beyond Indonesia, its range extends from South Asia to mainland South-east Asia, with an isolated population in Iraq. It needs larger waters than the small-clawed otter: lakes, large rocky rivers, peat-swamp forest, mangroves and estuaries, and it also forages in rice fields. It can live on coasts but still needs fresh water to rinse salt from its fur. Dense riverside vegetation is essential for hiding, digging dens and raising cubs.

Evidence: [Berang-Berang Indonesia — Berang-berang bulu licin (Lutrogale perspicillata)](https://berang-berang.com/jenis/bulu-licin/) · [IUCN SSC Otter Specialist Group — Lutrogale perspicillata, smooth-coated otter](https://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/otter-species/lutrogale-perspicillata/) · [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Lutrogale perspicillata, smooth-coated otter](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lutrogale_perspicillata/)

## What does the smooth-coated otter eat?

Fish are the smooth-coated otter's main food: Berang-Berang Indonesia reports that they make up more than 90% of its diet. It also takes shrimps, crabs, insects, frogs, birds and rats when available, making it an opportunistic feeder. Family groups often hunt together, swimming in formation so that shoals of fish panic, get cornered and are easy to catch. Sensitive whiskers help it detect prey moving in the water. Small fish are usually eaten in the water, while large ones are carried to the bank.

Evidence: [Berang-Berang Indonesia — Berang-berang bulu licin (Lutrogale perspicillata)](https://berang-berang.com/jenis/bulu-licin/) · [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Lutrogale perspicillata, smooth-coated otter](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lutrogale_perspicillata/) · [IUCN SSC Otter Specialist Group — Lutrogale perspicillata, smooth-coated otter](https://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/otter-species/lutrogale-perspicillata/)

## How does the smooth-coated otter live and breed?

Smooth-coated otters live in family groups made up of an adult pair and several young, and they mark their range with droppings on rocks or sandy banks. ADW gives a group range of about 7–12 km². The Otter Specialist Group describes them as mainly nocturnal, though they can be active by day where undisturbed. Berang-Berang Indonesia gives a gestation of 63–65 days and litters of 1–5. Dens lie under tree roots, in rock crevices or in burrows with an underwater entrance. Cubs are introduced to water at about 12 weeks old.

Evidence: [Berang-Berang Indonesia — Berang-berang bulu licin (Lutrogale perspicillata)](https://berang-berang.com/jenis/bulu-licin/) · [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Lutrogale perspicillata, smooth-coated otter](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lutrogale_perspicillata/) · [IUCN SSC Otter Specialist Group — Lutrogale perspicillata, smooth-coated otter](https://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/otter-species/lutrogale-perspicillata/)

## How is the smooth-coated otter different from the small-clawed otter?

The smooth-coated otter is much larger than the Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus), and size and tail shape are the easiest clues. Berang-Berang Indonesia's identification key says an otter longer than 1 m is probably a smooth-coated otter, while one shorter than 75 cm is probably a small-clawed otter. Mongabay Indonesia gives the small-clawed otter a body length of 45–55 cm and a weight of 3–6 kg. The smooth-coated otter's tail is flattened towards the tip. This matters because small-clawed otters dominate Indonesia's online otter trade, and young animals in sale photos are often hard to identify.

Evidence: [Berang-Berang Indonesia — Hewan apa yang saya lihat? Berang-berangkah? (kunci identifikasi)](https://berang-berang.com/2017/01/hewan-apa-yang-saya-lihat-berang-berangkah/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Nasib berang-berang, terancam punah di alam liar (2024)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2024/03/24/nasib-berang-berang-terancam-punah-di-alam-liar/) · [IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin (Gomez, Shepherd & Morgan 2019) — Improved legislation and stronger enforcement actions needed as the online otter trade in Indonesia continues](https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume36/Gomez_et_al_2019.html)

## How can the smooth-coated otter be protected?

The smooth-coated otter is protected in Indonesia: it is listed in the annex to Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018. Since 2019 it has also been on CITES Appendix I, the highest level of protection from international trade. The main threats are poaching, habitat loss, accidental trapping, the pet trade and pollution. Do not buy otters through social media or at animal markets. Keep rivers clean and leave riverside vegetation in place. If you see a smooth-coated otter being sold or kept as a pet, report it to the local BKSDA.

Evidence: [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang jenis tumbuhan dan satwa yang dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf) · [Mongabay — Asian otters gain protection from the pet trade (2019)](https://news.mongabay.com/2019/09/asian-otters-gain-protection-from-the-pet-trade/) · [IUCN SSC Otter Specialist Group — Lutrogale perspicillata, smooth-coated otter](https://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/otter-species/lutrogale-perspicillata/)

## Common questions about the Smooth-coated otter

### What is the scientific name of the Smooth-coated otter?

The scientific name of the Smooth-coated otter is *Lutrogale perspicillata*, in the family Mustelidae. In Indonesian it is called Berang-berang wregul.

### Where can the Smooth-coated otter be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Smooth-coated otter in: Sumatra, Java and Borneo (Kalimantan).

Source-supported habitats: [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/), [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/).

### What does the Smooth-coated otter eat?

Diet of the Smooth-coated otter: mainly fish, plus shrimps, crabs, frogs and birds.

### What is the conservation status of the Smooth-coated otter?

On the IUCN Red List, the Smooth-coated otter is listed as Vulnerable: it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2433686), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Smooth-coated otter is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Berang-Berang Indonesia — Berang-berang bulu licin (Lutrogale perspicillata)](https://berang-berang.com/jenis/bulu-licin/)
2. [Berang-Berang Indonesia — Hewan apa yang saya lihat? Berang-berangkah? (kunci identifikasi)](https://berang-berang.com/2017/01/hewan-apa-yang-saya-lihat-berang-berangkah/)
3. [IUCN SSC Otter Specialist Group — Lutrogale perspicillata, smooth-coated otter](https://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/otter-species/lutrogale-perspicillata/)
4. [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Lutrogale perspicillata, smooth-coated otter](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lutrogale_perspicillata/)
5. [IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin (Gomez, Shepherd & Morgan 2019) — Improved legislation and stronger enforcement actions needed as the online otter trade in Indonesia continues](https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume36/Gomez_et_al_2019.html)
6. [Mongabay Indonesia — Nasib berang-berang, terancam punah di alam liar (2024)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2024/03/24/nasib-berang-berang-terancam-punah-di-alam-liar/)
7. [Mongabay — Asian otters gain protection from the pet trade (2019)](https://news.mongabay.com/2019/09/asian-otters-gain-protection-from-the-pet-trade/)
8. [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang jenis tumbuhan dan satwa yang dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Further reading

[Otter: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/otter/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Asian small-clawed otter](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-small-clawed-otter/)
- [Bearded pig](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bearded-pig/)
- [Bornean elephant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-elephant/)
- [Bornean orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-orangutan/)
- [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/)
- [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Smooth-coated otter. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/smooth-coated-otter/


---

# Malay civet

> The Malay civet (Viverra tangalunga) is a ground-dwelling, black-spotted civet with a black-and-white banded tail, common in the forests of Sumatra and Borneo.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malay-civet/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/musang-tenggalung/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Malay civet (*Viverra tangalunga*) is a mammal in the family Viverridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Viverra tangalunga* |
| Indonesian name | Musang tenggalung |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Viverridae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Borneo and nearby islands; introduced to Sulawesi and Maluku |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Omnivore: invertebrates, fruit, rodents, birds, reptiles |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Borneo, nearby islands; introduced to Sulawesi and Maluku |
| Key feature | Black spots, banded neck collars, black-and-white ringed tail |
| Activity | Mainly nocturnal, ground-dwelling |
| Other names | Malayan civet, Oriental civet |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219330) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Malay civet?

The Malay civet (Viverra tangalunga) is a ground-dwelling civet of the family Viverridae, with black spots and a black-and-white banded tail. ADW describes a tawny or greyish coat with black spots, usually three black and two white collars on the sides of the neck, and a black stripe from the shoulders to the tail. A study in Sabah gives a weight of 3–7 kg. It is not a cat. The 2016 IUCN assessment notes that the population on Belitung island is so genetically distinct that it should be managed as a separate conservation unit.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Viverra tangalunga, Malay civet](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Viverra_tangalunga/) · [Conservation Physiology (Evans et al. 2020, via PubMed Central) — Blood profiles of wild Malay civets (Viverra tangalunga) at the forest interface of oil palm agriculture](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7772617/) · [IUCN Red List (Duckworth et al. 2016) — Viverra tangalunga, Malay civet, assessment PDF (copy hosted by HoSCAP Borneo)](https://hoscap-borneo.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/viverratangalunga_2016iucnassessment.pdf)

## Where does the Malay civet live?

The Malay civet is probably native to Sumatra and Borneo, and has been recorded on many other Indonesian islands, partly because people carried it there. The 2016 IUCN assessment lists records from Bangka, Belitung, Bintan, Lingga, Natuna, Karimata, Sangihe, Ambon, Buru, Seram, Halmahera, Bacan and Ternate. Populations on Sulawesi and in Maluku were introduced. There are a few records from Java, but no evidence of a native population there. On Sumatra it seems patchier, occurring mainly in the east. It uses primary and secondary forest, farmland and village edges, from sea level to 2,100 m.

Evidence: [IUCN Red List (Duckworth et al. 2016) — Viverra tangalunga, Malay civet, assessment PDF (copy hosted by HoSCAP Borneo)](https://hoscap-borneo.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/viverratangalunga_2016iucnassessment.pdf) · [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Viverra tangalunga, Malay civet](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Viverra_tangalunga/)

## What does the Malay civet eat?

The Malay civet is an omnivore that eats invertebrates, fruit and small animals. A diet study by Colón and Sugau in lowland forest in Sabah found invertebrates, fruit, rodents, shrews and their relatives, birds, snakes and lizards in its diet, with an apparent preference for centipedes and scorpions. In logged forest it ate less fruit, perhaps because less was available, and more invertebrates. ADW also lists frogs, insects and eggs. It hunts by stalking prey or pouncing from cover.

Evidence: [CUNY Academic Works (Colón & Sugau) — Notes on the diet of the Malay civet (Viverra tangalunga) and other civets in logged and unlogged lowland dipterocarp rain forests in Sabah, Borneo](https://academicworks.cuny.edu/kb_pubs/44/) · [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Viverra tangalunga, Malay civet](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Viverra_tangalunga/)

## How does the Malay civet behave?

Malay civets live alone, are mainly nocturnal and spend most of their time on the ground, although they can climb. By day they rest at ground level under cover. Average adult home ranges are about 110 ha in Sabah and 70 ha on Sulawesi. On Buton Island they are more active in daylight than in Sabah. Males and females meet only to mate. ADW notes litters of 1–4 young, born in dense vegetation or holes in the ground. Glands near the anus produce a strong-smelling secretion known as civet.

Evidence: [IUCN Red List (Duckworth et al. 2016) — Viverra tangalunga, Malay civet, assessment PDF (copy hosted by HoSCAP Borneo)](https://hoscap-borneo.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/viverratangalunga_2016iucnassessment.pdf) · [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Viverra tangalunga, Malay civet](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Viverra_tangalunga/)

## How is the Malay civet different from the Asian palm civet?

The Malay civet lives on the ground and has a ringed tail, while the Asian palm civet, or musang luwak (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), lives mostly in trees and has no rings. According to ADW, the palm civet's tail is only tipped black, and it has dark stripes down the back and three rows of spots on each side. The palm civet is the animal associated with kopi luwak coffee; the sources used here for the Malay civet do not link it to kopi luwak. Both are viverrids, not cats.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Viverra tangalunga, Malay civet](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Viverra_tangalunga/) · [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, Asian palm civet](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Paradoxurus_hermaphroditus/) · [IUCN Red List (Duckworth et al. 2016) — Viverra tangalunga, Malay civet, assessment PDF (copy hosted by HoSCAP Borneo)](https://hoscap-borneo.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/viverratangalunga_2016iucnassessment.pdf)

## What should you do if you meet a Malay civet?

If you meet a Malay civet, leave it alone and give it space; it generally shows little aggression unless cornered. It is sometimes treated as a pest because it is blamed for taking poultry, and it is hunted or snared as a result. As a ground-dwelling animal it is exposed to snares, hunting with dogs and attacks by feral dogs. Closing poultry pens at night is a better response than setting snares or poison. IUCN lists it as Least Concern, but it still needs forest: there is no evidence it can survive in landscapes without trees.

Evidence: [IUCN Red List (Duckworth et al. 2016) — Viverra tangalunga, Malay civet, assessment PDF (copy hosted by HoSCAP Borneo)](https://hoscap-borneo.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/viverratangalunga_2016iucnassessment.pdf) · [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Viverra tangalunga, Malay civet](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Viverra_tangalunga/) · [The Forest Forever (PT RHOI, Yayasan BOS) — Musang tenggalung (Viverra tangalunga), Hutan Kehje Sewen, Kalimantan Timur](https://www.theforestforever.com/id/the-suspected-chicken-thief-in-the-jungle)

## Common questions about the Malay civet

### What is the scientific name of the Malay civet?

The scientific name of the Malay civet is *Viverra tangalunga*, in the family Viverridae. In Indonesian it is called Musang tenggalung.

### Where can the Malay civet be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Malay civet in: Sumatra, Borneo and nearby islands; introduced to Sulawesi and Maluku.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Malay civet eat?

Diet of the Malay civet: omnivore: invertebrates, fruit, rodents, birds, reptiles.

### What is the conservation status of the Malay civet?

On the IUCN Red List, the Malay civet is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219330), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Malay civet is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [IUCN Red List (Duckworth et al. 2016) — Viverra tangalunga, Malay civet, assessment PDF (copy hosted by HoSCAP Borneo)](https://hoscap-borneo.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/viverratangalunga_2016iucnassessment.pdf)
2. [CUNY Academic Works (Colón & Sugau) — Notes on the diet of the Malay civet (Viverra tangalunga) and other civets in logged and unlogged lowland dipterocarp rain forests in Sabah, Borneo](https://academicworks.cuny.edu/kb_pubs/44/)
3. [Conservation Physiology (Evans et al. 2020, via PubMed Central) — Blood profiles of wild Malay civets (Viverra tangalunga) at the forest interface of oil palm agriculture](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7772617/)
4. [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Viverra tangalunga, Malay civet](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Viverra_tangalunga/)
5. [Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan) — Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, Asian palm civet](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Paradoxurus_hermaphroditus/)
6. [The Forest Forever (PT RHOI, Yayasan BOS) — Musang tenggalung (Viverra tangalunga), Hutan Kehje Sewen, Kalimantan Timur](https://www.theforestforever.com/id/the-suspected-chicken-thief-in-the-jungle)

## Further reading

[Civet: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/civet/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Agile gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/agile-gibbon/)
- [Banteng](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banteng/)
- [Bearded pig](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bearded-pig/)
- [Binturong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/binturong/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Malay civet. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malay-civet/


---

# Leatherback turtle

> The leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) is the world's largest turtle, with a leathery shell; in Indonesia it nests mainly in Tambrauw, Southwest Papua.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leatherback-turtle/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/penyu-belimbing/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Leatherback turtle (*Dermochelys coriacea*) is a marine animal in the family Dermochelyidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Vulnerable.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Dermochelys coriacea* |
| Indonesian name | Penyu belimbing |
| Group | Marine |
| Family | Dermochelyidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Southwest Papua (Tambrauw) and Maluku (Kei Islands and Buru) |
| Diet | Mainly jellyfish and salps |
| Range in Indonesia | Nests mainly at Jamursba Medi and Wermon, Tambrauw |
| Key feature | Dark leathery carapace with seven lengthwise ridges |
| Other names | Penyu belimbing (Indonesian), leatherback sea turtle |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Fully protected (KKP Decree 66/2025; Environment Regulation P.106/2018) |
| IUCN status | Vulnerable · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9789983) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the leatherback turtle?

The leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) is the world's largest turtle and the only sea turtle without scales or a hard shell. Its carapace is thick, rubbery skin over small interlocking bones. It is black or dark brown with white spots and has seven ridges running along its length, which inspired the Indonesian name penyu belimbing, after the star fruit. Mongabay Indonesia reports lengths of up to 2 metres and weights of up to one tonne. Its front flippers are much longer than those of other sea turtles, so it is hard to confuse with the hard-shelled green, hawksbill or olive ridley turtles.

Evidence: [NOAA Fisheries — Leatherback Turtle](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/leatherback-turtle) · [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (JDIH KKP) — Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 66 Tahun 2025 tentang Jenis Ikan yang Dilindungi](https://jdih.kkp.go.id/peraturan/-2025kepmenkp066_1762414639.pdf) · [Mongabay Indonesia (2024) — Migrasi Terjauh Penyu Belimbing dari Papua ke Amerika Berjarak 20.558 Kilometer](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2024/05/23/migrasi-terjauh-penyu-belimbing-dari-papua-ke-amerika-berjarak-20-558-kilometer/)

## Where does the leatherback turtle live?

Leatherbacks live in the open ocean and come ashore only to nest on tropical beaches. Indonesia's most important nesting beaches are Jamursba Medi (now called Jeen Yessa) and Wermon (Jeen Syuab) in Tambrauw Regency, Southwest Papua. Both lie within the Jeen Womom Coastal Park, designated by the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries in 2017. NOAA Fisheries says this Papuan nesting population makes up 50–75 per cent of the western Pacific population. Leatherbacks are also found around the Kei Islands and nest on Buru Island in Maluku. Outside the nesting season, Papuan leatherbacks cross the Pacific to feed off the west coast of the United States.

Evidence: [Frontiers in Marine Science (2025) — Population structure and genetic diversity of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) in Bird's Head Seascape, Papua-Indonesia](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2025.1569466/full) · [Mongabay Indonesia (2018) — Pelindung Penyu dari Kepunahan itu Bernama Taman Pesisir Jeen Womom](https://mongabay.co.id/2018/02/05/pelindung-penyu-dari-kepunahan-itu-bernama-taman-pesisir-jeen-womom/) · [NOAA Fisheries — Leatherback Turtle](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/leatherback-turtle)

## What does the leatherback turtle eat?

Leatherbacks feed mainly on jellyfish and other soft-bodied animals such as salps. Unlike other sea turtles, they lack a crushing beak. Instead they have sharp-edged jaws with tooth-like points, and their mouth and throat are lined with backward-pointing spines that hold slippery prey. Mongabay Indonesia notes that they also take small amounts of seaweed, fish, shrimp and other invertebrates. To find food, leatherbacks can dive to nearly 1,200 metres and stay down for up to 85 minutes. Floating plastic bags and balloons look like jellyfish, and NOAA Fisheries warns that leatherbacks swallow them by mistake.

Evidence: [NOAA Fisheries — Leatherback Turtle](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/leatherback-turtle) · [Mongabay Indonesia (2024) — Migrasi Terjauh Penyu Belimbing dari Papua ke Amerika Berjarak 20.558 Kilometer](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2024/05/23/migrasi-terjauh-penyu-belimbing-dari-papua-ke-amerika-berjarak-20-558-kilometer/)

## How do leatherback turtles nest and migrate?

Female leatherbacks come ashore at night, dig a deep nest and return to the sea. According to NOAA Fisheries, a female nests several times in one season at 8–12-day intervals, and Pacific nests hold about 85–95 eggs the size of tennis balls. The eggs hatch after about two months, and females return to nest every 2–4 years. In Tambrauw, nesting happens all year, peaking from May to September at Jeen Yessa and from December to February at Jeen Syuab. A female from Jamursba Medi, tracked by satellite in 2007, travelled at least 20,558 km in 647 days, reaching Oregon in the United States and returning.

Evidence: [NOAA Fisheries — Leatherback Turtle](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/leatherback-turtle) · [Frontiers in Marine Science (2025) — Population structure and genetic diversity of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) in Bird's Head Seascape, Papua-Indonesia](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2025.1569466/full) · [Mongabay Indonesia (2024) — Migrasi Terjauh Penyu Belimbing dari Papua ke Amerika Berjarak 20.558 Kilometer](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2024/05/23/migrasi-terjauh-penyu-belimbing-dari-papua-ke-amerika-berjarak-20-558-kilometer/)

## Why is the leatherback turtle endangered?

Leatherbacks are threatened by egg harvesting, hunting of adults, entanglement in fishing gear and damage to nesting beaches. NOAA Fisheries reports that the western Pacific population has fallen by more than 80 per cent. WWF-Indonesia data quoted by Mongabay show a 78.3 per cent decline at Jeen Womom over the 27 years to 2016. Wild pigs, dogs and monitor lizards dig up nests, and overheated sand can kill the eggs. At sea, leatherbacks are often caught in gillnets and longlines. Globally the IUCN lists the species as Vulnerable, and a 2025 study cites a nesting decline of about 5.9 per cent a year in Tambrauw since 1984.

Evidence: [NOAA Fisheries — Leatherback Turtle](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/leatherback-turtle) · [Mongabay Indonesia (2018) — Pelindung Penyu dari Kepunahan itu Bernama Taman Pesisir Jeen Womom](https://mongabay.co.id/2018/02/05/pelindung-penyu-dari-kepunahan-itu-bernama-taman-pesisir-jeen-womom/) · [Frontiers in Marine Science (2025) — Population structure and genetic diversity of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) in Bird's Head Seascape, Papua-Indonesia](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2025.1569466/full)

## How can we protect leatherback turtles?

The leatherback is fully protected in Indonesia, including its eggs, body parts and derived products, under Decree No. 66 of 2025 of the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. Do not buy or eat turtle eggs or meat. On nesting beaches, keep your distance, do not touch turtles or hatchlings, and do not shine lights or torches at them. Cut down on single-use plastic and join beach clean-ups. If you find a stranded, injured or entangled turtle, contact the authorities. In Tambrauw, local people patrol the beaches, relocate some nests and shade nests with palm fronds so the sand does not overheat.

Evidence: [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (JDIH KKP) — Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 66 Tahun 2025 tentang Jenis Ikan yang Dilindungi](https://jdih.kkp.go.id/peraturan/-2025kepmenkp066_1762414639.pdf) · [NOAA Fisheries — Leatherback Turtle](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/leatherback-turtle) · [Mongabay (2021) — Time is running out for embattled Pacific leatherback sea turtles](https://news.mongabay.com/2021/04/time-is-running-out-for-embattled-pacific-leatherback-sea-turtles/)

## Common questions about the Leatherback turtle

### What is the scientific name of the Leatherback turtle?

The scientific name of the Leatherback turtle is *Dermochelys coriacea*, in the family Dermochelyidae. In Indonesian it is called Penyu belimbing.

### Where can the Leatherback turtle be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Leatherback turtle in: Southwest Papua (Tambrauw) and Maluku (Kei Islands and Buru).

### What does the Leatherback turtle eat?

Diet of the Leatherback turtle: mainly jellyfish and salps.

### What is the conservation status of the Leatherback turtle?

On the IUCN Red List, the Leatherback turtle is listed as Vulnerable: it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9789983), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Leatherback turtle is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [NOAA Fisheries — Leatherback Turtle](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/leatherback-turtle)
2. [Frontiers in Marine Science (2025) — Population structure and genetic diversity of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) in Bird's Head Seascape, Papua-Indonesia](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2025.1569466/full)
3. [Mongabay Indonesia (2018) — Pelindung Penyu dari Kepunahan itu Bernama Taman Pesisir Jeen Womom](https://mongabay.co.id/2018/02/05/pelindung-penyu-dari-kepunahan-itu-bernama-taman-pesisir-jeen-womom/)
4. [Mongabay Indonesia (2024) — Migrasi Terjauh Penyu Belimbing dari Papua ke Amerika Berjarak 20.558 Kilometer](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2024/05/23/migrasi-terjauh-penyu-belimbing-dari-papua-ke-amerika-berjarak-20-558-kilometer/)
5. [Mongabay (2021) — Time is running out for embattled Pacific leatherback sea turtles](https://news.mongabay.com/2021/04/time-is-running-out-for-embattled-pacific-leatherback-sea-turtles/)
6. [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (JDIH KKP) — Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 66 Tahun 2025 tentang Jenis Ikan yang Dilindungi](https://jdih.kkp.go.id/peraturan/-2025kepmenkp066_1762414639.pdf)
7. [Kementerian LHK (via JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur) — Permen LHK Nomor P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Further reading

[Leatherback turtle: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/leatherback-turtle/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Blacktip Reef Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/carcharhinus-melanopterus/)
- [Brown-banded Bamboo Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chiloscyllium-punctatum/)
- [Dugong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dugong/)
- [Tasselled Wobbegong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eucrossorhinus-dasypogon/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Leatherback turtle. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/leatherback-turtle/


---

# Indonesian coelacanth

> The Indonesian coelacanth (Latimeria menadoensis) is a rare, deep-water lobe-finned fish known from Sulawesi to Papua, first recognised in 1997.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/indonesian-coelacanth/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/ikan-raja-laut/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Indonesian coelacanth (*Latimeria menadoensis*) is a marine animal in the family Latimeriidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Vulnerable.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Latimeria menadoensis* |
| Indonesian name | Ikan raja laut |
| Group | Marine |
| Family | Latimeriidae |
| Range in Indonesia | North Sulawesi, Gorontalo, North Maluku, Raja Ampat and Biak (Papua) |
| Diet | Probably fish and squid, like its African relative |
| Range in Indonesia | North Sulawesi, Gorontalo, North Maluku, Raja Ampat, Biak |
| Key feature | Fleshy lobed fins; brownish-grey body with white blotches |
| Other names | Sulawesi coelacanth; raja laut (king of the sea) |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Fully protected (KKP Decree 66/2025) |
| IUCN status | Vulnerable · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2441276) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Indonesian coelacanth?

The Indonesian coelacanth (Latimeria menadoensis) is a deep-water lobe-finned fish often called a living fossil. Coelacanths belong to a lineage more than 400 million years old, and only two species survive: this one and the African coelacanth (L. chalumnae). According to an FAO identification sheet, it is brownish grey with irregular white blotches, with fleshy lobed fins and a three-part tail. FishBase gives a maximum length of 140 cm. A specimen caught off West Papua proved genetically distinct from the Sulawesi fish, and researchers suggest that another coelacanth species may still await description.

Evidence: [FAO Species Identification Guide, Western Central Pacific — Latimeriidae: Latimeria menadoensis (S.L. Jewett)](https://www.fao.org/4/y0870e/y0870e63.pdf) · [FishBase — Latimeria menadoensis, Sulawesi coelacanth](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Latimeria-menadoensis.html) · [Scientific Reports (2020) — A thirteen-million-year divergence between two lineages of Indonesian coelacanths](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-57042-1)

## Where does the Indonesian coelacanth live?

The Indonesian coelacanth lives on rocky slopes and in caves in the deep waters of eastern Indonesia, usually at about 150–200 metres according to FishBase. Indonesia's 2025 decree on protected fish species lists its range as North Sulawesi, Biak and Raja Ampat. In October 2024, technical divers photographed a living coelacanth in North Maluku for the first time, at 144 metres in water of 19–20 °C. The fish was hovering above a rock on a steep volcanic slope rather than hiding in a cave. The researchers say the find supports the idea that its range is wider than first thought.

Evidence: [FishBase — Latimeria menadoensis, Sulawesi coelacanth](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Latimeria-menadoensis.html) · [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (JDIH KKP) — Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 66 Tahun 2025 tentang Jenis Ikan yang Dilindungi](https://jdih.kkp.go.id/peraturan/-2025kepmenkp066_1762414639.pdf) · [Scientific Reports (2025) — First record of a living coelacanth from North Maluku, Indonesia](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-90287-7)

## What does the Indonesian coelacanth eat?

The Indonesian coelacanth's diet has hardly been studied directly, but coelacanths are known predators of fish and squid. Most of what we know comes from the African coelacanth. According to FishBase, African coelacanths forage alone at night, drifting slowly with the current near the seabed, and shelter in the nearest cave before dawn. They may travel up to 8 km in a night. Recorded prey includes several deep-water fishes, a skate, an eel and a small shark. For the Indonesian species, FishBase estimates a trophic level of about 4.5, which places it high in the food chain.

Evidence: [FishBase — Latimeria chalumnae, Coelacanth](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Latimeria-chalumnae.html) · [FishBase — Latimeria menadoensis, Sulawesi coelacanth](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Latimeria-menadoensis.html)

## How does the Indonesian coelacanth reproduce?

Coelacanths are ovoviviparous: eggs are fertilised inside the female, and the young develop in her oviduct until they are born alive. Most details come from the African coelacanth. FishBase records African females carrying 5–29 young, with gestation estimated at about three years, among the longest known in vertebrates. Newborns measure about 35–38 cm. Researchers describe coelacanths as long-lived, with a low metabolic rate and late sexual maturity, which makes them very sensitive to disturbance. The first juvenile Indonesian coelacanth was sighted in 2009 during surveys in North Sulawesi.

Evidence: [FishBase — Latimeria chalumnae, Coelacanth](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Latimeria-chalumnae.html) · [Scientific Reports (2025) — First record of a living coelacanth from North Maluku, Indonesia](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-90287-7)

## How was the Indonesian coelacanth discovered?

Science learned of the Indonesian coelacanth after Arnaz and Mark Erdmann saw one for sale at a fish market in Manado, North Sulawesi, on 18 September 1997. Mark recognised the shape of the African coelacanth, but this fish was brown rather than blue. In 1998 fishers netted a second specimen off Manado Tua Island, and the discovery was reported in the journal Nature that year. In 1999 Pouyaud and colleagues described it as a new species, Latimeria menadoensis. Since then, specimens have been reported from Raja Ampat (2018), North Gorontalo (2025) and near Siladen Island, Manado (2026).

Evidence: [Mongabay Indonesia (2026) — Ikan Purba Coelacanth dan Masa Depan Laut Indonesia](https://mongabay.co.id/2026/07/02/ikan-purba-coelacanth-dan-masa-depan-laut-indonesia/) · [FAO Species Identification Guide, Western Central Pacific — Latimeriidae: Latimeria menadoensis (S.L. Jewett)](https://www.fao.org/4/y0870e/y0870e63.pdf) · [Mongabay Indonesia (2021) — Inilah Wujud Ikan Purba Coelacanth yang Hanya Ada di Indonesia dan Afrika](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2021/05/24/inilah-wujud-ikan-purba-coelacanth-yang-hanya-ada-di-indonesia-dan-afrika/)

## What should you do if you find an Indonesian coelacanth?

The Indonesian coelacanth is fully protected in Indonesia, including its body parts and derived products, under the 2025 decree of the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. International commercial trade is banned because the species is listed on CITES Appendix I. If one is caught or found, do not sell, eat or keep it, and report it promptly to local marine and fisheries officers. Divers should not chase, touch or disturb it. The researchers who found the North Maluku coelacanth kept the site secret and warned that unregulated coelacanth tourism could become a new threat.

Evidence: [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (JDIH KKP) — Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 66 Tahun 2025 tentang Jenis Ikan yang Dilindungi](https://jdih.kkp.go.id/peraturan/-2025kepmenkp066_1762414639.pdf) · [FishBase — Latimeria menadoensis, Sulawesi coelacanth](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Latimeria-menadoensis.html) · [Scientific Reports (2025) — First record of a living coelacanth from North Maluku, Indonesia](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-90287-7)

## Common questions about the Indonesian coelacanth

### What is the scientific name of the Indonesian coelacanth?

The scientific name of the Indonesian coelacanth is *Latimeria menadoensis*, in the family Latimeriidae. In Indonesian it is called Ikan raja laut.

### Where can the Indonesian coelacanth be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Indonesian coelacanth in: North Sulawesi, Gorontalo, North Maluku, Raja Ampat and Biak (Papua).

### What does the Indonesian coelacanth eat?

Diet of the Indonesian coelacanth: probably fish and squid, like its African relative.

### What is the conservation status of the Indonesian coelacanth?

On the IUCN Red List, the Indonesian coelacanth is listed as Vulnerable: it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2441276), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Indonesian coelacanth is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [FishBase — Latimeria menadoensis, Sulawesi coelacanth](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Latimeria-menadoensis.html)
2. [FishBase — Latimeria chalumnae, Coelacanth](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Latimeria-chalumnae.html)
3. [FAO Species Identification Guide, Western Central Pacific — Latimeriidae: Latimeria menadoensis (S.L. Jewett)](https://www.fao.org/4/y0870e/y0870e63.pdf)
4. [Scientific Reports (2025) — First record of a living coelacanth from North Maluku, Indonesia](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-90287-7)
5. [Scientific Reports (2020) — A thirteen-million-year divergence between two lineages of Indonesian coelacanths](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-57042-1)
6. [Mongabay Indonesia (2021) — Inilah Wujud Ikan Purba Coelacanth yang Hanya Ada di Indonesia dan Afrika](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2021/05/24/inilah-wujud-ikan-purba-coelacanth-yang-hanya-ada-di-indonesia-dan-afrika/)
7. [Mongabay Indonesia (2026) — Ikan Purba Coelacanth dan Masa Depan Laut Indonesia](https://mongabay.co.id/2026/07/02/ikan-purba-coelacanth-dan-masa-depan-laut-indonesia/)
8. [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (JDIH KKP) — Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 66 Tahun 2025 tentang Jenis Ikan yang Dilindungi](https://jdih.kkp.go.id/peraturan/-2025kepmenkp066_1762414639.pdf)

## Further reading

[Coelacanth: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/coelacanth/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Blacktip Reef Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/carcharhinus-melanopterus/)
- [Brown-banded Bamboo Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chiloscyllium-punctatum/)
- [Dugong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dugong/)
- [Tasselled Wobbegong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eucrossorhinus-dasypogon/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Indonesian coelacanth. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/indonesian-coelacanth/


---

# Scalloped hammerhead shark

> The scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini) is a hammer-headed shark with a notched snout, found across Indonesian seas and listed as Critically Endangered.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/scalloped-hammerhead-shark/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/hiu-martil/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Scalloped hammerhead shark (*Sphyrna lewini*) is a marine animal in the family Sphyrnidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Critically Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Sphyrna lewini* |
| Indonesian name | Hiu martil |
| Group | Marine |
| Family | Sphyrnidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Indian Ocean, Sunda Strait, Java Sea, Borneo waters, South China Sea, Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua |
| Diet | Fish, squid, crustaceans, small sharks and rays |
| Range in Indonesia | Indian Ocean to Papua, including the Java Sea |
| Key feature | Curved front edge of head with a shallow central notch |
| Other names | Hiu martil, hiu caping, hiu topeng (Indonesian) |
| Risk to people | Potentially dangerous, but often not aggressive towards divers |
| IUCN status | Critically Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2418789) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the scalloped hammerhead shark?

The scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini) is a shark whose head is widened sideways like a hammer. According to Indonesian fisheries regulation No. 5/PERMEN-KP/2018, the front edge of the head is strongly curved with a shallow central notch, and the head is less than a third as wide as the body is long. The first dorsal fin is tall and curved. The back is grey, the belly white and the pectoral fin tips dark. FishBase gives a maximum length of 430 cm and weight of 152.4 kg. It resembles the great hammerhead (S. mokarran), with an almost straight head edge, and the smooth hammerhead (S. zygaena), which lacks the notch.

Evidence: [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (via JDIH BPK) — Permen KP Nomor 5/PERMEN-KP/2018, lampiran deskripsi hiu koboi dan hiu martil](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/151429/Permen%20KKP%20Nomor%205%20Tahun%202018.pdf) · [Animal Diversity Web — Sphyrna lewini (scalloped hammerhead shark)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sphyrna_lewini/) · [FishBase — Sphyrna lewini, Scalloped hammerhead](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Sphyrna-lewini.html)

## Where does the scalloped hammerhead shark live?

Scalloped hammerheads live in warm tropical and subtropical seas worldwide, from coastal waters to the open sea over continental and island shelves. In Indonesia, according to the fisheries ministry (KKP), the species ranges across the Indian Ocean, Sunda Strait, Java Sea, western and eastern Borneo waters, South China Sea, Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua. It is usually found down to about 275 metres. It often comes close inshore and enters bays and estuaries, and juveniles live in coastal waters. A 2020 genetic study found that hammerheads from Aceh and West Papua form separate populations, while sharks from Balikpapan and Lombok are mixed.

Evidence: [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (via JDIH BPK) — Permen KP Nomor 5/PERMEN-KP/2018, lampiran deskripsi hiu koboi dan hiu martil](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/151429/Permen%20KKP%20Nomor%205%20Tahun%202018.pdf) · [FishBase — Sphyrna lewini, Scalloped hammerhead](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Sphyrna-lewini.html) · [PLOS ONE (2020) — Genetic connectivity of the scalloped hammerhead shark Sphyrna lewini across Indonesia and the Western Indian Ocean](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0230763)

## What does the scalloped hammerhead shark eat?

Scalloped hammerheads feed mainly on bony fish and squid, as well as lobsters, shrimps, crabs and smaller sharks and rays. According to Animal Diversity Web (ADW), young sharks tend to eat bottom-dwelling fish in coastal waters, while adults hunt fish and squid in deeper water. Hammerheads in the Indo-West Pacific have also been seen eating sea snakes. The species forages actively at night. The underside of its snout and wide head carries electrical sensors, the ampullae of Lorenzini, which help it find prey buried in the seabed.

Evidence: [FishBase — Sphyrna lewini, Scalloped hammerhead](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Sphyrna-lewini.html) · [Animal Diversity Web — Sphyrna lewini (scalloped hammerhead shark)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sphyrna_lewini/)

## How do scalloped hammerhead sharks live and breed?

Scalloped hammerheads give birth to live young through a placenta, with 12–41 pups born after a gestation of 9–10 months, according to FishBase. Newborns measure about 39–57 cm. Adults may live alone, in pairs or in schools, while juveniles form large schools. By day, females often school around drop-offs, reefs and seamounts, then return to the open sea to hunt at dusk. Females tend to return to a single nursery area to give birth. Slow growth, late maturity and a long pregnancy make the population easy to deplete.

Evidence: [FishBase — Sphyrna lewini, Scalloped hammerhead](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Sphyrna-lewini.html) · [Animal Diversity Web — Sphyrna lewini (scalloped hammerhead shark)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sphyrna_lewini/) · [PLOS ONE (2020) — Genetic connectivity of the scalloped hammerhead shark Sphyrna lewini across Indonesia and the Western Indian Ocean](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0230763)

## Why is the scalloped hammerhead shark endangered?

Scalloped hammerheads are threatened mainly by overfishing, both targeted and as bycatch, for their fins, meat and skin. The IUCN assessed the species as Critically Endangered in 2018, and it is listed on CITES Appendix II, so international trade is monitored. A 2020 genetic study describes Indonesia as the world's top shark-fishing country. At the Tanjung Luar fish auction in East Lombok, scalloped hammerheads made up about 10 per cent of sharks landed in 2014–2017, according to WCS data reported by Mongabay. Fins are the most valuable part, and the meat is sold smoked or as satay in local markets.

Evidence: [FishBase — Sphyrna lewini, Scalloped hammerhead](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Sphyrna-lewini.html) · [PLOS ONE (2020) — Genetic connectivity of the scalloped hammerhead shark Sphyrna lewini across Indonesia and the Western Indian Ocean](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0230763) · [Mongabay Indonesia (2019) — Saat Hiu-Hiu itu Didaratkan di Pelabuhan Tanjung Luar](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2019/03/07/saat-hiu-hiu-itu-didaratkan-di-pelabuhan-tanjung-luar/)

## What should you do if you meet a scalloped hammerhead shark?

If you meet a scalloped hammerhead while diving, stay calm, keep your distance and do not chase, touch or feed it. FishBase considers the species potentially dangerous to people but often not aggressive when approached by divers. ADW notes no confirmed attacks on humans by this species. A threatened shark may signal aggression by lowering its pectoral fins and arching its back, so move away slowly if you see this. To help protect it, avoid buying shark fin or shark products of unclear origin, and report suspicious shark trading to fisheries officers.

Evidence: [FishBase — Sphyrna lewini, Scalloped hammerhead](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Sphyrna-lewini.html) · [Animal Diversity Web — Sphyrna lewini (scalloped hammerhead shark)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sphyrna_lewini/)

## Common questions about the Scalloped hammerhead shark

### What is the scientific name of the Scalloped hammerhead shark?

The scientific name of the Scalloped hammerhead shark is *Sphyrna lewini*, in the family Sphyrnidae. In Indonesian it is called Hiu martil.

### Where can the Scalloped hammerhead shark be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Scalloped hammerhead shark in: Indian Ocean, Sunda Strait, Java Sea, Borneo waters, South China Sea, Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua.

### What does the Scalloped hammerhead shark eat?

Diet of the Scalloped hammerhead shark: fish, squid, crustaceans, small sharks and rays.

### What is the conservation status of the Scalloped hammerhead shark?

On the IUCN Red List, the Scalloped hammerhead shark is listed as Critically Endangered: it is considered to face an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2418789), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Scalloped hammerhead shark is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [FishBase — Sphyrna lewini, Scalloped hammerhead](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Sphyrna-lewini.html)
2. [Animal Diversity Web — Sphyrna lewini (scalloped hammerhead shark)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sphyrna_lewini/)
3. [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (via JDIH BPK) — Permen KP Nomor 5/PERMEN-KP/2018, lampiran deskripsi hiu koboi dan hiu martil](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/151429/Permen%20KKP%20Nomor%205%20Tahun%202018.pdf)
4. [PLOS ONE (2020) — Genetic connectivity of the scalloped hammerhead shark Sphyrna lewini across Indonesia and the Western Indian Ocean](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0230763)
5. [Mongabay Indonesia (2019) — Saat Hiu-Hiu itu Didaratkan di Pelabuhan Tanjung Luar](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2019/03/07/saat-hiu-hiu-itu-didaratkan-di-pelabuhan-tanjung-luar/)

## Further reading

[Hammerhead shark: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/hammerhead-shark/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Blacktip Reef Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/carcharhinus-melanopterus/)
- [Brown-banded Bamboo Shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chiloscyllium-punctatum/)
- [Dugong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dugong/)
- [Tasselled Wobbegong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/eucrossorhinus-dasypogon/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Scalloped hammerhead shark. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/scalloped-hammerhead-shark/


---

# Humphead wrasse

> The humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) is the largest wrasse, a hump-headed reef fish threatened by the live reef fish trade.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/humphead-wrasse/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/ikan-napoleon/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Humphead wrasse (*Cheilinus undulatus*) is a marine animal in the family Labridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Cheilinus undulatus* |
| Indonesian name | Ikan napoleon |
| Group | Marine |
| Family | Labridae |
| Range in Indonesia | Riau Islands (Natuna, Anambas), Thousand Islands, Karimunjawa, Bangka Belitung, Derawan, Nunukan, Sulawesi and Wakatobi |
| Linked habitats | [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/) |
| Diet | Molluscs, sea urchins, crustaceans, fish and crown-of-thorns starfish |
| Range in Indonesia | Coral reefs from Natuna and Anambas to Wakatobi |
| Key feature | Large forehead hump and thick lips in adults |
| Other names | Napoleon wrasse, Maori wrasse, ikan napoleon |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Limited protection: fish of 100 g–1 kg and over 3 kg |
| IUCN status | Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2383313) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the humphead wrasse?

The humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) is the largest member of the wrasse family (Labridae), reaching 2 metres and 190 kg according to Indonesia's fisheries ministry (KKP). Adults have a large hump on the forehead, thick lips and two black lines behind each eye. Males are bright green to bluish with wavy lines on the head, while females are greyish, reddish or dull brown. Juveniles are pale green with dark lines on their scales. Local names vary, including maming in the Thousand Islands and Sulawesi, mengkait in Natuna and ketipas in Anambas. FishBase gives a maximum recorded age of 32 years.

Evidence: [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (via JDIH BPK) — Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 37/KEPMEN-KP/2013 tentang Penetapan Status Perlindungan Ikan Napoleon (Cheilinus undulatus)](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/152545/Kepmen%20KKP%20Nomor%2037%20Tahun%202013.pdf) · [FishBase — Cheilinus undulatus, Humphead wrasse](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Cheilinus-undulatus.html)

## Where does the humphead wrasse live?

The humphead wrasse lives on Indo-Pacific coral reefs, from the Red Sea and South Africa to the Tuamotu Islands. Adults prefer steep outer reef slopes, channels and lagoon reefs at about 2–60 metres, and KKP records them down to 100 metres. Juveniles live in coral-rich lagoons, especially among branching Acropora corals, and in seagrass beds and mangroves next to reefs. In Indonesia, its local names are recorded from Natuna, Anambas, the Thousand Islands, Bangka Belitung, Karimunjawa, Derawan, Sulawesi and Nunukan. It also occurs in Wakatobi National Park, Southeast Sulawesi, although fishers say it is becoming rarer.

Evidence: [FishBase — Cheilinus undulatus, Humphead wrasse](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Cheilinus-undulatus.html) · [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (via JDIH BPK) — Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 37/KEPMEN-KP/2013 tentang Penetapan Status Perlindungan Ikan Napoleon (Cheilinus undulatus)](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/152545/Kepmen%20KKP%20Nomor%2037%20Tahun%202013.pdf) · [Mongabay Indonesia (2022) — Perburuan Ikan Napoleon: Ditangkap di Wakatobi, Transit di Bali, Jadi Sup di Hongkong (1)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2022/12/16/perburuan-ikan-napoleon-ditangkap-di-wakatobi-transit-di-bali-jadi-sup-di-hongkong-1/)

## What does the humphead wrasse eat?

The humphead wrasse eats mainly molluscs, fish, sea urchins, crustaceans and other invertebrates. According to FishBase, it is one of the few predators of toxic animals such as sea hares, boxfishes and crown-of-thorns starfish. Its jaws and lips are prominent, with two strong canine teeth at the front of each jaw. KKP also notes that it favours reefs rich in sea urchins, molluscs and crustaceans. By day it roams across the reef to feed, and at night it rests in reef caves or under coral ledges.

Evidence: [FishBase — Cheilinus undulatus, Humphead wrasse](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Cheilinus-undulatus.html) · [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (via JDIH BPK) — Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 37/KEPMEN-KP/2013 tentang Penetapan Status Perlindungan Ikan Napoleon (Cheilinus undulatus)](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/152545/Kepmen%20KKP%20Nomor%2037%20Tahun%202013.pdf)

## How does the humphead wrasse reproduce?

The humphead wrasse is a protogynous hermaphrodite: fish start life as females, and some later change into males. According to KKP, the sex change happens at around 55–75 cm. The species lays eggs and forms distinct pairs when spawning. Day to day, humphead wrasse live alone, in pairs or in small groups of three to seven. KKP also links size and weight: a 1 kg fish is about 38 cm long, while a 3 kg fish is about 55 cm. These figures matter because Indonesia's protection rules are set by the weight of the fish.

Evidence: [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (via JDIH BPK) — Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 37/KEPMEN-KP/2013 tentang Penetapan Status Perlindungan Ikan Napoleon (Cheilinus undulatus)](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/152545/Kepmen%20KKP%20Nomor%2037%20Tahun%202013.pdf) · [FishBase — Cheilinus undulatus, Humphead wrasse](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Cheilinus-undulatus.html)

## Why is the humphead wrasse threatened?

The humphead wrasse is threatened mainly by overfishing for the live reef fish trade, with Hong Kong as the main market. The IUCN lists it as Endangered, and since 2004 it has been on CITES Appendix II, so exports need quotas and permits. In Natuna and Anambas, wrasse are grown in floating net cages and exported alive to Hong Kong. A 2022 Mongabay investigation found fishers in Wakatobi spearing sleeping wrasse at night. The fish were then smuggled through Baubau, Kendari, Makassar or Bali. FishBase also records reports of ciguatera poisoning from eating this fish.

Evidence: [FishBase — Cheilinus undulatus, Humphead wrasse](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Cheilinus-undulatus.html) · [Mongabay Indonesia (2018) — Kenapa Natuna dan Anambas Ekspor Napoleon Kembali lewat Laut?](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2018/02/06/kenapa-natuna-dan-anambas-ekspor-napoleon-kembali-lewat-laut/) · [Mongabay Indonesia (2022) — Perburuan Ikan Napoleon: Ditangkap di Wakatobi, Transit di Bali, Jadi Sup di Hongkong (1)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2022/12/16/perburuan-ikan-napoleon-ditangkap-di-wakatobi-transit-di-bali-jadi-sup-di-hongkong-1/)

## How can we protect the humphead wrasse?

The humphead wrasse has limited protection in Indonesia under Decree No. 37/KEPMEN-KP/2013 of the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. Fish of 100 grams to 1 kg and fish over 3 kg are protected, so only fish of 1–3 kg may be used, except for research and development. The managers of Wakatobi National Park go further and ban catching or selling the species at any size. You can help by not buying or ordering humphead wrasse in restaurants and markets, not spearing it while diving, and reporting illegal trade to fisheries officers. Divers should enjoy it from a safe distance without chasing it.

Evidence: [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (via JDIH BPK) — Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 37/KEPMEN-KP/2013 tentang Penetapan Status Perlindungan Ikan Napoleon (Cheilinus undulatus)](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/152545/Kepmen%20KKP%20Nomor%2037%20Tahun%202013.pdf) · [Mongabay Indonesia (2022) — Perburuan Ikan Napoleon: Ditangkap di Wakatobi, Transit di Bali, Jadi Sup di Hongkong (1)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2022/12/16/perburuan-ikan-napoleon-ditangkap-di-wakatobi-transit-di-bali-jadi-sup-di-hongkong-1/)

## Common questions about the Humphead wrasse

### What is the scientific name of the Humphead wrasse?

The scientific name of the Humphead wrasse is *Cheilinus undulatus*, in the family Labridae. In Indonesian it is called Ikan napoleon.

### Where can the Humphead wrasse be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Humphead wrasse in: Riau Islands (Natuna, Anambas), Thousand Islands, Karimunjawa, Bangka Belitung, Derawan, Nunukan, Sulawesi and Wakatobi.

Source-supported habitats: [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/).

### What does the Humphead wrasse eat?

Diet of the Humphead wrasse: molluscs, sea urchins, crustaceans, fish and crown-of-thorns starfish.

### What is the conservation status of the Humphead wrasse?

On the IUCN Red List, the Humphead wrasse is listed as Endangered: it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2383313), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Humphead wrasse is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [FishBase — Cheilinus undulatus, Humphead wrasse](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Cheilinus-undulatus.html)
2. [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (via JDIH BPK) — Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 37/KEPMEN-KP/2013 tentang Penetapan Status Perlindungan Ikan Napoleon (Cheilinus undulatus)](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/152545/Kepmen%20KKP%20Nomor%2037%20Tahun%202013.pdf)
3. [Mongabay Indonesia (2018) — Kenapa Natuna dan Anambas Ekspor Napoleon Kembali lewat Laut?](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2018/02/06/kenapa-natuna-dan-anambas-ekspor-napoleon-kembali-lewat-laut/)
4. [Mongabay Indonesia (2022) — Perburuan Ikan Napoleon: Ditangkap di Wakatobi, Transit di Bali, Jadi Sup di Hongkong (1)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2022/12/16/perburuan-ikan-napoleon-ditangkap-di-wakatobi-transit-di-bali-jadi-sup-di-hongkong-1/)

## Keep exploring

- [Giant clam](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/giant-clam/)
- [Green turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-turtle/)
- [Hawksbill turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hawksbill-turtle/)
- [Reef manta ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/reef-manta-ray/)
- [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Humphead wrasse. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/humphead-wrasse/


---

# Giant clam

> The giant clam (Tridacna gigas) is the world's largest bivalve, living on shallow coral reefs; it is now very rare across most of Indonesia.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/giant-clam/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/kima-raksasa/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Giant clam (*Tridacna gigas*) is a marine animal in the family Cardiidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Critically Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Tridacna gigas* |
| Indonesian name | Kima raksasa |
| Group | Marine |
| Family | Cardiidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Raja Ampat, Cenderawasih Bay, North Sulawesi (Manado) and the Kei Islands; now very rare |
| Linked habitats | [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/) |
| Diet | Products of symbiotic algae, plus filtered plankton |
| Range in Indonesia | Shallow reefs; remaining populations mainly in Raja Ampat |
| Key feature | Shell up to 137 cm with four to six deep folds |
| Other names | True giant clam, kima raksasa |
| IUCN status | Critically Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/4372619) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the giant clam?

The giant clam (Tridacna gigas) is the world's largest bivalve, with a shell up to 137 cm long and a weight of more than 225 kg. Most individuals are about 80 cm long. The shell is thick, heavy and off-white, with four to six deep radial folds that form triangular points along its upper edge. The mantle is yellowish brown to olive green and dotted with many small, brilliant blue-green rings. Adults are free-living and not attached by byssal threads. According to Indonesia's fisheries ministry (KKP), Indonesia has seven giant clam species, including this one.

Evidence: [NOAA Fisheries (2024) — Status Review Report of Seven Giant Clam Species Petitioned Under the U.S. Endangered Species Act](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/s3//2024-07/StatusReview-GiantClams-508.pdf) · [NOAA Fisheries — True Giant Clam](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/true-giant-clam) · [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (PPID KKP) — Poster Jenis-jenis Kima di Indonesia](https://ppid.kkp.go.id/media/uploads/document_information_public/Poster_Kima.pdf)

## Where does the giant clam live?

Giant clams live on shallow Indo-Pacific coral reefs, from Myanmar to Kiribati and from Japan's Ryukyu Islands to Queensland, Australia. They are usually found at 2–20 metres, among hard corals such as Acropora, on reef rock or on sand. According to NOAA's 2024 status review, the species is now extremely rare across most of Indonesia and has been reported as gone from eastern Sumatra, Java and western Indonesia. Surveys around Manado and Kei Kecil each found only one clam. Raja Ampat is seen as one of the last strongholds for giant clams in Indonesia, and a few were also recorded in Cenderawasih Bay.

Evidence: [NOAA Fisheries — True Giant Clam](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/true-giant-clam) · [NOAA Fisheries (2024) — Status Review Report of Seven Giant Clam Species Petitioned Under the U.S. Endangered Species Act](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/s3//2024-07/StatusReview-GiantClams-508.pdf)

## What does the giant clam eat?

Giant clams get most of their food from microscopic algae (zooxanthellae) that live in their mantle tissue and photosynthesise. This is why they need clear water and sunlight. They also filter phytoplankton and zooplankton from seawater with their gills. According to NOAA's review, small clams of about 4 cm can get up to 65 per cent of their carbon from filter feeding, while large adults can probably meet all their respiratory carbon and nitrogen needs from their algal partners. ADW notes that the partnership is essential: a giant clam dies without its zooxanthellae or if kept in the dark.

Evidence: [NOAA Fisheries (2024) — Status Review Report of Seven Giant Clam Species Petitioned Under the U.S. Endangered Species Act](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/s3//2024-07/StatusReview-GiantClams-508.pdf) · [Animal Diversity Web — Tridacna gigas](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tridacna_gigas/) · [SeaLifeBase — Tridacna gigas, Giant clam](https://www.sealifebase.se/summary/Tridacna-gigas.html)

## How does the giant clam reproduce?

Giant clams breed by releasing sperm and eggs into the sea, where fertilisation takes place. They are hermaphrodites: according to NOAA, they mature as males at about six years old and start producing eggs at 9–10 years. One clam can release about 500 million eggs in a single spawning. Yet fewer than 1 per cent of fertilised eggs survive the larval stage. The larvae swim in open water before settling on sand or coral rubble. Giant clams grow 8–12 cm a year, and the oldest reliably aged individual was 63 years old.

Evidence: [NOAA Fisheries (2024) — Status Review Report of Seven Giant Clam Species Petitioned Under the U.S. Endangered Species Act](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/s3//2024-07/StatusReview-GiantClams-508.pdf) · [Animal Diversity Web — Tridacna gigas](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tridacna_gigas/) · [SeaLifeBase — Tridacna gigas, Giant clam](https://www.sealifebase.se/summary/Tridacna-gigas.html)

## Why is the giant clam becoming so rare?

Giant clams have become rare mainly because of decades of overharvesting for their meat and shells. The IUCN assessed the species as Critically Endangered in 2024, and it is listed on CITES Appendix II. NOAA's review notes that in 2018 Indonesia exported 59,000 wild-caught giant clam shells to China, even though Indonesian populations were already very low. In 2024 NOAA also proposed listing the species as endangered under the US Endangered Species Act. Because so few larvae survive, very few young clams are added to wild populations naturally.

Evidence: [NOAA Fisheries (2024) — Status Review Report of Seven Giant Clam Species Petitioned Under the U.S. Endangered Species Act](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/s3//2024-07/StatusReview-GiantClams-508.pdf) · [SeaLifeBase — Tridacna gigas, Giant clam](https://www.sealifebase.se/summary/Tridacna-gigas.html) · [NOAA Fisheries — True Giant Clam](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/true-giant-clam)

## What should you do if you see a giant clam?

If you see a giant clam while diving or snorkelling, enjoy it without touching it, standing on it or trying to lift it. Giant clams are not dangerous: ADW says there are no authentic cases of people being trapped and drowned by one, because they close their shells slowly. Injuries happen instead when people try to lift large, very heavy clams out of the water. Do not take live clams from the wild, and do not buy clam meat, shells or shell crafts. Aquaculture trials to restock reefs are under way, but the clams still living on reefs need protecting too.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Tridacna gigas](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tridacna_gigas/) · [SeaLifeBase — Tridacna gigas, Giant clam](https://www.sealifebase.se/summary/Tridacna-gigas.html)

## Common questions about the Giant clam

### What is the scientific name of the Giant clam?

The scientific name of the Giant clam is *Tridacna gigas*, in the family Cardiidae. In Indonesian it is called Kima raksasa.

### Where can the Giant clam be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Giant clam in: Raja Ampat, Cenderawasih Bay, North Sulawesi (Manado) and the Kei Islands; now very rare.

Source-supported habitats: [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/).

### What does the Giant clam eat?

Diet of the Giant clam: products of symbiotic algae, plus filtered plankton.

### What is the conservation status of the Giant clam?

On the IUCN Red List, the Giant clam is listed as Critically Endangered: it is considered to face an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/4372619), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Giant clam is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [SeaLifeBase — Tridacna gigas, Giant clam](https://www.sealifebase.se/summary/Tridacna-gigas.html)
2. [NOAA Fisheries — True Giant Clam](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/true-giant-clam)
3. [NOAA Fisheries (2024) — Status Review Report of Seven Giant Clam Species Petitioned Under the U.S. Endangered Species Act](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/s3//2024-07/StatusReview-GiantClams-508.pdf)
4. [Animal Diversity Web — Tridacna gigas](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tridacna_gigas/)
5. [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (PPID KKP) — Poster Jenis-jenis Kima di Indonesia](https://ppid.kkp.go.id/media/uploads/document_information_public/Poster_Kima.pdf)

## Further reading

[Giant clam: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/giant-clam/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Green turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-turtle/)
- [Hawksbill turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hawksbill-turtle/)
- [Humphead wrasse](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/humphead-wrasse/)
- [Reef manta ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/reef-manta-ray/)
- [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/)
- [Spotted seahorse](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spotted-seahorse/)
- [Loggerhead turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/loggerhead-turtle/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Giant clam. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/giant-clam/


---

# Spotted seahorse

> The spotted seahorse (Hippocampus kuda) is a small horse-headed fish whose males carry the young; it lives in seagrass and estuaries and is widely traded.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spotted-seahorse/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/kuda-laut/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Spotted seahorse (*Hippocampus kuda*) is a marine animal in the family Syngnathidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Vulnerable.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Hippocampus kuda* |
| Indonesian name | Kuda laut |
| Group | Marine |
| Family | Syngnathidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Indonesian coastal waters, including Bintan (Riau Islands) and Lampung Bay |
| Linked habitats | [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/), [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/) |
| Diet | Zooplankton, small crustaceans and fish larvae |
| Range in Indonesia | Shallow coasts, including Bintan and Lampung Bay |
| Key feature | Horse-like head, grasping tail, brood pouch in males |
| Other names | Kuda laut (Indonesian), common seahorse |
| IUCN status | Vulnerable · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5201037) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the spotted seahorse?

The spotted seahorse (Hippocampus kuda) is a small fish of the pipefish family (Syngnathidae) with a horse-like head and an upright swimming posture. Its head sits at about 90 degrees to an armour-plated body, and its tail can curl around objects to hold on. Colour varies from black with a grainy texture to cream or pale yellow with large dark spots, and it can change colour for camouflage. FishBase gives a maximum length of 30 cm. Other seahorses also live in Indonesia, such as H. comes, H. barbouri, H. hystrix and H. spinosissimus, so the Indonesian name kuda laut does not always mean H. kuda.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Hippocampus kuda (common seahorse)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hippocampus_kuda/) · [FishBase — Hippocampus kuda, Spotted seahorse](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Hippocampus-kuda.html) · [Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia (BRIN, 2019) — Sumberdaya Kuda Laut (Hippocampus spp.) di Perairan Pulau Bintan, Teluk Lampung dan Pulau Tanakeke](https://ejournal.brin.go.id/oldi/article/download/15352/11827)

## Where does the spotted seahorse live?

The spotted seahorse lives in shallow coastal waters, especially seagrass beds, algal beds, estuaries and reefs, usually at 0–8 metres. FishBase adds that it occurs on muddy slopes and clings to drifting Sargassum seaweed up to 20 km from shore. ADW also lists mangroves, bays, lagoons, harbours and brackish rivers. Its range covers the Indo-Pacific, from southern Africa and the Red Sea to Hawaii. In Indonesia, a 2016 study found H. kuda in Lampung Bay and, as dried specimens, at collectors in southern Bintan in the Riau Islands.

Evidence: [FishBase — Hippocampus kuda, Spotted seahorse](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Hippocampus-kuda.html) · [Animal Diversity Web — Hippocampus kuda (common seahorse)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hippocampus_kuda/) · [Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia (BRIN, 2019) — Sumberdaya Kuda Laut (Hippocampus spp.) di Perairan Pulau Bintan, Teluk Lampung dan Pulau Tanakeke](https://ejournal.brin.go.id/oldi/article/download/15352/11827)

## What does the spotted seahorse eat?

The spotted seahorse feeds on zooplankton, small crustaceans and fish larvae. According to ADW, it is an ambush predator that eats only live, moving prey. As a poor swimmer, it relies on its thick snout and specialised jaws to suck in prey that passes close by. Research in Indonesian waters describes brown algae such as Sargassum and seagrass beds as places where seahorses feed and shelter. Small animals living on Sargassum, such as amphipods, are part of their food supply. Damage to seagrass and algae therefore also cuts their food.

Evidence: [FishBase — Hippocampus kuda, Spotted seahorse](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Hippocampus-kuda.html) · [Animal Diversity Web — Hippocampus kuda (common seahorse)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hippocampus_kuda/) · [Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia (BRIN, 2019) — Sumberdaya Kuda Laut (Hippocampus spp.) di Perairan Pulau Bintan, Teluk Lampung dan Pulau Tanakeke](https://ejournal.brin.go.id/oldi/article/download/15352/11827)

## How does the spotted seahorse reproduce?

In seahorses it is the male that becomes pregnant: the female places her eggs in a brood pouch under his tail. According to FishBase, the pouch can hold 20–1,000 young, which develop for 20–28 days before birth. Adults are often found in pairs. ADW describes a courtship ritual in which the male changes colour, the pair entwine their tails, and the female transfers her eggs into his pouch with her ovipositor. The ritual may be repeated each morning while the male is pregnant. The species has also been bred in captivity.

Evidence: [FishBase — Hippocampus kuda, Spotted seahorse](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Hippocampus-kuda.html) · [Animal Diversity Web — Hippocampus kuda (common seahorse)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hippocampus_kuda/)

## Why is the spotted seahorse threatened?

The spotted seahorse is threatened by overfishing for traditional medicine, souvenirs and the aquarium trade, and by habitat loss. FishBase describes it as highly valued in traditional Chinese medicine. Seahorses are also caught as bycatch in shrimp trawls, and their reef, mangrove, seagrass and estuary habitats are being damaged. The IUCN lists the species as Vulnerable, and it is on CITES Appendix II. Surveys in Bintan, Lampung Bay and Tanakeke found low seahorse densities due to exploitation and habitat damage. In December 2021, KKP destroyed 220.12 kg of illegal dried seahorses that were to be smuggled to Vietnam.

Evidence: [FishBase — Hippocampus kuda, Spotted seahorse](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Hippocampus-kuda.html) · [Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia (BRIN, 2019) — Sumberdaya Kuda Laut (Hippocampus spp.) di Perairan Pulau Bintan, Teluk Lampung dan Pulau Tanakeke](https://ejournal.brin.go.id/oldi/article/download/15352/11827) · [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan — Musnahkan Kuda Laut Kering Ilegal, KKP Beri Pesan Keras ke Penyelundup](https://kkp.go.id/bkipm/musnahkan-kuda-laut-kering-ilegal-kkp-beri-pesan-keras-ke-penyelundup65c34250dca95/detail.html)

## How can we help protect the spotted seahorse?

The simplest way to help is not to buy dried seahorses, seahorse souvenirs or seahorse-based medicines, and not to take seahorses from the wild. According to KKP, seahorse exports are allowed only for two species, H. kuda and H. comes, and only for captive-bred animals exported alive for the aquarium trade. LIPI, Indonesia's scientific authority, no longer recommends wild capture for trade. When diving or snorkelling, watch seahorses without touching or moving them. Protecting seagrass beds, mangroves and coral reefs also protects their habitat. Report suspicious seahorse trading to fisheries officers.

Evidence: [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan — Musnahkan Kuda Laut Kering Ilegal, KKP Beri Pesan Keras ke Penyelundup](https://kkp.go.id/bkipm/musnahkan-kuda-laut-kering-ilegal-kkp-beri-pesan-keras-ke-penyelundup65c34250dca95/detail.html) · [Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia (BRIN, 2019) — Sumberdaya Kuda Laut (Hippocampus spp.) di Perairan Pulau Bintan, Teluk Lampung dan Pulau Tanakeke](https://ejournal.brin.go.id/oldi/article/download/15352/11827)

## Common questions about the Spotted seahorse

### What is the scientific name of the Spotted seahorse?

The scientific name of the Spotted seahorse is *Hippocampus kuda*, in the family Syngnathidae. In Indonesian it is called Kuda laut.

### Where can the Spotted seahorse be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Spotted seahorse in: Indonesian coastal waters, including Bintan (Riau Islands) and Lampung Bay.

Source-supported habitats: [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/), [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/).

### What does the Spotted seahorse eat?

Diet of the Spotted seahorse: zooplankton, small crustaceans and fish larvae.

### What is the conservation status of the Spotted seahorse?

On the IUCN Red List, the Spotted seahorse is listed as Vulnerable: it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5201037), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Spotted seahorse is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [FishBase — Hippocampus kuda, Spotted seahorse](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Hippocampus-kuda.html)
2. [Animal Diversity Web — Hippocampus kuda (common seahorse)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hippocampus_kuda/)
3. [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan — Musnahkan Kuda Laut Kering Ilegal, KKP Beri Pesan Keras ke Penyelundup](https://kkp.go.id/bkipm/musnahkan-kuda-laut-kering-ilegal-kkp-beri-pesan-keras-ke-penyelundup65c34250dca95/detail.html)
4. [Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia (BRIN, 2019) — Sumberdaya Kuda Laut (Hippocampus spp.) di Perairan Pulau Bintan, Teluk Lampung dan Pulau Tanakeke](https://ejournal.brin.go.id/oldi/article/download/15352/11827)

## Further reading

[Seahorse: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/seahorse/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Dugong](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dugong/)
- [Giant clam](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/giant-clam/)
- [Green turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-turtle/)
- [Hawksbill turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hawksbill-turtle/)
- [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/)
- [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Spotted seahorse. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/spotted-seahorse/


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# False gharial

> The false gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii) is a slender-snouted crocodilian of the peat swamps of Sumatra and Borneo, listed as Endangered by the IUCN.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/false-gharial/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/buaya-senyulong/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The False gharial (*Tomistoma schlegelii*) is a reptile in the family Crocodylidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Tomistoma schlegelii* |
| Indonesian name | Buaya senyulong |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Crocodylidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra and Kalimantan (Borneo), with old records from Java |
| Linked habitats | [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/), [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Fish, birds, monkeys, wild pigs and reptiles |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra and Kalimantan; old records from Java |
| Key feature | Long, slender snout that widens at the base |
| Other names | Sunda gharial, Sunda gavial, senyulong |
| Risk to people | Usually avoids people; attacks rare, one recorded death |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Protected under ministerial regulation P.106/2018 |
| IUCN status | Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2441378) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the false gharial?

The false gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii) is a large freshwater crocodilian with a long, slender snout that widens at the base, giving it a look between typical crocodiles and gharials. Animal Diversity Web gives a length of 4–5 metres and 76–84 sharp teeth. It is dark brown with black bands on the body and tail.

It was long classed with the true crocodiles (Crocodylidae), but molecular studies from 2007 onwards place it in Gavialidae with the Indian gharial, and the Reptile Database lists Tomistoma as the closest relative of Gavialis. Its narrow snout separates it from the broad-snouted saltwater crocodile.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Tomistoma schlegelii (false gharial)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tomistoma_schlegelii/) · [The Reptile Database — Tomistoma schlegelii](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Tomistoma&species=schlegelii) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Senyulong, penjaga rawa gambut yang kehilangan ruang hidup (2025)](https://mongabay.co.id/2025/11/04/senyulong-penjaga-rawa-gambut-yang-kehilangan-ruang-hidup/)

## Where does the false gharial live?

In Indonesia the false gharial lives in peat swamps, freshwater swamp forest, lakes and blackwater rivers on Sumatra and Borneo. On Sumatra, populations are recorded in Jambi (Berbak National Park), Riau (the Kampar river system) and South Sumatra (the Merang River).

In Kalimantan, relatively dense populations are known from Tanjung Puting National Park in Central Kalimantan and Lake Mesangat in East Kalimantan. Two animals were once recorded in Ujung Kulon, Java, but researchers consider the species likely close to disappearing from Java. Reports from Sulawesi are unconfirmed.

Evidence: [IUCN SSC Crocodile Specialist Group — A report on the status of the false gharial (T. schlegelii) in Sumatra, 2016](https://www.iucncsg.org/365_docs/attachments/protarea/f20b70f0a8b97200af0dd496c2a60c95.pdf) · [Animal Diversity Web — Tomistoma schlegelii (false gharial)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tomistoma_schlegelii/) · [The Reptile Database — Tomistoma schlegelii](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Tomistoma&species=schlegelii)

## What does the false gharial eat?

The false gharial is an opportunistic predator that eats fish, birds and land animals that come close to the water. Animal Diversity Web lists crab-eating macaques snatched from riverbanks, wild pigs, mouse deer, dogs, otters, turtles, snakes, monitor lizards, and aquatic and land invertebrates. Large prey is drowned or beaten against the bank.

A researcher quoted by Mongabay Indonesia says its snout makes it quick at catching fish. Where habitat is damaged and prey declines, false gharials are pushed to hunt elsewhere, including near villages and fishing spots.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Tomistoma schlegelii (false gharial)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tomistoma_schlegelii/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Senyulong, penjaga rawa gambut yang kehilangan ruang hidup (2025)](https://mongabay.co.id/2025/11/04/senyulong-penjaga-rawa-gambut-yang-kehilangan-ruang-hidup/)

## How does the false gharial breed?

The false gharial lays its eggs in a mound nest that the female builds from peat, twigs and dry leaves, usually at the shaded base of a tree near water. According to Animal Diversity Web, a clutch holds 20–60 very large eggs that hatch after about 90–100 days. Nest temperature decides the sex of the young.

Females sometimes guard the nest but more often move away when approached. Both sexes are thought to mature at about 20 years old. Much of this information comes from captive animals, because breeding in the wild is still poorly known.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Tomistoma schlegelii (false gharial)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tomistoma_schlegelii/)

## Is the false gharial dangerous to people?

The false gharial is known as shy and tends to avoid people, but as a large crocodilian it can still be dangerous. A researcher interviewed by Mongabay Indonesia describes it as less aggressive than the saltwater crocodile, which causes most crocodile attacks in Indonesia. Even so, a report on crocodile–human conflict from 2014 to 2023 recorded one death caused by a false gharial.

Researchers say conflict is rising as swamp forest shrinks and prey declines, bringing the species closer to villages and fishing areas. If bitten, seek medical care at a health facility immediately.

Evidence: [Mongabay Indonesia — Senyulong, penjaga rawa gambut yang kehilangan ruang hidup (2025)](https://mongabay.co.id/2025/11/04/senyulong-penjaga-rawa-gambut-yang-kehilangan-ruang-hidup/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Senyulong, buaya pemalu yang habitatnya menghilang dan kini terpaksa mendekati manusia (2026)](https://mongabay.co.id/short-article/2026/06/senyulong-buaya-pemalu-yang-habitatnya-menghilang-dan-kini-terpaksa-mendekati-manusia/)

## Why is the false gharial threatened, and how can it be protected?

The false gharial is threatened mainly because its peat swamp forest keeps disappearing. Its IUCN status rose from Vulnerable in 2014 to Endangered in 2024. Riau, South Sumatra and West, Central and East Kalimantan, the heart of its range, lost the most tree cover in Indonesia in 2002–2024. A Riau survey also found one drowned in a fish trap.

It is protected under Indonesian regulation P.106/2018 and listed on CITES Appendix I. Do not approach, catch, harm or kill it, and do not buy its eggs or body parts. If one appears near homes, keep your distance and ask trained officers, such as the local BKSDA, for help.

Evidence: [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 (lampiran jenis satwa dilindungi)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Senyulong, buaya pemalu yang habitatnya menghilang dan kini terpaksa mendekati manusia (2026)](https://mongabay.co.id/short-article/2026/06/senyulong-buaya-pemalu-yang-habitatnya-menghilang-dan-kini-terpaksa-mendekati-manusia/) · [IUCN SSC Crocodile Specialist Group — A report on the status of the false gharial (T. schlegelii) in Sumatra, 2016](https://www.iucncsg.org/365_docs/attachments/protarea/f20b70f0a8b97200af0dd496c2a60c95.pdf)

## Common questions about the False gharial

### What is the scientific name of the False gharial?

The scientific name of the False gharial is *Tomistoma schlegelii*, in the family Crocodylidae. In Indonesian it is called Buaya senyulong.

### Where can the False gharial be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the False gharial in: Sumatra and Kalimantan (Borneo), with old records from Java.

Source-supported habitats: [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/), [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the False gharial eat?

Diet of the False gharial: fish, birds, monkeys, wild pigs and reptiles.

### What is the conservation status of the False gharial?

On the IUCN Red List, the False gharial is listed as Endangered: it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2441378), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the False gharial is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [The Reptile Database — Tomistoma schlegelii](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Tomistoma&species=schlegelii)
2. [Animal Diversity Web — Tomistoma schlegelii (false gharial)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tomistoma_schlegelii/)
3. [Mongabay Indonesia — Senyulong, penjaga rawa gambut yang kehilangan ruang hidup (2025)](https://mongabay.co.id/2025/11/04/senyulong-penjaga-rawa-gambut-yang-kehilangan-ruang-hidup/)
4. [Mongabay Indonesia — Senyulong, buaya pemalu yang habitatnya menghilang dan kini terpaksa mendekati manusia (2026)](https://mongabay.co.id/short-article/2026/06/senyulong-buaya-pemalu-yang-habitatnya-menghilang-dan-kini-terpaksa-mendekati-manusia/)
5. [IUCN SSC Crocodile Specialist Group — A report on the status of the false gharial (T. schlegelii) in Sumatra, 2016](https://www.iucncsg.org/365_docs/attachments/protarea/f20b70f0a8b97200af0dd496c2a60c95.pdf)
6. [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 (lampiran jenis satwa dilindungi)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)
7. [Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia — Buaya sepit](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buaya_sepit)

## Keep exploring

- [Crocodile monitor](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocodile-monitor/)
- [Malayan pit viper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-pit-viper/)
- [Painted terrapin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/painted-terrapin/)
- [Pig-nosed turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pig-nosed-turtle/)
- [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Rote Island snake-necked turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rote-island-snake-necked-turtle/)
- [Sunda king cobra](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-king-cobra/)

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Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). False gharial. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/false-gharial/


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# Rote Island snake-necked turtle

> The Rote Island snake-necked turtle (Chelodina mccordi) is a freshwater turtle of Rote Island, NTT, left Critically Endangered by the pet trade.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rote-island-snake-necked-turtle/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/kura-kura-leher-ular-rote/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Rote Island snake-necked turtle (*Chelodina mccordi*) is a reptile in the family Chelidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Critically Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Chelodina mccordi* |
| Indonesian name | Kura-kura leher ular Rote |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Chelidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Rote Island, East Nusa Tenggara |
| Linked habitats | [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/) |
| Diet | Small fish, insects and aquatic plants |
| Range in Indonesia | Only Rote Island, Rote Ndao Regency, East Nusa Tenggara |
| Key feature | Long neck folded sideways under the shell |
| Other names | Roti Island snake-necked turtle, McCord's snakeneck turtle |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Protected under ministerial regulation P.106/2018 |
| IUCN status | Critically Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2441956) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Rote Island snake-necked turtle?

The Rote Island snake-necked turtle (Chelodina mccordi) is a freshwater turtle of the family Chelidae whose very long neck cannot be pulled into the shell. Instead, it folds the neck sideways under the rim of the shell. Mongabay Indonesia gives a shell length of 18–24 cm, grey-brown to reddish-brown in colour.

It was once treated as Chelodina novaeguineae, a species of New Guinea and Australia, and was described as a separate species in 1994. Compared with that species, it has a wider shell and a shallower, less robust head. The Timor-Leste population is treated as the subspecies C. m. timorensis.

Evidence: [IUCN/TRAFFIC — Analysis of CITES CoP16 Prop. 28: Roti Island snake-necked turtle Chelodina mccordi](https://www.trafficj.org/cop16/pdf/CoP16_Prop28_Analysis.pdf) · [Turtle Conservancy — Species highlight: Roti Island snake-necked turtle](https://www.turtleconservancy.org/outreach/species-highlight-2) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Kura-kura leher ular, jenis unik yang hanya ada di lahan basah Pulau Rote (2015)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2015/02/02/kura-kura-leher-ular-jenis-unik-yang-hanya-ada-di-lahan-basah-pulau-rote/)

## Where does the Rote Island snake-necked turtle live?

In Indonesia the Rote Island snake-necked turtle is known only from Rote Island in Rote Ndao Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. Another population lives around Lake Iralalaro in Timor-Leste. It uses small, shallow, nutrient-rich lakes, swamps, and nearby rice fields and irrigation ditches.

According to the East Nusa Tenggara conservation agency (BBKSDA NTT), quoted by Mongabay Indonesia, only nine of 35 former habitat lakes still held the species in 2005, and only three in 2012. Lakes Ledulu and Lende Oen in East Rote and Lake Peto in Central Rote are rated most suitable for releases, but all lie outside protected areas.

Evidence: [IUCN/TRAFFIC — Analysis of CITES CoP16 Prop. 28: Roti Island snake-necked turtle Chelodina mccordi](https://www.trafficj.org/cop16/pdf/CoP16_Prop28_Analysis.pdf) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Kura-kura leher ular Rote dan masa depan konservasinya (2023)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2023/04/10/kura-kura-leher-ular-rote-dan-masa-depan-konservasinya/) · [WCS Indonesia — Rote Island snake-necked turtle](https://indonesia.wcs.org/Wildlife/Snake-necked-Rote-Turtle.aspx)

## What does the Rote Island snake-necked turtle eat?

The Rote Island snake-necked turtle feeds mainly on small fish, insects and aquatic plants, according to the Turtle Conservancy. It is mostly active at night.

Turtles returned from zoos are used to being fed. The East Nusa Tenggara conservation agency therefore trains them to find their own food during quarantine and adaptation, which takes about six months, before release. Ahead of the 2025 release, officers also spent three months checking each turtle's hunting ability, health and breeding behaviour.

Evidence: [Turtle Conservancy — Species highlight: Roti Island snake-necked turtle](https://www.turtleconservancy.org/outreach/species-highlight-2) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Belasan kura-kura leher ular Rote yang terancam punah dipulangkan dari Singapura (2021)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2021/10/01/belasan-kura-kura-leher-ular-rote-yang-terancam-punah-dipulangkan-dari-singapura-apa-selanjutnya/) · [BKSDA Yogyakarta — Menteri Kehutanan lepasliarkan 20 kura-kura Rote, satwa endemik terlangka di dunia (2025)](https://bksdajogja.org/read/450/menteri-kehutanan-lepasliarkan-20-kura-kura-rote-satwa-endemik-terlangka-di-dunia.html)

## How does the Rote Island snake-necked turtle breed?

The Rote Island snake-necked turtle starts breeding at about six years old and can then lay several times a year. Data from the Kupang forestry research centre, quoted by Mongabay Indonesia, show females lay two or three times a year, up to 20 eggs at a time. An IUCN–TRAFFIC analysis for CITES reports average captive clutches of 9.9–12.2 eggs.

According to Mongabay Indonesia (2015), hatchlings emerge after about three months and measure about 28 by 20 mm. The Kupang centre began breeding the species in 2009 with four turtles and held 35 by 2021.

Evidence: [Mongabay Indonesia — Belasan kura-kura leher ular Rote yang terancam punah dipulangkan dari Singapura (2021)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2021/10/01/belasan-kura-kura-leher-ular-rote-yang-terancam-punah-dipulangkan-dari-singapura-apa-selanjutnya/) · [IUCN/TRAFFIC — Analysis of CITES CoP16 Prop. 28: Roti Island snake-necked turtle Chelodina mccordi](https://www.trafficj.org/cop16/pdf/CoP16_Prop28_Analysis.pdf) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Kura-kura leher ular, jenis unik yang hanya ada di lahan basah Pulau Rote (2015)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2015/02/02/kura-kura-leher-ular-jenis-unik-yang-hanya-ada-di-lahan-basah-pulau-rote/)

## Why is the Rote Island snake-necked turtle nearly extinct?

The Rote Island snake-necked turtle is close to extinction in the wild mainly because it was collected heavily for the international pet trade. An IUCN–TRAFFIC analysis says collecting began in the 1980s, when it was still sold as C. novaeguineae, and grew after its 1994 description. Most demand came from hobbyists in western Europe, the USA and Japan, and prices reached USD 2,000 per animal by the late 1990s.

Indonesia set a zero export quota in 2002, and the species was added to CITES Appendix II in 2004. Wetland conversion to rice fields, pesticides and introduced predatory fish add pressure. The IUCN lists it as Critically Endangered.

Evidence: [IUCN/TRAFFIC — Analysis of CITES CoP16 Prop. 28: Roti Island snake-necked turtle Chelodina mccordi](https://www.trafficj.org/cop16/pdf/CoP16_Prop28_Analysis.pdf) · [Turtle Survival Alliance — Rote Island snake-necked turtle](https://turtlesurvival.org/species/rote-island-snake-necked-turtle/) · [WCS Indonesia — Rote Island snake-necked turtle](https://indonesia.wcs.org/Wildlife/Snake-necked-Rote-Turtle.aspx)

## How is the Rote Island snake-necked turtle being saved?

Saving the Rote Island snake-necked turtle now relies on legal protection, repatriation from overseas zoos and releases into Rote's lakes. It is protected under Indonesian regulation P.106/2018. After 13 turtles were returned in 2021, another 33 came home from the Bronx Zoo in the United States in August 2023.

On 21 October 2025 the Minister of Forestry released 20 turtles into Lake Ledulu, with support from local customary (Papadak) groups. People can help by not buying or keeping these turtles and by supporting the protection of Rote's lakes.

Evidence: [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 (lampiran jenis satwa dilindungi)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf) · [BKSDA Yogyakarta — Menteri Kehutanan lepasliarkan 20 kura-kura Rote, satwa endemik terlangka di dunia (2025)](https://bksdajogja.org/read/450/menteri-kehutanan-lepasliarkan-20-kura-kura-rote-satwa-endemik-terlangka-di-dunia.html) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Dipulangkan, 33 kura-kura leher ular Rote dari Amerika ke habitat aslinya (2023)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2023/08/11/dipulangkan-33-kura-kura-leher-ular-rote-dari-amerika-ke-habitat-aslinya/)

## Common questions about the Rote Island snake-necked turtle

### What is the scientific name of the Rote Island snake-necked turtle?

The scientific name of the Rote Island snake-necked turtle is *Chelodina mccordi*, in the family Chelidae. In Indonesian it is called Kura-kura leher ular Rote.

### Where can the Rote Island snake-necked turtle be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Rote Island snake-necked turtle in: Rote Island, East Nusa Tenggara.

Source-supported habitats: [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/).

### What does the Rote Island snake-necked turtle eat?

Diet of the Rote Island snake-necked turtle: small fish, insects and aquatic plants.

### What is the conservation status of the Rote Island snake-necked turtle?

On the IUCN Red List, the Rote Island snake-necked turtle is listed as Critically Endangered: it is considered to face an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2441956), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Rote Island snake-necked turtle is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [The Reptile Database — Chelodina mccordi](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Chelodina&species=mccordi)
2. [Turtle Conservancy — Species highlight: Roti Island snake-necked turtle](https://www.turtleconservancy.org/outreach/species-highlight-2)
3. [IUCN/TRAFFIC — Analysis of CITES CoP16 Prop. 28: Roti Island snake-necked turtle Chelodina mccordi](https://www.trafficj.org/cop16/pdf/CoP16_Prop28_Analysis.pdf)
4. [Turtle Survival Alliance — Rote Island snake-necked turtle](https://turtlesurvival.org/species/rote-island-snake-necked-turtle/)
5. [WCS Indonesia — Rote Island snake-necked turtle](https://indonesia.wcs.org/Wildlife/Snake-necked-Rote-Turtle.aspx)
6. [Mongabay Indonesia — Kura-kura leher ular, jenis unik yang hanya ada di lahan basah Pulau Rote (2015)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2015/02/02/kura-kura-leher-ular-jenis-unik-yang-hanya-ada-di-lahan-basah-pulau-rote/)
7. [Mongabay Indonesia — Belasan kura-kura leher ular Rote yang terancam punah dipulangkan dari Singapura (2021)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2021/10/01/belasan-kura-kura-leher-ular-rote-yang-terancam-punah-dipulangkan-dari-singapura-apa-selanjutnya/)
8. [Mongabay Indonesia — Kura-kura leher ular Rote dan masa depan konservasinya (2023)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2023/04/10/kura-kura-leher-ular-rote-dan-masa-depan-konservasinya/)
9. [Mongabay Indonesia — Dipulangkan, 33 kura-kura leher ular Rote dari Amerika ke habitat aslinya (2023)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2023/08/11/dipulangkan-33-kura-kura-leher-ular-rote-dari-amerika-ke-habitat-aslinya/)
10. [BKSDA Yogyakarta — Menteri Kehutanan lepasliarkan 20 kura-kura Rote, satwa endemik terlangka di dunia (2025)](https://bksdajogja.org/read/450/menteri-kehutanan-lepasliarkan-20-kura-kura-rote-satwa-endemik-terlangka-di-dunia.html)
11. [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 (lampiran jenis satwa dilindungi)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Keep exploring

- [False gharial](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/false-gharial/)
- [Painted terrapin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/painted-terrapin/)
- [Pig-nosed turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pig-nosed-turtle/)
- [Saltwater crocodile](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/saltwater-crocodile/)
- [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Rote Island snake-necked turtle. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rote-island-snake-necked-turtle/


---

# Painted terrapin

> The painted terrapin (Batagur borneoensis) is a Critically Endangered estuary and mangrove turtle; breeding males show a white head with a red stripe.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/painted-terrapin/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/tuntong-laut/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Painted terrapin (*Batagur borneoensis*) is a reptile in the family Geoemydidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Critically Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Batagur borneoensis* |
| Indonesian name | Tuntong laut |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Geoemydidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra (Aceh and North Sumatra) and Borneo |
| Linked habitats | [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/) |
| Diet | Mangrove fruit, leaves, crustaceans and snails |
| Range in Indonesia | Aceh Tamiang, Langkat and Borneo |
| Key feature | Breeding males have a white head with a red stripe |
| Other names | Tuntong laut, beluku |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Protected under ministerial regulation P.106/2018 |
| IUCN status | Critically Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5789403) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the painted terrapin?

The painted terrapin (Batagur borneoensis) is a large river turtle of the family Geoemydidae that lives in estuaries and mangrove forests. Females are much bigger: Animal Diversity Web gives over 60 cm for females but only 30–40 cm for males. For most of the year the shell is a dull grey-brown.

In the breeding season the male's shell turns pale so its three black stripes stand out, its head becomes white and a red stripe appears between the eyes. This colour change gives the species its English name. Indonesian regulation P.106/2018 calls it beluku.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Callagur borneoensis (painted terrapin)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Callagur_borneoensis/) · [Mongabay — Pulling the stunningly unique painted terrapin back from the brink (2016)](https://news.mongabay.com/2016/08/pulling-the-stunningly-beautiful-painted-terrapin-back-from-the-brink/) · [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 (lampiran jenis satwa dilindungi)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Where does the painted terrapin live?

The painted terrapin spends most of its life in river estuaries and mangrove forests, while females come ashore on sandy sea beaches to nest. The Reptile Database lists its Indonesian range as Sumatra and Borneo, with its type locality on Borneo.

On Sumatra, conservation work centres on Aceh Tamiang Regency in Aceh and Langkat Regency in North Sumatra. Mongabay (2016) describes Aceh Tamiang as probably the species' last major stronghold in Indonesia. Outside Indonesia it is recorded from southern Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore.

Evidence: [The Reptile Database — Batagur borneoensis](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Batagur&species=borneoensis) · [Turtle Survival Alliance — Indonesia: Sumatra programme](https://turtlesurvival.org/programs/indonesia-sumatra/) · [Mongabay — Pulling the stunningly unique painted terrapin back from the brink (2016)](https://news.mongabay.com/2016/08/pulling-the-stunningly-beautiful-painted-terrapin-back-from-the-brink/)

## What does the painted terrapin eat?

The painted terrapin eats mainly plants, such as mangrove fruit, leaves that fall into the water and shoots of riverside plants. Animal Diversity Web notes that molluscs and shellfish are sometimes eaten too. Mongabay says its slightly upturned snout helps it feed at the surface.

A 2025 study in a coastal conservation area in Aceh, however, found a more mixed diet: 41 percent crustaceans, 41 percent plant material and 18 percent gastropods. The researchers also observed various crustaceans and snails being eaten.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Callagur borneoensis (painted terrapin)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Callagur_borneoensis/) · [Mongabay — Pulling the stunningly unique painted terrapin back from the brink (2016)](https://news.mongabay.com/2016/08/pulling-the-stunningly-beautiful-painted-terrapin-back-from-the-brink/) · [Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology — Mawardi et al. (2025), habitat and diet of Batagur borneoensis on the coast of Aceh](https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/v3/jtbb/article/view/15180)

## How does the painted terrapin breed?

Female painted terrapins leave the rivers to nest on sandy sea beaches, often beaches that sea turtles also use. According to Animal Diversity Web, females nest at night at low tide, dig a hole about 30 cm deep and may nest two or three times a season. A clutch holds 10–25 eggs, usually 10–12, which hatch after 70–90 days.

Hatchlings then head for the river mouth. The species tends to nest at the same sites and times each year. In Aceh Tamiang and Langkat, nest patrols run from December to February.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Callagur borneoensis (painted terrapin)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Callagur_borneoensis/) · [Mongabay — Pulling the stunningly unique painted terrapin back from the brink (2016)](https://news.mongabay.com/2016/08/pulling-the-stunningly-beautiful-painted-terrapin-back-from-the-brink/) · [Turtle Survival Alliance — Indonesia: Sumatra programme](https://turtlesurvival.org/programs/indonesia-sumatra/)

## Why is the painted terrapin endangered?

The painted terrapin is endangered because its eggs are taken, its habitat is being destroyed, and adults are hunted for meat and pets. The IUCN lists it as Critically Endangered; Mongabay places it among the world's 25 most endangered freshwater turtles. Animal Diversity Web notes its eggs are worth over five times as much as chicken eggs, and fixed nesting sites make whole clutches easy to take.

In Aceh, mangroves are cut for charcoal or cleared for oil palm and fish or shrimp ponds. Drowning in nets and sand mining add further threats. In 2016 Satucita Foundation founder Joko Guntoro estimated about 400 in the Tamiang River.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Callagur borneoensis (painted terrapin)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Callagur_borneoensis/) · [Mongabay — Pulling the stunningly unique painted terrapin back from the brink (2016)](https://news.mongabay.com/2016/08/pulling-the-stunningly-beautiful-painted-terrapin-back-from-the-brink/)

## How can the painted terrapin be protected?

The painted terrapin is protected in Indonesia under regulation P.106/2018. In Aceh Tamiang and Langkat, patrol teams move eggs from nests to protected hatcheries in the villages of Pusung Kapal and Jaring Halus, then rear the young for more than six months before release. Mongabay reports that guarding eggs on the beach raised hatching success from 10 percent to about 70 percent in 2016.

People can help by not buying or eating terrapin eggs, by telling officers about terrapins caught in nets, and by reporting illegal trade to the BKSDA.

Evidence: [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 (lampiran jenis satwa dilindungi)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf) · [Turtle Survival Alliance — Indonesia: Sumatra programme](https://turtlesurvival.org/programs/indonesia-sumatra/) · [Mongabay — Pulling the stunningly unique painted terrapin back from the brink (2016)](https://news.mongabay.com/2016/08/pulling-the-stunningly-beautiful-painted-terrapin-back-from-the-brink/)

## Common questions about the Painted terrapin

### What is the scientific name of the Painted terrapin?

The scientific name of the Painted terrapin is *Batagur borneoensis*, in the family Geoemydidae. In Indonesian it is called Tuntong laut.

### Where can the Painted terrapin be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Painted terrapin in: Sumatra (Aceh and North Sumatra) and Borneo.

Source-supported habitats: [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/).

### What does the Painted terrapin eat?

Diet of the Painted terrapin: mangrove fruit, leaves, crustaceans and snails.

### What is the conservation status of the Painted terrapin?

On the IUCN Red List, the Painted terrapin is listed as Critically Endangered: it is considered to face an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5789403), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Painted terrapin is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [The Reptile Database — Batagur borneoensis](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Batagur&species=borneoensis)
2. [Animal Diversity Web — Callagur borneoensis (painted terrapin)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Callagur_borneoensis/)
3. [Mongabay — Pulling the stunningly unique painted terrapin back from the brink (2016)](https://news.mongabay.com/2016/08/pulling-the-stunningly-beautiful-painted-terrapin-back-from-the-brink/)
4. [Turtle Survival Alliance — Indonesia: Sumatra programme](https://turtlesurvival.org/programs/indonesia-sumatra/)
5. [Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology — Mawardi et al. (2025), habitat and diet of Batagur borneoensis on the coast of Aceh](https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/v3/jtbb/article/view/15180)
6. [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 (lampiran jenis satwa dilindungi)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Keep exploring

- [Crocodile monitor](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocodile-monitor/)
- [False gharial](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/false-gharial/)
- [Pig-nosed turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pig-nosed-turtle/)
- [Rote Island snake-necked turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rote-island-snake-necked-turtle/)
- [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/)
- [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Painted terrapin. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/painted-terrapin/


---

# Pig-nosed turtle

> The pig-nosed turtle (Carettochelys insculpta) is a flipper-limbed freshwater turtle of southern Papua, threatened by egg harvest and hatchling smuggling.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pig-nosed-turtle/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/labi-labi-moncong-babi/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Pig-nosed turtle (*Carettochelys insculpta*) is a reptile in the family Carettochelyidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Carettochelys insculpta* |
| Indonesian name | Labi-labi moncong babi |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Carettochelyidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Southern Papua |
| Linked habitats | [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/), [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/) |
| Diet | Fruit, flowers, leaves, molluscs and insects |
| Range in Indonesia | Lowland rivers and swamps of southern Papua |
| Key feature | Fleshy pig-like snout and flipper-shaped limbs |
| Other names | Fly River turtle, pitted-shelled turtle |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Protected under ministerial regulation P.106/2018 |
| IUCN status | Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2442506) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the pig-nosed turtle?

The pig-nosed turtle (Carettochelys insculpta) is a large freshwater turtle with a fleshy, pig-like snout and paddle-shaped flippers like a sea turtle's. It is the only living species of the family Carettochelyidae. Instead of hard scutes, its shell is covered with soft, pitted, grey to olive skin. A TRAFFIC report gives a maximum shell length of 56 cm and a weight of up to 22.5 kg.

Although its Indonesian name calls it a labi-labi (softshell turtle), its shell edges are stiff and joined to the lower shell by a bony ridge, unlike the flexible edges of true softshells (Trionychidae).

Evidence: [TRAFFIC — Assessing the trade in pig-nosed turtles Carettochelys insculpta in Papua, Indonesia (Burgess & Lilley, 2014)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/8647/pig-nosed-turtle.pdf) · [Animal Diversity Web — Carettochelys insculpta (pig-nosed turtle)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Carettochelys_insculpta/) · [The Reptile Database — Carettochelys insculpta](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Carettochelys&species=insculpta)

## Where does the pig-nosed turtle live?

In Indonesia the pig-nosed turtle lives in rivers, freshwater swamps and mangrove swamps in the lowlands of southern Papua. A 2014 TRAFFIC report records it in the regencies of Merauke, Asmat, Mappi, Boven Digoel, Mimika and Dogiyai. In Asmat it occurs in the Vriendschap, Eilanden, Brassa and Lorentz river systems and their tributaries.

Outside Indonesia it lives in southern Papua New Guinea and the Northern Territory of Australia. Its habitat includes rivers, estuaries, lagoons, lakes and pools, usually in heavily forested country. Males never leave the water.

Evidence: [TRAFFIC — Assessing the trade in pig-nosed turtles Carettochelys insculpta in Papua, Indonesia (Burgess & Lilley, 2014)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/8647/pig-nosed-turtle.pdf) · [WWF Indonesia — Kura-kura moncong babi](https://www.wwf.id/id/blog/kura-kura-moncong-babi) · [Animal Diversity Web — Carettochelys insculpta (pig-nosed turtle)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Carettochelys_insculpta/)

## What does the pig-nosed turtle eat?

Adult pig-nosed turtles are omnivores but eat more plant matter, such as flowers, fruit and leaves from the riverbank. Animal Diversity Web says they also eat molluscs and insects. Newly hatched young live on leftover yolk, then eat small aquatic animals such as insect larvae, small shrimp and snails.

The snout works as a snorkel in murky water and carries sensory receptors that help it find prey. Because the water is often turbid, sight probably plays only a secondary role.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Carettochelys insculpta (pig-nosed turtle)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Carettochelys_insculpta/)

## How does the pig-nosed turtle breed?

Female pig-nosed turtles leave the water only to lay eggs on sandy riverbanks in the dry season. According to TRAFFIC, nesting in New Guinea runs from about September to February. Females often nest in groups, with up to 16 recorded on one sandbank in Australia. An Australian study found clutches of 10 ± 2 eggs and two clutches per season.

Temperature sets the sex of the young. Animal Diversity Web reports that 32°C produces both sexes, slightly cooler nests produce males and slightly warmer nests produce females.

Evidence: [TRAFFIC — Assessing the trade in pig-nosed turtles Carettochelys insculpta in Papua, Indonesia (Burgess & Lilley, 2014)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/8647/pig-nosed-turtle.pdf) · [Animal Diversity Web — Carettochelys insculpta (pig-nosed turtle)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Carettochelys_insculpta/) · [The Reptile Database — Carettochelys insculpta](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Carettochelys&species=insculpta)

## Why are pig-nosed turtles smuggled in such numbers?

Pig-nosed turtles are smuggled in large numbers because their hatchlings sell abroad as pets, food and traditional medicine. TRAFFIC (2014) found that villagers dig eggs from river sandbanks, hatch them and sell the young to traders. An estimate it cites puts the harvest at 1.5–2 million eggs a year from rivers in Merauke. It recorded 32 seizures totalling 81,689 turtles between 2003 and 2012.

Hatchlings move through Timika, Merauke and Jayapura to larger cities, then on to Hong Kong, China, Malaysia and Singapore. WWF Indonesia gives its IUCN status as Endangered.

Evidence: [TRAFFIC — Assessing the trade in pig-nosed turtles Carettochelys insculpta in Papua, Indonesia (Burgess & Lilley, 2014)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/8647/pig-nosed-turtle.pdf) · [TRAFFIC — Large seizures of protected pig-nosed turtles in Indonesia highlight magnitude of illegal trade (2016)](https://www.traffic.org/news/large-seizures-of-protected-pig-nosed-turtles-in-indonesia-highlight-magnitude-of-illegal-trade/) · [WWF Indonesia — Kura-kura moncong babi](https://www.wwf.id/id/blog/kura-kura-moncong-babi)

## How can the pig-nosed turtle be protected?

The pig-nosed turtle is protected in Indonesia under regulation P.106/2018. TRAFFIC notes that, because it is protected, no capture or export quota is set for it. It is also listed on CITES Appendix II. Seized turtles can be returned to the wild. In February 2016, for example, conservation (BKSDA) and quarantine officers at Jakarta's Soekarno-Hatta airport seized 3,737 bound for Hong Kong, and the BKSDA said they would be returned to the wild as soon as possible.

People can help by not buying pig-nosed turtles as pets, including online, and by reporting illegal trade to the BKSDA or the police.

Evidence: [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 (lampiran jenis satwa dilindungi)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf) · [TRAFFIC — Large seizures of protected pig-nosed turtles in Indonesia highlight magnitude of illegal trade (2016)](https://www.traffic.org/news/large-seizures-of-protected-pig-nosed-turtles-in-indonesia-highlight-magnitude-of-illegal-trade/) · [TRAFFIC — Assessing the trade in pig-nosed turtles Carettochelys insculpta in Papua, Indonesia (Burgess & Lilley, 2014)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/8647/pig-nosed-turtle.pdf)

## Common questions about the Pig-nosed turtle

### What is the scientific name of the Pig-nosed turtle?

The scientific name of the Pig-nosed turtle is *Carettochelys insculpta*, in the family Carettochelyidae. In Indonesian it is called Labi-labi moncong babi.

### Where can the Pig-nosed turtle be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Pig-nosed turtle in: Southern Papua.

Source-supported habitats: [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/), [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/).

### What does the Pig-nosed turtle eat?

Diet of the Pig-nosed turtle: fruit, flowers, leaves, molluscs and insects.

### What is the conservation status of the Pig-nosed turtle?

On the IUCN Red List, the Pig-nosed turtle is listed as Endangered: it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2442506), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Pig-nosed turtle is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [The Reptile Database — Carettochelys insculpta](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Carettochelys&species=insculpta)
2. [Animal Diversity Web — Carettochelys insculpta (pig-nosed turtle)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Carettochelys_insculpta/)
3. [TRAFFIC — Assessing the trade in pig-nosed turtles Carettochelys insculpta in Papua, Indonesia (Burgess & Lilley, 2014)](https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/8647/pig-nosed-turtle.pdf)
4. [TRAFFIC — Large seizures of protected pig-nosed turtles in Indonesia highlight magnitude of illegal trade (2016)](https://www.traffic.org/news/large-seizures-of-protected-pig-nosed-turtles-in-indonesia-highlight-magnitude-of-illegal-trade/)
5. [WWF Indonesia — Kura-kura moncong babi](https://www.wwf.id/id/blog/kura-kura-moncong-babi)
6. [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 (lampiran jenis satwa dilindungi)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Keep exploring

- [Crocodile monitor](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocodile-monitor/)
- [False gharial](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/false-gharial/)
- [Painted terrapin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/painted-terrapin/)
- [Rote Island snake-necked turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/rote-island-snake-necked-turtle/)
- [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/)
- [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Pig-nosed turtle. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pig-nosed-turtle/


---

# Crocodile monitor

> The crocodile monitor (Varanus salvadorii) is a large tree-climbing monitor lizard found only on New Guinea, with a very long tail and serrated teeth.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocodile-monitor/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/biawak-papua/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Crocodile monitor (*Varanus salvadorii*) is a reptile in the family Varanidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Varanus salvadorii* |
| Indonesian name | Biawak Papua |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Varanidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Papua (Indonesian New Guinea) |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/) |
| Diet | Birds, small mammals, fish, eggs and carrion |
| Range in Indonesia | Lowland forest and mangroves in Papua |
| Key feature | Tail up to two-thirds of total length |
| Other names | Papuan monitor, Salvadori's monitor |
| Risk to people | Bite and tail lash can cause serious injury |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2470727) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the crocodile monitor?

The crocodile monitor (Varanus salvadorii) is a large tree-climbing monitor lizard from New Guinea and one of the longest lizards in the world. Smithsonian's National Zoo says it can exceed 2.4 metres in total length and weigh up to 20 kg, with the tail making up to two-thirds of that length. It is blackish-green with bright yellow spots and stripes. Its teeth are flat, very sharp and serrated.

The Reptile Database places it in the subgenus Papusaurus. It is named after the ornithologist Tommaso Salvadori, and its type specimen came from Dorei, today's Manokwari.

Evidence: [Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute — Crocodile monitor](https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/crocodile-monitor) · [The Reptile Database — Varanus salvadorii](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Varanus&species=salvadorii) · [Journal of Threatened Taxa — Range extension and new ecoregion records of the crocodile monitor Varanus salvadorii in Papua New Guinea (2022)](https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/7808)

## Where does the crocodile monitor live?

The crocodile monitor lives only on New Guinea, in both Indonesian Papua and Papua New Guinea. Smithsonian's National Zoo describes its populations as fragmented and records it in Papua and West Papua. It lives in lowland rainforest, floodplain forest, mangrove swamps and riverside woodland that are undisturbed by people.

It is usually found from sea level to about 740 metres, but camera traps in the Torricelli Mountains of Papua New Guinea recorded one at 1,500 metres. It spends much of its time in trees but also comes down to the ground near water.

Evidence: [Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute — Crocodile monitor](https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/crocodile-monitor) · [Animal Diversity Web — Varanus salvadorii (crocodile monitor)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Varanus_salvadorii/) · [Journal of Threatened Taxa — Range extension and new ecoregion records of the crocodile monitor Varanus salvadorii in Papua New Guinea (2022)](https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/7808)

## What does the crocodile monitor eat?

The crocodile monitor is a carnivore that preys on birds, mammals, fish and other small animals. Smithsonian's National Zoo says its wild diet is poorly known but is thought to include birds, mammals and fish, and occasionally eggs, small reptiles and carrion. Animal Diversity Web adds rodents, amphibians and insects.

Long, sharp teeth and powerful jaws seize the prey, which is swallowed whole. As an apex predator in New Guinea's forests, it helps keep populations of smaller animals in check.

Evidence: [Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute — Crocodile monitor](https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/crocodile-monitor) · [Animal Diversity Web — Varanus salvadorii (crocodile monitor)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Varanus_salvadorii/) · [Journal of Threatened Taxa — Range extension and new ecoregion records of the crocodile monitor Varanus salvadorii in Papua New Guinea (2022)](https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/7808)

## How does the crocodile monitor behave?

The crocodile monitor is an agile climber that usually lives alone. Animal Diversity Web says it basks during the day and uses its long tail for balance when jumping between branches. Smithsonian's National Zoo notes it is aggressive towards other individuals, especially those of the same sex.

Its breeding in the wild is almost unknown. In captivity, females lay 4–12 eggs four to six weeks after mating, up to three times a year, and the eggs incubate for five to eight months. Hatchlings measure about 35–41 cm.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Varanus salvadorii (crocodile monitor)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Varanus_salvadorii/) · [Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute — Crocodile monitor](https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/crocodile-monitor)

## Is the crocodile monitor dangerous?

The crocodile monitor can be dangerous if disturbed, because its bite and tail lash can cause serious injury. Animal Diversity Web notes it can do severe damage to people who disturb it, and that attacks on livestock are not uncommon. Smithsonian's National Zoo says it uses its tail like a whip in defence, and its sharp, serrated teeth for defence and catching prey.

Do not approach, catch, handle or kill it. Keep a safe distance and ask trained officers for help. If bitten, seek medical care at a health facility immediately.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Varanus salvadorii (crocodile monitor)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Varanus_salvadorii/) · [Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute — Crocodile monitor](https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/crocodile-monitor)

## What threatens the crocodile monitor, and how can it be protected?

The biggest threat to the crocodile monitor is forest loss from logging and clearing for agriculture, because it avoids areas disturbed by people. Smithsonian's National Zoo also lists hunting for skin and meat, and notes that the species has recently entered the pet trade. According to Animal Diversity Web, its skin has traditionally been used for clothing and ritual drum heads.

The IUCN rates it Least Concern, but its population is thought to be declining, and international trade is controlled under CITES Appendix II. Do not buy wild-caught monitors, and support the protection of Papua's lowland forests.

Evidence: [Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute — Crocodile monitor](https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/crocodile-monitor) · [Animal Diversity Web — Varanus salvadorii (crocodile monitor)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Varanus_salvadorii/)

## Common questions about the Crocodile monitor

### What is the scientific name of the Crocodile monitor?

The scientific name of the Crocodile monitor is *Varanus salvadorii*, in the family Varanidae. In Indonesian it is called Biawak Papua.

### Where can the Crocodile monitor be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Crocodile monitor in: Papua (Indonesian New Guinea).

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/).

### What does the Crocodile monitor eat?

Diet of the Crocodile monitor: birds, small mammals, fish, eggs and carrion.

### What is the conservation status of the Crocodile monitor?

On the IUCN Red List, the Crocodile monitor is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2470727), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Crocodile monitor is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [The Reptile Database — Varanus salvadorii](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Varanus&species=salvadorii)
2. [Animal Diversity Web — Varanus salvadorii (crocodile monitor)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Varanus_salvadorii/)
3. [Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute — Crocodile monitor](https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/crocodile-monitor)
4. [Journal of Threatened Taxa — Range extension and new ecoregion records of the crocodile monitor Varanus salvadorii in Papua New Guinea (2022)](https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/7808)
5. [Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia — Biawak Papua](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biawak_Papua)

## Further reading

[Monitor lizard: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/monitor-lizard/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Komodo dragon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/komodo-dragon/)
- [Asian water monitor](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/varanus-salvator/)
- [False gharial](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/false-gharial/)
- [Malayan pit viper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-pit-viper/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/)
- [Painted terrapin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/painted-terrapin/)
- [Pig-nosed turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pig-nosed-turtle/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Crocodile monitor. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocodile-monitor/


---

# Wallace's golden birdwing

> Wallace's golden birdwing (Ornithoptera croesus) is a large birdwing butterfly with an orange-gold male, found only in North Maluku, Indonesia.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/wallaces-golden-birdwing/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/kupu-kupu-sayap-burung-wallace/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Wallace's golden birdwing (*Ornithoptera croesus*) is an invertebrate in the family Papilionidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Near Threatened.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Ornithoptera croesus* |
| Indonesian name | Kupu-kupu sayap burung Wallace |
| Group | Invertebrates |
| Family | Papilionidae |
| Range in Indonesia | North Maluku (Bacan, Halmahera and Morotai) |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Caterpillars: Aristolochia leaves; adults: Mussaenda nectar |
| Range in Indonesia | Bacan, Halmahera and Morotai, North Maluku |
| Key feature | Orange-gold male wings, 130–150 mm span |
| Other names | Kupu-kupu sayap burung Wallace |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Protected under ministerial regulation P.106/2018 |
| IUCN status | Near Threatened · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/1937481) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is Wallace's golden birdwing?

Wallace's golden birdwing (Ornithoptera croesus) is a large butterfly of the swallowtail family, Papilionidae, whose male is orange-gold and which lives only in North Maluku. Alfred Russel Wallace found it on Bacan Island and named it in 1859.

The IUCN Red Data Book text, republished by the Swallowtail & Birdwing Butterfly Trust, gives wingspans of 130–150 mm for males and 160–190 mm for females. The male's forewing is very dark brown with a shining orange band, and the hindwing is orange with golden-yellow patches. The female of the Bacan subspecies is brown with white markings. The male's golden-yellow colour is described as unique among birdwings.

Evidence: [Swallowtail & Birdwing Butterfly Trust — Wallace's golden birdwing: Ornithoptera croesus](https://www.sbbt.org.uk/wallaces-golden-birdwing-ornithoptera-croesus/) · [Treubia (BRIN) — Peggie (2022), Trade and threats on Ornithoptera croesus in North Maluku, Indonesia](https://ejournal.brin.go.id/treubia/article/view/10032)

## Where does Wallace's golden birdwing live?

Wallace's golden birdwing lives only in North Maluku, on the islands of Bacan, Halmahera and Morotai. Each island has its own subspecies: O. c. croesus on Bacan, O. c. lydius on Halmahera and O. c. toeantei on Morotai. Some authors also recognise subspecies from Kasiruta and Mandioli.

According to Peggie (2022), it is very likely extinct on Ternate after Mount Gamalama erupted in 1983. On Bacan it lives in natural forest in the Gunung Sibela Nature Reserve and has been recorded from 20 to 800 metres above sea level.

Evidence: [Treubia (BRIN) — Peggie (2022), Trade and threats on Ornithoptera croesus in North Maluku, Indonesia](https://ejournal.brin.go.id/treubia/article/view/10032) · [Treubia (BRIN) — Peggie et al. (2021), Assessing an in-situ semi-natural breeding approach for Ornithoptera croesus on Bacan Island](https://ejournal.brin.go.id/treubia/article/view/9706)

## What does Wallace's golden birdwing eat?

The caterpillars of Wallace's golden birdwing eat the leaves of Aristolochia and Pararistolochia vines, while adults feed on flower nectar. In the Gunung Sibela forest, researchers found Pararistolochia as the natural larval food plant, and older records also list Aristolochia gaudichaudii. At a breeding site in Labuha, Bacan, caterpillars preferred Aristolochia acuminata.

Adults mainly visit Mussaenda, which has large white petal-like calyx lobes, while nearby Hibiscus flowers were ignored. Like other swallowtails, it keeps its wings moving while it feeds.

Evidence: [Treubia (BRIN) — Peggie et al. (2021), Assessing an in-situ semi-natural breeding approach for Ornithoptera croesus on Bacan Island](https://ejournal.brin.go.id/treubia/article/view/9706) · [Swallowtail & Birdwing Butterfly Trust — Wallace's golden birdwing: Ornithoptera croesus](https://www.sbbt.org.uk/wallaces-golden-birdwing-ornithoptera-croesus/)

## How does Wallace's golden birdwing behave?

Wallace's golden birdwing is a strong, long-range flyer that ranges over wide areas of forest and is seldom seen. In surveys at Gunung Sibela in 2018 and 2019, researchers saw only two to four individuals each time.

At a breeding site on Bacan the butterflies were active by about 08:30, and males met females while feeding at flowers. Females lay eggs on the larval food plants, and the caterpillars pass through five instars before pupating. Because it needs a large area to fly, the species depends on extensive natural forest.

Evidence: [Treubia (BRIN) — Peggie et al. (2021), Assessing an in-situ semi-natural breeding approach for Ornithoptera croesus on Bacan Island](https://ejournal.brin.go.id/treubia/article/view/9706) · [Treubia (BRIN) — Peggie (2022), Trade and threats on Ornithoptera croesus in North Maluku, Indonesia](https://ejournal.brin.go.id/treubia/article/view/10032)

## Why is Wallace's golden birdwing threatened?

Wallace's golden birdwing is threatened by forest loss and strong demand from collectors. Peggie (2022) saw trees being cut in logging concessions and on the lower slopes of the Gunung Sibela Nature Reserve, and notes possible illegal direct capture.

The species is listed on CITES Appendix II. CITES trade data show Indonesia exporting thousands of specimens a year in 2011–2016, including 6,113 reported by the exporter in 2011. Because of confusion over the source codes used, Indonesian authorities voluntarily suspended its trade in 2017. The IUCN assessed it as Near Threatened in 2018.

Evidence: [Treubia (BRIN) — Peggie (2022), Trade and threats on Ornithoptera croesus in North Maluku, Indonesia](https://ejournal.brin.go.id/treubia/article/view/10032) · [Treubia (BRIN) — Peggie et al. (2021), Assessing an in-situ semi-natural breeding approach for Ornithoptera croesus on Bacan Island](https://ejournal.brin.go.id/treubia/article/view/9706)

## How can Wallace's golden birdwing be protected?

Wallace's golden birdwing is protected under Indonesian regulation P.106/2018, so direct collection from the wild is prohibited and trade can be allowed only for specimens from captive breeding. Since 2013 a semi-natural breeding site at Labuha, Bacan, has grown hundreds of food and nectar plants so that wild butterflies come to lay eggs. Some of the adults raised there are released back to the wild.

Researchers stress that North Maluku's remaining forests must be protected. People can help by not catching these butterflies and by not buying specimens without official documents.

Evidence: [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 (lampiran jenis satwa dilindungi)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf) · [Treubia (BRIN) — Peggie (2022), Trade and threats on Ornithoptera croesus in North Maluku, Indonesia](https://ejournal.brin.go.id/treubia/article/view/10032) · [Treubia (BRIN) — Peggie et al. (2021), Assessing an in-situ semi-natural breeding approach for Ornithoptera croesus on Bacan Island](https://ejournal.brin.go.id/treubia/article/view/9706)

## Common questions about the Wallace's golden birdwing

### What is the scientific name of the Wallace's golden birdwing?

The scientific name of the Wallace's golden birdwing is *Ornithoptera croesus*, in the family Papilionidae. In Indonesian it is called Kupu-kupu sayap burung Wallace.

### Where can the Wallace's golden birdwing be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Wallace's golden birdwing in: North Maluku (Bacan, Halmahera and Morotai).

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Wallace's golden birdwing eat?

Diet of the Wallace's golden birdwing: caterpillars: Aristolochia leaves; adults: Mussaenda nectar.

### What is the conservation status of the Wallace's golden birdwing?

On the IUCN Red List, the Wallace's golden birdwing is listed as Near Threatened: it is close to qualifying, or likely to qualify, for a threatened category in the near future. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/1937481), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Wallace's golden birdwing is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Treubia (BRIN) — Peggie et al. (2021), Assessing an in-situ semi-natural breeding approach for Ornithoptera croesus on Bacan Island](https://ejournal.brin.go.id/treubia/article/view/9706)
2. [Treubia (BRIN) — Peggie (2022), Trade and threats on Ornithoptera croesus in North Maluku, Indonesia](https://ejournal.brin.go.id/treubia/article/view/10032)
3. [Swallowtail & Birdwing Butterfly Trust — Wallace's golden birdwing: Ornithoptera croesus](https://www.sbbt.org.uk/wallaces-golden-birdwing-ornithoptera-croesus/)
4. [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 (lampiran jenis satwa dilindungi)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Keep exploring

- [Scarlet Skimmer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocothemis-servilia/)
- [Chalky Percher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/diplacodes-trivialis/)
- [Great Eggfly](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hypolimnas-bolina/)
- [Blue Pansy](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/junonia-orithya/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Asian honey bee](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-honey-bee/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Wallace's golden birdwing. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/wallaces-golden-birdwing/


---

# Sunda king cobra

> The Sunda king cobra (Ophiophagus bungarus) is a venomous snake-eater of Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Bali, separated from O. hannah in 2024.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-king-cobra/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/king-kobra/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Sunda king cobra (*Ophiophagus bungarus*) is a reptile.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Ophiophagus bungarus* |
| Indonesian name | King kobra |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Bali and nearby islands |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/) |
| Diet | Mainly other snakes, including rat snakes, pythons and cobras |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Bali and nearby islands |
| Key feature | Adults mostly plain brown; juveniles with 57–87 pale bands |
| Other names | King cobra; formerly included in Ophiophagus hannah |
| Risk to people | Neurotoxic venom; bites can be fatal |

## What is the Sunda king cobra?

The Sunda king cobra (Ophiophagus bungarus) is the king cobra of western Indonesia, one of four king cobra species recognised since a 2024 taxonomic revision. Writing in the European Journal of Taxonomy, Das and colleagues restricted O. hannah to mainland Asia and revived the name bungarus for populations on the Sunda Shelf. Juveniles have 57–87 narrow pale bands on the body. Adults are yellowish-brown to mahogany, some grey-black, and are mostly unbanded. People often confuse it with true cobras (Naja), which in Indonesia do not exceed about 2 metres, according to LIPI researcher Amir Hamidy.

Evidence: [European Journal of Taxonomy — Das et al. (2024), Taxonomic revision of the king cobra Ophiophagus hannah species complex](https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2681) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Ular King Cobra Resmi Dikelompokkan Menjadi Empat Spesies yang Berbeda (2024)](https://mongabay.co.id/2024/10/28/ular-king-cobra-resmi-dikelompokkan-menjadi-empat-spesies-yang-berbeda/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Urusan King Kobra dan Kobra, Amir Hamidy Pakarnya (2020)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2020/01/01/urusan-king-kobra-dan-kobra-amir-hamidy-pakarnya/)

## Where does the Sunda king cobra live?

The Sunda king cobra lives in Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Bali, as well as the Malay Peninsula and parts of the Philippines, according to the 2024 revision. Museum specimens examined for the revision came from places including Aceh, North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Bengkulu, West Java, Central and East Kalimantan, Bangka and Belitung. In the Sunda region, king cobras are recorded from lowland forests, including dipterocarp forests and mangroves. Amir Hamidy adds forest edges and oil palm plantations. King cobras have also been reported from Sulawesi, but the revision's authors say this eastern edge of the range needs new samples before its status is clear.

Evidence: [European Journal of Taxonomy — Das et al. (2024), Taxonomic revision of the king cobra Ophiophagus hannah species complex](https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2681) · [The Reptile Database — Ophiophagus bungarus](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Ophiophagus&species=bungarus) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Urusan King Kobra dan Kobra, Amir Hamidy Pakarnya (2020)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2020/01/01/urusan-king-kobra-dan-kobra-amir-hamidy-pakarnya/)

## What does the Sunda king cobra eat?

The Sunda king cobra feeds mainly on other snakes, including venomous ones. Its genus name, Ophiophagus, means snake-eater. According to Amir Hamidy, the king cobra evolved as a specialist snake-eater, and its favourite prey are rat snakes and pythons. Mongabay's report on the 2024 revision notes that king cobras also eat other cobras. Its neurotoxic venom subdues prey quickly. As a top predator among snakes, the king cobra helps to control other snake populations. The authors of the 2024 revision suggest the name bungarus refers to its likeness to kraits (genus Bungarus), either in its snake-eating habit or in its partly undivided tail scales.

Evidence: [Mongabay Indonesia — Urusan King Kobra dan Kobra, Amir Hamidy Pakarnya (2020)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2020/01/01/urusan-king-kobra-dan-kobra-amir-hamidy-pakarnya/) · [Mongabay — Four of a kind: King cobra is a quad of species, not one, study finds (2024)](https://news.mongabay.com/short-article/2024/10/four-of-a-kind-king-cobra-is-a-quad-of-species-not-one-study-finds/) · [European Journal of Taxonomy — Das et al. (2024), Taxonomic revision of the king cobra Ophiophagus hannah species complex](https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2681)

## How does the Sunda king cobra behave and breed?

The Sunda king cobra lays eggs, and according to Amir Hamidy the female builds a nest and guards it, behaviour he describes as unique among snakes. He also says few young survive, so populations of this top predator never become abundant. When threatened, a king cobra can raise the front of its body and spread its hood. The 2024 revision notes two important scientific findings for this species. The king cobra genome sequenced by Vonk and colleagues in 2013 came from a Bali specimen. In 2021, Card and colleagues documented facultative parthenogenesis, in which females produce offspring without mating, in this species.

Evidence: [Mongabay Indonesia — Urusan King Kobra dan Kobra, Amir Hamidy Pakarnya (2020)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2020/01/01/urusan-king-kobra-dan-kobra-amir-hamidy-pakarnya/) · [European Journal of Taxonomy — Das et al. (2024), Taxonomic revision of the king cobra Ophiophagus hannah species complex](https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2681)

## Is the Sunda king cobra dangerous?

Yes, the Sunda king cobra is dangerous to people: its venom is neurotoxic and a bite can kill. According to Amir Hamidy, the venom attacks the nerves that control breathing, so a victim may stop breathing, with effects within minutes to hours. He estimates that a single bite delivers about seven millilitres of venom. In Indonesia, several people have died after bites from king cobras kept as pets or used in shows, including in Bandung Regency in 2019 and Palangka Raya in 2018. WHO lists the king cobra as Category 2, of secondary medical importance, in Sumatra, Borneo and Java. If bitten, seek medical care at a health facility immediately.

Evidence: [Mongabay Indonesia — Urusan King Kobra dan Kobra, Amir Hamidy Pakarnya (2020)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2020/01/01/urusan-king-kobra-dan-kobra-amir-hamidy-pakarnya/) · [WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia — Guidelines for the management of snakebites, 2nd edition (2016)](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/searo/india/health-topic-pdf/who-guidance-on-management-of-snakebites.pdf)

## What should you do if you meet a king cobra?

If you meet a king cobra, keep your distance and do not approach, catch, handle or kill it; call trained officers such as Damkar, the fire and rescue service. In Greater Jakarta, fire departments are among the groups that respond to snake reports in residential areas; records from 2015–2019 include four king cobra reports there. King cobras mostly live in natural areas but are also popular as pets, so escaped animals may turn up in cities. Amir Hamidy lists the threats as habitat loss, killing during conflicts, trade, and keeping for shows. The 2024 revision notes that the split has wide implications for conservation.

Evidence: [Media Konservasi — Khoerunisa, Kusrini & Mardiastuti (2021), Diversity of snake rescued from residential areas in Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area](https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/konservasi/article/view/34956) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Urusan King Kobra dan Kobra, Amir Hamidy Pakarnya (2020)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2020/01/01/urusan-king-kobra-dan-kobra-amir-hamidy-pakarnya/) · [European Journal of Taxonomy — Das et al. (2024), Taxonomic revision of the king cobra Ophiophagus hannah species complex](https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2681)

## Common questions about the Sunda king cobra

### What is the scientific name of the Sunda king cobra?

The scientific name of the Sunda king cobra is *Ophiophagus bungarus*. In Indonesian it is called King kobra.

### Where can the Sunda king cobra be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Sunda king cobra in: Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Bali and nearby islands.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/).

### What does the Sunda king cobra eat?

Diet of the Sunda king cobra: mainly other snakes, including rat snakes, pythons and cobras.

## Sources & references

1. [European Journal of Taxonomy — Das et al. (2024), Taxonomic revision of the king cobra Ophiophagus hannah species complex](https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2681)
2. [The Reptile Database — Ophiophagus bungarus](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Ophiophagus&species=bungarus)
3. [Mongabay — Four of a kind: King cobra is a quad of species, not one, study finds (2024)](https://news.mongabay.com/short-article/2024/10/four-of-a-kind-king-cobra-is-a-quad-of-species-not-one-study-finds/)
4. [Mongabay Indonesia — Ular King Cobra Resmi Dikelompokkan Menjadi Empat Spesies yang Berbeda (2024)](https://mongabay.co.id/2024/10/28/ular-king-cobra-resmi-dikelompokkan-menjadi-empat-spesies-yang-berbeda/)
5. [Mongabay Indonesia — Urusan King Kobra dan Kobra, Amir Hamidy Pakarnya (2020)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2020/01/01/urusan-king-kobra-dan-kobra-amir-hamidy-pakarnya/)
6. [Media Konservasi — Khoerunisa, Kusrini & Mardiastuti (2021), Diversity of snake rescued from residential areas in Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area](https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/konservasi/article/view/34956)
7. [WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia — Guidelines for the management of snakebites, 2nd edition (2016)](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/searo/india/health-topic-pdf/who-guidance-on-management-of-snakebites.pdf)

## Further reading

[Cobra: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/cobra/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Banded krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banded-krait/)
- [Crocodile monitor](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocodile-monitor/)
- [False gharial](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/false-gharial/)
- [Malayan pit viper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-pit-viper/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Sunda king cobra. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-king-cobra/


---

# Javan spitting cobra

> The Javan spitting cobra (Naja sputatrix) is a venomous spitting cobra of Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara that often turns up around homes.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-spitting-cobra/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/ular-kobra-jawa/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Javan spitting cobra (*Naja sputatrix*) is a reptile in the family Elapidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Naja sputatrix* |
| Indonesian name | Ular kobra Jawa |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Elapidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara (Lombok to Alor) |
| Linked habitats | [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/), [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/) |
| Diet | Rats, lizards, frogs, birds and other snakes |
| Range in Indonesia | Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Komodo and Alor |
| Key feature | Spoon-shaped hood; can spray venom |
| Length | Average 130 cm, up to 180 cm |
| Other names | Indonesian cobra; ular sendok (spoon snake) |
| Risk to people | Bite can kill; venom spray injures eyes |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2470370) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Javan spitting cobra?

The Javan spitting cobra (Naja sputatrix) is a venomous cobra of the family Elapidae that can spray its venom, and Indonesians widely call it ular sendok, the spoon snake. The name comes from the way it rears up and flattens its neck into a spoon-like hood when threatened. According to LIPI researcher Amir Hamidy, it averages 1.3 metres and can reach 1.8 metres. The name sputatrix comes from the Latin for spitter. It differs from the Sumatran spitting cobra (Naja sumatrana) of Sumatra and Borneo. It also differs from the king cobra, which belongs to another genus (Ophiophagus) and grows much longer.

Evidence: [Mongabay Indonesia — Ular Kobra Masuk Rumah Warga, Fenomena Apa? (2019)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2019/12/13/ular-kobra-masuk-rumah-warga-fenomena-apa/) · [The Reptile Database — Naja sputatrix](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Naja&species=sputatrix) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Urusan King Kobra dan Kobra, Amir Hamidy Pakarnya (2020)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2020/01/01/urusan-king-kobra-dan-kobra-amir-hamidy-pakarnya/)

## Where does the Javan spitting cobra live?

The Javan spitting cobra lives in Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara, including Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Komodo, Rinca, Alor and Lembata. According to Amir Hamidy, its habitat is open forest edges, savanna, rice fields and yards. It is also common in residential areas. In Greater Jakarta, a 2015–2019 study found that 204 of 656 snake reports (31.1%) were Javan spitting cobras, the most of the 37 species reported. The researchers suggest that plentiful prey around homes supports it. Records from Sulawesi are considered doubtful, as the last one dates from 1936.

Evidence: [The Reptile Database — Naja sputatrix](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Naja&species=sputatrix) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Ular Kobra Masuk Rumah Warga, Fenomena Apa? (2019)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2019/12/13/ular-kobra-masuk-rumah-warga-fenomena-apa/) · [Media Konservasi — Khoerunisa, Kusrini & Mardiastuti (2021), Diversity of snake rescued from residential areas in Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area](https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/konservasi/article/view/34956)

## What does the Javan spitting cobra eat?

The Javan spitting cobra eats rats, lizards, frogs and other snakes. A study of snakes in Greater Jakarta's residential areas describes it as a generalist, opportunistic predator of small mammals, frogs, lizards, birds and snakes, including other cobras. The study suggests that abundant prey around homes may explain why the cobra is so often found there. A book by Riza Marlon, quoted by Mongabay, says it is active by day and night, on the ground and sometimes in trees. Cobras subdue prey by biting and injecting venom through their fangs, and the venom paralyses the prey's nerves and muscles within minutes.

Evidence: [Mongabay Indonesia — Ular Kobra Masuk Rumah Warga, Fenomena Apa? (2019)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2019/12/13/ular-kobra-masuk-rumah-warga-fenomena-apa/) · [Media Konservasi — Khoerunisa, Kusrini & Mardiastuti (2021), Diversity of snake rescued from residential areas in Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area](https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/konservasi/article/view/34956)

## How does the Javan spitting cobra breed?

The Javan spitting cobra lays eggs; according to Amir Hamidy of LIPI, a female lays 10–20 eggs at a time. The eggs are laid in holes in the ground or under damp leaf litter and hatch after three to four months. As with almost all snakes, the mother leaves the eggs to hatch alone, and the young disperse at once. Hatching happens at the start of the rainy season, so young cobras often appear around homes then. In December 2019, dozens of young cobras were reported entering homes in Bogor, Depok, Bekasi, Purwakarta, East Jakarta, Klaten and Yogyakarta. Even hatchlings have venom glands and are dangerous to people.

Evidence: [Mongabay Indonesia — Ular Kobra Masuk Rumah Warga, Fenomena Apa? (2019)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2019/12/13/ular-kobra-masuk-rumah-warga-fenomena-apa/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Urusan King Kobra dan Kobra, Amir Hamidy Pakarnya (2020)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2020/01/01/urusan-king-kobra-dan-kobra-amir-hamidy-pakarnya/)

## Is the Javan spitting cobra dangerous?

Yes, the Javan spitting cobra is highly dangerous: its bite can kill and it can spray venom towards the eyes. WHO lists it as Category 1, the highest medical importance, in Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands. Spitting cobras squeeze venom from the tips of their fangs as a fine spray aimed at an attacker's eyes, and the spray can injure the eyes. Mongabay cites a spitting range of up to two metres. Proteomic analysis shows the venom is dominated by three-finger toxins, mainly cytotoxins and short-chain neurotoxins, plus phospholipase A2. If bitten or sprayed, seek medical care at a health facility immediately.

Evidence: [WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia — Guidelines for the management of snakebites, 2nd edition (2016)](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/searo/india/health-topic-pdf/who-guidance-on-management-of-snakebites.pdf) · [PubMed — Tan, Wong & Tan (2017), Venomics of Naja sputatrix, the Javan spitting cobra](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28159706/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Ular Kobra Masuk Rumah Warga, Fenomena Apa? (2019)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2019/12/13/ular-kobra-masuk-rumah-warga-fenomena-apa/)

## What should you do if you meet a Javan spitting cobra?

If you meet a Javan spitting cobra, back away slowly and do not approach, catch, handle or kill it; call trained officers such as Damkar, the fire and rescue service. A Greater Jakarta study records fire departments in Bogor, Jakarta, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi responding to snake reports in residential areas. Give the snake room to leave; WHO notes that snakes prefer to avoid large animals such as people. Make homes less attractive to snakes by not leaving food scraps that draw rats, clearing junk piles and removing heaps of dead leaves. WHO also notes that no known chemical repels snakes effectively while being safe for children and pets.

Evidence: [Media Konservasi — Khoerunisa, Kusrini & Mardiastuti (2021), Diversity of snake rescued from residential areas in Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area](https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/konservasi/article/view/34956) · [WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia — Guidelines for the management of snakebites, 2nd edition (2016)](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/searo/india/health-topic-pdf/who-guidance-on-management-of-snakebites.pdf) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Ular Kobra Masuk Rumah Warga, Fenomena Apa? (2019)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2019/12/13/ular-kobra-masuk-rumah-warga-fenomena-apa/)

## Common questions about the Javan spitting cobra

### What is the scientific name of the Javan spitting cobra?

The scientific name of the Javan spitting cobra is *Naja sputatrix*, in the family Elapidae. In Indonesian it is called Ular kobra Jawa.

### Where can the Javan spitting cobra be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Javan spitting cobra in: Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara (Lombok to Alor).

Source-supported habitats: [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/), [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/).

### What does the Javan spitting cobra eat?

Diet of the Javan spitting cobra: rats, lizards, frogs, birds and other snakes.

### What is the conservation status of the Javan spitting cobra?

On the IUCN Red List, the Javan spitting cobra is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2470370), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Javan spitting cobra is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [The Reptile Database — Naja sputatrix](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Naja&species=sputatrix)
2. [Mongabay Indonesia — Ular Kobra Masuk Rumah Warga, Fenomena Apa? (2019)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2019/12/13/ular-kobra-masuk-rumah-warga-fenomena-apa/)
3. [Mongabay Indonesia — Urusan King Kobra dan Kobra, Amir Hamidy Pakarnya (2020)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2020/01/01/urusan-king-kobra-dan-kobra-amir-hamidy-pakarnya/)
4. [Media Konservasi — Khoerunisa, Kusrini & Mardiastuti (2021), Diversity of snake rescued from residential areas in Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area](https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/konservasi/article/view/34956)
5. [PubMed — Tan, Wong & Tan (2017), Venomics of Naja sputatrix, the Javan spitting cobra](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28159706/)
6. [WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia — Guidelines for the management of snakebites, 2nd edition (2016)](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/searo/india/health-topic-pdf/who-guidance-on-management-of-snakebites.pdf)

## Further reading

[Cobra: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/cobra/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Banded krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banded-krait/)
- [Asian House Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-frenatus/)
- [Komodo dragon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/komodo-dragon/)
- [Malayan krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-krait/)
- [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/)
- [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Javan spitting cobra. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-spitting-cobra/


---

# Banded krait

> The banded krait (Bungarus fasciatus) is a neurotoxic krait with full black-and-yellow rings, found in Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Bali.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banded-krait/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/ular-welang/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Banded krait (*Bungarus fasciatus*) is a reptile in the family Elapidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Bungarus fasciatus* |
| Indonesian name | Ular welang |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Elapidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Bali |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/), [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/) |
| Diet | Other snakes, lizards and small mammals |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Bali |
| Key feature | Bands ring the belly; triangular body cross-section |
| Length | Up to 225 cm |
| Other names | Ular welang (Indonesian) |
| Risk to people | Neurotoxic venom; bites very rarely recorded |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5226830) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the banded krait?

The banded krait (Bungarus fasciatus), or ular welang, is a venomous krait with black and yellow, or black and white, bands that ring its whole body. According to the Indonesian Herpetological Society, its head bears a V-shaped mark and its body is triangular in cross-section. WHO guidance notes a blunt tail tip. It can reach 2.25 metres. A 2023 genetic study found at least three lineages within B. fasciatus; populations from Java and the Greater Sunda Islands form a Sundaic lineage whose taxonomic status still needs review. It is most often confused with the Malayan krait (Bungarus candidus), which has a plain white belly.

Evidence: [Perhimpunan Herpetologi Indonesia — Ular Welang (Bungarus fasciatus) (salinan arsip Wayback Machine, April 2026)](https://web.archive.org/web/20260411151324/http://perhimpunanherpetologi.com/ular-welang-bungarus-fasciatus-schneider-1801-banded-krait/) · [WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia — Guidelines for the management of snakebites, 2nd edition (2016)](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/searo/india/health-topic-pdf/who-guidance-on-management-of-snakebites.pdf) · [Scientific Reports — Biakzuala et al. (2023), Molecular phylogeny reveals distinct evolutionary lineages of the banded krait](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9899266/)

## Where does the banded krait live?

In Indonesia, the banded krait is recorded from Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Bali. The Indonesian Herpetological Society describes varied habitats, from forest and settlements to disturbed land, at 20–2,300 metres above sea level, with a preference for open areas near water. A record from the southern slope of Mount Merapi, Yogyakarta, was published in 2013. A telemetry study in rice-growing country in Thailand found that banded kraits sheltered by day along waterways and paddy dykes, and avoided regularly worked monoculture fields. Beyond Indonesia, the range stretches from India and Nepal to southern China and the Malay Peninsula.

Evidence: [The Reptile Database — Bungarus fasciatus](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Bungarus&species=fasciatus) · [Perhimpunan Herpetologi Indonesia — Ular Welang (Bungarus fasciatus) (salinan arsip Wayback Machine, April 2026)](https://web.archive.org/web/20260411151324/http://perhimpunanherpetologi.com/ular-welang-bungarus-fasciatus-schneider-1801-banded-krait/) · [The Herpetological Bulletin — Knierim et al. (2019), Spatial ecology study reveals nest attendance and habitat preference of banded kraits](https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-bulletin/issue-number-150-winter-2019/2008-03-spatial-ecology-study-reveals-nest-attendance-and-habitat-preference-of-banded-kraits-i-bungarus-fasciatus-i)

## What does the banded krait eat?

The banded krait eats other snakes, lizards and small mammals, according to the Indonesian Herpetological Society, citing a field guide by Cox and colleagues (1998). It is active at night and hunts on the ground. WHO guidance explains that kraits, the genus Bungarus, sometimes enter homes at night in search of prey such as other snakes, lizards, frogs and mice. This habit means encounters with people can happen in or around houses. The genus name Bungarus comes from the Telugu word bangaru, meaning golden, a reference to the banded krait's yellow bands.

Evidence: [Perhimpunan Herpetologi Indonesia — Ular Welang (Bungarus fasciatus) (salinan arsip Wayback Machine, April 2026)](https://web.archive.org/web/20260411151324/http://perhimpunanherpetologi.com/ular-welang-bungarus-fasciatus-schneider-1801-banded-krait/) · [WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia — Guidelines for the management of snakebites, 2nd edition (2016)](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/searo/india/health-topic-pdf/who-guidance-on-management-of-snakebites.pdf) · [The Reptile Database — Bungarus fasciatus](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Bungarus&species=fasciatus)

## How does the banded krait breed?

The banded krait lays eggs, about 4–14 at a time according to the Indonesian Herpetological Society, and the female stays with them until they hatch. A telemetry study by Knierim and colleagues (2019) in Thailand confirmed this nest attendance. Two radio-tracked females moved less while attending nests in a shared burrow complex, and 15 hatchlings were seen emerging from the site. In the same study, three adult kraits had average home ranges of about 21 hectares and moved an average of about 47 metres between shelters. The researchers call for further study of banded krait reproduction.

Evidence: [Perhimpunan Herpetologi Indonesia — Ular Welang (Bungarus fasciatus) (salinan arsip Wayback Machine, April 2026)](https://web.archive.org/web/20260411151324/http://perhimpunanherpetologi.com/ular-welang-bungarus-fasciatus-schneider-1801-banded-krait/) · [The Herpetological Bulletin — Knierim et al. (2019), Spatial ecology study reveals nest attendance and habitat preference of banded kraits](https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-bulletin/issue-number-150-winter-2019/2008-03-spatial-ecology-study-reveals-nest-attendance-and-habitat-preference-of-banded-kraits-i-bungarus-fasciatus-i)

## Is the banded krait dangerous?

The banded krait is highly venomous and potentially deadly, but bites on people are very rarely recorded. Its venom is neurotoxic, meaning it attacks the nerves. WHO lists it as Category 2 (secondary medical importance) in Indonesia and notes that no banded krait bites are known there. The same guidance says the species rarely, if ever, bites humans. By contrast, deaths from bites by its relative, the Malayan krait, have been reported in Java. Because its venom is potent, it should never be handled. If bitten, seek medical care at a health facility immediately.

Evidence: [WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia — Guidelines for the management of snakebites, 2nd edition (2016)](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/searo/india/health-topic-pdf/who-guidance-on-management-of-snakebites.pdf) · [Perhimpunan Herpetologi Indonesia — Ular Welang (Bungarus fasciatus) (salinan arsip Wayback Machine, April 2026)](https://web.archive.org/web/20260411151324/http://perhimpunanherpetologi.com/ular-welang-bungarus-fasciatus-schneider-1801-banded-krait/)

## What should you do if you meet a banded krait?

If you meet a banded krait, keep your distance and do not catch, handle or kill it; call trained officers such as Damkar, the fire and rescue service. Let the snake leave on its own; snakes prefer to avoid people when given the chance. In Greater Jakarta, fire departments are among the groups that respond to snake reports in residential areas, although banded kraits appeared only twice in records from 2015–2019. Because kraits are active at night, WHO advises extra care at night, after rain and during floods, and using a light when walking outside. The banded krait is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.

Evidence: [Media Konservasi — Khoerunisa, Kusrini & Mardiastuti (2021), Diversity of snake rescued from residential areas in Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area](https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/konservasi/article/view/34956) · [WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia — Guidelines for the management of snakebites, 2nd edition (2016)](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/searo/india/health-topic-pdf/who-guidance-on-management-of-snakebites.pdf) · [Scientific Reports — Biakzuala et al. (2023), Molecular phylogeny reveals distinct evolutionary lineages of the banded krait](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9899266/)

## Common questions about the Banded krait

### What is the scientific name of the Banded krait?

The scientific name of the Banded krait is *Bungarus fasciatus*, in the family Elapidae. In Indonesian it is called Ular welang.

### Where can the Banded krait be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Banded krait in: Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Bali.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/), [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/).

### What does the Banded krait eat?

Diet of the Banded krait: other snakes, lizards and small mammals.

### What is the conservation status of the Banded krait?

On the IUCN Red List, the Banded krait is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5226830), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Banded krait is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [The Reptile Database — Bungarus fasciatus](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Bungarus&species=fasciatus)
2. [Perhimpunan Herpetologi Indonesia — Ular Welang (Bungarus fasciatus) (salinan arsip Wayback Machine, April 2026)](https://web.archive.org/web/20260411151324/http://perhimpunanherpetologi.com/ular-welang-bungarus-fasciatus-schneider-1801-banded-krait/)
3. [The Herpetological Bulletin — Knierim et al. (2019), Spatial ecology study reveals nest attendance and habitat preference of banded kraits](https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-bulletin/issue-number-150-winter-2019/2008-03-spatial-ecology-study-reveals-nest-attendance-and-habitat-preference-of-banded-kraits-i-bungarus-fasciatus-i)
4. [Scientific Reports — Biakzuala et al. (2023), Molecular phylogeny reveals distinct evolutionary lineages of the banded krait](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9899266/)
5. [WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia — Guidelines for the management of snakebites, 2nd edition (2016)](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/searo/india/health-topic-pdf/who-guidance-on-management-of-snakebites.pdf)
6. [Media Konservasi — Khoerunisa, Kusrini & Mardiastuti (2021), Diversity of snake rescued from residential areas in Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area](https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/konservasi/article/view/34956)

## Keep exploring

- [Malayan krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-krait/)
- [Crocodile monitor](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocodile-monitor/)
- [False gharial](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/false-gharial/)
- [Asian House Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-frenatus/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/)
- [Sunda king cobra](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-king-cobra/)
- [Javan spitting cobra](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-spitting-cobra/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Banded krait. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banded-krait/


---

# Malayan krait

> The Malayan krait (Bungarus candidus) is a highly venomous black-and-white banded krait of Sumatra, Java and Bali that is active at night.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-krait/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/ular-weling/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Malayan krait (*Bungarus candidus*) is a reptile in the family Elapidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Bungarus candidus* |
| Indonesian name | Ular weling |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Elapidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Java and Bali |
| Linked habitats | [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/) |
| Diet | Other snakes, lizards, amphibians and small mammals |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Java and Bali |
| Key feature | Black and white bands on back; plain white belly |
| Active period | Night (nocturnal) |
| Other names | Ular weling; blue krait |
| Risk to people | Potent neurotoxic venom; bites may be painless |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5226820) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Malayan krait?

The Malayan krait (Bungarus candidus), known in Indonesia as ular weling, is a venomous krait with black and white bands and a plain white belly. WHO guidance describes black saddle-shaped markings on the back and pure white belly scales. It can be confused with the banded krait, and with juvenile Lycodon subcinctus or with Lycodon stormi, which also have alternating black and white bands. An all-black form once described as Bungarus javanicus is now considered a melanistic form of this species. The name candidus comes from the Latin for shining, a reference to its smooth, glossy scales.

Evidence: [WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia — Guidelines for the management of snakebites, 2nd edition (2016)](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/searo/india/health-topic-pdf/who-guidance-on-management-of-snakebites.pdf) · [The Reptile Database — Bungarus candidus](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Bungarus&species=candidus) · [Acta Medica Indonesiana — Adiwinata & Nelwan (2015), Snakebite in Indonesia](https://actamedindones.org/index.php/ijim/article/view/30)

## Where does the Malayan krait live, and when is it active?

In Indonesia, the Malayan krait is recorded from Sumatra, Java and Bali; records from Sulawesi are considered doubtful, as the last dates from 1887. It often lives close to people: in Greater Jakarta it appeared 24 times in snake reports from homes between 2015 and 2019. A radio-tracking study on a university campus in Thailand found that over half of krait locations were in human settlements and 37.1% were associated with buildings. By day, kraits sheltered in burrows or under buildings, emerging after sunset between 19:00 and 22:30. Activity was higher in the wet season and lowest in the hot season.

Evidence: [The Reptile Database — Bungarus candidus](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Bungarus&species=candidus) · [Media Konservasi — Khoerunisa, Kusrini & Mardiastuti (2021), Diversity of snake rescued from residential areas in Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area](https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/konservasi/article/view/34956) · [Scientific Reports — Hodges et al. (2022), Malayan kraits (Bungarus candidus) show affinity to anthropogenic structures in a human dominated landscape](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9065047/)

## What does the Malayan krait eat?

The Malayan krait eats other snakes, lizards, amphibians and small mammals, hunting mainly at night. In a Thai radio-tracking study, two kraits were seen eating snakes in built-up areas: one in a concrete gutter near student housing and one in the atrium of an office building. Another record from the same campus shows a krait eating an ornate flying snake (Chrysopelea ornata) in a building hallway, about 25 minutes after sunrise. The researchers suggest that kraits enter settlements in pursuit of prey, which raises the chance of meeting people.

Evidence: [Journal of Threatened Taxa — Hodges, D'souza & Jintapirom (2020), Diurnal observation of a Malayan Krait feeding inside a building in Thailand](https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/5746) · [Scientific Reports — Hodges et al. (2022), Malayan kraits (Bungarus candidus) show affinity to anthropogenic structures in a human dominated landscape](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9065047/)

## What is the difference between the Malayan krait and the banded krait?

The easiest way to tell them apart is the belly: the banded krait's bands ring the whole body, while the Malayan krait's belly is plain white. According to the Indonesian Herpetological Society, the Malayan krait is round-bodied and the banded krait triangular. Banded kraits are usually black and yellow, sometimes black and white; Malayan kraits are black and white. WHO adds that the banded krait has a blunt tail tip; it can reach 2.25 metres. Both are nocturnal and have neurotoxic venom. WHO records deaths from Malayan krait bites in Java but no known banded krait bites in Indonesia. As they are easily confused, treat both as dangerous.

Evidence: [Perhimpunan Herpetologi Indonesia — Ular Welang (Bungarus fasciatus) (salinan arsip Wayback Machine, April 2026)](https://web.archive.org/web/20260411151324/http://perhimpunanherpetologi.com/ular-welang-bungarus-fasciatus-schneider-1801-banded-krait/) · [WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia — Guidelines for the management of snakebites, 2nd edition (2016)](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/searo/india/health-topic-pdf/who-guidance-on-management-of-snakebites.pdf) · [Scientific Reports — Biakzuala et al. (2023), Molecular phylogeny reveals distinct evolutionary lineages of the banded krait](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9899266/)

## Is the Malayan krait dangerous?

Yes, the Malayan krait is very dangerous: its potent neurotoxic venom can cause progressive muscle paralysis leading to respiratory failure. WHO lists it as Category 1, the highest medical importance, from Sumatra and Java east to Bali, and records deaths from its bites in Java. Krait bites can be painless and often happen at night; some victims are bitten while asleep. WHO explains that this can happen when a krait enters a home to hunt and a person sleeping on the floor rolls onto it. If a bite is suspected, seek medical care at a health facility immediately.

Evidence: [WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia — Guidelines for the management of snakebites, 2nd edition (2016)](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/searo/india/health-topic-pdf/who-guidance-on-management-of-snakebites.pdf) · [PLOS ONE — Rusmili et al. (2019), Variations in neurotoxicity and proteome profile of Malayan krait (Bungarus candidus) venoms](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6936869/) · [Scientific Reports — Hodges et al. (2022), Malayan kraits (Bungarus candidus) show affinity to anthropogenic structures in a human dominated landscape](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9065047/)

## What should you do if you meet a Malayan krait?

If you meet a Malayan krait, keep your distance and do not approach, catch, handle or kill it; call trained officers such as Damkar, the fire and rescue service. In Greater Jakarta, fire departments are among the groups that remove snakes from homes, and kraits are among the venomous snakes most often relocated. To reduce the risk of bites, WHO advises against sleeping unprotected on the floor and recommends a mosquito net tucked in well under the mattress. Use a light when walking at night, check your home regularly, seal gaps where snakes can hide, and store food in rodent-proof containers.

Evidence: [Media Konservasi — Khoerunisa, Kusrini & Mardiastuti (2021), Diversity of snake rescued from residential areas in Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area](https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/konservasi/article/view/34956) · [WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia — Guidelines for the management of snakebites, 2nd edition (2016)](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/searo/india/health-topic-pdf/who-guidance-on-management-of-snakebites.pdf)

## Common questions about the Malayan krait

### What is the scientific name of the Malayan krait?

The scientific name of the Malayan krait is *Bungarus candidus*, in the family Elapidae. In Indonesian it is called Ular weling.

### Where can the Malayan krait be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Malayan krait in: Sumatra, Java and Bali.

Source-supported habitats: [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/).

### What does the Malayan krait eat?

Diet of the Malayan krait: other snakes, lizards, amphibians and small mammals.

### What is the conservation status of the Malayan krait?

On the IUCN Red List, the Malayan krait is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5226820), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Malayan krait is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [The Reptile Database — Bungarus candidus](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Bungarus&species=candidus)
2. [PLOS ONE — Rusmili et al. (2019), Variations in neurotoxicity and proteome profile of Malayan krait (Bungarus candidus) venoms](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6936869/)
3. [Scientific Reports — Hodges et al. (2022), Malayan kraits (Bungarus candidus) show affinity to anthropogenic structures in a human dominated landscape](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9065047/)
4. [Journal of Threatened Taxa — Hodges, D'souza & Jintapirom (2020), Diurnal observation of a Malayan Krait feeding inside a building in Thailand](https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/5746)
5. [WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia — Guidelines for the management of snakebites, 2nd edition (2016)](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/searo/india/health-topic-pdf/who-guidance-on-management-of-snakebites.pdf)
6. [Acta Medica Indonesiana — Adiwinata & Nelwan (2015), Snakebite in Indonesia](https://actamedindones.org/index.php/ijim/article/view/30)
7. [Perhimpunan Herpetologi Indonesia — Ular Welang (Bungarus fasciatus) (salinan arsip Wayback Machine, April 2026)](https://web.archive.org/web/20260411151324/http://perhimpunanherpetologi.com/ular-welang-bungarus-fasciatus-schneider-1801-banded-krait/)
8. [Media Konservasi — Khoerunisa, Kusrini & Mardiastuti (2021), Diversity of snake rescued from residential areas in Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area](https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/konservasi/article/view/34956)
9. [Scientific Reports — Biakzuala et al. (2023), Molecular phylogeny reveals distinct evolutionary lineages of the banded krait](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9899266/)

## Keep exploring

- [Banded krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banded-krait/)
- [Asian House Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-frenatus/)
- [Javan spitting cobra](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-spitting-cobra/)
- [Malayan pit viper](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-pit-viper/)
- [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Malayan krait. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-krait/


---

# Loggerhead turtle

> The loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) is a big-headed sea turtle that is very rare in Indonesian waters and fully protected by law.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/loggerhead-turtle/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/penyu-tempayan/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Loggerhead turtle (*Caretta caretta*) is a marine animal in the family Cheloniidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Vulnerable.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Caretta caretta* |
| Indonesian name | Penyu tempayan |
| Group | Marine |
| Family | Cheloniidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Komodo Island, the Thousand Islands, the Java Sea and eastern Indonesian waters |
| Linked habitats | [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/) |
| Diet | Shellfish, snails, crabs, sea urchins and jellyfish |
| Range in Indonesia | Very rare; recorded at Komodo Island and the Thousand Islands |
| Key feature | Large head; reddish-brown shell with five pairs of costal scutes |
| Other names | Loggerhead sea turtle; penyu tempayan, penyu bromo (Indonesian) |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Fully protected (KKP Decree 66/2025; Environment Regulation P.106/2018) |
| IUCN status | Vulnerable · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/8894817) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the loggerhead turtle?

The loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) is a hard-shelled sea turtle known for its large head and powerful jaws. Its slightly heart-shaped carapace is reddish brown, and its skin is yellow to brown. NOAA Fisheries gives adult sizes of 2.5–3.5 feet (about 76–107 cm) and 200–350 pounds (about 90–160 kg). In Indonesian it is also called penyu bromo. It can be confused with other sea turtles, so check the scutes. The loggerhead has five pairs of costal scutes, while green and hawksbill turtles have four. It has three pairs of inframarginal scutes on the plastron, while ridley turtles have four.

Evidence: [NOAA Fisheries — Loggerhead Turtle](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/loggerhead-turtle) · [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (JDIH KKP) — Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 66 Tahun 2025 tentang Jenis Ikan yang Dilindungi](https://jdih.kkp.go.id/peraturan/-2025kepmenkp066_1762414639.pdf) · [Animal Diversity Web — Caretta caretta (loggerhead sea turtle)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Caretta_caretta/)

## Where does the loggerhead turtle live?

Loggerheads live in subtropical and temperate waters of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans, but they are very rare in Indonesian waters. The annex to KKP Decree 66/2025 says the species has been reported at Komodo Island and that no loggerhead nesting beach is known in Indonesia. On 10 July 2025, a female was found in the waters of the Thousand Islands National Park. Loggerheads seen in Indonesia are thought to come from populations that nest in Australia. Females tagged on Queensland nesting beaches have been recovered in Indonesia, and turtles from Western Australia forage as far as the Java Sea.

Evidence: [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (JDIH KKP) — Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 66 Tahun 2025 tentang Jenis Ikan yang Dilindungi](https://jdih.kkp.go.id/peraturan/-2025kepmenkp066_1762414639.pdf) · [Fakultas Perikanan dan Kelautan Universitas Airlangga (2025) — Loggerhead Turtle Found in the Thousand Islands National Park Waters](https://fpk.unair.ac.id/en/loggerhead-turtle-found-in-the-thousand-islands-national-park-waters/) · [Queensland Environmental Protection Agency (Limpus 2008; copy hosted by George H. Balazs) — A Biological Review of Australian Marine Turtles. 1. Loggerhead Turtle, Caretta caretta](https://georgehbalazs.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/2008_Cc_limpus_CJL_review_loggerhead.pdf)

## What does the loggerhead turtle eat?

Loggerheads feed mainly on hard-shelled animals such as shellfish, snails, crabs and sea urchins. Their powerful jaws crush the shells of their prey. The Queensland Government says they also eat jellyfish and forage on the seabed, from intertidal shallows down to about 80 m. Animal Diversity Web describes them as dietary generalists that also take sponges, squid, shrimp, fish and small amounts of algae. Young loggerheads in the open ocean feed on floating items. There, NOAA Fisheries notes, small pieces of plastic are often mistaken for food and swallowed.

Evidence: [Queensland Government — Loggerhead turtle](https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/plants-animals/animals/discovering-wildlife/marine-wildlife/turtles/species/loggerhead-turtle) · [Animal Diversity Web — Caretta caretta (loggerhead sea turtle)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Caretta_caretta/) · [NOAA Fisheries — Loggerhead Turtle](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/loggerhead-turtle)

## How do loggerhead turtles breed and migrate?

Loggerheads grow slowly and migrate long distances between feeding grounds and nesting beaches. NOAA Fisheries says females mature at about 35 years of age and then nest every 2–3 years. In one season a female lays 3–5 nests about two weeks apart, each with about 100 eggs. The eggs hatch after about two months, and sand temperature decides the sex of the hatchlings. Hatchlings and juveniles spend their first 7–15 years in the open ocean. According to the Queensland Government, hatchlings from Queensland disperse as far as South America before returning to the south-west Pacific.

Evidence: [NOAA Fisheries — Loggerhead Turtle](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/loggerhead-turtle) · [Queensland Government — Loggerhead turtle](https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/plants-animals/animals/discovering-wildlife/marine-wildlife/turtles/species/loggerhead-turtle)

## Why is the loggerhead turtle threatened?

The biggest threat to loggerheads worldwide is bycatch, their accidental capture in fishing gear. NOAA Fisheries names trawls, longlines, gillnets and hook-and-line gear as the main problems. A 2008 review by Colin Limpus recorded large juvenile loggerheads being killed by Japanese tuna longliners off Western Australia and further north in Indonesian waters. Other threats include hunting for meat and eggs, swallowed plastic, boat strikes and the loss of nesting beaches. Beachfront lights can also lead hatchlings inland instead of out to sea.

Evidence: [NOAA Fisheries — Loggerhead Turtle](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/loggerhead-turtle) · [Queensland Environmental Protection Agency (Limpus 2008; copy hosted by George H. Balazs) — A Biological Review of Australian Marine Turtles. 1. Loggerhead Turtle, Caretta caretta](https://georgehbalazs.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/2008_Cc_limpus_CJL_review_loggerhead.pdf)

## What should you do if you see a loggerhead turtle?

If you see a loggerhead, watch it from a safe distance and do not touch, feed or catch it. The species is fully protected under KKP Decree 66/2025 and is listed in the annex to Environment Regulation P.106/2018. This protection covers every life stage, including body parts and products made from them, so do not buy turtle eggs, meat or crafts. Slow down when boating in waters where turtles live. If you find a stranded, injured or entangled turtle, report it to local conservation officers so that trained responders can help.

Evidence: [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (JDIH KKP) — Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 66 Tahun 2025 tentang Jenis Ikan yang Dilindungi](https://jdih.kkp.go.id/peraturan/-2025kepmenkp066_1762414639.pdf) · [Kementerian LHK (via JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur) — Permen LHK Nomor P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf) · [NOAA Fisheries — Loggerhead Turtle](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/loggerhead-turtle)

## Common questions about the Loggerhead turtle

### What is the scientific name of the Loggerhead turtle?

The scientific name of the Loggerhead turtle is *Caretta caretta*, in the family Cheloniidae. In Indonesian it is called Penyu tempayan.

### Where can the Loggerhead turtle be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Loggerhead turtle in: Komodo Island, the Thousand Islands, the Java Sea and eastern Indonesian waters.

Source-supported habitats: [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/).

### What does the Loggerhead turtle eat?

Diet of the Loggerhead turtle: shellfish, snails, crabs, sea urchins and jellyfish.

### What is the conservation status of the Loggerhead turtle?

On the IUCN Red List, the Loggerhead turtle is listed as Vulnerable: it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/8894817), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Loggerhead turtle is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (JDIH KKP) — Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 66 Tahun 2025 tentang Jenis Ikan yang Dilindungi](https://jdih.kkp.go.id/peraturan/-2025kepmenkp066_1762414639.pdf)
2. [Kementerian LHK (via JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur) — Permen LHK Nomor P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)
3. [NOAA Fisheries — Loggerhead Turtle](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/loggerhead-turtle)
4. [Animal Diversity Web — Caretta caretta (loggerhead sea turtle)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Caretta_caretta/)
5. [Queensland Environmental Protection Agency (Limpus 2008; copy hosted by George H. Balazs) — A Biological Review of Australian Marine Turtles. 1. Loggerhead Turtle, Caretta caretta](https://georgehbalazs.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/2008_Cc_limpus_CJL_review_loggerhead.pdf)
6. [Queensland Government — Loggerhead turtle](https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/plants-animals/animals/discovering-wildlife/marine-wildlife/turtles/species/loggerhead-turtle)
7. [Fakultas Perikanan dan Kelautan Universitas Airlangga (2025) — Loggerhead Turtle Found in the Thousand Islands National Park Waters](https://fpk.unair.ac.id/en/loggerhead-turtle-found-in-the-thousand-islands-national-park-waters/)

## Further reading

[Sea turtle: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/sea-turtle/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Crown-of-thorns starfish](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crown-of-thorns-starfish/)
- [Giant clam](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/giant-clam/)
- [Greater blue-ringed octopus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/greater-blue-ringed-octopus/)
- [Green turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-turtle/)
- [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Loggerhead turtle. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/loggerhead-turtle/


---

# Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin

> The Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) is a coastal dolphin with a spotted belly that is fully protected in Indonesia.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/indo-pacific-bottlenose-dolphin/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/lumba-lumba-hidung-botol-indo-pasifik/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (*Tursiops aduncus*) is a marine animal in the family Delphinidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Near Threatened.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Tursiops aduncus* |
| Indonesian name | Lumba-lumba hidung botol Indo-Pasifik |
| Group | Marine |
| Family | Delphinidae |
| Range in Indonesia | West Sumatra, East Kalimantan, Bali and West Papua |
| Linked habitats | [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/) |
| Diet | Mainly bony fish, with some squid and other cephalopods |
| Range in Indonesia | West Sumatra, East Kalimantan, Bali and West Papua |
| Key feature | Dark grey back; pale belly that is spotted in adults |
| Other names | Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphin; lumba-lumba hidung botol (Indonesian) |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Fully protected (KKP Decree 66/2025; Environment Regulation P.106/2018) |
| IUCN status | Near Threatened · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2440455) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin?

The Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) is a slender coastal dolphin with a distinct beak. Its back is dark grey, its fins and extremities are darker, and its underside is paler, often pinkish. Adults have spotted bellies, and the spotting increases with age. The species was once lumped with the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Animal Diversity Web says T. aduncus has a smaller body, a longer and more slender beak, and larger flippers. The Mammal Diversity Database notes that the genus Tursiops still needs revision, so its species boundaries may change.

Evidence: [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (JDIH KKP) — Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 66 Tahun 2025 tentang Jenis Ikan yang Dilindungi](https://jdih.kkp.go.id/peraturan/-2025kepmenkp066_1762414639.pdf) · [Animal Diversity Web — Tursiops aduncus (Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tursiops_aduncus/) · [Mammal Diversity Database — Tursiops aduncus, Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006442/)

## Where does the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin live?

This dolphin lives in warm, shallow coastal waters of the Indian Ocean and western Pacific, including Indonesia. The annex to KKP Decree 66/2025 lists its Indonesian range as the waters of East Kalimantan and Bali. A 2019–2022 survey recorded six encounters in the Pieh Marine Protected Area, West Sumatra, at an average depth of 60 m. In Kaimana, West Papua, the species is seen year-round, and the area was recognised as an Important Marine Mammal Area in 2018. Its preferred habitats include rocky and coral reef waters, sandy bottoms and seagrass beds.

Evidence: [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (JDIH KKP) — Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 66 Tahun 2025 tentang Jenis Ikan yang Dilindungi](https://jdih.kkp.go.id/peraturan/-2025kepmenkp066_1762414639.pdf) · [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology (2025) — Cetacean diversity, distribution, and population estimation of Stenella dolphins in Pieh Marine Protected Area and the surrounding seas, West Sumatra Province](https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2025/09/RBZ-2025-0029.pdf) · [Frontiers in Marine Science (2025) — Insights into cetacean sightings, abundance, and feeding associations: observations from the boat lift net fishery in the Kaimana important marine mammal area, Indonesia](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2024.1431209/full)

## What does the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin eat?

Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins eat mainly bony fish and, to a lesser extent, squid and other cephalopods. Animal Diversity Web notes that although they take many fish species, most of their diet comes from a few species that vary by region. Pods often hunt together. In shallow water they may kick fish into the sand with their tails or chase small fish up onto the shore. In Kaimana, West Papua, they are often seen feeding on anchovies around lift-net fishing platforms (bagan), especially around sunrise, when fishers haul their last nets.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Tursiops aduncus (Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tursiops_aduncus/) · [Frontiers in Marine Science (2025) — Insights into cetacean sightings, abundance, and feeding associations: observations from the boat lift net fishery in the Kaimana important marine mammal area, Indonesia](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2024.1431209/full)

## How do Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins behave?

Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins live in groups and tend to be shy. Animal Diversity Web says most live in pods of 5–15 animals and stay faithful to a home range. In the Pieh Marine Protected Area, groups averaged 13 animals and tended to keep their distance from the research vessel. Each dolphin has a signature whistle that helps others recognise it. Females mature at 7–12 years of age and breed about every 4–6 years. Newborn calves are 0.8–1.1 m long. Calves are weaned at about 3.5 years on average and stay with their mothers for some time afterwards.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Tursiops aduncus (Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tursiops_aduncus/) · [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology (2025) — Cetacean diversity, distribution, and population estimation of Stenella dolphins in Pieh Marine Protected Area and the surrounding seas, West Sumatra Province](https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2025/09/RBZ-2025-0029.pdf)

## What threatens the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin?

Because it lives in shallow water close to shore, this dolphin often comes into contact with human activity. It is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List. Animal Diversity Web names hunting and shark nets as past threats, and the species is also captured for entertainment. In Indonesia, confiscated dolphins have been rehabilitated at Umah Lumba in Banyuwedang Bay, Buleleng, Bali, before release into North Bali waters. In Kaimana the dolphins rely on anchovies that lift-net fisheries also catch, so researchers recommend managing the anchovy fishery.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Tursiops aduncus (Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tursiops_aduncus/) · [Jurnal Biologi Udayana (2024) — Aktivitas harian lumba-lumba hidung botol Indo-Pasifik (Tursiops aduncus) rehabilitasi di Umah Lumba, Teluk Banyuwedang, Bali](https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/bio/article/view/111902) · [Frontiers in Marine Science (2025) — Insights into cetacean sightings, abundance, and feeding associations: observations from the boat lift net fishery in the Kaimana important marine mammal area, Indonesia](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2024.1431209/full)

## What should you do if you see an Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin?

Enjoy dolphins from a distance, and do not chase, touch or feed them. The species is fully protected under KKP Decree 66/2025 and is listed in the annex to Environment Regulation P.106/2018. Full protection covers every life stage, including body parts and products made from them. For dolphin-watching trips at Lovina, Bali, the KKP coastal and marine office in Denpasar (BPSPL Denpasar) reported four rules agreed by local guide groups. Boats should not cut across the dolphins' path and should travel alongside them. Propellers are lifted and engines switched off nearby. Boats keep at least 50 m away, and no one feeds the dolphins.

Evidence: [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (JDIH KKP) — Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 66 Tahun 2025 tentang Jenis Ikan yang Dilindungi](https://jdih.kkp.go.id/peraturan/-2025kepmenkp066_1762414639.pdf) · [Kementerian LHK (via JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur) — Permen LHK Nomor P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf) · [Mongabay Indonesia (2016) — Mencari Tips Wisata Melihat Lumba-lumba yang Aman di Lovina. Seperti Apa?](https://mongabay.co.id/2016/09/27/mencari-tips-wisata-melihat-lumba-lumba-yang-aman-di-lovina-seperti-apa/)

## Common questions about the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin

### What is the scientific name of the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin?

The scientific name of the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin is *Tursiops aduncus*, in the family Delphinidae. In Indonesian it is called Lumba-lumba hidung botol Indo-Pasifik.

### Where can the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin in: West Sumatra, East Kalimantan, Bali and West Papua.

Source-supported habitats: [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/).

### What does the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin eat?

Diet of the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin: mainly bony fish, with some squid and other cephalopods.

### What is the conservation status of the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin?

On the IUCN Red List, the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin is listed as Near Threatened: it is close to qualifying, or likely to qualify, for a threatened category in the near future. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2440455), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (JDIH KKP) — Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 66 Tahun 2025 tentang Jenis Ikan yang Dilindungi](https://jdih.kkp.go.id/peraturan/-2025kepmenkp066_1762414639.pdf)
2. [Kementerian LHK (via JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur) — Permen LHK Nomor P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)
3. [Animal Diversity Web — Tursiops aduncus (Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tursiops_aduncus/)
4. [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology (2025) — Cetacean diversity, distribution, and population estimation of Stenella dolphins in Pieh Marine Protected Area and the surrounding seas, West Sumatra Province](https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2025/09/RBZ-2025-0029.pdf)
5. [Frontiers in Marine Science (2025) — Insights into cetacean sightings, abundance, and feeding associations: observations from the boat lift net fishery in the Kaimana important marine mammal area, Indonesia](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2024.1431209/full)
6. [Jurnal Biologi Udayana (2024) — Aktivitas harian lumba-lumba hidung botol Indo-Pasifik (Tursiops aduncus) rehabilitasi di Umah Lumba, Teluk Banyuwedang, Bali](https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/bio/article/view/111902)
7. [Mongabay Indonesia (2016) — Mencari Tips Wisata Melihat Lumba-lumba yang Aman di Lovina. Seperti Apa?](https://mongabay.co.id/2016/09/27/mencari-tips-wisata-melihat-lumba-lumba-yang-aman-di-lovina-seperti-apa/)
8. [Mammal Diversity Database — Tursiops aduncus, Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006442/)

## Keep exploring

- [Crown-of-thorns starfish](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crown-of-thorns-starfish/)
- [Giant clam](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/giant-clam/)
- [Greater blue-ringed octopus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/greater-blue-ringed-octopus/)
- [Green turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-turtle/)
- [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/indo-pacific-bottlenose-dolphin/


---

# Crown-of-thorns starfish

> The crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster) is a venomous, spiny, coral-eating starfish whose population outbreaks can devastate coral reefs.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crown-of-thorns-starfish/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/bintang-laut-mahkota-duri/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Crown-of-thorns starfish (*Acanthaster planci*) is a marine animal in the family Acanthasteridae.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Acanthaster planci* |
| Indonesian name | Bintang laut mahkota duri |
| Group | Marine |
| Family | Acanthasteridae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sulawesi, Kalimantan and Tunda Island (Banten) |
| Linked habitats | [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/) |
| Diet | Living hard corals, especially Acropora |
| Range in Indonesia | Coral reefs; recorded in Sulawesi, Kalimantan and Banten |
| Key feature | Large, many-armed body covered in long, sharp venomous spines |
| Other names | COTS; lipan laut, tayomo (local Indonesian names) |
| Risk to people | Venomous spine wounds: pain, swelling, nausea and vomiting |

## What is the crown-of-thorns starfish?

The crown-of-thorns starfish is a large, coral-eating starfish covered in long, sharp, venomous spines. All Indo-Pacific populations were once treated as one species, Acanthaster planci. Genetic and morphological studies have since revealed at least four species: A. planci in the northern Indian Ocean, A. mauritiensis in the southern Indian Ocean, A. benziei in the Red Sea and A. cf. solaris in the western and central Pacific. Uthicke and colleagues (2024) treat populations in Sulawesi and Kalimantan as A. cf. solaris, while in western Indonesia A. planci and A. cf. solaris occur together. WoRMS still lists A. solaris as a synonym of A. planci, so the older name remains common.

Evidence: [Marine Biology (Uthicke et al. 2024, via VLIZ) — The crown-of-thorns seastar species complex: knowledge on the biology and ecology of five corallivorous Acanthaster species](https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/396466.pdf) · [WoRMS — Acanthaster solaris (Schreber, 1793)](https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=378572) · [PeerJ (2023, via PMC) — Crown-of-thorns starfish spines secrete defence proteins](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10448888/)

## Where does the crown-of-thorns starfish live?

Crown-of-thorns starfish live on coral reefs throughout the Indo-Pacific, including Indonesia. They are usually scarce, but their numbers sometimes explode. The 2024 review by Uthicke and colleagues lists outbreaks in Sulawesi and Kalimantan. In the Togean Islands National Park, Central Sulawesi, residents call the starfish lipan laut and regard it as a reef pest. A 2024 study found 36–117 individuals in the Sombori Islands off Sulawesi, but none at its survey stations in Wakatobi. At Tunda Island in Serang Regency, Banten, one study judged their numbers to be natural and not yet a threat to the reef.

Evidence: [Marine Biology (Uthicke et al. 2024, via VLIZ) — The crown-of-thorns seastar species complex: knowledge on the biology and ecology of five corallivorous Acanthaster species](https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/396466.pdf) · [Mongabay Indonesia (2022) — Bintang Laut Berduri Ini Jadi Musuh Terumbu Karang](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2022/09/12/bintang-laut-berduri-ini-jadi-musuh-terumbu-karang/) · [Biodiversitas (2024) — Analysis of environmental parameters supporting the abundance of Acanthaster planci in the Wakatobi and Sombori Marine Protected Areas, Sulawesi, Indonesia](https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/view/19078)

## What does the crown-of-thorns starfish eat?

Adult crown-of-thorns starfish feed on the living tissue of hard corals. Acropora corals, including branching and table corals, are usually the preferred prey, but once these are gone other corals are eaten too. According to the 2024 review by Uthicke and colleagues, one adult can consume 161–678 cm² of coral a day and feeds mostly at night. Densities above 10 starfish per hectare are thought to be enough to deplete the coral. Juveniles first graze biofilms and crustose coralline algae, then switch to coral after about 140 days.

Evidence: [Marine Biology (Uthicke et al. 2024, via VLIZ) — The crown-of-thorns seastar species complex: knowledge on the biology and ecology of five corallivorous Acanthaster species](https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/396466.pdf) · [Mongabay Indonesia (2022) — Bintang Laut Berduri Ini Jadi Musuh Terumbu Karang](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2022/09/12/bintang-laut-berduri-ini-jadi-musuh-terumbu-karang/)

## Why do crown-of-thorns starfish populations explode?

Crown-of-thorns populations can explode because the animals are extremely fertile and their larvae can survive a long time at sea. The 2024 review by Uthicke and colleagues says a single A. cf. solaris female can produce more than 100 million eggs. The larvae drift as plankton for 9–11 days, or more than 40 days when food is scarce, and then settle on crustose coralline algae. Individuals can spawn for the first time at about two years old. The two main suspected causes of outbreaks are fewer predators due to overfishing and nutrient runoff from land that feeds the phytoplankton the larvae eat.

Evidence: [Marine Biology (Uthicke et al. 2024, via VLIZ) — The crown-of-thorns seastar species complex: knowledge on the biology and ecology of five corallivorous Acanthaster species](https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/396466.pdf) · [Mongabay Indonesia (2022) — Bintang Laut Berduri Ini Jadi Musuh Terumbu Karang](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2022/09/12/bintang-laut-berduri-ini-jadi-musuh-terumbu-karang/)

## Is the crown-of-thorns starfish venomous?

Yes, the spines of the crown-of-thorns starfish are sharp and venomous. A 2023 study in PeerJ says the venom contains saponins and plancitoxin proteins. A spine wound can cause nausea, numbness, vomiting, joint aches and sometimes paralysis. Mongabay Indonesia reports that spine wounds are very painful, can swell for hours or days and may bring on fever. The PeerJ study also notes one documented human death: a woman who died of anaphylactic shock 13 hours after being stung. If you are pricked by its spines, seek medical care at a health facility immediately.

Evidence: [PeerJ (2023, via PMC) — Crown-of-thorns starfish spines secrete defence proteins](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10448888/) · [Mongabay Indonesia (2022) — Bintang Laut Berduri Ini Jadi Musuh Terumbu Karang](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2022/09/12/bintang-laut-berduri-ini-jadi-musuh-terumbu-karang/)

## What should you do if you find a crown-of-thorns starfish?

Do not touch, hold or step on a crown-of-thorns starfish, and keep your distance when swimming or diving. Do not try to kill them yourself. Report large numbers to the local protected-area authority, such as the national park office. In the Togean Islands, clean-ups have been run with the Togean Islands National Park office, resort operators and visitors. In 2019, about 8,000 starfish measuring 8–48 cm across were removed from the park with bamboo tongs and collected on boats to avoid direct contact. In the long term, fisheries management and less nutrient runoff from land help prevent outbreaks.

Evidence: [Mongabay Indonesia (2022) — Catatan Akhir Tahun: Bintang Laut Berduri Bisa Jadi Ancaman Terumbu Karang Indonesia](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2022/12/26/catatan-akhir-tahun-bintang-laut-berduri-bisa-jadi-ancaman-terumbu-karang-indonesia/) · [Mongabay Indonesia (2022) — Bintang Laut Berduri Ini Jadi Musuh Terumbu Karang](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2022/09/12/bintang-laut-berduri-ini-jadi-musuh-terumbu-karang/) · [Marine Biology (Uthicke et al. 2024, via VLIZ) — The crown-of-thorns seastar species complex: knowledge on the biology and ecology of five corallivorous Acanthaster species](https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/396466.pdf)

## Common questions about the Crown-of-thorns starfish

### What is the scientific name of the Crown-of-thorns starfish?

The scientific name of the Crown-of-thorns starfish is *Acanthaster planci*, in the family Acanthasteridae. In Indonesian it is called Bintang laut mahkota duri.

### Where can the Crown-of-thorns starfish be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Crown-of-thorns starfish in: Sulawesi, Kalimantan and Tunda Island (Banten).

Source-supported habitats: [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/).

### What does the Crown-of-thorns starfish eat?

Diet of the Crown-of-thorns starfish: living hard corals, especially Acropora.

## Sources & references

1. [Marine Biology (Uthicke et al. 2024, via VLIZ) — The crown-of-thorns seastar species complex: knowledge on the biology and ecology of five corallivorous Acanthaster species](https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/396466.pdf)
2. [WoRMS — Acanthaster solaris (Schreber, 1793)](https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=378572)
3. [PeerJ (2023, via PMC) — Crown-of-thorns starfish spines secrete defence proteins](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10448888/)
4. [Mongabay Indonesia (2022) — Bintang Laut Berduri Ini Jadi Musuh Terumbu Karang](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2022/09/12/bintang-laut-berduri-ini-jadi-musuh-terumbu-karang/)
5. [Mongabay Indonesia (2022) — Catatan Akhir Tahun: Bintang Laut Berduri Bisa Jadi Ancaman Terumbu Karang Indonesia](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2022/12/26/catatan-akhir-tahun-bintang-laut-berduri-bisa-jadi-ancaman-terumbu-karang-indonesia/)
6. [Biodiversitas (2024) — Analysis of environmental parameters supporting the abundance of Acanthaster planci in the Wakatobi and Sombori Marine Protected Areas, Sulawesi, Indonesia](https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/view/19078)

## Keep exploring

- [Giant clam](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/giant-clam/)
- [Greater blue-ringed octopus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/greater-blue-ringed-octopus/)
- [Green turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-turtle/)
- [Hawksbill turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hawksbill-turtle/)
- [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/)
- [Loggerhead turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/loggerhead-turtle/)
- [Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/indo-pacific-bottlenose-dolphin/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Crown-of-thorns starfish. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crown-of-thorns-starfish/


---

# Greater blue-ringed octopus

> The greater blue-ringed octopus (Hapalochlaena lunulata) is a small octopus with blue rings whose bite carries tetrodotoxin and can kill a person.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/greater-blue-ringed-octopus/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/gurita-cincin-biru/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Greater blue-ringed octopus (*Hapalochlaena lunulata*) is a marine animal in the family Octopodidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Hapalochlaena lunulata* |
| Indonesian name | Gurita cincin biru |
| Group | Marine |
| Family | Octopodidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Shallow Indonesian waters |
| Linked habitats | [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/) |
| Diet | Crabs, small fish and molluscs |
| Range in Indonesia | Shallow coral reefs and rock pools at low tide |
| Key feature | Small yellowish-brown body with large, shimmering blue rings |
| Other names | Gurita cincin biru (Indonesian) |
| Risk to people | Bite carries tetrodotoxin and can kill; no antivenom exists |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2289324) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the greater blue-ringed octopus?

The greater blue-ringed octopus (Hapalochlaena lunulata) is a small octopus known for its bright blue rings and extremely potent venom. SeaLifeBase gives a total length of only about 12 cm, with a mantle of about 5 cm. The body is yellow to dark brown. The blue rings are most striking when the animal is disturbed, hunting or mating; at rest they may not be visible at all. Its larger rings set it apart from its relatives, the southern blue-ringed octopus (H. maculosa) and the blue-lined octopus (H. fasciata).

Evidence: [SeaLifeBase — Hapalochlaena lunulata](https://www.sealifebase.se/summary/Hapalochlaena-lunulata.html) · [Divers Alert Network — Blue-Ringed Octopus](https://dan.org/health-medicine/health-resources/diseases-conditions/blue-ringed-octopus/) · [Animal Diversity Web — Hapalochlaena lunulata (greater blue-ringed octopus)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hapalochlaena_lunulata/)

## Where does the greater blue-ringed octopus live?

The greater blue-ringed octopus lives in shallow tropical waters of the western Indo-Pacific, including Indonesia. A 2019 study in Marine Drugs gives its range as Indonesia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands and Japan. A researcher at LIPI, Indonesia's former science institute, also named H. lunulata as a blue-ringed octopus that is easy to find in Indonesia, in shallow water less than 30 m deep. It lives on the seabed, on coral reefs and in rock pools at low tide. It hides in rock crevices, inside seashells and even in discarded bottles and cans.

Evidence: [Marine Drugs (2019, via PMC) — Toxicity and Toxin Composition of the Greater Blue-Ringed Octopus Hapalochlaena lunulata from Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6563023/) · [CNN Indonesia (2021) — LIPI Jelaskan 3 Jenis Gurita Cincin Mematikan di Indonesia](https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20210330174154-199-623991/lipi-jelaskan-3-jenis-gurita-cincin-mematikan-di-indonesia) · [Animal Diversity Web — Hapalochlaena lunulata (greater blue-ringed octopus)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hapalochlaena_lunulata/)

## What does the greater blue-ringed octopus eat?

The greater blue-ringed octopus is a predator that feeds mainly on crabs, small fish, molluscs and other small sea animals. Animal Diversity Web says it often ambushes prey from cover or lures it by wriggling an arm tip like a worm. It wraps a captured crab in its arms and pulls it towards its beak. Venom in its saliva subdues the prey. The Marine Drugs study found that the main toxin, tetrodotoxin, is most concentrated in the posterior salivary glands. The entrance to an octopus den is often littered with the shells and legs of crustaceans it has eaten.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Hapalochlaena lunulata (greater blue-ringed octopus)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hapalochlaena_lunulata/) · [Marine Drugs (2019, via PMC) — Toxicity and Toxin Composition of the Greater Blue-Ringed Octopus Hapalochlaena lunulata from Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6563023/)

## How does the greater blue-ringed octopus behave and breed?

The greater blue-ringed octopus lives alone and spends most of its time hiding. According to Divers Alert Network (DAN), it is more active at night and spends the day hidden in its den. It is not aggressive and tends to hide or flee when disturbed. When agitated, its blue rings flash brightly as a warning. After mating, the female lays 60–100 eggs, carries them under her arms and guards them for about 50 days without eating. She dies soon after they hatch. The young hatch as plankton before settling on the seabed.

Evidence: [Divers Alert Network — Blue-Ringed Octopus](https://dan.org/health-medicine/health-resources/diseases-conditions/blue-ringed-octopus/) · [Animal Diversity Web — Hapalochlaena lunulata (greater blue-ringed octopus)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hapalochlaena_lunulata/) · [SeaLifeBase — Hapalochlaena lunulata](https://www.sealifebase.se/summary/Hapalochlaena-lunulata.html)

## How dangerous is the greater blue-ringed octopus's venom?

A bite from the greater blue-ringed octopus can kill a person because it carries tetrodotoxin (TTX), a nerve toxin also found in pufferfish. TTX blocks sodium channels in nerve cells, which paralyses muscles. The Marine Drugs study says symptoms include facial numbness and worsening muscle weakness; in the most severe cases, victims die of respiratory failure. The toxin is found in all of the octopus's soft tissues, so it is also dangerous to eat. DAN notes that bites are often painless and that no antivenom exists. If you are bitten, get emergency medical care at a health facility immediately, even if the bite does not hurt.

Evidence: [Marine Drugs (2019, via PMC) — Toxicity and Toxin Composition of the Greater Blue-Ringed Octopus Hapalochlaena lunulata from Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6563023/) · [Divers Alert Network — Blue-Ringed Octopus](https://dan.org/health-medicine/health-resources/diseases-conditions/blue-ringed-octopus/)

## What should you do if you find a greater blue-ringed octopus?

Do not touch, hold or pick up a blue-ringed octopus, however small or pretty it looks. Watch it from a safe distance. Animal Diversity Web says it has a reputation for biting only when provoked. DAN notes that bites outside its natural range usually happen when people deliberately handle aquarium specimens. Because the octopus can hide in tiny spaces, do not pick up bottles, cans or shells where it is known to live. In 2021, a video of a tourist in Bali unknowingly holding a blue-ringed octopus caused alarm in Indonesia. If you are bitten, get emergency medical care immediately.

Evidence: [Divers Alert Network — Blue-Ringed Octopus](https://dan.org/health-medicine/health-resources/diseases-conditions/blue-ringed-octopus/) · [Animal Diversity Web — Hapalochlaena lunulata (greater blue-ringed octopus)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hapalochlaena_lunulata/) · [CNN Indonesia (2021) — LIPI Jelaskan 3 Jenis Gurita Cincin Mematikan di Indonesia](https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20210330174154-199-623991/lipi-jelaskan-3-jenis-gurita-cincin-mematikan-di-indonesia)

## Common questions about the Greater blue-ringed octopus

### What is the scientific name of the Greater blue-ringed octopus?

The scientific name of the Greater blue-ringed octopus is *Hapalochlaena lunulata*, in the family Octopodidae. In Indonesian it is called Gurita cincin biru.

### Where can the Greater blue-ringed octopus be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Greater blue-ringed octopus in: Shallow Indonesian waters.

Source-supported habitats: [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/).

### What does the Greater blue-ringed octopus eat?

Diet of the Greater blue-ringed octopus: crabs, small fish and molluscs.

### What is the conservation status of the Greater blue-ringed octopus?

On the IUCN Red List, the Greater blue-ringed octopus is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2289324), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Greater blue-ringed octopus is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [SeaLifeBase — Hapalochlaena lunulata](https://www.sealifebase.se/summary/Hapalochlaena-lunulata.html)
2. [Animal Diversity Web — Hapalochlaena lunulata (greater blue-ringed octopus)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hapalochlaena_lunulata/)
3. [Marine Drugs (2019, via PMC) — Toxicity and Toxin Composition of the Greater Blue-Ringed Octopus Hapalochlaena lunulata from Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6563023/)
4. [Divers Alert Network — Blue-Ringed Octopus](https://dan.org/health-medicine/health-resources/diseases-conditions/blue-ringed-octopus/)
5. [CNN Indonesia (2021) — LIPI Jelaskan 3 Jenis Gurita Cincin Mematikan di Indonesia](https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20210330174154-199-623991/lipi-jelaskan-3-jenis-gurita-cincin-mematikan-di-indonesia)

## Keep exploring

- [Crown-of-thorns starfish](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crown-of-thorns-starfish/)
- [Giant clam](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/giant-clam/)
- [Green turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-turtle/)
- [Hawksbill turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hawksbill-turtle/)
- [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/)
- [Loggerhead turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/loggerhead-turtle/)
- [Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/indo-pacific-bottlenose-dolphin/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Greater blue-ringed octopus. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/greater-blue-ringed-octopus/


---

# Tiger shark

> The tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) is a large striped shark that eats almost anything and is among the sharks most often involved in bites on people.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tiger-shark/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/hiu-macan/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Tiger shark (*Galeocerdo cuvier*) is a marine animal in the family Carcharhinidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Near Threatened.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Galeocerdo cuvier* |
| Indonesian name | Hiu macan |
| Group | Marine |
| Family | Carcharhinidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Aceh, West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara |
| Linked habitats | [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/) |
| Diet | Fish, sharks, rays, turtles, seabirds, carrion and even rubbish |
| Range in Indonesia | Landed at Lampulo (Aceh) and Tanjung Luar (West Nusa Tenggara) |
| Key feature | Dark vertical bars that fade with age; broad, blunt snout |
| Other names | Hiu macan, cucut macan; hiu diamin (Aceh) |
| Risk to people | Bites are rare but can be fatal |
| IUCN status | Near Threatened · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2418234) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the tiger shark?

The tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) is a large shark named for the dark vertical bars on its body. The bars are clearest in young sharks and fade with age. Its snout is very short, broad and blunt, and its large, serrated teeth are shaped like a cockscomb. The Florida Museum says tiger sharks commonly reach 3.25–4.25 m and weigh about 385–635 kg. Fishes of Australia records a maximum known length of 7.4 m, although most are under 5 m. It was long placed among the requiem sharks (Carcharhinidae), but FishBase now puts it in its own family, Galeocerdonidae.

Evidence: [FishBase — Galeocerdo cuvier, Tiger shark](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Galeocerdo-cuvier.html) · [Florida Museum of Natural History — Galeocerdo cuvier (tiger shark) species profile](https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/galeocerdo-cuvier/) · [Museums Victoria, Fishes of Australia — Tiger Shark, Galeocerdo cuvier](https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/1959)

## Where does the tiger shark live?

Tiger sharks live in tropical and warm temperate seas worldwide, including Indonesian waters. They range from inshore waters to the outer continental shelf, often around coral reefs and sometimes far offshore. Most stay above 100 m, but tagging shows they can dive below 1,000 m and travel thousands of kilometres. In Indonesia the tiger shark is one of the five sharks most often landed at Lampulo fishing port in Banda Aceh. At Tanjung Luar in East Lombok, it made up 20 per cent of the sharks landed in 2014–2017, according to Wildlife Conservation Society data.

Evidence: [Museums Victoria, Fishes of Australia — Tiger Shark, Galeocerdo cuvier](https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/1959) · [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (PIPP) — Identifikasi Hiu di Pelabuhan Perikanan Lampulo](https://pipp.kkp.go.id/berita/detail/identifikasi-hiu-di-pelabuhan-perikanan-lampulo/eyJpdiI6IlFVcFZDUFIyakdCYWc0dDhZQnZDRkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiblpRSXpwcWp0QlM0ZmdVZDIva1FSQT09IiwibWFjIjoiZjBmMmQzMzZlM2Q1M2Y3M2JjYjA4MDMyZjMyZDRmMzJlYjFhMTg0ODgyYjAyZTVhMDU3ZTUzODRjZTdjMTRjNyIsInRhZyI6IiJ9) · [Mongabay Indonesia (2019) — Saat Hiu-Hiu itu Didaratkan di Pelabuhan Tanjung Luar](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2019/03/07/saat-hiu-hiu-itu-didaratkan-di-pelabuhan-tanjung-luar/)

## What does the tiger shark eat?

Tiger sharks eat almost anything, and Fishes of Australia says they may have the most varied diet of any shark. Prey includes bony fish, other sharks, rays, turtles, seabirds, sea snakes, dolphins, squid, crabs and lobsters. They also scavenge carrion, including whale carcasses. Rubbish such as plastic, cans and sacks has been found in their stomachs. Juveniles eat mainly fish and crustaceans, and their diet broadens as they grow. FishBase describes the species as a night-time feeder. Serrated teeth and a side-to-side shake of the head let it tear chunks from much larger animals.

Evidence: [Museums Victoria, Fishes of Australia — Tiger Shark, Galeocerdo cuvier](https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/1959) · [Florida Museum of Natural History — Galeocerdo cuvier (tiger shark) species profile](https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/galeocerdo-cuvier/) · [FishBase — Galeocerdo cuvier, Tiger shark](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Galeocerdo-cuvier.html)

## How do tiger sharks reproduce?

Tiger sharks give birth to live young after a long pregnancy. Fishes of Australia says females bear litters of 10–80 pups, 50–90 cm long, after a gestation of 15–16 months. Males mature at about 3 m long and females at about 3.3 m. Animal Diversity Web says females mate roughly once every three years. Pups are independent from birth, and the mother does not help them find food or shelter. Their striped pattern gives young sharks camouflage. FishBase lists a maximum reported age of 50 years.

Evidence: [Museums Victoria, Fishes of Australia — Tiger Shark, Galeocerdo cuvier](https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/1959) · [Animal Diversity Web — Galeocerdo cuvier (tiger shark)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Galeocerdo_cuvier/) · [FishBase — Galeocerdo cuvier, Tiger shark](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Galeocerdo-cuvier.html)

## Is the tiger shark dangerous to people?

Yes, tiger sharks can be dangerous, but shark bites on people are very rare. The International Shark Attack File (ISAF) at the Florida Museum lists 142 confirmed unprovoked bites by tiger sharks since 1580, 39 of them fatal. Only the white shark has more. ISAF cautions that large, easily recognised species are more likely to be identified in bite records. The Florida Museum says tiger sharks are often curious and unaggressive when met, but should be treated with great caution. In 2025 ISAF recorded just 65 unprovoked bites worldwide. If someone is bitten, seek medical care at a health facility immediately.

Evidence: [Florida Museum, International Shark Attack File — Species Implicated in Attacks](https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/shark-attacks/factors/species-implicated/) · [Florida Museum of Natural History — Galeocerdo cuvier (tiger shark) species profile](https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/galeocerdo-cuvier/) · [Florida Museum, International Shark Attack File — Yearly Worldwide Shark Attack Summary (2025)](https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/shark-attacks/yearly-worldwide-summary/)

## What should you do if you meet a tiger shark?

If a shark comes close, ISAF advises keeping your eyes on it, moving away slowly and leaving the water if you can. Do not approach, feed or harass sharks. To lower your risk, swim with a friend, stay close to shore and avoid swimming at dawn or dusk. Do not swim near schools of fish or people who are fishing. The Florida Museum notes that tiger sharks favour murky coastal waters, river mouths and harbours. Tiger sharks are themselves under fishing pressure and are listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN. At Tanjung Luar, almost every part of a shark is sold, from fins and meat to skin.

Evidence: [Florida Museum, International Shark Attack File — Quick Tips](https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/shark-attacks/reduce-risk/quick-tips/) · [Florida Museum of Natural History — Galeocerdo cuvier (tiger shark) species profile](https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/galeocerdo-cuvier/) · [Mongabay Indonesia (2019) — Saat Hiu-Hiu itu Didaratkan di Pelabuhan Tanjung Luar](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2019/03/07/saat-hiu-hiu-itu-didaratkan-di-pelabuhan-tanjung-luar/)

## Common questions about the Tiger shark

### What is the scientific name of the Tiger shark?

The scientific name of the Tiger shark is *Galeocerdo cuvier*, in the family Carcharhinidae. In Indonesian it is called Hiu macan.

### Where can the Tiger shark be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Tiger shark in: Aceh, West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara.

Source-supported habitats: [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/).

### What does the Tiger shark eat?

Diet of the Tiger shark: fish, sharks, rays, turtles, seabirds, carrion and even rubbish.

### What is the conservation status of the Tiger shark?

On the IUCN Red List, the Tiger shark is listed as Near Threatened: it is close to qualifying, or likely to qualify, for a threatened category in the near future. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2418234), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Tiger shark is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [FishBase — Galeocerdo cuvier, Tiger shark](https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Galeocerdo-cuvier.html)
2. [Animal Diversity Web — Galeocerdo cuvier (tiger shark)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Galeocerdo_cuvier/)
3. [Florida Museum of Natural History — Galeocerdo cuvier (tiger shark) species profile](https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/galeocerdo-cuvier/)
4. [Museums Victoria, Fishes of Australia — Tiger Shark, Galeocerdo cuvier](https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/1959)
5. [Florida Museum, International Shark Attack File — Species Implicated in Attacks](https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/shark-attacks/factors/species-implicated/)
6. [Florida Museum, International Shark Attack File — Yearly Worldwide Shark Attack Summary (2025)](https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/shark-attacks/yearly-worldwide-summary/)
7. [Florida Museum, International Shark Attack File — Quick Tips](https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/shark-attacks/reduce-risk/quick-tips/)
8. [Mongabay Indonesia (2019) — Saat Hiu-Hiu itu Didaratkan di Pelabuhan Tanjung Luar](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2019/03/07/saat-hiu-hiu-itu-didaratkan-di-pelabuhan-tanjung-luar/)
9. [Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (PIPP) — Identifikasi Hiu di Pelabuhan Perikanan Lampulo](https://pipp.kkp.go.id/berita/detail/identifikasi-hiu-di-pelabuhan-perikanan-lampulo/eyJpdiI6IlFVcFZDUFIyakdCYWc0dDhZQnZDRkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiblpRSXpwcWp0QlM0ZmdVZDIva1FSQT09IiwibWFjIjoiZjBmMmQzMzZlM2Q1M2Y3M2JjYjA4MDMyZjMyZDRmMzJlYjFhMTg0ODgyYjAyZTVhMDU3ZTUzODRjZTdjMTRjNyIsInRhZyI6IiJ9)

## Further reading

[Tiger shark: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/tiger-shark/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Crown-of-thorns starfish](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crown-of-thorns-starfish/)
- [Giant clam](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/giant-clam/)
- [Greater blue-ringed octopus](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/greater-blue-ringed-octopus/)
- [Green turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-turtle/)
- [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Tiger shark. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tiger-shark/


---

# Yellow fever mosquito

> The yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) is a black-and-white, day-biting mosquito and the main carrier of dengue virus in Indonesia.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/yellow-fever-mosquito/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/nyamuk-aedes-aegypti/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Yellow fever mosquito (*Aedes aegypti*) is an invertebrate in the family Culicidae.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Aedes aegypti* |
| Indonesian name | Nyamuk Aedes aegypti |
| Group | Invertebrates |
| Family | Culicidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Throughout the archipelago, from Aceh to Papua |
| Linked habitats | [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/) |
| Diet | Females take blood; both sexes feed on nectar |
| Range in Indonesia | Throughout the archipelago, from Aceh to Papua |
| Key feature | Black body, white lyre mark on thorax, white-banded legs |
| Other names | Nyamuk DBD (Indonesian for ‘dengue mosquito’) |
| Risk to people | Spreads dengue, Zika, chikungunya and yellow fever viruses |

## What is the yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti)?

The yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) is a small black-and-white mosquito and the main carrier of dengue virus, the cause of dengue fever, in Indonesia. Indonesia’s Ministry of Health describes it as jet-black, with two vertical white lines on its back and white bands across its legs. The University of Florida notes that the white scales on its thorax form the shape of a lyre.

It is easily confused with the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus), which can also carry dengue but has a single white stripe down the middle of its thorax. Unlike many mosquitoes that bite at night, Aedes aegypti is active mainly from morning to late afternoon.

Evidence: [Ayo Sehat Kemenkes — Demam Berdarah Dengue](https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/topik/demam-berdarah-dengue) · [University of Florida IFAS — Yellow Fever Mosquito, Aedes aegypti (EENY-434/IN792)](https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN792) · [Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology — Garjito et al. (2021), Homogeneity and possible replacement of populations of the dengue vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Indonesia](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2021.705129/full)

## Where does the yellow fever mosquito live?

Aedes aegypti is now found throughout the Indonesian archipelago, mostly around homes in both towns and villages. The species originated in Africa and was first formally recorded in Indonesia in 1908, according to Ministry of Health researchers writing in Frontiers (2021). In 2016–2017 the same team collected it at 43 sites in 25 provinces, from Aceh to West Papua.

CDC says Aedes aegypti lives both indoors and outdoors and prefers to live near people. Indonesia’s Ministry of Health notes that it is found more often inside dark, cool houses than outdoors. Researchers link its wide spread to its adaptability to towns and home surroundings.

Evidence: [Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology — Garjito et al. (2021), Homogeneity and possible replacement of populations of the dengue vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Indonesia](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2021.705129/full) · [CDC — Life Cycle of Aedes Mosquitoes](https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/life-cycle-of-aedes-mosquitoes.html) · [Ayo Sehat Kemenkes — Demam Berdarah Dengue](https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/topik/demam-berdarah-dengue)

## What does the yellow fever mosquito eat?

Adult yellow fever mosquitoes of both sexes feed on plant nectar, but only females take blood. Females need blood to produce eggs and, according to the University of Florida, feed mainly on humans. Ministry of Health researchers writing in Frontiers describe it as the mosquito most attracted to people, able to feed on humans repeatedly, almost daily.

The larvae live in water and eat organic particles such as algae and other microorganisms. A female can pick up dengue virus when she bites an infected person. Indonesia’s Ministry of Health says the mosquito becomes infectious 8–12 days later and stays infectious for the rest of its life.

Evidence: [University of Florida IFAS — Yellow Fever Mosquito, Aedes aegypti (EENY-434/IN792)](https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN792) · [Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology — Garjito et al. (2021), Homogeneity and possible replacement of populations of the dengue vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Indonesia](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2021.705129/full) · [Kementerian Kesehatan RI — Nyamuk DBD Mudah Menyerang](https://kemkes.go.id/id/nyamuk-dbd-mudah-menyerang)

## How does the yellow fever mosquito breed?

The yellow fever mosquito lays its eggs on the inside walls of containers that hold water, just above the waterline. CDC says the eggs stick firmly, can survive drying out for up to eight months, and hatch when rain covers them. Bathtubs, buckets, drums, vases, old tyres and discarded items that collect rainwater can all become breeding sites.

It takes only 7–10 days to go from egg to adult, according to CDC. The University of Florida notes that a female lays on average 100–200 eggs per batch and can produce up to five batches. It does not fly far, usually only a few blocks in its lifetime.

Evidence: [CDC — Life Cycle of Aedes Mosquitoes](https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/life-cycle-of-aedes-mosquitoes.html) · [University of Florida IFAS — Yellow Fever Mosquito, Aedes aegypti (EENY-434/IN792)](https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN792) · [Kementerian Kesehatan RI — Kendalikan DBD dengan PSN 3M Plus](https://kemkes.go.id/id/kendalikan-dbd-dengan-psn-3m-plus)

## Why is the yellow fever mosquito dangerous?

The yellow fever mosquito is dangerous because an infected female’s bite passes on dengue virus; it also carries Zika, chikungunya and yellow fever. WHO says about half the world’s population is at risk of dengue, and Indonesia’s Ministry of Health ranks its dengue spread among Southeast Asia’s highest.

WHO says symptoms usually start 4–10 days after infection: high fever up to 40°C, severe headache, pain behind the eyes, and muscle and joint pain. Warning signs often come as the fever drops: severe abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, bleeding gums or nose, rapid breathing, and pale, cold skin. Anyone with these signs should go to a health facility promptly.

Evidence: [WHO — Dengue and severe dengue (fact sheet)](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue) · [Ayo Sehat Kemenkes — Demam Berdarah Dengue](https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/topik/demam-berdarah-dengue) · [Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology — Garjito et al. (2021), Homogeneity and possible replacement of populations of the dengue vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Indonesia](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2021.705129/full)

## How can you prevent yellow fever mosquitoes with 3M Plus?

The main way to prevent yellow fever mosquitoes is the Ministry of Health’s 3M Plus mosquito-nest eradication (PSN). The three Ms are draining water containers (menguras), tightly covering water storage (menutup), and reusing or recycling (mendaur ulang) discarded items that can hold water. This should continue all year, especially in the rainy season.

The ‘Plus’ includes larvicide for containers that are hard to drain, larva-eating fish, bed nets and repellents, window screens, and not hanging clothes indoors. Since 2015 every household has been asked to check for larvae (‘1 Rumah 1 Jumantik’), and the ministry is deploying Wolbachia mosquitoes in five cities, including Semarang, Bandung and Kupang.

Evidence: [Kementerian Kesehatan RI — Kendalikan DBD dengan PSN 3M Plus](https://kemkes.go.id/id/kendalikan-dbd-dengan-psn-3m-plus) · [Ayo Sehat Kemenkes — Pemberantasan Sarang Nyamuk dengan 3M Plus](https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/pemberantasan-sarang-nyamuk-dengan-3m-plus) · [Ayo Sehat Kemenkes — Teknologi Wolbachia dalam Pengendalian Demam Berdarah di Indonesia](https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/teknologi-wolbachia-dalam-pengendalian-demam-berdarah-di-indonesia)

## Common questions about the Yellow fever mosquito

### What is the scientific name of the Yellow fever mosquito?

The scientific name of the Yellow fever mosquito is *Aedes aegypti*, in the family Culicidae. In Indonesian it is called Nyamuk Aedes aegypti.

### Where can the Yellow fever mosquito be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Yellow fever mosquito in: Throughout the archipelago, from Aceh to Papua.

Source-supported habitats: [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/).

### What does the Yellow fever mosquito eat?

Diet of the Yellow fever mosquito: females take blood; both sexes feed on nectar.

## Sources & references

1. [WHO — Dengue and severe dengue (fact sheet)](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue)
2. [CDC — Life Cycle of Aedes Mosquitoes](https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/life-cycle-of-aedes-mosquitoes.html)
3. [University of Florida IFAS — Yellow Fever Mosquito, Aedes aegypti (EENY-434/IN792)](https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN792)
4. [Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology — Garjito et al. (2021), Homogeneity and possible replacement of populations of the dengue vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Indonesia](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2021.705129/full)
5. [Ayo Sehat Kemenkes — Demam Berdarah Dengue](https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/topik/demam-berdarah-dengue)
6. [Kementerian Kesehatan RI — Nyamuk DBD Mudah Menyerang](https://kemkes.go.id/id/nyamuk-dbd-mudah-menyerang)
7. [Kementerian Kesehatan RI — Kendalikan DBD dengan PSN 3M Plus](https://kemkes.go.id/id/kendalikan-dbd-dengan-psn-3m-plus)
8. [Ayo Sehat Kemenkes — Pemberantasan Sarang Nyamuk dengan 3M Plus](https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/pemberantasan-sarang-nyamuk-dengan-3m-plus)
9. [Ayo Sehat Kemenkes — Teknologi Wolbachia dalam Pengendalian Demam Berdarah di Indonesia](https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/teknologi-wolbachia-dalam-pengendalian-demam-berdarah-di-indonesia)

## Keep exploring

- [American cockroach](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/american-cockroach/)
- [Asian honey bee](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-honey-bee/)
- [Scarlet Skimmer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocothemis-servilia/)
- [Chalky Percher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/diplacodes-trivialis/)
- [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Yellow fever mosquito. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/yellow-fever-mosquito/


---

# Black rat

> The black rat (Rattus rattus) is a long-tailed climbing rat that nests in ceilings and walls and can spread leptospirosis to people.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-rat/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/tikus-rumah/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Black rat (*Rattus rattus*) is a mammal in the family Muridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Rattus rattus* |
| Indonesian name | Tikus rumah |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Muridae |
| Range in Indonesia | Settlements, including on Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara and Sulawesi |
| Linked habitats | [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/) |
| Diet | Fruit, grain, plants, human food, sometimes insects |
| Range in Indonesia | Settlements, including Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara and Sulawesi |
| Key feature | Tail longer than its body; agile climber |
| Other names | Roof rat, ship rat, house rat; Rattus tanezumi in Indonesian surveys |
| Risk to people | Source of leptospirosis; its fleas can transmit plague |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2439270) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the black rat?

The black rat (Rattus rattus) is a medium-sized, agile climbing rat that lives alongside people. According to Animal Diversity Web, it weighs 70–300 g, measures 16–22 cm in head and body, and its tail is nearly always longer than its body. Many are black with a paler belly, but colour varies, and the ears are relatively large.

Its classification is still debated. Indonesian health surveys, such as one in Purworejo, Central Java, record house-dwelling rats as Rattus tanezumi, the Asian form of the black rat group. A genetic study by Aplin and colleagues (2011) in PLOS ONE, however, recommends dropping the split between R. tanezumi and R. rattus.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Rattus rattus (black rat)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rattus_rattus/) · [PLOS ONE — Aplin et al. (2011), Multiple geographic origins of commensalism and complex dispersal history of black rats](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0026357) · [Jurnal MKMI (Universitas Hasanuddin) — Ningsih & Sholichah (2018), Kajian reservoir leptospira di daerah sporadis leptospirosis Kabupaten Purworejo, Jawa Tengah](https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/mkmi/article/view/3716)

## Where does the black rat live?

The black rat lives in settlements and nests in high, enclosed places such as ceilings, attics, wall cavities and cupboards. UC IPM notes that it also nests in shrubs and trees. In buildings shared with brown rats, black rats usually take the upper floors and brown rats the ground floor.

A survey in Purworejo, Central Java, found that two-thirds of the rats and shrews caught were R. tanezumi, and two-thirds were caught indoors. Genetic work by Aplin and colleagues shows that black rats reached eastern Indonesian islands such as Sulawesi, Flores and Timor in prehistoric times, with the oldest evidence in Timor dating to about 3,000 years ago.

Evidence: [UC Statewide IPM Program — Pest Notes: Rats](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74106.html) · [Jurnal MKMI (Universitas Hasanuddin) — Ningsih & Sholichah (2018), Kajian reservoir leptospira di daerah sporadis leptospirosis Kabupaten Purworejo, Jawa Tengah](https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/mkmi/article/view/3716) · [PLOS ONE — Aplin et al. (2011), Multiple geographic origins of commensalism and complex dispersal history of black rats](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0026357)

## What does the black rat eat?

The black rat is an omnivore that eats mainly fruit, grain and other plant matter. Animal Diversity Web records that it eats about 15 g of food and drinks 15 ml of water a day, and will eat insects when needed. UC IPM lists fruit, nuts, berries, snails, and young birds and bird eggs among its preferred foods.

Indoors it eats and contaminates stored food. Animal Diversity Web explains that black rats often spoil more than they eat, because they urinate and defecate on the remains of their meals. According to UC IPM, black rats also tend to carry food away to eat it somewhere else.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Rattus rattus (black rat)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rattus_rattus/) · [UC Statewide IPM Program — Pest Notes: Rats](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74106.html)

## How does the black rat breed?

Black rats can breed all year round when conditions allow. According to Animal Diversity Web, a female can give birth up to five times a year after a pregnancy of 21–29 days. The young are born helpless, open their eyes at about 15 days and are weaned at 3–4 weeks. UC IPM notes that a litter can contain up to eight young.

Young rats can breed at 3–5 months old, so numbers rise quickly when food, water and shelter are available. Black rats live in groups with one dominant male. In the wild they usually live only about a year, but in captivity they can reach four years.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Rattus rattus (black rat)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rattus_rattus/) · [UC Statewide IPM Program — Pest Notes: Rats](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74106.html)

## What diseases can the black rat spread?

The black rat can spread leptospirosis through its urine, and its fleas can transmit plague. The Ministry of Health names rats as the main animal source of leptospirosis. Leptospira bacteria live in a rat’s kidneys without making it ill, leave in its urine, and survive for months in moist soil.

Plague spread across Java from 1910, starting with infected rats that arrived with rice imported from Burma, Mongabay Indonesia reports. The ministry still monitors plague in Pasuruan, Boyolali, Sleman and Bandung. Early signs of leptospirosis include fever, headache, muscle and calf pain, and tiredness. Anyone who develops them after contact with floodwater or puddles should visit a health facility promptly.

Evidence: [Ayo Sehat Kemenkes — Hujan, Tikus, dan Leptospirosis](https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/hujan-tikus-dan-leptospirosis) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Tangani pandemi corona, belajar dari wabah pes di Jawa (2020)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2020/12/27/tangani-pandemi-corona-belajar-dari-wabah-pes-di-jawa/) · [Balai Besar Laboratorium Kesehatan Lingkungan (Kemenkes) — Pinjal tikus, ektoparasit populer yang dimiliki oleh tikus](https://www.bblabkesling.go.id/berita/pinjal-tikus-ektoparasit-populer-yang-dimiliki-oleh-tikus)

## How can you keep black rats out of your home?

The best way to prevent black rats is to keep things clean and block their way in. UC IPM advises sealing gaps wider than 1/4 inch (about 6 mm) with wire mesh or sheet metal, because rats can gnaw through plastic and wood. Store food and rubbish in lidded containers, prune branches near the roof, and clear clutter where rats nest.

Never touch rats, alive or dead, with bare hands; UC IPM advises disposable gloves. Rat poisons are also dangerous to children, pets and other animals. The Ministry of Health urges clean, healthy living habits (PHBS), removing rat nests, and wearing rubber boots and gloves to clean up after floods.

Evidence: [UC Statewide IPM Program — Pest Notes: Rats](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74106.html) · [Ayo Sehat Kemenkes — Waspadai Musim Hujan dan Banjir! Leptospirosis Diam-diam Mematikan](https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/waspadai-musim-hujan-dan-banjir-leptospirosis-diam-diam-mematikan) · [Ayo Sehat Kemenkes — Hujan, Tikus, dan Leptospirosis](https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/hujan-tikus-dan-leptospirosis)

## Common questions about the Black rat

### What is the scientific name of the Black rat?

The scientific name of the Black rat is *Rattus rattus*, in the family Muridae. In Indonesian it is called Tikus rumah.

### Where can the Black rat be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Black rat in: Settlements, including on Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara and Sulawesi.

Source-supported habitats: [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/).

### What does the Black rat eat?

Diet of the Black rat: fruit, grain, plants, human food, sometimes insects.

### What is the conservation status of the Black rat?

On the IUCN Red List, the Black rat is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2439270), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Black rat is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Animal Diversity Web — Rattus rattus (black rat)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rattus_rattus/)
2. [UC Statewide IPM Program — Pest Notes: Rats](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74106.html)
3. [PLOS ONE — Aplin et al. (2011), Multiple geographic origins of commensalism and complex dispersal history of black rats](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0026357)
4. [Jurnal MKMI (Universitas Hasanuddin) — Ningsih & Sholichah (2018), Kajian reservoir leptospira di daerah sporadis leptospirosis Kabupaten Purworejo, Jawa Tengah](https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/mkmi/article/view/3716)
5. [Ayo Sehat Kemenkes — Hujan, Tikus, dan Leptospirosis](https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/hujan-tikus-dan-leptospirosis)
6. [Ayo Sehat Kemenkes — Waspadai Musim Hujan dan Banjir! Leptospirosis Diam-diam Mematikan](https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/waspadai-musim-hujan-dan-banjir-leptospirosis-diam-diam-mematikan)
7. [Mongabay Indonesia — Tangani pandemi corona, belajar dari wabah pes di Jawa (2020)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2020/12/27/tangani-pandemi-corona-belajar-dari-wabah-pes-di-jawa/)
8. [Balai Besar Laboratorium Kesehatan Lingkungan (Kemenkes) — Pinjal tikus, ektoparasit populer yang dimiliki oleh tikus](https://www.bblabkesling.go.id/berita/pinjal-tikus-ektoparasit-populer-yang-dimiliki-oleh-tikus)

## Keep exploring

- [Brown rat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/brown-rat/)
- [Asian house shrew](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-house-shrew/)
- [Lesser short-nosed fruit bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lesser-short-nosed-fruit-bat/)
- [Agile gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/agile-gibbon/)
- [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Black rat. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-rat/


---

# Brown rat

> The brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) is a large burrowing rat of drains, settlements and ports, and one of the animals that spread leptospirosis.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/brown-rat/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/tikus-got/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Brown rat (*Rattus norvegicus*) is a mammal in the family Muridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Rattus norvegicus* |
| Indonesian name | Tikus got |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Muridae |
| Range in Indonesia | Towns and ports, including on Java and Sulawesi |
| Linked habitats | [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/) |
| Diet | Omnivore: grain, meat, fish and human food waste |
| Range in Indonesia | Towns and ports, including on Java and Sulawesi |
| Key feature | Stocky body, short ears, tail shorter than body |
| Other names | Norway rat, sewer rat, barn rat |
| Risk to people | Spreads leptospirosis; can carry plague-vector fleas |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2439261) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the brown rat?

The brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) is a large, stocky rat that lives in drains, burrows and around buildings. According to Animal Diversity Web, it reaches nearly 40 cm from nose to tail tip and weighs 140–500 g. Its coarse fur is brown above and paler below, and its ears and tail are hairless.

It is often confused with the black rat (Rattus rattus). UC IPM explains that the brown rat is larger and stockier, with a tail shorter than its head and body, whereas the black rat’s tail is longer than its body. The two species cannot interbreed. Despite the name Norway rat, it is native to northern China.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Rattus norvegicus (brown rat)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rattus_norvegicus/) · [UC Statewide IPM Program — Pest Notes: Rats](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74106.html)

## Where does the brown rat live?

The brown rat lives close to people, in places such as drains, rubbish dumps, open ground and basements. Animal Diversity Web notes that nearly every port city in the world has a large brown rat population. It often lives near water and digs branching burrows with chambers for storing food and nesting.

In Indonesia, a 2021 survey by the Makassar Port Health Office found that 9 of the 10 rats caught at Soekarno-Hatta Port were R. norvegicus. Ports carry risk because rats travel on ships. A study at Ketapang Port, Banyuwangi, also found only brown rats, caught in a drain beside an office and in bushes.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Rattus norvegicus (brown rat)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rattus_norvegicus/) · [Balai Besar Kekarantinaan Kesehatan Makassar (Kemenkes) — Pengamatan dan pengendalian tikus di wilayah kerja KKP Soekarno-Hatta Makassar tahun 2021](https://bbkkmakassar.kemkes.go.id/news/detail/208) · [Jurnal Nusantara Community (Universitas Gresik) — Imalia & Diyanah (2023), Gambaran kepadatan populasi tikus di wilayah Pelabuhan Ketapang](https://journal.unigres.ac.id/index.php/JNC/article/view/2862)

## What does the brown rat eat?

The brown rat is an omnivore that eats almost anything available. UC IPM notes that it prefers cereal grains, meat, fish, nuts and some fruit, but readily switches to food waste around rubbish bins. Animal Diversity Web says brown rats in cities survive mainly on food thrown away by people.

Brown rats also hunt. Animal Diversity Web records them preying on chicks, mice, birds and small lizards, and brown rats living near the sea have been seen catching fish with their paws. They rely on their sense of smell, forage mainly at night, and often stay close to their nests to reduce the risk of being caught by predators.

Evidence: [UC Statewide IPM Program — Pest Notes: Rats](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74106.html) · [Animal Diversity Web — Rattus norvegicus (brown rat)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rattus_norvegicus/)

## How does the brown rat behave and breed?

Brown rats are active mainly at night or at dusk and live in groups ranked by body size. Animal Diversity Web notes that they memorise complex routes through sewers and burrows. UC IPM adds that they swim better than black rats and can enter buildings through broken drains.

Females are pregnant for 22–24 days and give birth to about eight young per litter. Animal Diversity Web records that a female can give birth up to seven times a year and mates again about 18 hours after giving birth. Males mature at about three months and females at four. Several mothers often share a nest and nurse each other’s young.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Rattus norvegicus (brown rat)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rattus_norvegicus/) · [UC Statewide IPM Program — Pest Notes: Rats](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74106.html)

## Is the brown rat a health risk?

Yes: the brown rat spreads leptospirosis in Indonesia, and the Ministry of Health lists it among the main rodent sources. Leptospira bacteria leave in rat urine and enter people through broken skin or mucous membranes, for example via floodwater, drains, mud or contaminated soil.

In 2023, Universitas Gadjah Mada researchers found Leptospira-positive brown rats at primary schools and housing areas in Yogyakarta. At Ketapang Port, brown rats carried the plague flea Xenopsylla cheopis. Warning signs of leptospirosis include fever of 38°C or more, headache, calf pain, red eyes, and yellow eyes and skin. Anyone with these signs should go to a health centre or hospital promptly.

Evidence: [Ayo Sehat Kemenkes — Waspadai Musim Hujan dan Banjir! Leptospirosis Diam-diam Mematikan](https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/waspadai-musim-hujan-dan-banjir-leptospirosis-diam-diam-mematikan) · [Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease — Wibawaning Astuti et al. (2023), The existence of Leptospira interrogans on rats and the transmission potency in public areas in Yogyakarta](https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/IJTID/article/view/46918) · [Jurnal Nusantara Community (Universitas Gresik) — Imalia & Diyanah (2023), Gambaran kepadatan populasi tikus di wilayah Pelabuhan Ketapang](https://journal.unigres.ac.id/index.php/JNC/article/view/2862)

## How can you keep brown rats away from your home?

Brown rats are best prevented through good sanitation and by blocking their way into buildings. UC IPM advises collecting rubbish often, using bins with tight lids, storing pet food in rodent-proof containers, and sealing gaps in foundations and around pipes. Broken drains should also be repaired, because rats can get in through them.

Never handle rats, alive or dead, with bare hands. Indonesia’s Ministry of Health recommends rubber boots, gloves and covering clothes when cleaning up floods or standing water, and washing with soap afterwards. Keeping surroundings clean and removing rat nests are part of the clean and healthy living habits the ministry promotes.

Evidence: [UC Statewide IPM Program — Pest Notes: Rats](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74106.html) · [Ayo Sehat Kemenkes — Hujan, Tikus, dan Leptospirosis](https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/hujan-tikus-dan-leptospirosis) · [Ayo Sehat Kemenkes — Waspadai Musim Hujan dan Banjir! Leptospirosis Diam-diam Mematikan](https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/waspadai-musim-hujan-dan-banjir-leptospirosis-diam-diam-mematikan)

## Common questions about the Brown rat

### What is the scientific name of the Brown rat?

The scientific name of the Brown rat is *Rattus norvegicus*, in the family Muridae. In Indonesian it is called Tikus got.

### Where can the Brown rat be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Brown rat in: Towns and ports, including on Java and Sulawesi.

Source-supported habitats: [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/).

### What does the Brown rat eat?

Diet of the Brown rat: omnivore: grain, meat, fish and human food waste.

### What is the conservation status of the Brown rat?

On the IUCN Red List, the Brown rat is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2439261), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Brown rat is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Animal Diversity Web — Rattus norvegicus (brown rat)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rattus_norvegicus/)
2. [UC Statewide IPM Program — Pest Notes: Rats](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74106.html)
3. [Balai Besar Kekarantinaan Kesehatan Makassar (Kemenkes) — Pengamatan dan pengendalian tikus di wilayah kerja KKP Soekarno-Hatta Makassar tahun 2021](https://bbkkmakassar.kemkes.go.id/news/detail/208)
4. [Jurnal Nusantara Community (Universitas Gresik) — Imalia & Diyanah (2023), Gambaran kepadatan populasi tikus di wilayah Pelabuhan Ketapang](https://journal.unigres.ac.id/index.php/JNC/article/view/2862)
5. [Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease — Wibawaning Astuti et al. (2023), The existence of Leptospira interrogans on rats and the transmission potency in public areas in Yogyakarta](https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/IJTID/article/view/46918)
6. [Ayo Sehat Kemenkes — Waspadai Musim Hujan dan Banjir! Leptospirosis Diam-diam Mematikan](https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/waspadai-musim-hujan-dan-banjir-leptospirosis-diam-diam-mematikan)
7. [Ayo Sehat Kemenkes — Hujan, Tikus, dan Leptospirosis](https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/hujan-tikus-dan-leptospirosis)

## Further reading

[Brown rat: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/rat/) — World Animal Rescue Network.

## Keep exploring

- [Black rat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-rat/)
- [Asian house shrew](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-house-shrew/)
- [Lesser short-nosed fruit bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lesser-short-nosed-fruit-bat/)
- [Agile gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/agile-gibbon/)
- [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Brown rat. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/brown-rat/


---

# Asian house shrew

> The Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus) is a small, musky, insect-eating mammal with a pointed snout; it looks like a rat but is not a rodent.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-house-shrew/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/cecurut-rumah/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Asian house shrew (*Suncus murinus*) is a mammal in the family Soricidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Suncus murinus* |
| Indonesian name | Cecurut rumah |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Soricidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Malay Archipelago; recorded in settlements on Java |
| Linked habitats | [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/) |
| Diet | Mainly insects and other invertebrates, plus food scraps |
| Range in Indonesia | Malay Archipelago; recorded in settlements on Java |
| Key feature | Long pointed snout, velvety grey fur, strong musky smell |
| Other names | House shrew, Asian musk shrew, celurut, munggis rumah |
| Risk to people | Can carry Leptospira, the cause of leptospirosis |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2435520) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Asian house shrew?

The Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus) is a small insect-eating mammal that often enters houses and is mistaken for a rat. Animal Diversity Web gives a total length of 10–15 cm, including the tail. Males are much heavier, at 33.2–147.3 g, than females at 23.5–82 g. Its short fur is velvety, light grey to black, and it has a long, pointed snout.

Its other English name, musk shrew, comes from the strong musky smell produced by a large scent gland, especially in males. In Indonesian it is also called celurut, cencurut or munggis rumah. In China, Animal Diversity Web notes, its constant chattering is likened to jingling coins.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Suncus murinus (Asian house shrew)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Suncus_murinus/) · [Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia — Munggis rumah (supplementary, names only)](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munggis_rumah)

## Where does the Asian house shrew live?

The Asian house shrew lives in forests, farmland and, above all, around human settlements. Animal Diversity Web says it originated on the Indian subcontinent and ranges from southern Asia to the Malay Archipelago and southern Japan, and people have carried it to Africa and the Middle East. Inside houses it nests in dark, hidden places.

Rodent surveys on Java often find it. In Yogyakarta, Universitas Gadjah Mada researchers caught 13 shrews among 40 small mammals trapped at primary schools, traditional markets and housing areas. In 2023, shrews were also caught alongside several rat species in the plague-enzootic area of Pasuruan Regency, East Java.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Suncus murinus (Asian house shrew)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Suncus_murinus/) · [Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease — Wibawaning Astuti et al. (2023), The existence of Leptospira interrogans on rats and the transmission potency in public areas in Yogyakarta](https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/IJTID/article/view/46918) · [Jurnal Sain Veteriner (UGM) — Cahyaningrum et al., Kepadatan dan dominasi pinjal pada beberapa jenis tikus dan habitat di daerah enzootik pes di Kabupaten Pasuruan, Jawa Timur](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jsv/article/view/95362)

## What does the Asian house shrew eat?

The Asian house shrew eats mainly insects, but it is an opportunist that also takes other invertebrates, plant material and human food. According to Animal Diversity Web, it forages at night in forests, fields and settlements. Like other shrews, it has a high metabolism and a large appetite, so it needs several feeding periods.

Because it eats many insects, the shrew probably helps keep pest insects in check, Animal Diversity Web notes. However, its high numbers in homes and shops make it a pest, as it can damage food and other goods. Its strong musky smell means few predators will eat it.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Suncus murinus (Asian house shrew)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Suncus_murinus/) · [Animal Diversity Web — Soricidae (shrews)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Soricidae/)

## How does the Asian house shrew breed?

The Asian house shrew breeds all year round. According to Animal Diversity Web, pregnancy usually lasts 30 days and a litter holds 4–8 young. The young are weaned at 15–20 days, and females reach sexual maturity at about 35 days old. Because it breeds fast and adapts easily, the shrew can live at high densities.

Both parents gather nesting material before the young are born, and the young stay in the nest until they are about three-quarters grown. In the wild the shrew usually lives one to two years. It is active at night throughout the year, lives alone and is intolerant of others of its kind.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Suncus murinus (Asian house shrew)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Suncus_murinus/)

## How is a shrew different from a rat?

A shrew is not a rat. Animal Diversity Web places the Asian house shrew in the shrew family (Soricidae) within an order of insect-eating mammals, while the black rat belongs to the family Muridae in the rodent order (Rodentia). The two look alike in body shape but are not close relatives.

There are several ways to tell them apart. The shrew has a long, pointed snout, tiny eyes and a strong musky smell from its scent gland. It eats mainly insects and other invertebrates, whereas the black rat feeds mostly on fruit and grain. The black rat also has relatively large ears and a tail longer than its body.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Suncus murinus (Asian house shrew)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Suncus_murinus/) · [Animal Diversity Web — Soricidae (shrews)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Soricidae/) · [Animal Diversity Web — Rattus rattus (black rat)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rattus_rattus/)

## What should you do if there is a shrew in your house?

If a shrew is in your house, do not touch it and keep the house clean, because shrews can carry Leptospira bacteria. Indonesia’s Ministry of Health lists Suncus murinus among leptospirosis sources. Leptospira-positive shrews were found at primary schools in Yogyakarta, and a shrew in Purworejo carried the Sejroe serovar.

The ministry urges clean, healthy habits and removal of rat nests, since Leptospira spreads through contact with animal urine or contaminated water and soil. Warning signs of leptospirosis include fever of 38°C or more, headache, weakness, calf pain, red eyes, and yellow eyes and skin. Anyone with these signs should go to a health centre or hospital promptly.

Evidence: [Ayo Sehat Kemenkes — Waspadai Musim Hujan dan Banjir! Leptospirosis Diam-diam Mematikan](https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/waspadai-musim-hujan-dan-banjir-leptospirosis-diam-diam-mematikan) · [Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease — Wibawaning Astuti et al. (2023), The existence of Leptospira interrogans on rats and the transmission potency in public areas in Yogyakarta](https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/IJTID/article/view/46918) · [Jurnal MKMI (Universitas Hasanuddin) — Ningsih & Sholichah (2018), Kajian reservoir leptospira di daerah sporadis leptospirosis Kabupaten Purworejo, Jawa Tengah](https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/mkmi/article/view/3716)

## Common questions about the Asian house shrew

### What is the scientific name of the Asian house shrew?

The scientific name of the Asian house shrew is *Suncus murinus*, in the family Soricidae. In Indonesian it is called Cecurut rumah.

### Where can the Asian house shrew be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Asian house shrew in: Malay Archipelago; recorded in settlements on Java.

Source-supported habitats: [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/).

### What does the Asian house shrew eat?

Diet of the Asian house shrew: mainly insects and other invertebrates, plus food scraps.

### What is the conservation status of the Asian house shrew?

On the IUCN Red List, the Asian house shrew is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2435520), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Asian house shrew is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Animal Diversity Web — Suncus murinus (Asian house shrew)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Suncus_murinus/)
2. [Animal Diversity Web — Soricidae (shrews)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Soricidae/)
3. [Animal Diversity Web — Rattus rattus (black rat)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rattus_rattus/)
4. [Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease — Wibawaning Astuti et al. (2023), The existence of Leptospira interrogans on rats and the transmission potency in public areas in Yogyakarta](https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/IJTID/article/view/46918)
5. [Jurnal MKMI (Universitas Hasanuddin) — Ningsih & Sholichah (2018), Kajian reservoir leptospira di daerah sporadis leptospirosis Kabupaten Purworejo, Jawa Tengah](https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/mkmi/article/view/3716)
6. [Jurnal Sain Veteriner (UGM) — Cahyaningrum et al., Kepadatan dan dominasi pinjal pada beberapa jenis tikus dan habitat di daerah enzootik pes di Kabupaten Pasuruan, Jawa Timur](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jsv/article/view/95362)
7. [Ayo Sehat Kemenkes — Waspadai Musim Hujan dan Banjir! Leptospirosis Diam-diam Mematikan](https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/waspadai-musim-hujan-dan-banjir-leptospirosis-diam-diam-mematikan)
8. [Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia — Munggis rumah (supplementary, names only)](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munggis_rumah)

## Keep exploring

- [Black rat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-rat/)
- [Brown rat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/brown-rat/)
- [Lesser short-nosed fruit bat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lesser-short-nosed-fruit-bat/)
- [Agile gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/agile-gibbon/)
- [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/)
- [Selayar tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/selayar-tarsier/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Asian house shrew. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-house-shrew/


---

# American cockroach

> The American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) is a large reddish-brown cockroach of drains and buildings that can carry disease-causing bacteria.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/american-cockroach/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/kecoa-amerika/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The American cockroach (*Periplaneta americana*) is an invertebrate in the family Blattidae.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Periplaneta americana* |
| Indonesian name | Kecoa Amerika |
| Group | Invertebrates |
| Family | Blattidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Settlements, including in Central Sulawesi and Central Kalimantan |
| Linked habitats | [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/) |
| Diet | Almost any organic matter, especially sweet or decaying food |
| Range in Indonesia | Settlements, including Central Sulawesi and Central Kalimantan |
| Key feature | Reddish-brown, with a yellowish band around the pronotum |
| Other names | Kecoa amerika, kecoak (Indonesian) |
| Risk to people | Contaminates food with germs; can trigger allergies and asthma |

## What is the American cockroach?

The American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) is the largest common cockroach around homes, averaging 4 cm long according to the University of Florida. It is reddish-brown, with a pale yellowish band around the edge of its pronotum, the shield behind the head. Both sexes are fully winged, but only the male’s wings pass the tip of the abdomen.

Despite its name, it is not native to the Americas: Animal Diversity Web says it probably came from Africa on ships, reaching the United States by 1625 (University of Florida). It is now worldwide. It can be confused with the Australian cockroach (Periplaneta australasiae), which has a cream band along each forewing.

Evidence: [University of Florida IFAS — American Cockroach, Periplaneta americana (EENY141/IN298)](https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN298) · [Animal Diversity Web — Periplaneta americana (American cockroach)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Periplaneta_americana/) · [UC Statewide IPM Program — Pest Notes: Cockroaches](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7467.html)

## Where does the American cockroach live?

The American cockroach lives in warm, damp places, especially sewers, drains, basements and buildings where food is prepared or stored. The University of Florida notes that more than 5,000 have been found in a single sewer manhole. By day this light-shy cockroach hides near water pipes, sinks, baths and toilets.

It can migrate from sewers into homes through the plumbing. In Indonesia, researchers in Palu, Central Sulawesi, collected American cockroaches from hospital and residential areas, and researchers from Universitas Palangka Raya found them around settlements in Central Kalimantan.

Evidence: [University of Florida IFAS — American Cockroach, Periplaneta americana (EENY141/IN298)](https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN298) · [Proceeding Biology Education Conference (UNS) — Kundera & Bialangi (2018), Sensitivitas bakteri Gram negatif yang diisolasi dari kaki kecoa (Periplaneta americana) di area rumah sakit dan perumahan di Kota Palu](https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/prosbi/article/view/33326) · [Journal of Biotropical Research and Nature Technology (Universitas Palangka Raya) — Mirna et al. (2023), Identifikasi parasit pada saluran gastrointestinal kecoa](https://e-journal.upr.ac.id/index.php/borneo/article/view/8991)

## What does the American cockroach eat?

The American cockroach is an opportunistic omnivore that prefers sweet foods and decaying organic matter. The University of Florida lists bread, fruit, fish, peanuts, old rice, paper, hair, cloth, book bindings and dead insects among its foods. Animal Diversity Web adds that it is particularly fond of fermenting food.

It will even eat other cockroaches, dead or alive, and its own shed skins and egg cases. According to Animal Diversity Web, symbiotic bacteria in its gut help it digest tough material such as cellulose. These feeding habits are what make it a health risk, because it moves from contaminated material to people’s food.

Evidence: [University of Florida IFAS — American Cockroach, Periplaneta americana (EENY141/IN298)](https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN298) · [Animal Diversity Web — Periplaneta americana (American cockroach)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Periplaneta_americana/)

## How does the American cockroach breed?

The American cockroach lays its eggs in a hard, purse-shaped case called an ootheca, which holds about 16 eggs. The University of Florida says a female produces about one egg case a month for ten months and leaves it near food, sometimes gluing it down with a secretion from her mouth.

The nymphs hatch after about six to eight weeks and moult many times without complete metamorphosis. According to Animal Diversity Web, development from egg to adult averages about 600 days, depending on temperature and humidity. Adults can live about a year, and a female produces an average of 150 offspring in her lifetime, the University of Florida notes.

Evidence: [University of Florida IFAS — American Cockroach, Periplaneta americana (EENY141/IN298)](https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN298) · [Animal Diversity Web — Periplaneta americana (American cockroach)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Periplaneta_americana/)

## Is the American cockroach a health risk?

The American cockroach is a health concern because it can contaminate food with germs from sewers and waste. The University of Florida notes that at least 22 species of disease-causing bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa, and five species of parasitic worms, have been isolated from wild American cockroaches. Its droppings and regurgitated food also soil household items.

Indonesia’s Ministry of Health classes cockroaches as nuisance animals: not direct carriers of disease, but able to contaminate surroundings and food and to trigger allergies and asthma attacks. In Palu, researchers found bacteria including Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Klebsiella on the legs of American cockroaches from hospital and residential areas.

Evidence: [University of Florida IFAS — American Cockroach, Periplaneta americana (EENY141/IN298)](https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN298) · [Kemenkes (Direktorat Jenderal Kesehatan Lanjutan) — Pengendalian vektor dan binatang pengganggu](https://keslan.kemkes.go.id/view_artikel/4240/pengendalian-vektor-dan-binatang-pengganggu) · [Proceeding Biology Education Conference (UNS) — Kundera & Bialangi (2018), Sensitivitas bakteri Gram negatif yang diisolasi dari kaki kecoa (Periplaneta americana) di area rumah sakit dan perumahan di Kota Palu](https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/prosbi/article/view/33326)

## How can you keep American cockroaches out of your home?

The key to preventing American cockroaches is removing their food, water and hiding places, not just spraying insecticide. UC IPM advises storing food in insect-proof containers, cleaning up spills and crumbs straight away, fixing leaking pipes, and sealing cracks and gaps where cockroaches enter or hide.

Because this species often comes from sewers, make sure drains are covered, drain water traps work and pipes are not damaged. The University of Florida recommends sealing gaps in walls at ground level, removing rotting leaves, and reducing damp areas in and around the house. For heavy infestations, UC IPM says professional pest control is often needed.

Evidence: [UC Statewide IPM Program — Pest Notes: Cockroaches](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7467.html) · [University of Florida IFAS — American Cockroach, Periplaneta americana (EENY141/IN298)](https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN298)

## Common questions about the American cockroach

### What is the scientific name of the American cockroach?

The scientific name of the American cockroach is *Periplaneta americana*, in the family Blattidae. In Indonesian it is called Kecoa Amerika.

### Where can the American cockroach be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the American cockroach in: Settlements, including in Central Sulawesi and Central Kalimantan.

Source-supported habitats: [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/).

### What does the American cockroach eat?

Diet of the American cockroach: almost any organic matter, especially sweet or decaying food.

## Sources & references

1. [University of Florida IFAS — American Cockroach, Periplaneta americana (EENY141/IN298)](https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN298)
2. [Animal Diversity Web — Periplaneta americana (American cockroach)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Periplaneta_americana/)
3. [UC Statewide IPM Program — Pest Notes: Cockroaches](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7467.html)
4. [Kemenkes (Direktorat Jenderal Kesehatan Lanjutan) — Pengendalian vektor dan binatang pengganggu](https://keslan.kemkes.go.id/view_artikel/4240/pengendalian-vektor-dan-binatang-pengganggu)
5. [Proceeding Biology Education Conference (UNS) — Kundera & Bialangi (2018), Sensitivitas bakteri Gram negatif yang diisolasi dari kaki kecoa (Periplaneta americana) di area rumah sakit dan perumahan di Kota Palu](https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/prosbi/article/view/33326)
6. [Journal of Biotropical Research and Nature Technology (Universitas Palangka Raya) — Mirna et al. (2023), Identifikasi parasit pada saluran gastrointestinal kecoa](https://e-journal.upr.ac.id/index.php/borneo/article/view/8991)

## Keep exploring

- [Asian honey bee](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-honey-bee/)
- [Yellow fever mosquito](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/yellow-fever-mosquito/)
- [Scarlet Skimmer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocothemis-servilia/)
- [Chalky Percher](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/diplacodes-trivialis/)
- [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). American cockroach. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/american-cockroach/


---

# Asian honey bee

> The Asian honey bee (Apis cerana) is a native Indonesian honey bee that nests in cavities, pollinates plants and is kept for honey.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-honey-bee/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/lebah-madu-asia/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Asian honey bee (*Apis cerana*) is an invertebrate in the family Apidae.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Apis cerana* |
| Indonesian name | Lebah madu Asia |
| Group | Invertebrates |
| Family | Apidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan and Sulawesi; introduced to Papua |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/) |
| Diet | Nectar and pollen from many flowering plants |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, Sulawesi; introduced to Papua |
| Key feature | About 9 mm long; evenly black-striped abdomen |
| Other names | Eastern honey bee, Asiatic honey bee, lebah madu lokal |
| Risk to people | Painful sting; dangerous for people with allergies |

## What is the Asian honey bee (Apis cerana)?

The Asian honey bee (Apis cerana) is a cavity-nesting honey bee native to Asia, used for honey and pollination for thousands of years. According to Exotic Bee ID, its body is about 9 mm long, with colour varying between races. Koetz (2013) notes its abdomen has even black stripes throughout.

It is often confused with the widely kept, generally larger European honey bee (Apis mellifera). It also differs from the giant honey bee known locally as lebah hutan (Apis dorsata), whose honey is harvested from nests in trees. Koetz says the most reliable difference from A. mellifera is an extended radial vein on the hind wing.

Evidence: [Insects (MDPI) — Koetz (2013), Ecology, behaviour and control of Apis cerana with a focus on relevance to the Australian incursion](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4553504/) · [Exotic Bee ID (USDA APHIS / idtools) — Apis cerana](https://idtools.org/exotic_bee/index.cfm?packageID=1183&entityID=9006) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Bijaknya petani muda Majalengka sejak kenal lebah madu (2023)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2023/03/05/bijaknya-petani-muda-majalengka-sejak-kenal-lebah-madu/)

## Where does the Asian honey bee live?

The Asian honey bee ranges from Afghanistan to Japan and south through Indonesia, according to Koetz (2013). Indonesian populations studied come from Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, Flores, Timor, Kalimantan and Sulawesi. Bees from Java were deliberately taken to Papua in the late 1970s or 1980s and then spread across New Guinea.

It nests in tree hollows, rock crevices, caves and cavities in buildings, usually low down, at an average of one to two metres. In Padang, West Sumatra, most nests were in tree hollows, at 22 nests per square kilometre. In Central Sulawesi, where it lives alongside Apis nigrocincta, nests have been found only in farmland and villages.

Evidence: [Insects (MDPI) — Koetz (2013), Ecology, behaviour and control of Apis cerana with a focus on relevance to the Australian incursion](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4553504/)

## What does the Asian honey bee eat?

The Asian honey bee feeds on nectar and pollen from a wide range of flowering plants. Koetz (2013) notes that nectar supplies carbohydrates and pollen supplies protein for larvae and adults. A worker tends to collect only nectar or only pollen from one plant species all day, and foraging starts earlier than in European honey bees.

In Kiarapayung Biodiversity Park, Sumedang, West Java, researchers recorded 50 plant species from 24 families as its food sources. At Maribaya, West Bandung, about 68% of the pollen collected came from Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia), an invasive shrub. Dry-season food shortage is a major challenge for beekeeping.

Evidence: [Insects (MDPI) — Koetz (2013), Ecology, behaviour and control of Apis cerana with a focus on relevance to the Australian incursion](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4553504/) · [Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia — Asfiya et al. (2025), Eksplorasi potensi budi daya lebah madu Apis cerana Fabricius di Taman Kehati Kiarapayung, Jawa Barat](https://jurnal.pei-pusat.org/index.php/jei/article/view/900) · [Berita Biologi (BRIN) — Azzahra et al., Identifikasi tumbuhan berdasarkan struktur polen sebagai sumber pakan lebah madu (Apis cerana) di Maribaya, Lembang](https://ejournal.brin.go.id/berita_biologi/article/view/10211)

## How does the Asian honey bee live and nest?

The Asian honey bee lives in colonies that build several parallel combs inside an enclosed cavity. Exotic Bee ID puts a typical colony at about 7,000 bees, smaller than a European honey bee colony, and notes that it does not use propolis to seal the nest. Koetz (2013) reports average wild colony sizes of 6,884–14,745 bees.

Whole colonies sometimes abandon their nest (absconding) when food runs short, the nest deteriorates or they are disturbed repeatedly. In defence, bees shake their abdomens, hiss, and surround attacking wasps in a ‘bee ball’ that kills them by overheating; stinging is their main defence against vertebrates.

Evidence: [Exotic Bee ID (USDA APHIS / idtools) — Apis cerana](https://idtools.org/exotic_bee/index.cfm?packageID=1183&entityID=9006) · [Insects (MDPI) — Koetz (2013), Ecology, behaviour and control of Apis cerana with a focus on relevance to the Australian incursion](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4553504/)

## Why does the Asian honey bee matter, and how is it kept?

The Asian honey bee matters as a pollinator of wild plants and crops, and as a honey source for villagers. Koetz (2013) reports that its pollination increases fruit and seed set in many crops, and that it is more disease-resistant and needs less management than the European honey bee in many poorer parts of Asia.

In Majalengka, West Java, young beekeepers keep A. cerana in boxes in their yards; Mongabay Indonesia reports that each colony yields 1–2 kg of honey a month, depending on the flowering season. At the National Beekeeping Centre (Pusbahnas) in Parungpanjang, Bogor, a food-plant study for this local bee found kapok the densest.

Evidence: [Insects (MDPI) — Koetz (2013), Ecology, behaviour and control of Apis cerana with a focus on relevance to the Australian incursion](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4553504/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Bijaknya petani muda Majalengka sejak kenal lebah madu (2023)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2023/03/05/bijaknya-petani-muda-majalengka-sejak-kenal-lebah-madu/) · [Jurnal Nusa Sylva (Universitas Nusa Bangsa) — Mulyono et al. (2018), Kajian ketersediaan pakan lebah madu lokal (Apis cerana Fabr.)](https://ejournalunb.ac.id/index.php/JNS/article/view/3)

## What should you do if you meet Asian honey bees?

If you meet Asian honey bees, stay calm and do not swat at them, as this can provoke a sting. Do not disturb their nests. CDC advises moving away quickly if attacked by several bees, because a stinging bee releases a chemical that can attract others. Most stings cause only pain or itching, redness and slight swelling.

Seek medical care at a health facility promptly if signs of an allergic reaction appear, such as hives, swelling of the face, lips or throat, difficulty breathing or swallowing, dizziness or fainting, or nausea and vomiting. A BRIN researcher quoted by Mongabay names habitat loss and pesticides as the main threats to bees.

Evidence: [CDC NIOSH — Insects and Scorpions at Work](https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/outdoor-workers/about/insects-and-scorpions.html) · [RSUD Kabupaten Buleleng — Alergi sengatan lebah](https://rsud.bulelengkab.go.id/informasi/detail/artikel/alergi-sengatan-lebah-92) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Bijaknya petani muda Majalengka sejak kenal lebah madu (2023)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2023/03/05/bijaknya-petani-muda-majalengka-sejak-kenal-lebah-madu/)

## Common questions about the Asian honey bee

### What is the scientific name of the Asian honey bee?

The scientific name of the Asian honey bee is *Apis cerana*, in the family Apidae. In Indonesian it is called Lebah madu Asia.

### Where can the Asian honey bee be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Asian honey bee in: Sumatra, Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan and Sulawesi; introduced to Papua.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/).

### What does the Asian honey bee eat?

Diet of the Asian honey bee: nectar and pollen from many flowering plants.

## Sources & references

1. [Insects (MDPI) — Koetz (2013), Ecology, behaviour and control of Apis cerana with a focus on relevance to the Australian incursion](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4553504/)
2. [Exotic Bee ID (USDA APHIS / idtools) — Apis cerana](https://idtools.org/exotic_bee/index.cfm?packageID=1183&entityID=9006)
3. [Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia — Asfiya et al. (2025), Eksplorasi potensi budi daya lebah madu Apis cerana Fabricius di Taman Kehati Kiarapayung, Jawa Barat](https://jurnal.pei-pusat.org/index.php/jei/article/view/900)
4. [Berita Biologi (BRIN) — Azzahra et al., Identifikasi tumbuhan berdasarkan struktur polen sebagai sumber pakan lebah madu (Apis cerana) di Maribaya, Lembang](https://ejournal.brin.go.id/berita_biologi/article/view/10211)
5. [Jurnal Nusa Sylva (Universitas Nusa Bangsa) — Mulyono et al. (2018), Kajian ketersediaan pakan lebah madu lokal (Apis cerana Fabr.)](https://ejournalunb.ac.id/index.php/JNS/article/view/3)
6. [Mongabay Indonesia — Bijaknya petani muda Majalengka sejak kenal lebah madu (2023)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2023/03/05/bijaknya-petani-muda-majalengka-sejak-kenal-lebah-madu/)
7. [CDC NIOSH — Insects and Scorpions at Work](https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/outdoor-workers/about/insects-and-scorpions.html)
8. [RSUD Kabupaten Buleleng — Alergi sengatan lebah](https://rsud.bulelengkab.go.id/informasi/detail/artikel/alergi-sengatan-lebah-92)

## Keep exploring

- [American cockroach](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/american-cockroach/)
- [Wallace's golden birdwing](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/wallaces-golden-birdwing/)
- [Yellow fever mosquito](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/yellow-fever-mosquito/)
- [Scarlet Skimmer](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocothemis-servilia/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Asian honey bee. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-honey-bee/


---

# Sunda scops owl

> The Sunda scops owl (Otus lempiji) is a small owl with short ear tufts that lives in forest, gardens and wooded parks in Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Bali.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-scops-owl/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/celepuk-reban/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Sunda scops owl (*Otus lempiji*) is a bird in the family Strigidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Otus lempiji* |
| Indonesian name | Celepuk reban |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Strigidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan (Borneo) and Bali |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/) |
| Diet | Insects, lizards, frogs, rodents and small birds |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan and Bali |
| Key feature | Short ear tufts and a pale brown collar |
| Other names | Celepuk reban, manuk guwek (Javanese) |
| IUCN status | Least Concern (2024 assessment) |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/7340194) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Sunda scops owl?

The Sunda scops owl (Otus lempiji) is a small owl of the family Strigidae with short ear tufts and a pale brown collar. NParks Singapore gives its length as about 21 cm. Its underparts are brown with faint black streaks, and its eyes are dark.

It was once lumped with several relatives as a single species, Otus bakkamoena, but BirdLife International now treats it as a separate species. It can be told apart from the brown hawk-owl (Ninox scutulata), which is larger at about 30 cm, has a rounded head without ear tufts, and has yellow eyes.

Evidence: [National Parks Board Singapore (NParks) — In the Lonely 'Owl'](https://www.nparks.gov.sg/publications-resources/articles/in-the-lonely--owl) · [BirdLife International (DataZone) — Sunda Scops-owl Otus lempiji species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/sunda-scops-owl-otus-lempiji)

## Where does the Sunda scops owl live?

The Sunda scops owl lives on Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan and Bali, and also in Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei. BirdLife International lists lowland and montane forest, plantations, rural gardens and urban areas among its habitats, from sea level to about 2,000 m.

In Mount Merapi National Park it is found on the slopes up to 1,600 m and is fairly easy to find near villages. Even so, BirdLife rates it as moderately dependent on tree cover, and tree cover within its range has been shrinking.

Evidence: [BirdLife International (DataZone) — Sunda Scops-owl Otus lempiji species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/sunda-scops-owl-otus-lempiji) · [The Owl Pages — Sunda Scops Owl (Otus lempiji)](https://www.owlpages.com/owls/species.php?s=730) · [Balai Taman Nasional Gunung Merapi — Celepuk Reban](https://tngmerapi.id/satwa-liar/celepuk-reban/)

## What does the Sunda scops owl eat?

The Sunda scops owl eats insects and small animals. NParks Singapore lists cockroaches, beetles, lizards and rodents. At Mount Merapi its prey includes moths, grasshoppers, frogs and small birds. It usually perches on a low tree or shrub, then drops onto its prey.

In a bait-choice test by IPB University researchers (2013), Sunda scops owls ate more rat than beetle larvae, lizard, fish or cricket. The test was run to judge whether owls could serve as natural enemies of tree rats in oil palm plantations.

Evidence: [National Parks Board Singapore (NParks) — In the Lonely 'Owl'](https://www.nparks.gov.sg/publications-resources/articles/in-the-lonely--owl) · [Balai Taman Nasional Gunung Merapi — Celepuk Reban](https://tngmerapi.id/satwa-liar/celepuk-reban/) · [IPB University Repository — Aswari & Priyambodo (2013), Preferensi Burung Hantu Celepuk Reban (Otus lempiji Horsfield) terhadap Umpan](https://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/63703)

## How does the Sunda scops owl behave and breed?

The Sunda scops owl is active at night and is heard more often than seen. At Mount Merapi, pairs often call back and forth in duets. A study in Selangor, Malaysia, found that each owl's territorial call is distinct: 97.1% of recordings were matched to the right individual.

It nests in tree holes, between coconut fronds or in bamboo clumps. According to Mount Merapi National Park, it usually breeds in the rainy season, and the female lays two to three eggs per clutch.

Evidence: [Balai Taman Nasional Gunung Merapi — Celepuk Reban](https://tngmerapi.id/satwa-liar/celepuk-reban/) · [Journal of Raptor Research (BioOne) — Yee et al. (2016), Vocal Individuality of Sunda Scops-Owl (Otus lempiji) in Peninsular Malaysia](https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-raptor-research/volume-50/issue-4/JRR-15-76.1/Vocal-Individuality-of-Sunda-Scops-Owl-Otus-lempiji-in-Peninsular/10.3356/JRR-15-76.1.short)

## Why are Sunda scops owls sold in bird markets?

Sunda scops owls are sold because owls have become popular pets on Java and Bali since the late 2000s. Inside Science reports that TRAFFIC monitoring in 2016 found this species particularly popular with bird keepers. Surveys of 20 bird markets on Java and Bali in 2012–2016 estimated that at least 12,000 scops owls (genus Otus) are sold each year.

The researchers say most of these owls are taken from the wild. About half of the roughly 2,000 owls they saw were downy chicks taken from nests, and most were expected to die within weeks. BirdLife considers the population to be declining, although the species is still listed as Least Concern.

Evidence: [Mongabay — Harry Potter may have sparked illegal owl trade in Indonesia (2017)](https://news.mongabay.com/2017/07/harry-potter-may-have-sparked-illegal-owl-trade-in-indonesia/) · [Inside Science (American Institute of Physics) — 'Burung Harry Potter' Owls Found in Indonesian Markets](https://www.aip.org/inside-science/burung-harry-potter-owls-found-in-indonesian-markets) · [BirdLife International (DataZone) — Sunda Scops-owl Otus lempiji species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/sunda-scops-owl-otus-lempiji)

## What should you do if you find a Sunda scops owl?

If you see a Sunda scops owl in a tree or garden, watch from a distance and leave it alone. The species often lives near houses. NParks Singapore warns that disturbing nocturnal animals can disrupt their natural behaviour, so avoid approaching or harassing the bird.

Do not take chicks from nests or buy wild-caught owls; researchers consider this trade unsustainable. If you find an injured or threatened wild animal, report it to the local nature conservation agency (BKSDA), as the Bali BKSDA urges the public to do.

Evidence: [National Parks Board Singapore (NParks) — In the Lonely 'Owl'](https://www.nparks.gov.sg/publications-resources/articles/in-the-lonely--owl) · [Mongabay — Harry Potter may have sparked illegal owl trade in Indonesia (2017)](https://news.mongabay.com/2017/07/harry-potter-may-have-sparked-illegal-owl-trade-in-indonesia/) · [Balai KSDA Bali — Evakuasi elang ular bido di Desa Pemuteran dan pelepasliaran burung hasil sitaan (2026)](https://ksda-bali.go.id/berita/tim-bksda-bali-bergerak-ke-dua-lokasi-yang-berbeda-untuk-evakuasi-elang-ular-bido-spilornis-cheela-di-desa-pemuteran-dan-pelepasliaran-burung-hasil-sitaan-resor-ksda-gilimanuk)

## Common questions about the Sunda scops owl

### What is the scientific name of the Sunda scops owl?

The scientific name of the Sunda scops owl is *Otus lempiji*, in the family Strigidae. In Indonesian it is called Celepuk reban.

### Where can the Sunda scops owl be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Sunda scops owl in: Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan (Borneo) and Bali.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/).

### What does the Sunda scops owl eat?

Diet of the Sunda scops owl: insects, lizards, frogs, rodents and small birds.

### What is the conservation status of the Sunda scops owl?

On the IUCN Red List, the Sunda scops owl is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/7340194), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Sunda scops owl is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [BirdLife International (DataZone) — Sunda Scops-owl Otus lempiji species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/sunda-scops-owl-otus-lempiji)
2. [National Parks Board Singapore (NParks) — In the Lonely 'Owl'](https://www.nparks.gov.sg/publications-resources/articles/in-the-lonely--owl)
3. [Balai Taman Nasional Gunung Merapi — Celepuk Reban](https://tngmerapi.id/satwa-liar/celepuk-reban/)
4. [IPB University Repository — Aswari & Priyambodo (2013), Preferensi Burung Hantu Celepuk Reban (Otus lempiji Horsfield) terhadap Umpan](https://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/63703)
5. [Journal of Raptor Research (BioOne) — Yee et al. (2016), Vocal Individuality of Sunda Scops-Owl (Otus lempiji) in Peninsular Malaysia](https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-raptor-research/volume-50/issue-4/JRR-15-76.1/Vocal-Individuality-of-Sunda-Scops-Owl-Otus-lempiji-in-Peninsular/10.3356/JRR-15-76.1.short)
6. [Mongabay — Harry Potter may have sparked illegal owl trade in Indonesia (2017)](https://news.mongabay.com/2017/07/harry-potter-may-have-sparked-illegal-owl-trade-in-indonesia/)
7. [Inside Science (American Institute of Physics) — 'Burung Harry Potter' Owls Found in Indonesian Markets](https://www.aip.org/inside-science/burung-harry-potter-owls-found-in-indonesian-markets)
8. [The Owl Pages — Sunda Scops Owl (Otus lempiji)](https://www.owlpages.com/owls/species.php?s=730)
9. [Balai KSDA Bali — Evakuasi elang ular bido di Desa Pemuteran dan pelepasliaran burung hasil sitaan (2026)](https://ksda-bali.go.id/berita/tim-bksda-bali-bergerak-ke-dua-lokasi-yang-berbeda-untuk-evakuasi-elang-ular-bido-spilornis-cheela-di-desa-pemuteran-dan-pelepasliaran-burung-hasil-sitaan-resor-ksda-gilimanuk)

## Keep exploring

- [Barn owl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/barn-owl/)
- [Black-capped lory](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-capped-lory/)
- [Common hill myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/common-hill-myna/)
- [Crested serpent eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-serpent-eagle/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Sunda scops owl. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-scops-owl/


---

# Crested serpent eagle

> The crested serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela) is a snake-eating eagle of forest edges in Sumatra, Java, Bali and Borneo, and is protected in Indonesia.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-serpent-eagle/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/elang-ular-bido/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Crested serpent eagle (*Spilornis cheela*) is a bird in the family Accipitridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Spilornis cheela* |
| Indonesian name | Elang ular bido |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Accipitridae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Java, Bali and Kalimantan (Borneo) |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/), [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/) |
| Diet | Snakes (including venomous ones), lizards, frogs, small mammals, birds |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Java, Bali and Kalimantan |
| Key feature | Black crest; broad pale band on wings and tail in flight |
| Other names | Elang ular bido, crested serpent-eagle |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Protected under ministerial regulation P.106/2018 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480433) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the crested serpent eagle?

The crested serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela) is a medium-sized eagle best known for eating snakes. Animal Diversity Web gives a length of 55–76 cm and a wingspan of 109–169 cm. Adults are dark brown with a blackish hood, white-spotted underparts, and bare yellow skin around the eyes and bill.

In flight it shows a broad pale band across the wings and tail and holds its wings in a shallow V. It raises its black crest when alarmed. Sulawesi has a relative, the Sulawesi serpent eagle (Spilornis rufipectus), a separate species that is also on Indonesia's protected list.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Spilornis cheela (crested serpent eagle)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Spilornis_cheela/) · [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Where does the crested serpent eagle live?

In Indonesia the crested serpent eagle lives on Sumatra, Java, Bali and Kalimantan, with different subspecies in each area; for example, S. c. bido occurs on Java and Bali. Beyond Indonesia it ranges from India and southern China to the Philippines.

It favours forest edges, where it can soar and hunt. Animal Diversity Web lists dry to wet forest, plantations, wooded savanna and mangroves, up to 1,900 m. BirdLife notes that it readily uses plantations and open areas, but ADW says it still needs some forest to hunt and nest in.

Evidence: [The Eagle Directory — Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela) (salinan arsip Wayback Machine)](https://web.archive.org/web/20200728185713/http://eagleencyclopedia.org:80/species/crested_serpent_eagle.html) · [Animal Diversity Web — Spilornis cheela (crested serpent eagle)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Spilornis_cheela/) · [BirdLife International (DataZone) — Crested Serpent-eagle Spilornis cheela species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/crested-serpent-eagle-spilornis-cheela)

## What does the crested serpent eagle eat?

The crested serpent eagle feeds mainly on snakes, including venomous species, according to Animal Diversity Web. It also takes lizards, frogs, small mammals and birds. The Bali nature conservation agency (BKSDA Bali) describes it as a top predator of snakes, reptiles, frogs and small mammals.

It usually hunts from a perch, waiting for long periods on a branch near a clearing or stream before dropping onto prey on the ground. It can also hunt while soaring. Because it eats many snakes and rodents, it is thought to help keep their numbers in check.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Spilornis cheela (crested serpent eagle)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Spilornis_cheela/) · [The Eagle Directory — Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela) (salinan arsip Wayback Machine)](https://web.archive.org/web/20200728185713/http://eagleencyclopedia.org:80/species/crested_serpent_eagle.html) · [Balai KSDA Bali — Evakuasi elang ular bido di Desa Pemuteran dan pelepasliaran burung hasil sitaan (2026)](https://ksda-bali.go.id/berita/tim-bksda-bali-bergerak-ke-dua-lokasi-yang-berbeda-untuk-evakuasi-elang-ular-bido-spilornis-cheela-di-desa-pemuteran-dan-pelepasliaran-burung-hasil-sitaan-resor-ksda-gilimanuk)

## How does the crested serpent eagle breed?

Crested serpent eagles live in pairs all year, and pairs are often seen soaring and calling over their territory. The call is shrill and often has three notes. Both birds build a nest of twigs lined with fresh leaves, usually in a tall tree near water such as a stream.

Usually only one egg is recorded per nest. Animal Diversity Web says the female incubates for about 35 days and the chick flies about two months after hatching. The head of the Kamojang Eagle Conservation Centre, quoted by Mongabay Indonesia, warns that trade hits eagles hard because they lay only one or two eggs.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Spilornis cheela (crested serpent eagle)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Spilornis_cheela/) · [The Eagle Directory — Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela) (salinan arsip Wayback Machine)](https://web.archive.org/web/20200728185713/http://eagleencyclopedia.org:80/species/crested_serpent_eagle.html) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Meski Mulai Ada Penyerahan, Elang Masih Terancam Perburuan (2017)](https://mongabay.co.id/2017/01/26/meski-mulai-ada-penyerahan-elang-masih-terancam-perburuan/)

## Can you keep a crested serpent eagle as a pet?

No, the crested serpent eagle is a protected species in Indonesia under ministerial regulation P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018, as the Bali BKSDA confirms. The secretary-general of Raptor Indonesia told Mongabay Indonesia that protected eagles may not be kept, held or owned privately.

Even so, eagles are still traded. The Kamojang Eagle Conservation Centre estimated that 30–40 eagles are displayed for sale in West Java's bird markets each year, and sales have shifted to social media.

Evidence: [Balai KSDA Bali — Evakuasi elang ular bido di Desa Pemuteran dan pelepasliaran burung hasil sitaan (2026)](https://ksda-bali.go.id/berita/tim-bksda-bali-bergerak-ke-dua-lokasi-yang-berbeda-untuk-evakuasi-elang-ular-bido-spilornis-cheela-di-desa-pemuteran-dan-pelepasliaran-burung-hasil-sitaan-resor-ksda-gilimanuk) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Raptor dan Ruang Hidupnya: Dari Riset Elang Jawa Sampai Tekanan Perdagangan Online (2026)](https://mongabay.co.id/2026/02/27/raptor-di-indonesia-dari-elang-jawa-hingga-tekanan-perdagangan-online/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Meski Mulai Ada Penyerahan, Elang Masih Terancam Perburuan (2017)](https://mongabay.co.id/2017/01/26/meski-mulai-ada-penyerahan-elang-masih-terancam-perburuan/)

## What should you do if you find a crested serpent eagle?

If you find a crested serpent eagle that is injured, has fallen, or has entered a settlement, report it to the local nature conservation agency (BKSDA). In May 2026 one fell after hitting a window while hunting in Pemuteran village, Buleleng, Bali. A resident reported it, a vet checked it, and it was released into forest in North Bali.

Do not buy eagles from markets or social media; eagle conservationists say birds on sale are generally taken from the wild. Seized and surrendered eagles are usually rehabilitated before release. One female in Yogyakarta, for example, was cared for from 2014 and released only in 2018.

Evidence: [Balai KSDA Bali — Evakuasi elang ular bido di Desa Pemuteran dan pelepasliaran burung hasil sitaan (2026)](https://ksda-bali.go.id/berita/tim-bksda-bali-bergerak-ke-dua-lokasi-yang-berbeda-untuk-evakuasi-elang-ular-bido-spilornis-cheela-di-desa-pemuteran-dan-pelepasliaran-burung-hasil-sitaan-resor-ksda-gilimanuk) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Bertahun-tahun dalam Rehabilitasi, Akhirnya Elang Bido dan Alap-alap Kembali ke Alam (2018)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2018/01/31/bertahun-tahun-dalam-rehabilitasi-akhirnya-elang-bido-dan-alap-alap-kembali-ke-alam/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Meski Mulai Ada Penyerahan, Elang Masih Terancam Perburuan (2017)](https://mongabay.co.id/2017/01/26/meski-mulai-ada-penyerahan-elang-masih-terancam-perburuan/)

## Common questions about the Crested serpent eagle

### What is the scientific name of the Crested serpent eagle?

The scientific name of the Crested serpent eagle is *Spilornis cheela*, in the family Accipitridae. In Indonesian it is called Elang ular bido.

### Where can the Crested serpent eagle be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Crested serpent eagle in: Sumatra, Java, Bali and Kalimantan (Borneo).

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/), [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/).

### What does the Crested serpent eagle eat?

Diet of the Crested serpent eagle: snakes (including venomous ones), lizards, frogs, small mammals, birds.

### What is the conservation status of the Crested serpent eagle?

On the IUCN Red List, the Crested serpent eagle is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2480433), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Crested serpent eagle is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [BirdLife International (DataZone) — Crested Serpent-eagle Spilornis cheela species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/crested-serpent-eagle-spilornis-cheela)
2. [Animal Diversity Web — Spilornis cheela (crested serpent eagle)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Spilornis_cheela/)
3. [The Eagle Directory — Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela) (salinan arsip Wayback Machine)](https://web.archive.org/web/20200728185713/http://eagleencyclopedia.org:80/species/crested_serpent_eagle.html)
4. [Balai KSDA Bali — Evakuasi elang ular bido di Desa Pemuteran dan pelepasliaran burung hasil sitaan (2026)](https://ksda-bali.go.id/berita/tim-bksda-bali-bergerak-ke-dua-lokasi-yang-berbeda-untuk-evakuasi-elang-ular-bido-spilornis-cheela-di-desa-pemuteran-dan-pelepasliaran-burung-hasil-sitaan-resor-ksda-gilimanuk)
5. [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)
6. [Mongabay Indonesia — Meski Mulai Ada Penyerahan, Elang Masih Terancam Perburuan (2017)](https://mongabay.co.id/2017/01/26/meski-mulai-ada-penyerahan-elang-masih-terancam-perburuan/)
7. [Mongabay Indonesia — Raptor dan Ruang Hidupnya: Dari Riset Elang Jawa Sampai Tekanan Perdagangan Online (2026)](https://mongabay.co.id/2026/02/27/raptor-di-indonesia-dari-elang-jawa-hingga-tekanan-perdagangan-online/)
8. [Mongabay Indonesia — Bertahun-tahun dalam Rehabilitasi, Akhirnya Elang Bido dan Alap-alap Kembali ke Alam (2018)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2018/01/31/bertahun-tahun-dalam-rehabilitasi-akhirnya-elang-bido-dan-alap-alap-kembali-ke-alam/)

## Keep exploring

- [Bali myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bali-myna/)
- [Black-capped lory](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-capped-lory/)
- [Black-winged myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-winged-myna/)
- [Common hill myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/common-hill-myna/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/)
- [Sunda scops owl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-scops-owl/)
- [Javan pied starling](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-pied-starling/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Crested serpent eagle. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-serpent-eagle/


---

# Javan pied starling

> The Javan pied starling (Gracupica jalla) is a black-and-white starling of Java and Bali that may now be extinct in the wild because of the cagebird trade.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-pied-starling/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/jalak-suren/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Javan pied starling (*Gracupica jalla*) is a bird in the family Sturnidae.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Gracupica jalla* |
| Indonesian name | Jalak suren |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Sturnidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Java and Bali (now possibly extinct in the wild) |
| Linked habitats | [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/) |
| Diet | Earthworms, other soil invertebrates and fruit |
| Range in Indonesia | Java and Bali; possibly extinct in the wild |
| Key feature | Bare orange face patch and whitish-yellow bill |
| Other names | Jalak suren; formerly part of Asian pied starling |
| IUCN status | Critically Endangered, possibly extinct in the wild (2025) |

## What is the Javan pied starling?

The Javan pied starling (Gracupica jalla) is a black-and-white starling with a bare orange face, endemic to Java and Bali. Its bill is plain whitish-yellow, and the bare skin in front of the eye is reddish. BirdLife International lists it as Critically Endangered and possibly extinct in the wild.

It was long treated as a subspecies of the Asian pied starling (Gracupica contra) and was recognised as a full species in 2016. It differs from G. contra, which has a two-tone bill and only an orange eye-ring, and from the Siamese pied starling (G. floweri), which has white streaks on the crown.

Evidence: [BirdLife International (DataZone) — Javan Pied Starling Gracupica jalla species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/javan-pied-starling-gracupica-jalla) · [Universitas Gadjah Mada (ETD) — Populasi dan Habitat Jalak Suren Jawa Gracupica jalla Reintroduksi Prigen Conservation Breeding Ark Jawa Timur](https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/238527) · [Dibird (republishing BirdLife International) — A million caged, none in the wild: freeing the Javan Pied Starling](https://dibird.com/news/2610/)

## Where does the Javan pied starling live?

The Javan pied starling once lived in open country on Java and Bali but may now be extinct in the wild. Van Balen and Collar (2021) traced records from 168 localities on Java and 13 on Bali. Records from eastern Sumatra, including Bangka, are of unclear origin.

It favoured rice fields, crop fields, pasture and gardens up to about 1,500 m, and once formed large roosts inside cities. In November 2022, 40 birds were released in the grounds of Taman Safari Indonesia II at Prigen, East Java. Some have bred, but BirdLife does not yet count them as an established wild population.

Evidence: [Ardea (BioOne) — van Balen & Collar (2021), The Vanishing Act: A History and Natural History of the Javan Pied Starling Gracupica jalla](https://bioone.org/journals/ardea/volume-109/issue-1/arde.v109i1.a1/The-Vanishing-Act--A-History-and-Natural-History-of/10.5253/arde.v109i1.a1.full) · [BirdLife International (DataZone) — Javan Pied Starling Gracupica jalla species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/javan-pied-starling-gracupica-jalla) · [Universitas Gadjah Mada (ETD) — Populasi dan Habitat Jalak Suren Jawa Gracupica jalla Reintroduksi Prigen Conservation Breeding Ark Jawa Timur](https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/238527)

## What does the Javan pied starling eat?

The Javan pied starling feeds mainly on soil invertebrates and fruit, often eating crop pests, according to van Balen and Collar (2021). It frequently probes soil and dung for food. This 'prying' technique suits it to catching earthworms and other soft-bodied invertebrates.

At the Prigen release site, a UGM study (2024) found the starlings following grazing animals to pick up dung beetles and worms, mostly in grassland. Experts believe that pesticide use in farmland has greatly depleted its topsoil food supply.

Evidence: [Ardea (BioOne) — van Balen & Collar (2021), The Vanishing Act: A History and Natural History of the Javan Pied Starling Gracupica jalla](https://bioone.org/journals/ardea/volume-109/issue-1/arde.v109i1.a1/The-Vanishing-Act--A-History-and-Natural-History-of/10.5253/arde.v109i1.a1.full) · [Silent Forest (EAZA) — The extraordinary vanishing act of the Javan Pied Starling](https://www.silentforest.eu/the-extraordinary-vanishing-act-of-the-javan-pied-starling/) · [Universitas Gadjah Mada (ETD) — Populasi dan Habitat Jalak Suren Jawa Gracupica jalla Reintroduksi Prigen Conservation Breeding Ark Jawa Timur](https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/238527)

## How does the Javan pied starling breed?

The Javan pied starling can breed all year but does so mainly in response to the rains. Van Balen and Collar (2021) found peaks in January and May in West Java and in April in East Java. It builds untidy, conspicuous nests high in trees and usually lays three eggs (range two to four).

At Prigen, released birds nest most often in kapok trees (Ceiba pentandra). It breeds readily in captivity: a UGM study in Klaten found that one pair can produce up to 29 young a year.

Evidence: [Ardea (BioOne) — van Balen & Collar (2021), The Vanishing Act: A History and Natural History of the Javan Pied Starling Gracupica jalla](https://bioone.org/journals/ardea/volume-109/issue-1/arde.v109i1.a1/The-Vanishing-Act--A-History-and-Natural-History-of/10.5253/arde.v109i1.a1.full) · [Universitas Gadjah Mada (ETD) — Populasi dan Habitat Jalak Suren Jawa Gracupica jalla Reintroduksi Prigen Conservation Breeding Ark Jawa Timur](https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/238527) · [Universitas Gadjah Mada (ETD) — Evaluasi Penangkaran Jalak Suren Jawa (Gracupica jalla) sebagai Upaya Konservasi Ex-Situ di Kabupaten Klaten](https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/193151)

## Why has the Javan pied starling almost vanished from the wild?

The Javan pied starling has almost vanished from the wild mainly because of trapping for the cagebird trade, with pesticide use in farmland a suspected second cause. It was still common in the 1970s, but the collapse only became obvious in the late 1990s. Reports describe hundreds of trappers catching thousands of birds at a time and nests emptied before chicks fledged.

Yet it is abundant in cages: Silent Forest reports more than 1.1 million birds in Javan households, all from commercial breeders. Demand comes from pet keeping rather than singing contests. BirdLife calls this wholly unique: a bird possibly gone from the wild yet easy to buy.

Evidence: [BirdLife International (DataZone) — Javan Pied Starling Gracupica jalla species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/javan-pied-starling-gracupica-jalla) · [Mongabay — From common to captive, Javan pied starlings succumb to songbird trade (2021)](https://news.mongabay.com/2021/06/from-common-to-captive-javan-pied-starlings-succumb-to-songbird-trade/) · [Silent Forest (EAZA) — The extraordinary vanishing act of the Javan Pied Starling](https://www.silentforest.eu/the-extraordinary-vanishing-act-of-the-javan-pied-starling/)

## How can the Javan pied starling be protected?

The Javan pied starling can be saved through conservation breeding and release at sites safe from trapping and pesticides. BirdLife stresses that birds for release must be genetically pure, not hybrids with the Siamese pied starling. The bird curator at Prigen also warns that captive stock includes colour mutants and possibly hybrids.

The public can help by not buying wild-caught birds and not releasing pet birds casually: BirdLife regards most recent 'wild' records as likely escapes. Songbird campaigners quoted by Mongabay Indonesia stress that birds belong in nature, not in cages.

Evidence: [BirdLife International (DataZone) — Javan Pied Starling Gracupica jalla species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/javan-pied-starling-gracupica-jalla) · [Silent Forest (EAZA) — The extraordinary vanishing act of the Javan Pied Starling](https://www.silentforest.eu/the-extraordinary-vanishing-act-of-the-javan-pied-starling/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Nasib Jalak Suren, Diburu di Alam Liar untuk Diperlombakan Sebagai Burung Kicau (2021)](https://mongabay.co.id/2021/06/27/nasib-jalak-suren-diburu-di-alam-liar-untuk-diperlombakan-sebagai-burung-kicau/)

## Common questions about the Javan pied starling

### What is the scientific name of the Javan pied starling?

The scientific name of the Javan pied starling is *Gracupica jalla*, in the family Sturnidae. In Indonesian it is called Jalak suren.

### Where can the Javan pied starling be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Javan pied starling in: Java and Bali (now possibly extinct in the wild).

Source-supported habitats: [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/).

### What does the Javan pied starling eat?

Diet of the Javan pied starling: earthworms, other soil invertebrates and fruit.

## Sources & references

1. [BirdLife International (DataZone) — Javan Pied Starling Gracupica jalla species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/javan-pied-starling-gracupica-jalla)
2. [Ardea (BioOne) — van Balen & Collar (2021), The Vanishing Act: A History and Natural History of the Javan Pied Starling Gracupica jalla](https://bioone.org/journals/ardea/volume-109/issue-1/arde.v109i1.a1/The-Vanishing-Act--A-History-and-Natural-History-of/10.5253/arde.v109i1.a1.full)
3. [Mongabay — From common to captive, Javan pied starlings succumb to songbird trade (2021)](https://news.mongabay.com/2021/06/from-common-to-captive-javan-pied-starlings-succumb-to-songbird-trade/)
4. [Mongabay Indonesia — Nasib Jalak Suren, Diburu di Alam Liar untuk Diperlombakan Sebagai Burung Kicau (2021)](https://mongabay.co.id/2021/06/27/nasib-jalak-suren-diburu-di-alam-liar-untuk-diperlombakan-sebagai-burung-kicau/)
5. [Silent Forest (EAZA) — The extraordinary vanishing act of the Javan Pied Starling](https://www.silentforest.eu/the-extraordinary-vanishing-act-of-the-javan-pied-starling/)
6. [Universitas Gadjah Mada (ETD) — Populasi dan Habitat Jalak Suren Jawa Gracupica jalla Reintroduksi Prigen Conservation Breeding Ark Jawa Timur](https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/238527)
7. [Universitas Gadjah Mada (ETD) — Evaluasi Penangkaran Jalak Suren Jawa (Gracupica jalla) sebagai Upaya Konservasi Ex-Situ di Kabupaten Klaten](https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/193151)
8. [Dibird (republishing BirdLife International) — A million caged, none in the wild: freeing the Javan Pied Starling](https://dibird.com/news/2610/)

## Keep exploring

- [Bali myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bali-myna/)
- [Black-winged myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-winged-myna/)
- [Crested serpent eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-serpent-eagle/)
- [Green peafowl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-peafowl/)
- [Savannas](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Javan pied starling. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-pied-starling/


---

# Salmon-crested cockatoo

> The salmon-crested cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) is a large cockatoo endemic to Seram and Ambon in Maluku, listed as Endangered because of trapping for trade.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/salmon-crested-cockatoo/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/kakatua-maluku/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Salmon-crested cockatoo (*Cacatua moluccensis*) is a bird in the family Psittacidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Endangered.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Cacatua moluccensis* |
| Indonesian name | Kakatua Maluku |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Psittacidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Seram and Ambon, Maluku |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Berries, nuts, seeds, coconut, insects and their larvae |
| Range in Indonesia | Seram and Ambon; lost from Saparua and Haruku |
| Key feature | Pink-tinged white plumage, backward-curving salmon crest |
| Other names | Moluccan cockatoo, Seram cockatoo, kakatua Maluku |
| IUCN status | Endangered (2024 assessment) |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Protected under ministerial regulation P.106/2018 |
| IUCN status | Endangered · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2479898) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the salmon-crested cockatoo?

The salmon-crested cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) is a large cockatoo with pink-tinged white plumage and a long, backward-curving salmon crest. Mongabay Indonesia and Burung Indonesia give its length as about 46–52 cm. The underwings and undertail are yellowish-orange, the bill is grey-black, and the eye-ring is bluish-white.

BirdLife International notes that it is closely related to the white cockatoo (Cacatua alba) and has no subspecies. According to the World Parrot Trust, males have black eyes and females dark brown eyes.

Evidence: [Mongabay Indonesia — Si Burung Cantik yang Terus Diburu (2015)](https://mongabay.co.id/2015/03/09/si-burung-cantik-yang-terus-diburu/) · [BirdLife International (DataZone) — Salmon-crested Cockatoo Cacatua moluccensis species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/salmon-crested-cockatoo-cacatua-moluccensis) · [World Parrot Trust — Salmon-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis)](https://www.parrots.org/encyclopedia-of-parrots/salmon-crested-cockatoo)

## Where does the salmon-crested cockatoo live?

The salmon-crested cockatoo lives only in southern Maluku: on Seram and Ambon, and formerly on Saparua and Haruku. BirdLife reports no recent records from Saparua or Haruku and only a small population on Ambon, so almost all remaining birds are on Seram, including Manusela National Park.

It lives in lowland rainforest up to 1,400 m. The highest densities have been found in unlogged primary forest below 180 m, and its numbers are linked to strangler figs and large nesting trees. In the buffer zone of Manusela National Park, cockatoos also feed in villagers' fruit gardens.

Evidence: [BirdLife International (DataZone) — Salmon-crested Cockatoo Cacatua moluccensis species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/salmon-crested-cockatoo-cacatua-moluccensis) · [IPB University Repository — Pengelolaan Daerah Penyangga Taman Nasional Manusela untuk Konservasi Kakatua Maluku (Cacatua moluccensis)](https://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/97592)

## What does the salmon-crested cockatoo eat?

The salmon-crested cockatoo eats berries, nuts, seeds, coconuts, and insects and their larvae, according to BirdLife International. The World Parrot Trust specifically mentions young coconut (Cocos nucifera) in its diet.

Most of its food comes from lowland forest, but it also visits villagers' fruit gardens right next to Manusela National Park. An IPB University study found that this habit leaves cockatoos in the buffer zone exposed to hunting, because the area outside the park is not well monitored.

Evidence: [BirdLife International (DataZone) — Salmon-crested Cockatoo Cacatua moluccensis species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/salmon-crested-cockatoo-cacatua-moluccensis) · [World Parrot Trust — Salmon-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis)](https://www.parrots.org/encyclopedia-of-parrots/salmon-crested-cockatoo) · [IPB University Repository — Pengelolaan Daerah Penyangga Taman Nasional Manusela untuk Konservasi Kakatua Maluku (Cacatua moluccensis)](https://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/97592)

## How does the salmon-crested cockatoo breed?

The salmon-crested cockatoo nests high in tree hollows and lays two eggs, with breeding starting around July–August, according to the World Parrot Trust. In the buffer zone of Manusela National Park, IPB University researchers found nests in four large tree species, including Pometia pinnata and Octomeles sumatrana, all over 50 cm in diameter and 15 m tall.

Outside the breeding season it can gather in groups of up to 16 birds; when breeding it is usually seen alone or in pairs. Like other cockatoos it is long-lived and slow to breed. BirdLife puts its generation length at 21.4 years, so recovery could take many decades.

Evidence: [World Parrot Trust — Salmon-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis)](https://www.parrots.org/encyclopedia-of-parrots/salmon-crested-cockatoo) · [IPB University Repository — Pengelolaan Daerah Penyangga Taman Nasional Manusela untuk Konservasi Kakatua Maluku (Cacatua moluccensis)](https://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/97592) · [BirdLife International (DataZone) — Salmon-crested Cockatoo Cacatua moluccensis species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/salmon-crested-cockatoo-cacatua-moluccensis)

## Why is the salmon-crested cockatoo endangered?

The salmon-crested cockatoo is endangered mainly because of heavy trapping for the pet trade, made worse by logging and clearing of lowland forest. BirdLife estimates a 50–79% decline since 1959. An estimated 74,509 birds were exported from Indonesia in 1981–1990, and at least 10,000 a year were taken from Seram in the 1980s.

Reported international trade fell to zero in the 1990s and the species is now on CITES Appendix I, but trapping for the domestic market, mainly supplying Java, continues. BirdLife estimates 20,000–62,000 mature birds (2023). In parts of Manusela National Park density has collapsed to 1.6 birds per km², against 15.28 at a strictly protected site.

Evidence: [BirdLife International (DataZone) — Salmon-crested Cockatoo Cacatua moluccensis species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/salmon-crested-cockatoo-cacatua-moluccensis) · [World Parrot Trust — Salmon-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis)](https://www.parrots.org/encyclopedia-of-parrots/salmon-crested-cockatoo) · [Mongabay — On an Indonesian island, an ancient ritual evolves to protect an endangered cockatoo (2026)](https://news.mongabay.com/2026/08/on-an-indonesian-island-an-ancient-ritual-evolves-to-protect-an-endangered-cockatoo/)

## How can the salmon-crested cockatoo be protected?

The salmon-crested cockatoo is protected under ministerial regulation P.106/2018, and Indonesian conservation law prohibits capturing or killing it. People can help by not buying cockatoos or their feathers, which were even found for sale online in 2024, and by reporting trade to the BKSDA. BKSDA Maluku releases seized birds, for example seven at Tanjung Sial, West Seram, in 2021.

Community action matters too. The Indigenous Huaulu people of Seram now use naturally shed feathers from rehabilitation centres and zoos for their Cidaku initiation ritual instead of hunting cockatoos. Burung Indonesia warns that wildlife trafficking and habitat loss must be tackled at the same time.

Evidence: [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf) · [Mongabay — On an Indonesian island, an ancient ritual evolves to protect an endangered cockatoo (2026)](https://news.mongabay.com/2026/08/on-an-indonesian-island-an-ancient-ritual-evolves-to-protect-an-endangered-cockatoo/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Satwa-satwa Ini Kembali Hidup Bebas di Pulau Seram (2021)](https://mongabay.co.id/2021/03/03/satwa-satwa-ini-kembali-hidup-bebas-di-pulau-seram/)

## Common questions about the Salmon-crested cockatoo

### What is the scientific name of the Salmon-crested cockatoo?

The scientific name of the Salmon-crested cockatoo is *Cacatua moluccensis*, in the family Psittacidae. In Indonesian it is called Kakatua Maluku.

### Where can the Salmon-crested cockatoo be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Salmon-crested cockatoo in: Seram and Ambon, Maluku.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Salmon-crested cockatoo eat?

Diet of the Salmon-crested cockatoo: berries, nuts, seeds, coconut, insects and their larvae.

### What is the conservation status of the Salmon-crested cockatoo?

On the IUCN Red List, the Salmon-crested cockatoo is listed as Endangered: it is considered to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2479898), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Salmon-crested cockatoo is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [BirdLife International (DataZone) — Salmon-crested Cockatoo Cacatua moluccensis species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/salmon-crested-cockatoo-cacatua-moluccensis)
2. [Mongabay Indonesia — Si Burung Cantik yang Terus Diburu (2015)](https://mongabay.co.id/2015/03/09/si-burung-cantik-yang-terus-diburu/)
3. [World Parrot Trust — Salmon-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis)](https://www.parrots.org/encyclopedia-of-parrots/salmon-crested-cockatoo)
4. [IPB University Repository — Pengelolaan Daerah Penyangga Taman Nasional Manusela untuk Konservasi Kakatua Maluku (Cacatua moluccensis)](https://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/97592)
5. [Mongabay — On an Indonesian island, an ancient ritual evolves to protect an endangered cockatoo (2026)](https://news.mongabay.com/2026/08/on-an-indonesian-island-an-ancient-ritual-evolves-to-protect-an-endangered-cockatoo/)
6. [Mongabay Indonesia — Satwa-satwa Ini Kembali Hidup Bebas di Pulau Seram (2021)](https://mongabay.co.id/2021/03/03/satwa-satwa-ini-kembali-hidup-bebas-di-pulau-seram/)
7. [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Further reading

[Cockatoo: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/cockatoo/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Yellow-crested cockatoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/yellow-crested-cockatoo/)
- [Black-capped lory](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-capped-lory/)
- [Common hill myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/common-hill-myna/)
- [Crested serpent eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-serpent-eagle/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Salmon-crested cockatoo. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/salmon-crested-cockatoo/


---

# Black-capped lory

> The black-capped lory (Lorius lory) is a red, black-capped parrot of Papua's forests. It is protected in Indonesia yet is among Papua's most-traded birds.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-capped-lory/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/nuri-kepala-hitam/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Black-capped lory (*Lorius lory*) is a bird in the family Psittacidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Lorius lory* |
| Indonesian name | Nuri kepala hitam |
| Group | Birds |
| Family | Psittacidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Indonesian New Guinea (Papua), including Raja Ampat, Biak and Yapen |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/) |
| Diet | Flower nectar and pollen, fruit, small insects |
| Range in Indonesia | Indonesian New Guinea and nearby islands |
| Key feature | Red body, black cap, green wings, blue lower breast |
| Other names | Western black-capped lory, tricolored lory |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Protected under ministerial regulation P.106/2018 |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2479418) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the black-capped lory?

The black-capped lory (Lorius lory) is a parrot of the lory group with mainly red plumage and a black cap. The World Parrot Trust describes the nominate form as having a dark blue band on the nape, bronze-green wings, a dark blue lower breast, and a red tail with a broad blue-black tip. The bill is yellow-orange and the bird weighs 200–260 g.

Indonesia's protected-species regulation P.106/2018 lists it as kasturi kepala hitam. The World Parrot Trust recognises seven subspecies, which differ in how much blue and black they show on the breast, nape and wings. Males and females look alike.

Evidence: [World Parrot Trust — Black-capped Lory (Lorius lory)](https://www.parrots.org/encyclopedia-of-parrots/black-capped-lory) · [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Where does the black-capped lory live?

The black-capped lory lives on New Guinea, in both Indonesian Papua and Papua New Guinea. According to the World Parrot Trust, in Indonesia it occurs on the Raja Ampat islands (Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati and Misool), the Bird's Head (Vogelkop) Peninsula, the Bomberai Peninsula and the island's south, the north coast from the Mamberamo River to Yos Sudarso Bay, and Yapen, Mios Num and Biak.

It lives in primary forest, forest edges and well-grown secondary forest up to 1,000 m, and also in partly cleared areas, dryland forest and swamp forest. BirdLife rates it as highly dependent on forest.

Evidence: [World Parrot Trust — Black-capped Lory (Lorius lory)](https://www.parrots.org/encyclopedia-of-parrots/black-capped-lory) · [BirdLife International (DataZone) — Black-capped Lory Lorius lory species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/black-capped-lory-lorius-lory)

## What does the black-capped lory eat?

The black-capped lory feeds mainly on flower nectar and pollen, plus fruit and small insects. The World Parrot Trust lists the flowers of Syzygium, Freycinetia and Schefflera among its food plants. It forages in the middle storey and the canopy of the forest.

It is usually seen in pairs or small groups, but ten or more may gather to feed in a flowering tree. It is quiet and inconspicuous for much of the day but very active at dawn and dusk.

Evidence: [World Parrot Trust — Black-capped Lory (Lorius lory)](https://www.parrots.org/encyclopedia-of-parrots/black-capped-lory)

## How does the black-capped lory breed?

The black-capped lory nests in tree cavities and lays two elliptical eggs, according to the World Parrot Trust, with breeding recorded in May–July. Young birds resemble adults but have a brown bill, brown eyes and pale grey skin around the eye.

In flight it gives raucous two- or three-note whistles, and it whistles and squeaks when perched. It is also a good mimic: one captive pair learned to copy chickens, gulls, steam whistles and dogs. A study of trade in Papua found that parrot prices depend on plumage and the ability to mimic sounds.

Evidence: [World Parrot Trust — Black-capped Lory (Lorius lory)](https://www.parrots.org/encyclopedia-of-parrots/black-capped-lory) · [Rare Bird Alert — Wildlife Under Pressure: New Study Exposes Illegal Trade in Papua (2025)](https://www.rarebirdalert.co.uk/v2/Content/Wildlife_Under_Pressure_New_Study_Exposes_Illegal_Trade_in_Papua.aspx?s_id=1013583152)

## Why is the black-capped lory so heavily traded?

The black-capped lory is hunted because it is in demand as a pet, and hunting brings cash to people with few other economic options. The head of technical affairs at BBKSDA Papua named it among the most-hunted species in Papua. A 2025 study likewise found it was the most heavily traded of 82 species recorded in Papua's wildlife trade.

Most animals taken from Papua are sent to Java and Maluku. Birds are often stuffed into plastic bottles or boxes to get past airport and seaport checks. In 2024 Mongabay found two black-capped lories chained to perches in a shop in Morowali, Central Sulawesi, each priced at 1.8 million rupiah.

Evidence: [Betahita — Jawa dan Maluku, Tujuan Perdagangan Satwa Ilegal dari Tanah Papua (2024)](https://papua.betahita.id/news/lipsus/10573/jawa-dan-maluku-tujuan-perdagangan-satwa-ilegal-dari-tanah-papua.html?v=1726047475) · [Rare Bird Alert — Wildlife Under Pressure: New Study Exposes Illegal Trade in Papua (2025)](https://www.rarebirdalert.co.uk/v2/Content/Wildlife_Under_Pressure_New_Study_Exposes_Illegal_Trade_in_Papua.aspx?s_id=1013583152) · [Mongabay — In eastern Indonesia, forest bird trade flies quietly under social media radar (2024)](https://news.mongabay.com/2024/06/in-eastern-indonesia-forest-bird-trade-flies-quietly-under-social-media-radar/)

## How can the black-capped lory be protected?

The black-capped lory is protected under ministerial regulation P.106/2018, and Indonesia's conservation law (Law No. 5 of 1990) prohibits catching, keeping, transporting or trading protected animals. Do not buy lories from markets, shops or social media, and report sales to the local BKSDA.

BBKSDA Papua regularly returns and releases lories that were seized or handed over by the public: 59 were released in 2021 and 72 in 2023. In March 2026 BKSDA Maluku also secured an ownerless black-capped lory on a passenger ship at Yos Sudarso port, Ambon, for rehabilitation before release.

Evidence: [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf) · [Kompas.com (Lestari) — Nuri Kepala Hitam Papua Ditemukan di Kapal, BKSDA Maluku Langsung Bertindak (2026)](https://lestari.kompas.com/read/2026/03/05/121800186/nuri-kepala-hitam-papua-ditemukan-di-kapal-bksda-maluku-langsung-bertindak) · [Betahita — Jawa dan Maluku, Tujuan Perdagangan Satwa Ilegal dari Tanah Papua (2024)](https://papua.betahita.id/news/lipsus/10573/jawa-dan-maluku-tujuan-perdagangan-satwa-ilegal-dari-tanah-papua.html?v=1726047475)

## Common questions about the Black-capped lory

### What is the scientific name of the Black-capped lory?

The scientific name of the Black-capped lory is *Lorius lory*, in the family Psittacidae. In Indonesian it is called Nuri kepala hitam.

### Where can the Black-capped lory be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Black-capped lory in: Indonesian New Guinea (Papua), including Raja Ampat, Biak and Yapen.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/).

### What does the Black-capped lory eat?

Diet of the Black-capped lory: flower nectar and pollen, fruit, small insects.

### What is the conservation status of the Black-capped lory?

On the IUCN Red List, the Black-capped lory is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2479418), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Black-capped lory is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [BirdLife International (DataZone) — Black-capped Lory Lorius lory species factsheet](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/black-capped-lory-lorius-lory)
2. [World Parrot Trust — Black-capped Lory (Lorius lory)](https://www.parrots.org/encyclopedia-of-parrots/black-capped-lory)
3. [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)
4. [Betahita — Jawa dan Maluku, Tujuan Perdagangan Satwa Ilegal dari Tanah Papua (2024)](https://papua.betahita.id/news/lipsus/10573/jawa-dan-maluku-tujuan-perdagangan-satwa-ilegal-dari-tanah-papua.html?v=1726047475)
5. [Rare Bird Alert — Wildlife Under Pressure: New Study Exposes Illegal Trade in Papua (2025)](https://www.rarebirdalert.co.uk/v2/Content/Wildlife_Under_Pressure_New_Study_Exposes_Illegal_Trade_in_Papua.aspx?s_id=1013583152)
6. [Mongabay — In eastern Indonesia, forest bird trade flies quietly under social media radar (2024)](https://news.mongabay.com/2024/06/in-eastern-indonesia-forest-bird-trade-flies-quietly-under-social-media-radar/)
7. [Kompas.com (Lestari) — Nuri Kepala Hitam Papua Ditemukan di Kapal, BKSDA Maluku Langsung Bertindak (2026)](https://lestari.kompas.com/read/2026/03/05/121800186/nuri-kepala-hitam-papua-ditemukan-di-kapal-bksda-maluku-langsung-bertindak)

## Keep exploring

- [Barn owl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/barn-owl/)
- [Common hill myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/common-hill-myna/)
- [Crested serpent eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-serpent-eagle/)
- [Flores hawk-eagle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/flores-hawk-eagle/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/)
- [Sunda scops owl](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-scops-owl/)
- [Salmon-crested cockatoo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/salmon-crested-cockatoo/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Black-capped lory. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-capped-lory/


---

# Lesser short-nosed fruit bat

> The lesser short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus brachyotis) is a common small fruit bat of Indonesian towns and forests that spreads seeds and pollinates flowers.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lesser-short-nosed-fruit-bat/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/codot-krawar/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Lesser short-nosed fruit bat (*Cynopterus brachyotis*) is a mammal in the family Pteropodidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Cynopterus brachyotis* |
| Indonesian name | Codot krawar |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Pteropodidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Java, Bali, Kalimantan (Borneo) and Sulawesi |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/), [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/) |
| Diet | Juice and pulp of soft fruit, nectar, pollen, leaves |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Java, Bali, Kalimantan and Sulawesi |
| Key feature | Dog-like face, large eyes, white-edged ears |
| Other names | Codot krawar (Indonesian) |
| IUCN status | Least Concern |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2432837) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the lesser short-nosed fruit bat?

The lesser short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus brachyotis) is a small fruit-eating bat of the family Pteropodidae. It has a dog-like face with large dark eyes, brown to yellowish-brown fur, and usually white edges to the ears and wings. Malaysia's MyBIS gives a forearm length of 55–65 mm and an adult weight of about 21–32 g.

Adult males have a dark orange collar and females a yellowish one. Seven Cynopterus species occur in Indonesia, so it is easily confused with relatives such as C. sphinx, which has larger ears on average. Studies have also found two distinct forms, nicknamed 'Sunda' and 'Forest', so its taxonomy is still debated.

Evidence: [Malaysia Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS) — Cynopterus brachyotis](https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/162) · [Animal Diversity Web — Cynopterus brachyotis (lesser short-nosed fruit bat)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cynopterus_brachyotis/) · [Biodiversitas — Mubarok et al. (2021), Karyotype variation in lesser short-nosed fruit bat Cynopterus brachyotis from Special Region Yogyakarta, Indonesia (PDF)](https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/download/8199/4781/41264)

## Where does the lesser short-nosed fruit bat live?

In Indonesia the lesser short-nosed fruit bat is recorded on Sumatra, Java, Bali, Kalimantan and Sulawesi. Elsewhere it ranges across Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia and the Philippines. MyBIS calls it one of the commonest and most widespread fruit bats in the region.

It uses many habitats, but most often disturbed and fragmented areas. On Java, researchers caught it in towns, coffee and rubber plantations, pine forest, secondary forest, natural forest and mangroves. In Malaysia it also lives in more mature forest, from the lowlands to the hills.

Evidence: [Biodiversitas — Mubarok et al. (2021), Karyotype variation in lesser short-nosed fruit bat Cynopterus brachyotis from Special Region Yogyakarta, Indonesia (PDF)](https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/download/8199/4781/41264) · [Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (PMC) — Phylogenetic and genetic variation analysis of Cynopterus brachyotis on Java island, Indonesia (2023)](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9813318/) · [Malaysia Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS) — Cynopterus brachyotis](https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/162)

## What does the lesser short-nosed fruit bat eat?

The lesser short-nosed fruit bat feeds mainly on small fruits, sucking out the juice and soft pulp and spitting out the seeds and fibre as a flat pellet. A study in Peninsular Malaysia (Tan et al., 1998) recorded fruits of 54 plant species in its diet, including bananas, mango and rose apple (Eugenia jambos).

It also eats the leaves of 14 plant species, flower parts, nectar and pollen, and insect remains are sometimes found in its stomach. On Java, researchers set their nets near Jamaican cherry (Muntingia calabura) and fig (Ficus) trees to catch it.

Evidence: [Malaysia Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS) — Cynopterus brachyotis](https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/162) · [Biodiversitas — Mubarok et al. (2021), Karyotype variation in lesser short-nosed fruit bat Cynopterus brachyotis from Special Region Yogyakarta, Indonesia (PDF)](https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/download/8199/4781/41264) · [Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (PMC) — Phylogenetic and genetic variation analysis of Cynopterus brachyotis on Java island, Indonesia (2023)](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9813318/)

## How does the lesser short-nosed fruit bat live and breed?

The lesser short-nosed fruit bat is known as a tent-making bat. According to MyBIS and Animal Diversity Web, dominant males chew the ribs of leaves from eight broad-leaved palm species until they fold into umbrella-like tents, then attract females to them. A group is usually one male with about four females, sometimes up to 20. It also roosts in other trees or bright parts of caves.

Females give birth to a single young, which they carry for more than a month. In Peninsular Malaysia it appears to breed all year round, and pregnant females can be found at any time. Gestation is thought to last about 120 days.

Evidence: [Malaysia Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS) — Cynopterus brachyotis](https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/162) · [Animal Diversity Web — Cynopterus brachyotis (lesser short-nosed fruit bat)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cynopterus_brachyotis/)

## How does the lesser short-nosed fruit bat help pollinate plants and spread seeds?

The lesser short-nosed fruit bat disperses the seeds of more than ten plants and helps pollinate them, according to UGM and LIPI researchers. They belong to families such as Anacardiaceae (the mango family), Myrtaceae (the guava family), Fabaceae, Rubiaceae and Loranthaceae. Because it eats fruit from so many plants, Tan et al. (1998) considered it a very important seed disperser.

Fruit bats in general are thought to pollinate many fruit crops. In Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, a UGM expert quoted by Mongabay Indonesia lists durian, guava, mango, jackfruit and petai as crops that need bat pollination. This species is among the fruit bats recorded in that karst area, at Kalisuci Cave.

Evidence: [Biodiversitas — Mubarok et al. (2021), Karyotype variation in lesser short-nosed fruit bat Cynopterus brachyotis from Special Region Yogyakarta, Indonesia (PDF)](https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/download/8199/4781/41264) · [Malaysia Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS) — Cynopterus brachyotis](https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/162) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Bagaimana Nasib Kelelawar, Sang Penyerbuk dan Pengendali Serangga Kala Karst Gunungsewu Terpangkas? (2023)](https://mongabay.co.id/2023/03/30/bagaimana-nasib-kelelawar-sang-penyerbuk-dan-penggendali-serangga-kala-karst-gunungsewu-terpangkas/)

## What should you do if fruit bats visit your home or orchard?

If lesser short-nosed fruit bats visit your garden or home, do not kill them or handle them with bare hands. They can damage some fruit, but they also spread seeds and pollinate flowers. In Luwu, South Sulawesi, some villagers simply hang cans on a rope and pull it to scare bats away during the fruit season.

Researchers note that bats are natural hosts of various viruses, including lyssaviruses. A LIPI researcher advises against eating bats or destroying their habitat. If you are bitten or scratched by a bat, seek medical care at a health facility immediately.

Evidence: [Animal Diversity Web — Cynopterus brachyotis (lesser short-nosed fruit bat)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cynopterus_brachyotis/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Mengenal Kelelawar, Satwa Penyerbuk Tanaman dan Pengendali Hama (2020)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2020/05/28/mengenal-kelelawar-satwa-penyerbuk-tanaman-dan-pengendali-hama/)

## Common questions about the Lesser short-nosed fruit bat

### What is the scientific name of the Lesser short-nosed fruit bat?

The scientific name of the Lesser short-nosed fruit bat is *Cynopterus brachyotis*, in the family Pteropodidae. In Indonesian it is called Codot krawar.

### Where can the Lesser short-nosed fruit bat be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Lesser short-nosed fruit bat in: Sumatra, Java, Bali, Kalimantan (Borneo) and Sulawesi.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/), [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/).

### What does the Lesser short-nosed fruit bat eat?

Diet of the Lesser short-nosed fruit bat: juice and pulp of soft fruit, nectar, pollen, leaves.

### What is the conservation status of the Lesser short-nosed fruit bat?

On the IUCN Red List, the Lesser short-nosed fruit bat is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/2432837), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Lesser short-nosed fruit bat is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Animal Diversity Web — Cynopterus brachyotis (lesser short-nosed fruit bat)](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cynopterus_brachyotis/)
2. [Malaysia Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS) — Cynopterus brachyotis](https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/162)
3. [Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (PMC) — Phylogenetic and genetic variation analysis of Cynopterus brachyotis on Java island, Indonesia (2023)](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9813318/)
4. [Biodiversitas — Mubarok et al. (2021), Karyotype variation in lesser short-nosed fruit bat Cynopterus brachyotis from Special Region Yogyakarta, Indonesia (PDF)](https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/download/8199/4781/41264)
5. [Perpustakaan Universitas Indonesia — Studi populasi codot krawar (Cynopterus brachyotis) di Kampus Universitas Indonesia, Depok](https://lib.ui.ac.id/detail?id=20175500&lokasi=lokal)
6. [Mongabay Indonesia — Bagaimana Nasib Kelelawar, Sang Penyerbuk dan Pengendali Serangga Kala Karst Gunungsewu Terpangkas? (2023)](https://mongabay.co.id/2023/03/30/bagaimana-nasib-kelelawar-sang-penyerbuk-dan-penggendali-serangga-kala-karst-gunungsewu-terpangkas/)
7. [Mongabay Indonesia — Mengenal Kelelawar, Satwa Penyerbuk Tanaman dan Pengendali Hama (2020)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2020/05/28/mengenal-kelelawar-satwa-penyerbuk-tanaman-dan-pengendali-hama/)

## Keep exploring

- [Agile gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/agile-gibbon/)
- [Asian house shrew](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-house-shrew/)
- [Asian small-clawed otter](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-small-clawed-otter/)
- [Banteng](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banteng/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/)
- [Black rat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/black-rat/)
- [Brown rat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/brown-rat/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Lesser short-nosed fruit bat. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/lesser-short-nosed-fruit-bat/


---

# Philippine slow loris

> The Philippine slow loris (Nycticebus menagensis) is a small, venomous, nocturnal primate of coastal north and east Borneo, threatened by the pet trade.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/philippine-slow-loris/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/kukang-kalimantan/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Philippine slow loris (*Nycticebus menagensis*) is a mammal in the family Lorisidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Vulnerable.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Nycticebus menagensis* |
| Indonesian name | Kukang Kalimantan |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Lorisidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Borneo, mainly the northern and eastern coast (East Kalimantan) |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Insects, tree gum, nectar, fruit and eggs |
| Range in Indonesia | Coastal north and east Borneo, including East Kalimantan |
| Key feature | Very pale fur, soft face mask, usually bare ears |
| Risk to people | Venomous, very painful bite that can cause anaphylactic shock |
| Other names | Kukang Kalimantan; formerly called Bornean slow loris |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Protected under ministerial regulation P.106/2018 |
| IUCN status | Vulnerable · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5786051) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Philippine slow loris?

The Philippine slow loris (Nycticebus menagensis) is a small, night-active primate and one of the slow lorises, the only venomous primates. The Mammal Diversity Database lists it as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.

All lorises on Borneo were once placed in N. menagensis. In 2013, Munds and colleagues used facial mask patterns to split them into four species: N. menagensis, N. bancanus, N. borneanus and N. kayan. In that study, N. menagensis is very pale, with a softly contrasting face mask, a narrow white stripe between the eyes and ears that are usually bare. Six museum specimens averaged 274.2 mm in head-and-body length.

Evidence: [American Journal of Primatology — Munds, Nekaris & Ford (2013), Taxonomy of the Bornean slow loris, with new species Nycticebus kayan (PDF, Wayback Machine copy)](https://web.archive.org/web/20250303200506/http://www.nocturama.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/2013MundsetalBorneanLorisTaxonomy.pdf) · [Mammal Diversity Database (ASM) — Nycticebus menagensis, Philippine Slow Loris](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1001068/) · [Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases — Nekaris et al. (2013), Mad, bad and dangerous to know: the biochemistry, ecology and evolution of slow loris venom](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3852360/)

## Where does the Philippine slow loris live?

Under the 2013 revision, the Philippine slow loris lives on the northern and eastern coasts of Borneo (East Kalimantan, Sabah and Brunei) and in the southern Philippine islands. In East Kalimantan and Sabah it overlaps with the Kayan slow loris (N. kayan), which appears absent from the coast.

West, Central and South Kalimantan are home to its relatives N. bancanus and N. borneanus. Yet Indonesian release reports still use N. menagensis for lorises from other areas, such as one freed by the conservation agency (BKSDA) at Gunung Tarak, West Kalimantan, in 2022. The IUCN assessment reproduced by ESABII lists primary and secondary lowland forest, gardens and plantations as its habitat.

Evidence: [American Journal of Primatology — Munds, Nekaris & Ford (2013), Taxonomy of the Bornean slow loris, with new species Nycticebus kayan (PDF, Wayback Machine copy)](https://web.archive.org/web/20250303200506/http://www.nocturama.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/2013MundsetalBorneanLorisTaxonomy.pdf) · [Yayasan IAR Indonesia — Selamat Setelah Tersengat Listrik, Kukang Elektro Dilepasliarkan di HL Gunung Tarak (2022)](https://yiari.or.id/selamat-setelah-tersengat-listrik-kukang-elektro-dilepasliarkan-di-hl-gunung-tarak/) · [ESABII (Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup Jepang) — Threatened Mammal Species Database: Nycticebus menagensis](https://www.esabii.biodic.go.jp/database/mammal/primates/nycticebus_menagensis.html)

## What does the Philippine slow loris eat?

The Philippine slow loris is omnivorous: in the wild, slow lorises eat insects, nectar, tree gum, fruit, eggs and small animals. Mongabay describes this diet for slow lorises in general, including the Bornean species.

Diet data for this species alone are still limited. Wirdateti, a primate researcher at LIPI quoted by Mongabay, explains that lorises use their canine teeth to bite hard food such as insects and fruit. Lorises also play a role in the forest: by eating fruit they spread seeds, and by eating insects they help control pests. The same researcher says they also help pollinate flowers.

Evidence: [Mongabay — New species of cute, but venomous, primate discovered in Borneo (2012)](https://news.mongabay.com/2012/12/new-species-of-cute-but-venomous-primate-discovered-in-borneo/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Kukang Bukan Hewan Peliharaan, Hidupnya di Hutan (2026)](https://mongabay.co.id/2026/04/13/kukang-bukan-hewan-peliharaan-hidupnya-di-hutan/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Mencabut Gigi Kukang Sama Saja Membunuhnya Perlahan (2017)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2017/04/17/mencabut-gigi-kukang-sama-saja-membunuhnya-perlahan/)

## How does the Philippine slow loris behave?

The Philippine slow loris is active at night, lives almost entirely in trees and moves slowly. The older IUCN assessment reproduced by ESABII describes lorises on Borneo as rarely encountered: in 46,000 trap-nights in Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, lorises were caught only three times.

When threatened, a slow loris raises both arms above its head, so its mouth can quickly reach the brachial gland inside the elbow; the gland's fluid mixes with saliva to form venom. A 2013 review by Nekaris and colleagues shows a Philippine slow loris in this posture. The review suggests the venom mainly works against parasites and other lorises, and may also deter predators.

Evidence: [ESABII (Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup Jepang) — Threatened Mammal Species Database: Nycticebus menagensis](https://www.esabii.biodic.go.jp/database/mammal/primates/nycticebus_menagensis.html) · [Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases — Nekaris et al. (2013), Mad, bad and dangerous to know: the biochemistry, ecology and evolution of slow loris venom](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3852360/)

## Is the Philippine slow loris venomous?

Yes, like all slow lorises, the Philippine slow loris has a venomous bite. A 2013 review by Nekaris and colleagues reports that loris bites are intensely painful and can cause swelling and festering wounds that take weeks to heal and leave scars. In extreme cases, people who are bitten go into anaphylactic shock, which is sometimes fatal.

Wirdateti, a primate researcher at LIPI, told Mongabay that the venom comes from an arm gland, not the teeth. Common symptoms are vomiting, dizziness and swelling at the bite. Never handle, catch or keep a slow loris. If you are bitten, seek medical care at a health facility immediately.

Evidence: [Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases — Nekaris et al. (2013), Mad, bad and dangerous to know: the biochemistry, ecology and evolution of slow loris venom](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3852360/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Mencabut Gigi Kukang Sama Saja Membunuhnya Perlahan (2017)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2017/04/17/mencabut-gigi-kukang-sama-saja-membunuhnya-perlahan/)

## How can the Philippine slow loris be protected?

The Philippine slow loris is protected in Indonesia: the annex to ministerial regulation P.106/2018 lists Nycticebus menagensis as kukang kalimantan. Its main threat is the pet trade. Mongabay reported in 2026 that about 7,000 slow lorises are traded each year, and almost all lorises on sale are caught from the wild.

Hunters and traders often cut or pull out lorises' teeth, leaving them prone to infection and unable to eat properly; many can never be released. Lorises kept as pets after their teeth are cut survive only about six months. To help, do not buy, keep or share videos of pet lorises, and report loris trading to local conservation officers.

Evidence: [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Kukang Bukan Hewan Peliharaan, Hidupnya di Hutan (2026)](https://mongabay.co.id/2026/04/13/kukang-bukan-hewan-peliharaan-hidupnya-di-hutan/) · [Mongabay Indonesia — Mencabut Gigi Kukang Sama Saja Membunuhnya Perlahan (2017)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2017/04/17/mencabut-gigi-kukang-sama-saja-membunuhnya-perlahan/)

## Common questions about the Philippine slow loris

### What is the scientific name of the Philippine slow loris?

The scientific name of the Philippine slow loris is *Nycticebus menagensis*, in the family Lorisidae. In Indonesian it is called Kukang Kalimantan.

### Where can the Philippine slow loris be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Philippine slow loris in: Borneo, mainly the northern and eastern coast (East Kalimantan).

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Philippine slow loris eat?

Diet of the Philippine slow loris: insects, tree gum, nectar, fruit and eggs.

### What is the conservation status of the Philippine slow loris?

On the IUCN Red List, the Philippine slow loris is listed as Vulnerable: it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5786051), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Philippine slow loris is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [American Journal of Primatology — Munds, Nekaris & Ford (2013), Taxonomy of the Bornean slow loris, with new species Nycticebus kayan (PDF, Wayback Machine copy)](https://web.archive.org/web/20250303200506/http://www.nocturama.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/2013MundsetalBorneanLorisTaxonomy.pdf)
2. [Mammal Diversity Database (ASM) — Nycticebus menagensis, Philippine Slow Loris](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1001068/)
3. [ESABII (Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup Jepang) — Threatened Mammal Species Database: Nycticebus menagensis](https://www.esabii.biodic.go.jp/database/mammal/primates/nycticebus_menagensis.html)
4. [Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases — Nekaris et al. (2013), Mad, bad and dangerous to know: the biochemistry, ecology and evolution of slow loris venom](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3852360/)
5. [Mongabay Indonesia — Mencabut Gigi Kukang Sama Saja Membunuhnya Perlahan (2017)](https://www.mongabay.co.id/2017/04/17/mencabut-gigi-kukang-sama-saja-membunuhnya-perlahan/)
6. [Mongabay Indonesia — Kukang Bukan Hewan Peliharaan, Hidupnya di Hutan (2026)](https://mongabay.co.id/2026/04/13/kukang-bukan-hewan-peliharaan-hidupnya-di-hutan/)
7. [Mongabay — New species of cute, but venomous, primate discovered in Borneo (2012)](https://news.mongabay.com/2012/12/new-species-of-cute-but-venomous-primate-discovered-in-borneo/)
8. [Yayasan IAR Indonesia — Selamat Setelah Tersengat Listrik, Kukang Elektro Dilepasliarkan di HL Gunung Tarak (2022)](https://yiari.or.id/selamat-setelah-tersengat-listrik-kukang-elektro-dilepasliarkan-di-hl-gunung-tarak/)
9. [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Further reading

[Slow loris: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/slow-loris/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Javan slow loris](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-slow-loris/)
- [Sunda slow loris](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-slow-loris/)
- [Agile gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/agile-gibbon/)
- [Banteng](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banteng/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Philippine slow loris. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/philippine-slow-loris/


---

# Selayar tarsier

> The Selayar tarsier (Tarsius tarsier) is a tiny nocturnal primate found only on Selayar Island, South Sulawesi, often sleeping in thorny bamboo clumps.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/selayar-tarsier/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/tarsius-selayar/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Selayar tarsier (*Tarsius tarsier*) is a mammal in the family Tarsiidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Vulnerable.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Tarsius tarsier* |
| Indonesian name | Tarsius Selayar |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Tarsiidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Selayar Island, South Sulawesi |
| Diet | Mainly insects hunted at night |
| Range in Indonesia | Only Selayar Island, South Sulawesi |
| Key feature | Light brownish fur, thin and sparse tail hair |
| Other names | Spectral tarsier; podi (local name on Selayar) |
| Legal protection in Indonesia | Protected under ministerial regulation P.106/2018 |
| IUCN status | Vulnerable · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/4266949) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Selayar tarsier?

The Selayar tarsier (Tarsius tarsier) is a tiny nocturnal primate that lives only on Selayar Island, off the southern tip of Sulawesi. The Mammal Diversity Database calls it the Selayar or spectral tarsier and lists it as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.

LIPI researchers Wirdateti and Dahrudin (2008) found that Selayar tarsiers have lighter brownish fur and thinner, sparser tail hair than tarsiers from Patunuang in Maros. It can turn its head through 180 degrees. People on Selayar call it podi, meaning a frightening, monkey-like face, and some regard it as a kind of rat rather than a primate.

Evidence: [Mammal Diversity Database (ASM) — Tarsius tarsier, Selayar Tarsier](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1000926/) · [Biodiversitas — Wirdateti & Dahrudin (2008), Pengamatan habitat, pakan dan distribusi Tarsius tarsier di Pulau Selayar dan TWA Patunuang, Sulawesi Selatan (PDF)](https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/download/399/420/418)

## Where does the Selayar tarsier live?

The Selayar tarsier lives only on Selayar Island in South Sulawesi. In 2010 Groves and Shekelle fixed Selayar as the type locality of Tarsius tarsier. In a July 2006 survey, tarsiers were found in the centre of the island, along the east coast and on part of the south coast, from beach forest up to 250 m.

They live in secondary forest and forest gardens planted with maize, bananas and coconuts. Local people also report tarsiers on Jampea Island, but the survey covered Selayar only. The Selayar tourism office says visitors can see them with an experienced guide on the east coast, at Bonetappalang and Pinang beaches.

Evidence: [Mammal Diversity Database (ASM) — Tarsius tarsier, Selayar Tarsier](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1000926/) · [Biodiversitas — Wirdateti & Dahrudin (2008), Pengamatan habitat, pakan dan distribusi Tarsius tarsier di Pulau Selayar dan TWA Patunuang, Sulawesi Selatan (PDF)](https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/download/399/420/418) · [Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Kabupaten Kepulauan Selayar — Tarsius, Hewan Unik dan Langka ini ada di Selayar (2017)](https://pariwisata.kepulauanselayarkab.go.id/2017/02/tarsius-hewan-unik-dan-langka-ini-ada-di-selayar/)

## What does the Selayar tarsier eat?

The Selayar tarsier mainly eats insects that it hunts at night. Researchers watched one tarsier eye a beetle on a tree trunk from about 6 metres away, leap to catch it, then return to its perch to eat it. Tarsiers also snatch prey quickly to the left and right.

Farmers on Selayar believe tarsiers eat young maize, kenari nuts and fruit, and some call them maize pests. Wirdateti and Dahrudin say this needs scientific proof; they suggest tarsiers visit maize fields to catch insects. The local tourism office notes that tarsiers mainly eat insects such as cockroaches and crickets, and sometimes small reptiles, birds and bats.

Evidence: [Biodiversitas — Wirdateti & Dahrudin (2008), Pengamatan habitat, pakan dan distribusi Tarsius tarsier di Pulau Selayar dan TWA Patunuang, Sulawesi Selatan (PDF)](https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/download/399/420/418) · [Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Kabupaten Kepulauan Selayar — Tarsius, Hewan Unik dan Langka ini ada di Selayar (2017)](https://pariwisata.kepulauanselayarkab.go.id/2017/02/tarsius-hewan-unik-dan-langka-ini-ada-di-selayar/)

## How does the Selayar tarsier behave?

The Selayar tarsier is active at night and lives in family groups. In the 2006 survey, each sleeping site held three to six animals, including young, juveniles and adults, with 200–500 metres between sites. Most sleeping sites were in dense clumps of thorny bamboo (Bambusa multiflex), about 2–3 metres above the ground, where predators struggle to reach them.

They called at set times: around 18:00, 20:00, 22:00 and 04:00–05:00. Unusually, Selayar tarsiers were seen playing around their sleeping trees until 10:00 in the morning, behaviour the researchers had not seen in other tarsiers. Shekelle and colleagues (2010) also note that the Selayar tarsier's duet call is distinctive.

Evidence: [Biodiversitas — Wirdateti & Dahrudin (2008), Pengamatan habitat, pakan dan distribusi Tarsius tarsier di Pulau Selayar dan TWA Patunuang, Sulawesi Selatan (PDF)](https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/download/399/420/418) · [International Journal of Primatology — Shekelle et al. (2010), Molecular phylogenetics and chronometrics of Tarsiidae based on 12S mtDNA haplotypes (PDF)](https://molecular-anthro.uoregon.edu/downloads/Shekelle_et_al_2010.pdf)

## How is the Selayar tarsier different from the Tangkoko tarsier?

The Selayar tarsier and the Tangkoko tarsier of North Sulawesi are now separate species; the Tangkoko tarsier is Tarsius spectrumgurskyae. Sulawesi's tarsiers were once lumped as T. spectrum, later merged into T. tarsier. Because the type specimen of T. tarsier probably came from Selayar, that name now applies only to Selayar tarsiers, with T. spectrum as a synonym.

In 2017 Shekelle and colleagues named the Tangkoko tarsier T. spectrumgurskyae, honouring Sharon Gursky, who studied that population for years under the name T. spectrum. Older books on the spectral tarsier of Tangkoko therefore describe a different species. Tarsiers around Makassar have also been separated as T. fuscus.

Evidence: [International Journal of Primatology — Shekelle et al. (2010), Molecular phylogenetics and chronometrics of Tarsiidae based on 12S mtDNA haplotypes (PDF)](https://molecular-anthro.uoregon.edu/downloads/Shekelle_et_al_2010.pdf) · [Sci.News — Two new species of tarsiers discovered in Indonesia (2017)](https://www.sci.news/biology/two-new-species-tarsiers-indonesia-04840.html) · [Mammal Diversity Database (ASM) — Tarsius fuscus, Makassar Tarsier](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1000918/)

## How can the Selayar tarsier be protected?

The Selayar tarsier is protected in Indonesia: the annex to ministerial regulation P.106/2018 lists Tarsius tarsier as a protected species, under the Indonesian name krabuku tangkasi. In their 2006 survey, Wirdateti and Dahrudin found no trade or trapping of tarsiers and judged the population at their study sites to be stable.

However, Selayar tarsiers depend on bamboo clumps and forest gardens next to farmland, and some farmers see them as pests. Visitors should watch tarsiers at night with a guide and never catch, handle or keep them. Local people can help by keeping the bamboo clumps where tarsiers sleep.

Evidence: [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf) · [Biodiversitas — Wirdateti & Dahrudin (2008), Pengamatan habitat, pakan dan distribusi Tarsius tarsier di Pulau Selayar dan TWA Patunuang, Sulawesi Selatan (PDF)](https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/download/399/420/418) · [Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Kabupaten Kepulauan Selayar — Tarsius, Hewan Unik dan Langka ini ada di Selayar (2017)](https://pariwisata.kepulauanselayarkab.go.id/2017/02/tarsius-hewan-unik-dan-langka-ini-ada-di-selayar/)

## Common questions about the Selayar tarsier

### What is the scientific name of the Selayar tarsier?

The scientific name of the Selayar tarsier is *Tarsius tarsier*, in the family Tarsiidae. In Indonesian it is called Tarsius Selayar.

### Where can the Selayar tarsier be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Selayar tarsier in: Selayar Island, South Sulawesi.

### What does the Selayar tarsier eat?

Diet of the Selayar tarsier: mainly insects hunted at night.

### What is the conservation status of the Selayar tarsier?

On the IUCN Red List, the Selayar tarsier is listed as Vulnerable: it is considered to face a high risk of extinction in the wild. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/4266949), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Selayar tarsier is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Mammal Diversity Database (ASM) — Tarsius tarsier, Selayar Tarsier](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1000926/)
2. [Biodiversitas — Wirdateti & Dahrudin (2008), Pengamatan habitat, pakan dan distribusi Tarsius tarsier di Pulau Selayar dan TWA Patunuang, Sulawesi Selatan (PDF)](https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/download/399/420/418)
3. [International Journal of Primatology — Shekelle et al. (2010), Molecular phylogenetics and chronometrics of Tarsiidae based on 12S mtDNA haplotypes (PDF)](https://molecular-anthro.uoregon.edu/downloads/Shekelle_et_al_2010.pdf)
4. [Sci.News — Two new species of tarsiers discovered in Indonesia (2017)](https://www.sci.news/biology/two-new-species-tarsiers-indonesia-04840.html)
5. [Mammal Diversity Database (ASM) — Tarsius fuscus, Makassar Tarsier](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1000918/)
6. [Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Kabupaten Kepulauan Selayar — Tarsius, Hewan Unik dan Langka ini ada di Selayar (2017)](https://pariwisata.kepulauanselayarkab.go.id/2017/02/tarsius-hewan-unik-dan-langka-ini-ada-di-selayar/)
7. [JDIH Kemenko Infrastruktur — Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (PDF)](https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-lhk/permenlhk-nomor-p.106-tahun-2018.pdf)

## Further reading

[Tarsier: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/tarsier/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Pygmy tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/pygmy-tarsier/)
- [Gursky's Spectral Tarsier](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tarsius-spectrumgurskyae/)
- [Agile gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/agile-gibbon/)
- [Asian house shrew](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/asian-house-shrew/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Selayar tarsier. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/selayar-tarsier/


---

# Malayan porcupine

> The Malayan porcupine (Hystrix brachyura) is a large, quilled, nocturnal rodent of Sumatra and Borneo that is widely hunted for meat and trade.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-porcupine/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/landak-raya/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Malayan porcupine (*Hystrix brachyura*) is a mammal in the family Hystricidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Hystrix brachyura* |
| Indonesian name | Landak raya |
| Group | Mammals |
| Family | Hystricidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra and Borneo (Kalimantan) |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Roots, tubers, bark, grains and fallen fruit |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra and Borneo (Kalimantan) |
| Key feature | Long white quills with one dark band; short rattling tail |
| Size | Head-body 45.5–93 cm; weight 8–27 kg |
| Other names | Landak raya, Himalayan crestless porcupine |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219890) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the Malayan porcupine?

The Malayan porcupine (Hystrix brachyura) is a large, stocky rodent covered in sharp quills. According to the Handbook of the Mammals of the World (HMW), it measures 45.5–93 cm from head to rump, with a 6–17 cm tail, and weighs 8–27 kg. It is blackish-brown with a short tail.

Quills on the back, shoulders and sides are brown without white tips. The long defensive quills on the lower back are white with a single blackish-brown band in the middle and are about 20 cm long. The tail carries hollow, goblet-shaped quills that rattle when shaken. The subspecies found in Sumatra and Borneo is H. b. brachyura.

Evidence: [Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 6 (via Plazi/Zenodo) — Malayan Porcupine, Hystrix brachyura](https://zenodo.org/records/6612198) · [Nature in Singapore (Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum) — Chung et al. (2016), Records of the Malayan porcupine, Hystrix brachyura, in Singapore (PDF)](https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/app/uploads/2017/06/2016nis063-068.pdf) · [IPB University Scientific Repository — Tingkah laku harian landak raya (Hystrix brachyura) pada siang hari di penangkaran](https://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/36539)

## Where does the Malayan porcupine live?

In Indonesia, the Malayan porcupine lives on Sumatra and Borneo (Kalimantan). Beyond Indonesia, its range extends from Nepal and north-east India through central and southern China and mainland South-east Asia to Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore.

HMW records it in forests and open fields, where it digs large burrows into banks and under rocks. A LIPI survey in South Sumatra and East Kalimantan found porcupine (Hystrix) dens in holes in the soil and among rocks on steep slopes. The same survey found that many porcupine habitats in East Kalimantan had been damaged or lost to forest clearing.

Evidence: [Nature Conservation — Gomez (2021), The illegal hunting and exploitation of porcupines for meat and medicine in Indonesia](https://natureconservation.pensoft.net/article/62750/) · [Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 6 (via Plazi/Zenodo) — Malayan Porcupine, Hystrix brachyura](https://zenodo.org/records/6612198) · [Prosiding Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia — Farida (2015), Diversitas tumbuhan pakan, habitat dan pemanfaatan landak (Hystrix sp.) di Sumatera Selatan dan Kalimantan Timur](https://smujo.id/psnmbi/article/view/1147)

## What does the Malayan porcupine eat?

The Malayan porcupine is a generalist plant-eater that feeds on roots, tubers, bark, grains, vegetation and fallen fruit, including oil palm fruit. HMW notes that it craves calcium and gnaws bones and deer antlers.

A LIPI survey of porcupines (Hystrix) recorded 48 forest food plants in South Sumatra and 45 in East Kalimantan, plus Cryptotermes termites as the only animal food. The parts eaten were mainly palm hearts, bamboo shoots, seeds, fruit, tubers, rhizomes, young shoots and bark. Plants of the mango family and plants with milky sap were strongly preferred.

Evidence: [Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 6 (via Plazi/Zenodo) — Malayan Porcupine, Hystrix brachyura](https://zenodo.org/records/6612198) · [Prosiding Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia — Farida (2015), Diversitas tumbuhan pakan, habitat dan pemanfaatan landak (Hystrix sp.) di Sumatera Selatan dan Kalimantan Timur](https://smujo.id/psnmbi/article/view/1147)

## How does the Malayan porcupine behave?

The Malayan porcupine is nocturnal and lives on the ground. In a camera-trap survey of Indonesian rainforest mammals cited by HMW, every photo of a Malayan porcupine was taken at night. It lives alone or in groups of two to four; family groups may share a burrow and forage together along set trails.

When disturbed, it rattles its tail quills, snorts and stamps its feet, and may then charge backwards with its quills raised. It cannot shoot its quills, but they detach easily and stay in an attacker's body. Gestation lasts about 110 days, two (sometimes three) well-developed young are born, and females can breed twice a year.

Evidence: [Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 6 (via Plazi/Zenodo) — Malayan Porcupine, Hystrix brachyura](https://zenodo.org/records/6612198) · [Nature in Singapore (Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum) — Chung et al. (2016), Records of the Malayan porcupine, Hystrix brachyura, in Singapore (PDF)](https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/app/uploads/2017/06/2016nis063-068.pdf)

## How is the Malayan porcupine different from the Javan porcupine?

The Malayan and Javan porcupines (Hystrix javanica) are easiest to tell apart by location. The Malayan porcupine lives on Sumatra and Borneo; the Javan porcupine on Java, Madura, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Rinca and Tanah Jampea. Both belong to the subgenus Acanthion, and the Javan porcupine was included in H. brachyura until van Weers (1979) treated it as separate.

According to HMW, the Javan porcupine's quills are weakly developed: its longest quills are 8–15.5 cm, shorter than the Malayan porcupine's defensive quills of about 20 cm. Many of its quills have black tips, giving its back and sides a dark, speckled look. Its nasal bones also tend to be shorter.

Evidence: [Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 6 (via Plazi/Zenodo) — Sunda Porcupine, Hystrix javanica](https://zenodo.org/records/6612200) · [Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 6 (via Plazi/Zenodo) — Malayan Porcupine, Hystrix brachyura](https://zenodo.org/records/6612198) · [Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition (via Plazi/Zenodo) — Hystrix (Acanthion) javanica](https://zenodo.org/records/11330067)

## Why is the Malayan porcupine hunted?

The Malayan porcupine is hunted for meat, traditional medicine and the live-animal trade. Gomez (2021) recorded 39 porcupine seizures in Indonesia from January 2013 to June 2020, involving about 450 animals. The Malayan porcupine was the species most often identified, and 56 live porcupines seized in North Sumatra were bound for China via Aceh.

Porcupine bezoars, stone-like masses from the gut, are also sold online: Heinrich and colleagues found 63 adverts from Indonesian sellers over three months in 2019. The IUCN lists the species as Least Concern, but its population is decreasing. Help by not buying porcupine meat, quills or bezoars, and by reporting wildlife trade to the authorities.

Evidence: [Nature Conservation — Gomez (2021), The illegal hunting and exploitation of porcupines for meat and medicine in Indonesia](https://natureconservation.pensoft.net/article/62750/) · [Global Ecology and Conservation — Heinrich et al. (2020), Valuable stones: the trade in porcupine bezoars (PDF)](https://wildlifetraderesearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/heinrich-et-al-2020-global-ecol-conserv.pdf)

## Common questions about the Malayan porcupine

### What is the scientific name of the Malayan porcupine?

The scientific name of the Malayan porcupine is *Hystrix brachyura*, in the family Hystricidae. In Indonesian it is called Landak raya.

### Where can the Malayan porcupine be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Malayan porcupine in: Sumatra and Borneo (Kalimantan).

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Malayan porcupine eat?

Diet of the Malayan porcupine: roots, tubers, bark, grains and fallen fruit.

### What is the conservation status of the Malayan porcupine?

On the IUCN Red List, the Malayan porcupine is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5219890), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Malayan porcupine is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 6 (via Plazi/Zenodo) — Malayan Porcupine, Hystrix brachyura](https://zenodo.org/records/6612198)
2. [Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 6 (via Plazi/Zenodo) — Sunda Porcupine, Hystrix javanica](https://zenodo.org/records/6612200)
3. [Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition (via Plazi/Zenodo) — Hystrix (Acanthion) javanica](https://zenodo.org/records/11330067)
4. [Nature in Singapore (Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum) — Chung et al. (2016), Records of the Malayan porcupine, Hystrix brachyura, in Singapore (PDF)](https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/app/uploads/2017/06/2016nis063-068.pdf)
5. [Nature Conservation — Gomez (2021), The illegal hunting and exploitation of porcupines for meat and medicine in Indonesia](https://natureconservation.pensoft.net/article/62750/)
6. [Global Ecology and Conservation — Heinrich et al. (2020), Valuable stones: the trade in porcupine bezoars (PDF)](https://wildlifetraderesearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/heinrich-et-al-2020-global-ecol-conserv.pdf)
7. [Prosiding Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia — Farida (2015), Diversitas tumbuhan pakan, habitat dan pemanfaatan landak (Hystrix sp.) di Sumatera Selatan dan Kalimantan Timur](https://smujo.id/psnmbi/article/view/1147)
8. [IPB University Scientific Repository — Tingkah laku harian landak raya (Hystrix brachyura) pada siang hari di penangkaran](https://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/36539)
9. [Mammal Diversity Database (ASM) — Hystrix brachyura, Malayan Porcupine](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1001284/)

## Further reading

[Porcupine: facts, threats and conservation](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/porcupine/) — World Animal Rescue Network. A broader overview that covers this animal.

## Keep exploring

- [Javan Porcupine](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hystrix-javanica/)
- [Agile gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/agile-gibbon/)
- [Banteng](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banteng/)
- [Bearded pig](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bearded-pig/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Malayan porcupine. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/malayan-porcupine/


---

# Reinwardt's flying frog

> Reinwardt's flying frog (Rhacophorus reinwardtii) is a green, broadly webbed tree frog of the forests of Java and Sumatra that lays eggs in foam nests.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/reinwardts-flying-frog/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/katak-terbang-jawa/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Reinwardt's flying frog (*Rhacophorus reinwardtii*) is an amphibian in the family Rhacophoridae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Rhacophorus reinwardtii* |
| Indonesian name | Katak terbang Jawa |
| Group | Amphibians |
| Family | Rhacophoridae |
| Range in Indonesia | Java and northern Sumatra |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/) |
| Diet | Spiders, grasshoppers and other insects |
| Range in Indonesia | Java; also recorded in North Sumatra |
| Key feature | Green back, fully webbed digits, dark blue flank streaks |
| Elevation | 20–1,800 m above sea level on Java |
| Other names | Katak terbang Jawa, katak pohon hijau, Reinwardt's gliding frog |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5217267) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is Reinwardt's flying frog?

Reinwardt's flying frog (Rhacophorus reinwardtii) is a medium to large tree frog with a green back and fully webbed fingers and toes. Researchers describe Rhacophorus as a genus of parachuting frogs.

Fajri and colleagues (2023), summarising Schlegel's 1840 description, list skin flaps along the front and rear edges of the limbs, a green back with small dark spots, a yellow or orange belly and dark blue streaks on the flanks. It was once thought to range widely in South-east Asia, but populations in Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, southern Vietnam and northern Thailand are now treated as separate species.

Evidence: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology — Fajri, Tjong & Hamidy (2023), Identification and taxonomic status of a Sumatran population of Norhayati's gliding frog (PDF)](https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/RBZ-2023-0023.pdf) · [Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (PubMed) — O'Connell et al. (2018), Synchronous diversification of parachuting frogs (genus Rhacophorus) on Sumatra and Java](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29496542/)

## Where does Reinwardt's flying frog live?

Reinwardt's flying frog lives on Java and, according to a 2023 genetic study, also in North Sumatra, where frogs from Mardingding grouped with Javan R. reinwardtii. On Java it has been recorded from 20 to 1,800 m above sea level, in primary and secondary rainforest and on agroforestry land.

Habitat modelling by Kurniawan and colleagues (2024) estimated that only about 27 per cent of Java is suitable for the species, mainly the large forests of West and Central Java. Tree canopy cover and elevation were the strongest predictors in the model. In East Java it has been recorded in places including Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, Bondowoso and Kediri.

Evidence: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology — Fajri, Tjong & Hamidy (2023), Identification and taxonomic status of a Sumatran population of Norhayati's gliding frog (PDF)](https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/RBZ-2023-0023.pdf) · [Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology — Kurniawan et al. (2024), Habitat suitability modelling of Rhacophorus reinwardtii in Java, with notes on habitat characteristics from Malang, East Java](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jtbb/article/view/84459) · [Berkala Ilmiah Biologi (UGM) — Pratama et al. (2023), Distribusi dan karakteristik habitat katak pohon hijau (Rhacophorus reinwardtii) di Jawa Timur (PDF)](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/v3/bib/article/download/9349/3806/)

## What does Reinwardt's flying frog eat?

Reinwardt's flying frog is a generalist predator of small animals, especially spiders and grasshoppers. An undergraduate study at Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (UPI) examined the stomach contents of this frog at Ranca Upas, Ciwidey, West Java, during the March–May 2017 rainy season, using stomach flushing.

By number, spiders (Araneae) were the most common prey, at 40 per cent. By volume, grasshoppers and their relatives (Orthoptera) dominated, at 40.72 per cent. Its diet overlapped heavily with that of R. margaritifer at the same site, suggesting the two species compete for food. The frog is active at night and helps control insect pests.

Evidence: [Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Repository — Ramadi (2017), Karakteristik habitat dan makanan alami dua spesies katak pohon simpatrik Rhacophorus di kawasan Ranca Upas Ciwidey, Jawa Barat](https://repository.upi.edu/32936/) · [West Java Conservation Trust Fund (WJCTF) — Info Spesies: Katak Pohon Hijau (Rhacophorus reinwardtii)](https://conservation.id/2021/06/23/info-spesies-katak-hijau-rhacophorus-reinwardtii/)

## How does Reinwardt's flying frog breed?

Reinwardt's flying frog lays its eggs in foam nests attached to leaves above water. In Malang, East Java, Kurniawan and colleagues found foam nests at the base of leaves, with eggs wrapped in the leaves of trees near pools. Its tadpoles need natural or artificial ponds to develop.

Breeding sites included permanent ponds, rainwater reservoirs in plantations and densely vegetated roadside puddles. The frog lives in the tree canopy, 2.5–5.5 metres above the ground, but comes down to mate; in the breeding season 10–15 frogs may gather at one site. In Malang, males outnumbered females by about three to one.

Evidence: [Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology — Kurniawan et al. (2024), Habitat suitability modelling of Rhacophorus reinwardtii in Java, with notes on habitat characteristics from Malang, East Java](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jtbb/article/view/84459)

## Is Reinwardt's flying frog endangered?

The IUCN Red List (2022) lists Reinwardt's flying frog as Least Concern, but Indonesian researchers argue its habitat is much smaller and more fragmented than previously thought. Kurniawan and colleagues (2024) suggest that the impression of a large population may come from the frogs gathering in large numbers at breeding sites.

The frog depends on dense tree cover and water bodies. Much of Java's lowland forest has been lost, so in East Java its suitable habitat lies mainly in the highlands. At its breeding sites around Malang, mostly agroforestry land, farmers often use pesticides and herbicides that could harm the frogs.

Evidence: [Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology — Kurniawan et al. (2024), Habitat suitability modelling of Rhacophorus reinwardtii in Java, with notes on habitat characteristics from Malang, East Java](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jtbb/article/view/84459) · [Berkala Ilmiah Biologi (UGM) — Pratama et al. (2023), Distribusi dan karakteristik habitat katak pohon hijau (Rhacophorus reinwardtii) di Jawa Timur (PDF)](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/v3/bib/article/download/9349/3806/)

## How can Reinwardt's flying frog be protected?

The most important step is to protect forests with dense canopy and the water bodies where the frog breeds. Kurniawan and colleagues recommend creating water reservoirs around its natural habitat, especially on agroforestry land, and planting broadleaf shade plants around them as egg-laying sites.

Reduce pesticide and herbicide use near the ponds and puddles where the frogs breed. Do not catch the frogs or remove their foam nests. Observers can help by photographing frogs without touching them and uploading records to citizen-science platforms such as iNaturalist; Pratama and colleagues (2023) used 16 iNaturalist records to map the species in East Java.

Evidence: [Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology — Kurniawan et al. (2024), Habitat suitability modelling of Rhacophorus reinwardtii in Java, with notes on habitat characteristics from Malang, East Java](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jtbb/article/view/84459) · [Berkala Ilmiah Biologi (UGM) — Pratama et al. (2023), Distribusi dan karakteristik habitat katak pohon hijau (Rhacophorus reinwardtii) di Jawa Timur (PDF)](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/v3/bib/article/download/9349/3806/)

## Common questions about the Reinwardt's flying frog

### What is the scientific name of the Reinwardt's flying frog?

The scientific name of the Reinwardt's flying frog is *Rhacophorus reinwardtii*, in the family Rhacophoridae. In Indonesian it is called Katak terbang Jawa.

### Where can the Reinwardt's flying frog be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Reinwardt's flying frog in: Java and northern Sumatra.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/).

### What does the Reinwardt's flying frog eat?

Diet of the Reinwardt's flying frog: spiders, grasshoppers and other insects.

### What is the conservation status of the Reinwardt's flying frog?

On the IUCN Red List, the Reinwardt's flying frog is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/5217267), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Reinwardt's flying frog is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology — Fajri, Tjong & Hamidy (2023), Identification and taxonomic status of a Sumatran population of Norhayati's gliding frog (PDF)](https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/RBZ-2023-0023.pdf)
2. [Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology — Kurniawan et al. (2024), Habitat suitability modelling of Rhacophorus reinwardtii in Java, with notes on habitat characteristics from Malang, East Java](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jtbb/article/view/84459)
3. [Berkala Ilmiah Biologi (UGM) — Pratama et al. (2023), Distribusi dan karakteristik habitat katak pohon hijau (Rhacophorus reinwardtii) di Jawa Timur (PDF)](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/v3/bib/article/download/9349/3806/)
4. [Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Repository — Ramadi (2017), Karakteristik habitat dan makanan alami dua spesies katak pohon simpatrik Rhacophorus di kawasan Ranca Upas Ciwidey, Jawa Barat](https://repository.upi.edu/32936/)
5. [Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (PubMed) — O'Connell et al. (2018), Synchronous diversification of parachuting frogs (genus Rhacophorus) on Sumatra and Java](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29496542/)
6. [West Java Conservation Trust Fund (WJCTF) — Info Spesies: Katak Pohon Hijau (Rhacophorus reinwardtii)](https://conservation.id/2021/06/23/info-spesies-katak-hijau-rhacophorus-reinwardtii/)

## Keep exploring

- [Schlegel's Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/chalcorana-chalconota/)
- [Asian Common Toad](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/duttaphrynus-melanostictus/)
- [Crab-eating Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/fejervarya-cancrivora/)
- [Green Paddy Frog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylarana-erythraea/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Reinwardt's flying frog. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/reinwardts-flying-frog/


---

# Banded Malaysian coral snake

> The banded Malaysian coral snake (Calliophis intestinalis) is a small venomous snake with a red tail and black-and-white belly from western Indonesia.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banded-malaysian-coral-snake/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/spesies/ular-cabai-kecil/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled and checked against the listed sources; not yet reviewed by a specialist.

## Quick answer

The Banded Malaysian coral snake (*Calliophis intestinalis*) is a reptile in the family Elapidae. Its IUCN Red List category is Least Concern.

| Fact | Value |
|---|---|
| Scientific name | *Calliophis intestinalis* |
| Indonesian name | Ular cabai kecil |
| Group | Reptiles |
| Family | Elapidae |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo (Kalimantan) and the Riau Islands |
| Linked habitats | [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/) |
| Diet | Mainly other snakes, such as the Brahminy blind snake |
| Range in Indonesia | Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo and the Riau Islands |
| Key feature | Red-orange back stripe, red tail, black-and-white belly |
| Length | Up to about 50 cm |
| Risk to people | Venomous; bites need prompt medical care |
| Other names | Ular cabai kecil, ular cabe, striped coral snake |
| IUCN status | Least Concern · [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9050371) · checked 25 September 2026 |

## What is the banded Malaysian coral snake?

The banded Malaysian coral snake (Calliophis intestinalis) is a venomous Asian coral snake in the family Elapidae. It reaches about 50 cm at most. It has a reddish-orange stripe down the back, a red tail, a pale stripe along each side and a striking black-and-white banded belly.

Its colouring varies greatly. The Bornean subspecies, C. i. thepassi, lacks reddish stripes on the body. In 2020 the bright red-bellied form, once included in this species, was separated as Calliophis nigrotaeniatus, which has a pair of grey or dark blue stripes along the sides. Like its relatives, it has a head barely distinct from the neck and small eyes.

Evidence: [Ecology Asia — Banded Malayan Coral Snake, Calliophis intestinalis](https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/snakes/banded_malayan_coral_snake.htm) · [The Reptile Database — Calliophis intestinalis (Laurenti, 1768)](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Calliophis&species=intestinalis) · [Zoological Science (PubMed) — Fukuyama et al. (2020), Systematics of Calliophis intestinalis with the resurrection of Calliophis nigrotaeniatus](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33269875/)

## Where does the banded Malaysian coral snake live?

In Indonesia, the banded Malaysian coral snake is recorded from Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo (Kalimantan) and the Riau Islands. The Reptile Database recognises three subspecies: C. i. intestinalis on Java and Sumatra, C. i. lineata in the Riau Islands and Sumatra, and C. i. thepassi on Borneo, described from Sintang in West Kalimantan. Records from the Mentawai Islands have not been assigned to a subspecies.

Outside Indonesia it occurs in Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei and East Malaysia. It lives on the ground in forest and sometimes in overgrown parks and gardens. In Greater Jakarta it appeared twice in records of snakes rescued from residential areas between 2015 and 2019.

Evidence: [The Reptile Database — Calliophis intestinalis (Laurenti, 1768)](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Calliophis&species=intestinalis) · [Ecology Asia — Banded Malayan Coral Snake, Calliophis intestinalis](https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/snakes/banded_malayan_coral_snake.htm) · [Media Konservasi (IPB) — Khoerunisa et al. (2022), Diversity of snake rescued from residential areas in Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Indonesia](https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/konservasi/article/view/34956)

## What does the banded Malaysian coral snake eat?

The banded Malaysian coral snake feeds mainly on other snakes, especially the tiny Brahminy blind snake, according to Ecology Asia, a guide to South-east Asian wildlife. The Reptile Database also cites Greene (1997) as saying that snakes of the genus Maticora eat only snakes. Maticora is the old genus name for this group, which Slowinski and colleagues merged into Calliophis in 2001.

Evidence: [Ecology Asia — Banded Malayan Coral Snake, Calliophis intestinalis](https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/snakes/banded_malayan_coral_snake.htm) · [The Reptile Database — Calliophis intestinalis (Laurenti, 1768)](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Calliophis&species=intestinalis)

## How does the banded Malaysian coral snake behave?

The banded Malaysian coral snake lives on the ground and lays eggs. When threatened, it flips over to show its boldly black-and-white banded belly. WHO notes that the harmless Cylindrophis ruffus may mimic Calliophis coral snakes with its colouring and tail-raising display.

In Calliophis coral snakes, the venom glands are not confined to the head. The genus diagnosis cited by The Reptile Database describes venom glands that extend far back into the body cavity and end in a long, club-shaped tip.

Evidence: [The Reptile Database — Calliophis intestinalis (Laurenti, 1768)](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Calliophis&species=intestinalis) · [Ecology Asia — Banded Malayan Coral Snake, Calliophis intestinalis](https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/snakes/banded_malayan_coral_snake.htm) · [WHO South-East Asia Regional Office — Guidelines for the management of snakebites, 2nd edition (PDF)](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/searo/india/health-topic-pdf/who-guidance-on-management-of-snakebites.pdf)

## Is the banded Malaysian coral snake venomous and dangerous?

Yes, the banded Malaysian coral snake is venomous, and a bite needs prompt medical attention. Tan and colleagues (2019) found its venom is mostly phospholipase A2 (43.4 per cent) and three-finger toxins (20.1 per cent), mainly cytotoxins. In laboratory tests it damaged muscle, and another study found it weakened nerve-to-muscle signalling.

Tan and colleagues note that Asian coral snake bites are rarely fatal. Ten years of records from Thailand's Ramathibodi Poison Center included seven bites by C. i. lineata; these patients more often had pain and a fast heart rate and stayed longer in hospital than other coral snake patients. If bitten, seek medical care at a health facility immediately.

Evidence: [Journal of Proteomics (PubMed) — Tan et al. (2019), Unlocking the secrets of banded coral snake (Calliophis intestinalis, Malaysia): a venom with proteome novelty, low toxicity and distinct antigenicity](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30243938/) · [Neurotoxicity Research (PubMed) — Dashevsky et al. (2022), Novel neurotoxic activity in Calliophis intestinalis venom](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34757506/) · [Toxins (PMC) — Tansuwannarat et al. (2026), Clinical characteristics and outcomes of Asian coral snake bites in Thailand: a retrospective cohort study](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13119934/)

## What should you do if you meet a banded Malaysian coral snake?

If you meet a banded Malaysian coral snake, keep your distance and do not approach, catch, handle or kill it. Let it move away, or ask trained officers such as Damkar, the fire and rescue service, for help. In Greater Jakarta, fire departments in Bogor, Jakarta, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi are among the groups that handle snake reports from homes.

Because this small snake lives on the ground, follow WHO's general prevention advice: wear closed shoes and long trousers in undergrowth or in the dark, use a torch at night, do not put your hands into holes or hidden places, and clear rubbish and undergrowth from around the house.

Evidence: [Media Konservasi (IPB) — Khoerunisa et al. (2022), Diversity of snake rescued from residential areas in Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Indonesia](https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/konservasi/article/view/34956) · [WHO South-East Asia Regional Office — Guidelines for the management of snakebites, 2nd edition (PDF)](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/searo/india/health-topic-pdf/who-guidance-on-management-of-snakebites.pdf)

## Common questions about the Banded Malaysian coral snake

### What is the scientific name of the Banded Malaysian coral snake?

The scientific name of the Banded Malaysian coral snake is *Calliophis intestinalis*, in the family Elapidae. In Indonesian it is called Ular cabai kecil.

### Where can the Banded Malaysian coral snake be found in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, this guide records the Banded Malaysian coral snake in: Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo (Kalimantan) and the Riau Islands.

Source-supported habitats: [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/), [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/).

### What does the Banded Malaysian coral snake eat?

Diet of the Banded Malaysian coral snake: mainly other snakes, such as the Brahminy blind snake.

### What is the conservation status of the Banded Malaysian coral snake?

On the IUCN Red List, the Banded Malaysian coral snake is listed as Least Concern: it does not currently qualify for a threatened category in the global assessment. Source: [IUCN Red List (via GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/species/9050371), checked 25 September 2026.

This global category is separate from legal protection in Indonesia. To check whether the Banded Malaysian coral snake is a protected species, consult the current national list of [protected species](https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/#satwa-dilindungi) or contact the local [BKSDA](https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/) (natural resources conservation office).

## Sources & references

1. [The Reptile Database — Calliophis intestinalis (Laurenti, 1768)](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Calliophis&species=intestinalis)
2. [Ecology Asia — Banded Malayan Coral Snake, Calliophis intestinalis](https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/snakes/banded_malayan_coral_snake.htm)
3. [Zoological Science (PubMed) — Fukuyama et al. (2020), Systematics of Calliophis intestinalis with the resurrection of Calliophis nigrotaeniatus](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33269875/)
4. [Journal of Proteomics (PubMed) — Tan et al. (2019), Unlocking the secrets of banded coral snake (Calliophis intestinalis, Malaysia): a venom with proteome novelty, low toxicity and distinct antigenicity](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30243938/)
5. [Neurotoxicity Research (PubMed) — Dashevsky et al. (2022), Novel neurotoxic activity in Calliophis intestinalis venom](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34757506/)
6. [Toxins (PMC) — Tansuwannarat et al. (2026), Clinical characteristics and outcomes of Asian coral snake bites in Thailand: a retrospective cohort study](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13119934/)
7. [Media Konservasi (IPB) — Khoerunisa et al. (2022), Diversity of snake rescued from residential areas in Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Indonesia](https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/konservasi/article/view/34956)
8. [WHO South-East Asia Regional Office — Guidelines for the management of snakebites, 2nd edition (PDF)](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/searo/india/health-topic-pdf/who-guidance-on-management-of-snakebites.pdf)

## Keep exploring

- [Banded krait](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banded-krait/)
- [Crocodile monitor](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crocodile-monitor/)
- [False gharial](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/false-gharial/)
- [Asian House Gecko](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hemidactylus-frenatus/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Banded Malaysian coral snake. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/banded-malaysian-coral-snake/


---

# Bali Animal Welfare Association (BAWA)

> Animal welfare and community education in Bali.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/bawa/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/bawa/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

BAWA describes animal welfare programmes spanning rescue, care, sterilisation, and community education in Bali.

## Understanding its work

Its website offers adoption and foster pathways for animals in its care. Contact the team to discuss an animal’s needs, your home, and placement requirements.

## Before you contact

Use the official website to choose the appropriate contact route. Explain your purpose, location, and needs; confirm capacity before travelling or handing over an animal. Inclusion does not establish a partnership or funding recommendation.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-19 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-19 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://bawabali.com/

## Sources & references

1. [Bali Animal Welfare Association (BAWA) — official source](https://bawabali.com/)

## Keep exploring

- [Responsible Cat and Dog Adoption](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/adopting-cats-dogs/)
- [Fostering Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/fostering-animals/)
- [Bali Animal Guide](https://panduanhewan.org/en/regions/bali/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Bali Animal Welfare Association (BAWA). PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/bawa/


---

# JAAN Indonesia

> Wildlife rescue and rehabilitation in Indonesia.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/jaan/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/jaan/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

JAAN Indonesia presents its work as wildlife rescue, rehabilitation, release, and protection.

## Understanding its work

Its published programmes include former performing monkeys, wildlife detection dogs, and Umah Lumba in West Bali. The Jakarta name does not mean every programme serves only Jakarta.

## Before you contact

Use the official website to choose the appropriate contact route. Explain your purpose, location, and needs; confirm capacity before travelling or handing over an animal. Inclusion does not establish a partnership or funding recommendation.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-19 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-19 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://www.jaanindonesia.org/

## Sources & references

1. [JAAN Indonesia — official source](https://www.jaanindonesia.org/)

## Keep exploring

- [Reporting Suspected Wildlife Trafficking](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/report-wildlife-trade/)
- [Bali Animal Guide](https://panduanhewan.org/en/regions/bali/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). JAAN Indonesia. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/jaan/


---

# Cikananga Wildlife Center

> Confiscated wildlife care and conservation in Sukabumi.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/cikananga/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/cikananga/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

Cikananga states a mission to support government care of confiscated animals and recovery of threatened Indonesian species. Its centre is in Sukabumi, West Java.

## Understanding its work

The official site separates rescue-centre work, conservation breeding, and wildlife learning. Check visits, internships, and volunteering directly before planning a trip.

## Before you contact

Use the official website to choose the appropriate contact route. Explain your purpose, location, and needs; confirm capacity before travelling or handing over an animal. Inclusion does not establish a partnership or funding recommendation.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-19 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-19 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://www.cikanangawildlifecenter.com/mission-and-vision/

## Sources & references

1. [Cikananga Wildlife Center — official source](https://www.cikanangawildlifecenter.com/mission-and-vision/)

## Keep exploring

- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)
- [Finding a Young Wild Animal](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/found-young-wild-animal/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Cikananga Wildlife Center. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/cikananga/


---

# Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme

> Orangutan and forest conservation in Sumatra.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/socp/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/socp/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

SOCP explains that Yayasan Ekosistem Lestari implements its Indonesian activities. Its landscapes include Leuser, Batang Toru, and reintroduction work in Jantho.

## Understanding its work

The programme connects orangutan rehabilitation with habitat protection and population monitoring. Symbolic support for an orangutan does not mean ownership or permission to approach wildlife.

## Before you contact

Use the official website to choose the appropriate contact route. Explain your purpose, location, and needs; confirm capacity before travelling or handing over an animal. Inclusion does not establish a partnership or funding recommendation.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-19 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-19 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://sumatranorangutan.org/who-we-are/

## Sources & references

1. [Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme — official source](https://sumatranorangutan.org/who-we-are/)

## Keep exploring

- [Sumatran orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-orangutan/)
- [Aceh Animal Guide](https://panduanhewan.org/en/regions/aceh/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/socp/


---

# Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation

> Protecting Bornean orangutans and their habitat.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/bos/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/bos/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

BOS Foundation describes a focus on Bornean orangutans and their habitat, working with local communities and Indonesian authorities.

## Understanding its work

Its website covers reintroduction, ecosystem conservation, sanctuary care, and education. It distinguishes information for visitors, researchers, and professional volunteers.

## Before you contact

Use the official website to choose the appropriate contact route. Explain your purpose, location, and needs; confirm capacity before travelling or handing over an animal. Inclusion does not establish a partnership or funding recommendation.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-19 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-19 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://www.orangutan.or.id/

## Sources & references

1. [Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation — official source](https://www.orangutan.or.id/)

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/bos/


---

# Yayasan IAR Indonesia

> Primate rehabilitation and habitat conservation.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/yiari/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/yiari/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

YIARI describes wildlife conservation programmes for orangutans, slow lorises, and macaques, including rescue, rehabilitation, and release.

## Understanding its work

Its official site also addresses encounters involving long-tailed macaques and animals affected by trade. Bogor and Ketapang offices are listed; an office location does not establish collection coverage.

## Before you contact

Use the official website to choose the appropriate contact route. Explain your purpose, location, and needs; confirm capacity before travelling or handing over an animal. Inclusion does not establish a partnership or funding recommendation.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-19 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-19 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://yiari.or.id/en/programs/wildlife-conservation/

## Sources & references

1. [Yayasan IAR Indonesia — official source](https://yiari.or.id/en/programs/wildlife-conservation/)

## Keep exploring

- [Javan slow loris](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-slow-loris/)
- [Reporting Suspected Wildlife Trafficking](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/report-wildlife-trade/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Yayasan IAR Indonesia. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/yiari/


---

# WWF-Indonesia

> Forest, wildlife, marine, and fisheries conservation.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/wwf-indonesia/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/wwf-indonesia/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

WWF-Indonesia publishes programmes on forests and wildlife, marine and fisheries conservation, and market and climate transformation.

## Understanding its work

Its website provides publications, annual reports, education resources, and volunteering information. Use those materials to identify programmes relevant to your interests.

## Before you contact

Use the official website to choose the appropriate contact route. Explain your purpose, location, and needs; confirm capacity before travelling or handing over an animal. Inclusion does not establish a partnership or funding recommendation.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-19 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-19 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://www.wwf.id/id

## Sources & references

1. [WWF-Indonesia — official source](https://www.wwf.id/id)

## Keep exploring

- [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). WWF-Indonesia. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/wwf-indonesia/


---

# Borneo Nature Foundation

> Research, education, and community forest conservation.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/borneo-nature-foundation/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/borneo-nature-foundation/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

Borneo Nature Foundation describes forest protection combining research, community conservation, and education.

## Understanding its work

The organisation presents Indonesian and international teams on its website. For research proposals or programme support, read its own programme information and requirements.

## Before you contact

Use the official website to choose the appropriate contact route. Explain your purpose, location, and needs; confirm capacity before travelling or handing over an animal. Inclusion does not establish a partnership or funding recommendation.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-19 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-19 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://borneonaturefoundation.org/about-us/

## Sources & references

1. [Borneo Nature Foundation — official source](https://borneonaturefoundation.org/about-us/)

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Borneo Nature Foundation. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/borneo-nature-foundation/


---

# Misool Foundation

> Marine conservation and community work in Raja Ampat.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/misool-foundation/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/misool-foundation/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

Misool Foundation describes conservation work covering marine management, waste management, community empowerment, and species protection in Raja Ampat.

## Understanding its work

Published programmes include the Misool marine reserve, reef restoration, education, and a manta project. The foundation explains its relationship with Misool resort on its official website.

## Before you contact

Use the official website to choose the appropriate contact route. Explain your purpose, location, and needs; confirm capacity before travelling or handing over an animal. Inclusion does not establish a partnership or funding recommendation.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-19 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-19 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://www.misoolfoundation.org/

## Sources & references

1. [Misool Foundation — official source](https://www.misoolfoundation.org/)

## Keep exploring

- [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)
- [Green turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-turtle/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Misool Foundation. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/misool-foundation/


---

# Yayasan Konservasi Alam Nusantara

> Science-based conservation of lands and waters.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/ykan/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/ykan/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

YKAN presents itself as a science-based nonprofit protecting lands and waters through natural resource management.

## Understanding its work

Its approach emphasises work with communities and multiple stakeholders. Review programme locations and partnership objectives in official sources before proposing activities.

## Before you contact

Use the official website to choose the appropriate contact route. Explain your purpose, location, and needs; confirm capacity before travelling or handing over an animal. Inclusion does not establish a partnership or funding recommendation.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-19 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-19 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://www.ykan.or.id/id/tentang-kami/

## Sources & references

1. [Yayasan Konservasi Alam Nusantara — official source](https://www.ykan.or.id/id/tentang-kami/)

## Keep exploring

- [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Yayasan Konservasi Alam Nusantara. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/ykan/


---

# Bali Adoption & Rehabilitation Centre

> Dog protection and rehabilitation in Bali.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/barc/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/barc/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

BARC describes a focus on abandoned and injured dogs in Bali. Its website presents rescue, rehabilitation, and sanctuary care programmes.

## Understanding its work

Adoption, volunteering, and sterilisation information appears on the organisation’s website. Confirm capacity, schedules, and costs directly; this profile does not verify response-time claims.

## Before you contact

Use the official website to choose the appropriate contact route. Explain your purpose, location, and needs; confirm capacity before travelling or handing over an animal. Inclusion does not establish a partnership or funding recommendation.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-19 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-19 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://barc4balidogs.org/

## Sources & references

1. [Bali Adoption & Rehabilitation Centre — official source](https://barc4balidogs.org/)

## Keep exploring

- [Domestic dog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dog/)
- [Responsible Cat and Dog Adoption](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/adopting-cats-dogs/)
- [Bali Animal Guide](https://panduanhewan.org/en/regions/bali/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Bali Adoption & Rehabilitation Centre. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/barc/


---

# Forum Konservasi Leuser

> Wildlife protection and restoration in Leuser.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/forum-konservasi-leuser/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/forum-konservasi-leuser/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

Forum Konservasi Leuser presents three priorities: protection, restoration, and empowerment. Its programmes operate in the Leuser Ecosystem context.

## Understanding its work

Its website describes wildlife protection patrols, forest restoration, agroforestry, and conservation education. Specialist field activities require coordination; this directory cannot book patrols.

## Before you contact

Use the official website to choose the appropriate contact route. Explain your purpose, location, and needs; confirm capacity before travelling or handing over an animal. Inclusion does not establish a partnership or funding recommendation.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-19 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-19 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://leuser.or.id/

## Sources & references

1. [Forum Konservasi Leuser — official source](https://leuser.or.id/)

## Keep exploring

- [Aceh Animal Guide](https://panduanhewan.org/en/regions/aceh/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Sumatran elephant](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-elephant/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Forum Konservasi Leuser. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/forum-konservasi-leuser/


---

# Yayasan Badak Indonesia

> Indonesian rhino conservation and community education.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/yabi/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/yabi/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

Yayasan Badak Indonesia publishes rhino conservation activities, including the Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary in Way Kambas and work concerning Javan rhino habitat.

## Understanding its work

Its publications also cover monitoring training and conservation education around protected areas. This profile does not publish sensitive animal locations.

## Before you contact

Use the official website to choose the appropriate contact route. Explain your purpose, location, and needs; confirm capacity before travelling or handing over an animal. Inclusion does not establish a partnership or funding recommendation.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-19 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-19 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://badak.or.id/homepage/

## Sources & references

1. [Yayasan Badak Indonesia — official source](https://badak.or.id/homepage/)

## Keep exploring

- [Javan rhinoceros](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-rhino/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Yayasan Badak Indonesia. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/yabi/


---

# Alam Sehat Lestari (ASRI)

> Connecting community health with forest protection.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/asri/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/asri/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

ASRI describes forest protection and regreening, community healthcare, and sustainable livelihood support.

## Understanding its work

This approach helps explain connections between community needs and habitat conservation. The healthcare described in the source serves people; do not assume it is a veterinary clinic.

## Before you contact

Use the official website to choose the appropriate contact route. Explain your purpose, location, and needs; confirm capacity before travelling or handing over an animal. Inclusion does not establish a partnership or funding recommendation.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-19 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-19 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://alamsehatlestari.org/

## Sources & references

1. [Alam Sehat Lestari (ASRI) — official source](https://alamsehatlestari.org/)

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)
- [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Alam Sehat Lestari (ASRI). PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/asri/


---

# Gili Eco Trust

> Reef and island environment protection in the Gilis.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/gili-eco-trust/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/gili-eco-trust/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

Gili Eco Trust describes environmental work based on Gili Trawangan, including reef restoration, waste management, and community programmes.

## Understanding its work

Its website mentions education, conservation activities, and attention to working-animal welfare. Check skills needed and programme requirements before applying to volunteer.

## Before you contact

Use the official website to choose the appropriate contact route. Explain your purpose, location, and needs; confirm capacity before travelling or handing over an animal. Inclusion does not establish a partnership or funding recommendation.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-19 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-19 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://www.giliecotrust.com/our-story

## Sources & references

1. [Gili Eco Trust — official source](https://www.giliecotrust.com/our-story)

## Keep exploring

- [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)
- [Urban Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Gili Eco Trust. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/gili-eco-trust/


---

# WCS Indonesia Program

> Wildlife and terrestrial and marine habitat conservation through research and partnerships in Indonesia.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/wcs-indonesia/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/wcs-indonesia/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

WCS Indonesia describes work on forests, marine conservation, wildlife trade, policy, and human–wildlife interactions. Its programme includes support for terrestrial and marine protected areas.

## Understanding its work

Its official site describes a science-based approach including wildlife surveys, protected-area management support, and work with government and communities. This is a conservation-programme profile, not an announcement that it accepts animals from the public.

## Before you contact

Choose the relevant programme or official contact route. Confirm location and process with WCS directly; this directory has not independently checked service capacity or legal status.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-23 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-23 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://indonesia.wcs.org/

## Sources & references

1. [WCS Indonesia Program — About Us](https://indonesia.wcs.org/About-Us.aspx)

## Keep exploring

- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Coral Reefs](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/)
- [Reporting Suspected Wildlife Trafficking](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/report-wildlife-trade/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). WCS Indonesia Program. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/wcs-indonesia/


---

# Burung Indonesia

> Conservation of wild birds, habitats, and landscapes with communities.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/burung-indonesia/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/burung-indonesia/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source and partner-profile summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

BirdLife’s partner profile says Burung Indonesia works for wild birds and their habitats through site and species conservation, ecosystem restoration, and community collaboration.

## Understanding its work

Published activities include research and monitoring of priority birds in Wallacea, knowledge management, and public engagement. This does not mean the organisation provides emergency care for every bird found.

## Before you contact

Read the partner profile and official website to choose a relevant route. Ask directly about programme scope and participation requirements; PanduanHewan has not independently verified registration, contacts, or capacity.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-23 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-23 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://burung.org/

## Sources & references

1. [BirdLife International — Burung Indonesia partner profile](https://www.birdlife.org/partners/indonesia-burung-indonesia/)
2. [Burung Indonesia — official website](https://burung.org/)

## Keep exploring

- [Maleo](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/maleo/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Burung Indonesia. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/burung-indonesia/


---

# Yayasan Palung

> Orangutan and forest protection in the Gunung Palung landscape, West Kalimantan.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/yayasan-palung/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/yayasan-palung/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

Yayasan Palung states a vision of protecting orangutans and forest biodiversity in and around Gunung Palung National Park. Its work is centred in West Kalimantan.

## Understanding its work

Its programme history describes environmental education, livelihood support, campaigns, and collaboration with government bodies and other partners. These activities do not establish that the foundation accepts animals for rehabilitation.

## Before you contact

Use the official contact page to ask about the relevant programme. Confirm scope, eligibility, and current availability; this directory is not an independent review of the organisation’s operations.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-23 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-23 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://yayasanpalung.com/

## Sources & references

1. [Yayasan Palung — Sejarah Yayasan Palung](https://yayasanpalung.com/sejarah-yayasan-palung/)
2. [Yayasan Palung — official contact page](https://yayasanpalung.com/contact/)

## Keep exploring

- [Bornean orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-orangutan/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Yayasan Palung. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/yayasan-palung/


---

# Centre for Orangutan Protection (COP)

> Orangutan protection, rehabilitation centres and wildlife campaigns in East Kalimantan and North Sumatra.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/centre-for-orangutan-protection/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/centre-for-orangutan-protection/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

The Centre for Orangutan Protection (COP) states its mission as “protect the orangutan and beyond”. Its profile page says the organisation was founded in 2007 by Hardi Baktiantoro and campaigns to protect orangutan habitat in Borneo and Sumatra. COP also describes running orangutan rescue and rehabilitation centres in East Kalimantan and North Sumatra, and assisting ex-situ facilities to improve orangutan welfare.

## Understanding its work

Its programme page groups the work into habitat protection; rescue, rehabilitation and release; welfare support for orangutans in zoos; action on wildlife trade; and activist training through COP School. News posts on the site focus largely on the BORA (Borneo Orangutan Rescue Alliance) centre and the Sumatran Rescue Alliance. COP states that orangutans unable to be released because of illness or disability stay on sanctuary islands.

## Before you contact

Use the contact details on the official website and briefly explain your purpose, such as a volunteering question, a collaboration or information about orangutans. Reports about protected wildlife should also go to the local BKSDA (conservation agency). Inclusion in this directory is not a partnership, a funding recommendation or an assurance that COP can take on a particular case; confirm its scope directly.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-25 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-25 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://orangutanprotection.com/

## Sources & references

1. [Centre for Orangutan Protection — Who We Are](https://orangutanprotection.com/about-us/)
2. [Centre for Orangutan Protection — What We Do](https://orangutanprotection.com/what-we-do/)
3. [Mongabay Indonesia — Kembali ke Habitat, Orangutan Kalimantan Hidup Bebas di Hutan Mesangat (2026)](https://mongabay.co.id/2026/07/06/kembali-ke-habitat-orangutan-kalimantan-hidup-bebas-di-hutan-mesangat/)

## Keep exploring

- [Bornean orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-orangutan/)
- [Sumatran orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-orangutan/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Centre for Orangutan Protection (COP). PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/centre-for-orangutan-protection/


---

# Orangutan Foundation International (OFI)

> Wild orangutan protection, orphan rehabilitation and forest work around Tanjung Puting, Central Kalimantan.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/orangutan-foundation-international/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/orangutan-foundation-international/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

Orangutan Foundation International (OFI) describes itself as a non-profit dedicated to conserving wild orangutans and their rainforest habitat, established by Dr Biruté Mary Galdikas and associates in 1986. Its website traces this work to the research and rehabilitation programme begun in 1971 at Camp Leakey, Tanjung Puting National Park, Central Kalimantan. OFI's office is listed in Los Angeles, United States.

## Understanding its work

Its programme pages cover rehabilitation of orphaned ex-captive orangutans at the Orangutan Care Center and Quarantine, forest patrols and protection, long-term research on wild orangutans, GIS mapping and community education. OFI also describes working with government on areas such as the Lamandau Wildlife Reserve and the Pasir Panjang Village Forest. Its history page records the founding of Orangutan Foundation Indonesia in Pangkalan Bun in 1993.

## Before you contact

OFI's website is aimed mainly at international supporters, including its foster and donation schemes; use the official contact page to ask about its work in Indonesia. The site also reports the death of Dr Galdikas in 2026, so some history pages may not yet be updated. Inclusion here is not a partnership or a funding recommendation; confirm which programmes are currently running directly.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-25 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-25 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://orangutan.org/

## Sources & references

1. [Orangutan Foundation International — Our Projects](https://orangutan.org/our-projects/)
2. [Orangutan Foundation International — Forest Protection](https://orangutan.org/our-projects/forest-protection/)
3. [Mongabay Indonesia — Selamat Jalan Birute Galdikas, Ibu Orangutan Kalimantan \[1\] (2026)](https://mongabay.co.id/2026/03/31/selamat-jalan-birute-galdikas-ibu-orangutan-kalimantan-1/)

## Keep exploring

- [Bornean orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-orangutan/)
- [Proboscis monkey](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/proboscis-monkey/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Orangutan Foundation International (OFI). PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/orangutan-foundation-international/


---

# Orangutan Information Centre (YOSL-OIC)

> Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutan protection, forest restoration and conflict mitigation in North Sumatra and Aceh.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/orangutan-information-centre/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/orangutan-information-centre/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

Yayasan Orangutan Sumatera Lestari – Orangutan Information Centre (YOSL-OIC) describes itself as a grassroots NGO based in Medan. Its vision is to protect orangutans and their forest habitat in Sumatra. The website describes work with communities around the Leuser Ecosystem and the Batang Toru Ecosystem, home to Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutans. OIC was founded in 2001 as an orangutan information centre.

## Understanding its work

The website describes restoring degraded forest in and around Gunung Leuser National Park, joint forest patrols with national park staff, and a Human-Orangutan Conflict Response Unit (HOCRU) that carries out translocations and confiscations with BKSDA. OIC is also part of the Sumatran Rescue Alliance, a primate rescue centre in Besitang, Langkat, set up with BBKSDA North Sumatra, BKSDA Aceh and COP.

## Before you contact

Use the email address or Medan office listed on the official website and explain your purpose. Impact figures on the site mostly stop at 2023, so ask which programmes are currently running. Sightings of orangutans or other protected wildlife should also be reported to the local BKSDA. Inclusion here is not a partnership, an audit or an assurance that a case will be handled.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-25 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-25 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://orangutancentre.org/

## Sources & references

1. [Orangutan Information Centre — About Us](https://orangutancentre.org/about-us/)
2. [Orangutan Information Centre — Sumatran Rescue Alliance](https://orangutancentre.org/activity/sumatran-rescue-alliance/)
3. [Mongabay Indonesia — Kasus 5 Bayi Orangutan di India, Waspadai Perdagangan Satwa Liar Melalui Jalur Laut Aceh (2026)](https://mongabay.co.id/2026/09/14/kasus-5-bayi-orangutan-di-india-waspadai-perdagangan-satwa-liar-melalui-jalur-laut-aceh/)

## Keep exploring

- [Sumatran orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-orangutan/)
- [Tapanuli orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tapanuli-orangutan/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Orangutan Information Centre (YOSL-OIC). PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/orangutan-information-centre/


---

# Kalaweit

> Care for gibbons and siamangs from the wildlife trade and village forest protection in Central Kalimantan and West Sumatra.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/kalaweit/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/kalaweit/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

Kalaweit states that it has worked to preserve Indonesia's biodiversity since 1997, beginning with gibbon protection. Its website explains that kalaweit means “gibbon” in the Dayak language. Alongside offices in France, Belgium and Switzerland, the site lists Yayasan Kalaweit Indonesia in Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan. Its work is described in Borneo and Sumatra, including Siberut in the Mentawai Islands.

## Understanding its work

The website describes care centres with veterinary clinics for gibbons, siamangs and other animals taken from the trade, and forest protection through land acquisition co-managed with partner villages, such as the Dulan forest in Barito Utara. Rangers from neighbouring villages carry out patrols. Kalaweit states that it does not release gibbons into these reserves because the available territory is limited.

## Before you contact

Kalaweit states that it no longer receives animals and concentrates on caring for those already at its centres. Wildlife reports should therefore go to the local BKSDA. The main website is in French with an English version; use the official contact page for programme questions. Inclusion here is not a partnership or a funding recommendation.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-25 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-25 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://kalaweit.org/en/home/

## Sources & references

1. [Kalaweit — Who are we?](https://kalaweit.org/en/introduction/who-are-we/)
2. [Kalaweit — Projects](https://kalaweit.org/en/introduction/projects/)
3. [Mongabay Indonesia — Sebanyak 16 Owa Dikembalikan ke Habitatnya, Ancaman Perburuan? (2023)](https://mongabay.co.id/2023/12/03/sebanyak-16-owa-dikembalikan-ke-habitatnya-ancaman-perburuan/)

## Keep exploring

- [Bornean White-bearded Gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hylobates-albibarbis/)
- [Siamang](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/siamang/)
- [Bornean orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-orangutan/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Kalaweit. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/kalaweit/


---

# Yayasan Owa Jawa (Javan Gibbon Foundation)

> Rescue, rehabilitation and release of Javan gibbons through the Javan Gibbon Center in West Java.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/yayasan-owa-jawa/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/yayasan-owa-jawa/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

Yayasan Owa Jawa states that it was founded in 2003 as a non-profit conservation organisation working on the rescue, recovery and release of the Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch), a primate endemic to Java. Its vision is the conservation of the Javan gibbon and its habitat in step with sustainable development. Its mission covers rehabilitating confiscated or surrendered gibbons, raising public awareness and building cooperation between stakeholders.

## Understanding its work

The website describes the Javan Gibbon Center rehabilitation facility, the release of gibbon pairs at Gunung Puntang in the Mount Malabar Protection Forest, and monitoring and patrols after release. Its programmes also include mobile conservation education for schools and villages in West Java and Banten, community work around national parks, and a gibbon adoption scheme.

## Before you contact

Use the contact page on the official website for questions about programmes, adoption or collaboration. The Javan gibbon is a protected species; handovers or sightings should go through the local BKSDA, as the foundation states that gibbons in rehabilitation come from official confiscations or public surrenders. Inclusion here is not a partnership or an assurance of capacity; confirm directly.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-25 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-25 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://owajawa.or.id/

## Sources & references

1. [Yayasan Owa Jawa — Visi dan Misi](https://owajawa.or.id/tentang-kami/visi-dan-misi/)
2. [Yayasan Owa Jawa — Kelahiran Bayi Owa Jawa di Gunung Puntang (2025)](https://owajawa.or.id/2025/06/20/kelahiran-bayi-owa-jawa-di-gunung-puntang/)

## Keep exploring

- [Javan gibbon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-gibbon/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Yayasan Owa Jawa (Javan Gibbon Foundation). PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/yayasan-owa-jawa/


---

# Animal Friends Jogja (AFJ)

> Animal welfare campaigns, spay and neuter, adoption and education from Yogyakarta, including the dog meat trade.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/animal-friends-jogja/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/animal-friends-jogja/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

Animal Friends Jogja (AFJ) describes itself as an animal welfare organisation working to improve animal welfare through proactive programmes. Its website lists campaign, adoption, rescue, education, spay and neuter, and animal sponsorship programmes. AFJ also describes itself as a founding member of the Dog Meat Free Indonesia coalition, which raises the issue of the dog and cat meat trade.

## Understanding its work

Active campaigns listed include Dog Meat Free Indonesia, ending travelling dolphin circuses, care for carriage horses, cage-free farming and a ban on masked dancing monkeys. Its education programme, “Temanku Alam dan Satwa”, is aimed at young people. AFJ explains that rescued animals stay in a halfway house with limited space while they await adoption.

## Before you contact

AFJ states that it is not a shelter and cannot process every report. People reporting a case are asked to provide photos or video and their own details, and to stay involved through to adoption or fostering. Its location is not published; visits are by email appointment after reading the FAQ. Inclusion here is not a partnership or an assurance that a case will be handled.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-25 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-25 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://animalfriendsjogja.org/

## Sources & references

1. [Animal Friends Jogja — Rescue](https://animalfriendsjogja.org/rescue)
2. [Animal Friends Jogja — Campaign](https://animalfriendsjogja.org/campaign)
3. [Mongabay Indonesia — Topeng Monyet, Atraksi yang Renggut Kesejahteraan Satwa (2025)](https://mongabay.co.id/2025/09/15/topeng-monyet-atraksi-yang-renggut-kesejahteraan-satwa/)

## Keep exploring

- [Domestic dog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dog/)
- [Domestic cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/)
- [Long-tailed macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/macaca-fascicularis/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Animal Friends Jogja (AFJ). PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/animal-friends-jogja/


---

# Friends of Nature, People and Forests (FNPF)

> Wildlife, habitat and community work in Bali, Nusa Penida and near Tanjung Puting; formerly Friends of the National Parks Foundation.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/fnpf/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/fnpf/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

Friends of Nature, People and Forests (FNPF) states that its mission is sustainable conservation that integrates the well-being of Indonesia's wildlife, environment and communities. It was founded in 1997 by Balinese veterinarian Dr Bayu Wirayudha and was called Friends of the National Parks Foundation until a name change in 2024. Its website lists five project sites in Indonesia.

## Understanding its work

The website describes projects around Tanjung Puting National Park and Lamandau River Wildlife Reserve in Central Kalimantan, a community-supported bird sanctuary on Nusa Penida, a wildlife rescue centre in Tabanan, a sanctuary on the slopes of Mount Batukaru, and its headquarters in Pejeng village, Gianyar. Its work includes rehabilitating and releasing animals such as the Bali starling, tree planting and community programmes.

## Before you contact

FNPF offers volunteering and eco-tour programmes at several of its sites; ask about details, costs and conditions directly through the official contact page. Its rescue centre page says most animals in its care were confiscated by officials, so protected wildlife should be reported to the local BKSDA. Inclusion here is not a partnership or a funding recommendation.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-25 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-25 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://www.fnpf.org/

## Sources & references

1. [Friends of Nature, People and Forests — About Us](https://www.fnpf.org/about-us/)
2. [Friends of Nature, People and Forests — What We Do](https://www.fnpf.org/what-we-do/)
3. [Mongabay Indonesia — Awig-Awig dan Jalak Bali: Saat Aturan Adat Lebih Efektif Lindungi Spesies Endemik dari Kepunahan (2025)](https://mongabay.co.id/2025/10/04/awig-awig-dan-jalak-bali-saat-aturan-adat-lebih-efektif-lindungi-spesies-endemik-dari-kepunahan/)

## Keep exploring

- [Bali myna](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bali-myna/)
- [Bornean orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/bornean-orangutan/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Friends of Nature, People and Forests (FNPF). PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/fnpf/


---

# Turtle Conservation and Education Center (TCEC) Serangan

> Sea turtle conservation and education centre on Serangan Island, Denpasar, Bali, opened in 2006.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/tcec-serangan/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/tcec-serangan/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

The Turtle Conservation and Education Center (TCEC) states that it was opened by the Governor of Bali on 20 January 2006 on Serangan Island as part of a strategy to tackle the turtle trade. Its website cites support from WWF, the Bali provincial government, the conservation agency (BKSDA) and the Serangan community, and an aim of creating livelihoods for local people other than the turtle trade.

## Understanding its work

The website describes caring for injured turtles in recovery tanks with veterinary support from Udayana University, moving nests from busy beaches to a semi-natural hatchery, and releasing hatchlings to the sea. It names three species found in Bali: green, hawksbill and olive ridley turtles. TCEC also offers visits, a hatchling adoption programme, internships and school education.

## Before you contact

TCEC's official website runs on the Jimdo platform and its information is brief; confirm visit times, the hatchling adoption programme or internships directly through the listed contact. Sea turtles are protected, so stranded or traded turtles should also be reported to BKSDA Bali. Inclusion here is not a partnership, a recommendation or an assurance of capacity.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-25 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-25 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://tcecserangan.jimdofree.com/

## Sources & references

1. [Turtle Conservation and Education Center — Home](https://tcecserangan.jimdofree.com/)
2. [Turtle Conservation and Education Center — Turtle Rescue](https://tcecserangan.jimdofree.com/activities/turtle-rescue/)
3. [Mongabay Indonesia — Foto: Melihat Konservasi Penyu di TCEC Serangan (2022)](https://mongabay.co.id/2022/10/16/foto-melihat-konservasi-penyu-di-tcec-serangan/)

## Keep exploring

- [Green turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-turtle/)
- [Hawksbill turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/hawksbill-turtle/)
- [Olive ridley turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/olive-ridley-turtle/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Turtle Conservation and Education Center (TCEC) Serangan. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/tcec-serangan/


---

# Konservasi Indonesia (KI)

> National foundation for land and marine ecosystem conservation, continuing Conservation International's work in Indonesia.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/konservasi-indonesia/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/konservasi-indonesia/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

Konservasi Indonesia (KI) states that it was established in September 2021 as a national foundation to continue the track record of Conservation International (CI) Indonesia, which closed its Indonesian programme operations in April 2022. KI describes CI as its global partner. Its vision is a healthy, prosperous Indonesia whose land and marine ecosystems are well managed.

## Understanding its work

The website divides its work into Sundaland (North Sumatra, West Java, East Java, Riau Islands), Sunda Banda (Bali, West and East Nusa Tenggara, Maluku) and Sahul Papua (West Papua), plus national initiatives. Its focus includes climate stability through nature conservation and the management of marine protected areas and fisheries. Recent news mentions restoration in Batang Toru and a whale shark education centre in Sumbawa.

## Before you contact

KI describes landscape-level and policy work with government; its website does not describe an animal rescue service. Use the official contact page for questions about partnerships, careers, scholarships or its Kawan Konservasi supporter programme. The site also publishes a grievance mechanism. Inclusion here is not a partnership, an audit or a funding recommendation; confirm programmes in your area directly.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-25 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-25 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://konservasi-id.org/

## Sources & references

1. [Konservasi Indonesia — Sejarah](https://konservasi-id.org/tentang-kami/sejarah/)
2. [Konservasi Indonesia — Lokasi Kerja](https://konservasi-id.org/program/lokasi-kerja/)
3. [Mongabay Indonesia — Kenali Orangutan Tapanuli dan Ancamannya (2026)](https://mongabay.co.id/2026/08/14/kenali-orangutan-tapanuli-dan-ancamannya/)

## Keep exploring

- [Tapanuli orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/tapanuli-orangutan/)
- [Whale shark](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/whale-shark/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Konservasi Indonesia (KI). PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/konservasi-indonesia/


---

# Coral Triangle Center (CTC)

> Bali-based marine conservation foundation working on marine protected areas, training and ocean literacy.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/coral-triangle-center/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/coral-triangle-center/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

The Coral Triangle Center (CTC) describes itself as an Indonesia-based foundation with a regional scope. Since 2010 it has worked with communities, governments, the private sector and partners to strengthen marine resource management and protect coral reef ecosystems across the Coral Triangle. It describes on-the-ground conservation in Bali, Maluku and Timor-Leste.

## Understanding its work

The website describes support for the Nusa Penida Marine Protected Area, including zoning, patrol training, codes of conduct for manta ray and mola-mola encounters, and coral reef restoration. In the Banda Islands, CTC describes reef health monitoring and the revival of sasi customary closures. It also runs a Center for Marine Conservation in Bali for training and public outreach, and promotes the Green Fins programme.

## Before you contact

CTC focuses on marine protected area management and capacity building; its website does not describe an animal rescue service. For stranded marine mammals or turtles, contact the local authorities. Use the official contact page for questions about training, internships, volunteering or visits to its centre. Inclusion here is not a partnership or a funding recommendation.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-25 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-25 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://coraltrianglecenter.org/

## Sources & references

1. [Coral Triangle Center — Nusa Penida MPA](https://coraltrianglecenter.org/nusa-penida-mpa/)
2. [Coral Triangle Center — Banda Islands MPA Network](https://coraltrianglecenter.org/banda-islands-mpa-network/)
3. [Mongabay Indonesia — Kini Ada Demplot Restorasi Terumbu Karang Terapung di Kawasan Konservasi Nusa Penida (2024)](https://mongabay.co.id/2024/02/08/kini-ada-demplot-restorasi-terumbu-karang-terapung-di-kawasan-konservasi-nusa-penida/)

## Keep exploring

- [Reef manta ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/reef-manta-ray/)
- [Humphead wrasse](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/humphead-wrasse/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Coral Triangle Center (CTC). PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/coral-triangle-center/


---

# Reef Check Indonesia

> Coral reef monitoring, manta ray research and coastal community empowerment, based in Denpasar, Bali.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/reef-check-indonesia/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/reef-check-indonesia/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

Reef Check Indonesia states that it focuses on empowering people to improve coastal community welfare through integrated coastal and marine ecosystem management. Its website traces its roots to a volunteer reef monitoring initiative in 1997, the founding of the foundation in 2005 and membership of the international Reef Check network. Its office is listed in Denpasar, Bali.

## Understanding its work

The website describes EcoDiver training for volunteer divers, a national coral bleaching monitoring network, manta ray population research using photo-identification and genetics, and reef restoration practice. Its empowerment work is described as supporting dive guide and fisher groups in Buleleng and Karangasem, Bali, and livelihood transition for former manta fishers in Lamakera, East Nusa Tenggara.

## Before you contact

Many programme pages on the site do not appear to have been updated for several years, so ask which activities are current before signing up for training or proposing a collaboration. Use the official email address listed on the site. The website does not describe an animal rescue service. Inclusion here is not a partnership, an audit or a funding recommendation.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-25 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-25 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://reefcheck.or.id/

## Sources & references

1. [Reef Check Indonesia — Science for Management](https://reefcheck.or.id/science-for-management/)
2. [Reef Check Indonesia — Empowering Community](https://reefcheck.or.id/empowering-community/)
3. [Mongabay Indonesia — Ketika Suhu Laut Naik Lebih Cepat (2026)](https://mongabay.co.id/2026/02/25/ketika-suhu-laut-naik-lebih-cepat/)

## Keep exploring

- [Reef manta ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/reef-manta-ray/)
- [Oceanic Manta Ray](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/mobula-birostris/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Reef Check Indonesia. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/reef-check-indonesia/


---

# Forum HarimauKita

> Civil society forum for Sumatran tiger conservation, with a secretariat in Bogor, West Java.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/forum-harimaukita/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/forum-harimaukita/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

Forum HarimauKita describes itself as an independent civil society body founded in 2008 to work for the conservation of the Sumatran tiger and its coexistence with people. Its website cites more than 100 professional members from 26 organisations, plus the Tiger Heart volunteer network. The forum states that it supports the government in securing Sumatran tigers in their habitat.

## Understanding its work

The website describes the forum's role in strengthening communication and information sharing between stakeholders and in monitoring the Sumatran Tiger Conservation Strategy and Action Plan. Its activities include Kelas Konservasi training sessions and webinars, the Imau Library online resource, educational materials, Global Tiger Day events and public statements on tiger deaths or trade cases.

## Before you contact

Forum HarimauKita is a coordination and information network; its website does not describe a conflict response or tiger rescue service. Human–tiger conflict incidents should be reported promptly to BKSDA or local authorities. Use the secretariat contact on the site for questions about membership, classes or data. Inclusion here is not a partnership or a funding recommendation.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-25 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-25 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://harimaukita.or.id/

## Sources & references

1. [Forum HarimauKita — Tentang HarimauKita](https://harimaukita.or.id/tentang-harimaukita/)
2. [Forum HarimauKita — Kelas Konservasi](https://harimaukita.or.id/kelas-konservasi/)
3. [Mongabay Indonesia — Sumatera Tanpa Harimau, Ancaman di Depan Mata? (2025)](https://mongabay.co.id/2025/11/17/sumatera-tanpa-harimau-ancaman-di-depan-mata/)

## Keep exploring

- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Forum HarimauKita. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/forum-harimaukita/


---

# Selamatkan Yaki

> Conservation, research and education programme for the yaki (Macaca nigra) in North Sulawesi.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/selamatkan-yaki/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/selamatkan-yaki/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

Selamatkan Yaki describes itself as an independent conservation foundation protecting the yaki (Macaca nigra), the crested black macaque endemic to North Sulawesi, through conservation, education and research. Its website says the programme began in 2007 and was formally established as Yayasan Selamatkan Yaki Sulawesi in April 2026. Its long-term strategy is based on a Species Action Plan for the yaki.

## Understanding its work

Its programme pages cover biodiversity monitoring with camera traps, community conservation, sustainable livelihoods, ecotourism, environmental education and a Green Gospel programme with churches. Selamatkan Yaki also states that it works to reduce the hunting, trade and consumption of yaki as bushmeat, with BKSDA North Sulawesi as its main government partner.

## Before you contact

Use the email address or Manado office listed on the official website for questions about programmes, collaboration or volunteering. Because its organisational form changed in 2026, confirm the current entity name before entering any agreement. The yaki is a protected species; hunting, trade or keeping of yaki should be reported to BKSDA North Sulawesi. Inclusion here is not a partnership.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-25 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-25 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://www.selamatkanyaki.ngo/

## Sources & references

1. [Selamatkan Yaki — Overview](https://www.selamatkanyaki.ngo/about-us/overview/)
2. [Selamatkan Yaki — A New Chapter for Selamatkan Yaki (2026)](https://www.selamatkanyaki.ngo/2026/05/01/a-new-chapter-for-selamatkan-yaki/)
3. [Mongabay Indonesia — Organisasi Gereja Terbesar di Sulawesi Utara Sepakat Lestarikan Satwa Liar Dilindungi (2019)](https://mongabay.co.id/2019/07/09/organisasi-gereja-terbesar-di-sulawesi-utara-sepakat-lestarikan-satwa-liar-dilindungi/)

## Keep exploring

- [Crested black macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-black-macaque/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Selamatkan Yaki. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/selamatkan-yaki/


---

# Macaca Nigra Project (MNP)

> Research and conservation education project on crested black macaques in Tangkoko Nature Reserve, North Sulawesi.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/macaca-nigra-project/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/macaca-nigra-project/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

The Macaca Nigra Project (MNP) states that it has studied the biology and habitat of the crested black macaque (Macaca nigra) since 2006 while supporting its protection in the wild. Its website describes MNP as a collaboration between two Indonesian universities and several European education and research institutions, working closely with the local conservation agency. Its work centres on Tangkoko Nature Reserve, Bitung.

## Understanding its work

The website describes long-term data collection on macaque demography, reproduction and behaviour, along with projects by students and researchers from several countries. Its conservation team is described as patrolling, removing snares and reporting illegal activity to rangers. Its education branch, Tangkoko Conservation Education, runs school sessions, a science camp and environmental events in the Bitung area.

## Before you contact

Most programme pages on the site refer to activities in 2021–2022, while the latest annual report available covers 2024; ask what is currently running. Use the email address on the official website for questions about research, placements or education. Evidence of hunting or trade in yaki should be reported to BKSDA North Sulawesi. Inclusion here is not a partnership or a funding recommendation.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-25 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-25 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://macaca-nigra.org/

## Sources & references

1. [Macaca Nigra Project — Home](https://macaca-nigra.org/)
2. [Macaca Nigra Project — Conservation](https://macaca-nigra.org/conservation/)
3. [Mongabay Indonesia — Mathilde Chanvin: Mengubah Masa Depan Lewat Pendidikan Konservasi (2016)](https://mongabay.co.id/2016/06/29/mathilde-chanvin-mengubah-masa-depan-lewat-pendidikan-konservasi/)

## Keep exploring

- [Crested black macaque](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/crested-black-macaque/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Macaca Nigra Project (MNP). PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/macaca-nigra-project/


---

# Alobi Foundation

> Wildlife rescue and rehabilitation centre, with slow loris and tarsier research, in the Bangka Belitung Islands.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/alobi-foundation/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/alobi-foundation/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

Alobi Foundation explains that its wildlife rescue and rehabilitation centre was set up in response to hunting, illegal trade and human–wildlife conflict in the Bangka Belitung Islands. Its mission covers protecting flora and fauna, working with government, spreading conservation information, reforestation, and monitoring the illegal circulation of plants and animals. Its office address is listed in Pangkalpinang.

## Understanding its work

The website says animals in its care are entrusted by BKSDA after law enforcement, surrendered by the public or taken from human–wildlife conflict, then rehabilitated at Air Jangkang, Bangka Regency, before health checks and release with vets and BKSDA teams. Other programmes cover research on the Bangka slow loris and the western tarsier (mentilin), planting food trees for wildlife, and community education.

## Before you contact

Alobi states that it works with BKSDA, so sightings or handovers of protected wildlife should be coordinated with the local BKSDA. Use the official contact details on the site to ask about programmes, visits or volunteering, and confirm capacity before bringing any animal. Figures for animals released are the organisation's own claims. Inclusion here is not a partnership or a funding recommendation.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-25 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-25 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://alobi.org/

## Sources & references

1. [Alobi Foundation — Animal Rescue](https://alobi.org/animal-rescue/)
2. [Alobi Foundation — Pelepasliaran Satwa](https://alobi.org/pelepasliaran-satwa/)
3. [Mongabay Indonesia — Alobi dan Misi Penyelamatan Satwa Liar Dilindungi di Bangka Belitung (2022)](https://mongabay.co.id/2022/02/05/alobi-dan-misi-penyelamatan-satwa-liar-dilindungi-di-bangka-belitung/)

## Keep exploring

- [Sunda pangolin](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sunda-pangolin/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Alobi Foundation. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/alobi-foundation/


---

# Little Fireface Project (LFP)

> Long-term research and conservation of the Javan slow loris through ecology, education and empowerment in Cipaganti, West Java.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/little-fireface-project/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/organisasi/little-fireface-project/
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**Review status:** Official-source summary; not an organisational audit.

## Published focus

The Little Fireface Project (LFP), led by Professor Anna Nekaris, states that its mission is to deepen understanding of all loris species and to foster conservation through education and community engagement. Its current focus is the Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus), with a research station in West Java studying a wild population since 2012. Its long-term study is based in Cipaganti.

## Understanding its work

The website describes loris ecology research, surveys of forests and wildlife markets, a Nature Club (Klub Alam) for children in Cipaganti since 2013, the children's book “Slow Loris Forest Protector”, and a Wildlife-Friendly Coffee Programme with farmers in Cipaganti and Pangauban that gained Wildlife Friendly certification in 2020. LFP also publishes data collection guidelines and campaigns for responsible ecotourism.

## Before you contact

LFP is a research and education project; its website does not describe a rescue service or the intake of lorises. Slow lorises are protected, so sightings, trade or pet keeping should be reported to the local BKSDA. For questions about internships, education or research, use the contact details on the official website. Inclusion here is not a partnership or a funding recommendation.

## Available evidence

| Dimension | Status | Checked |
|---|---|---|
| Identity and official website | Identity as published by the organisation; not independent verification. | 2026-09-25 |
| Registration and legal form | Not independently checked against the applicable registry. | — |
| Contact ownership and confirmation | The official website is the starting point; phone and contact ownership have not been directly confirmed. | — |
| Service area and service focus | Programmes and areas summarised from the official website; capacity, hours and animal acceptance are unconfirmed. | 2026-09-25 |
| Dated activity reporting | Reporting periods, counting methods and reported outcomes have not been assessed. | — |
| Financial reporting | The availability, period and scope of financial reports have not been checked. | — |
| Independent audit | Auditor, period, report and audit scope have not been verified. | — |

Official website: https://www.nocturama.org/

## Sources & references

1. [Little Fireface Project — About Little Fireface Project](https://www.nocturama.org/en/about-little-fireface-project/)
2. [Little Fireface Project — Wildlife Friendly Coffee Programme](https://www.nocturama.org/en/wf-coffee/)
3. [Mongabay — In search of the fireface: The precarious, scandalous lives of the slow lorises of Java (2017)](https://news.mongabay.com/2017/11/in-search-of-the-fireface-the-precarious-scandalous-lives-of-the-slow-lorises-of-java/)

## Keep exploring

- [Javan slow loris](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/javan-slow-loris/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Little Fireface Project (LFP). PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/little-fireface-project/


---

# Responsible Cat and Dog Adoption

> Adoption starts with a ready home, enough time, and a lifelong commitment.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/adopting-cats-dogs/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/panduan/adopsi-kucing-anjing/
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**Review status:** Editorial summary of the listed sources.

## Check household readiness

Discuss daily responsibilities, housing permission, interaction time, and routine and emergency costs. Match the animal’s needs to your household’s capacity, beyond its appearance.

## Understand the animal and process

Ask about health and behaviour history, matching, fees, and support after adoption. Request available records and clarify who handles follow-up.

## Plan the first days

Prepare a safe area and care routine. Discuss an initial check with a veterinarian. Introductions to other animals need an individual plan; ask the adoption team for guidance.

## Start with official routes

BAWA publishes cat and dog adoption routes. Animal availability and requirements can change, so contact the organisation before travelling or committing.

## Sources & references

1. [AVMA — Responsible pet ownership](https://ebusiness.avma.org/files/productdownloads/Responsible-Pet-Ownership-EnglishColor.pdf)
2. [BAWA — Adopt and foster](https://bawabali.com/adopt-and-foster/)

## Keep exploring

- [Bali Animal Welfare Association (BAWA)](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/bawa/)
- [Bali Adoption & Rehabilitation Centre](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/barc/)
- [Fostering Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/fostering-animals/)
- [Domestic cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/)
- [Domestic dog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dog/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Responsible Cat and Dog Adoption. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/adopting-cats-dogs/


---

# Fostering Animals

> Fostering provides a temporary home with agreed responsibilities and support.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/fostering-animals/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/panduan/foster-hewan/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Editorial summary of the listed sources.

## Agree on your commitment

Describe your availability, experience, home, and existing animals. Ask about the animal’s particular needs and whether the placement length may change.

## Put arrangements in writing

Clarify who provides food, pays for care, chooses the clinic, and makes emergency decisions. Record the coordinator’s contact and a plan if you cannot continue.

## Keep communication clear

Follow the organisation’s guidance and keep simple daily records. Do not independently advertise the animal for adoption or change care without agreement. Wildlife fostering requires specialised authorisation.

## A local starting point

BAWA describes a foster programme on its official site. Contact the team about matching and the support actually available when you apply.

## Sources & references

1. [RSPCA — Fostering animals](https://www.rspca.org.uk/findapet/foster)
2. [BAWA — Adopt and foster](https://bawabali.com/adopt-and-foster/)

## Keep exploring

- [Bali Animal Welfare Association (BAWA)](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/bawa/)
- [Responsible Cat and Dog Adoption](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/adopting-cats-dogs/)
- [Animal Safety During Disasters](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/animals-in-disasters/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Fostering Animals. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/fostering-animals/


---

# Volunteering for Animals

> Useful volunteering starts with an organisation’s needs and the skills you bring.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/panduan/relawan-hewan/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Editorial summary of the listed sources.

## Choose your contribution

Education, translation, administration, design, supporter outreach, and habitat work can be as valuable as direct care. Prepare a short offer stating your skills, time, languages, and location.

## Check the role and supervision

Ask about duties, training, supervision, costs, and safety arrangements. Avoid programmes whose main attraction is close contact with wildlife.

## Apply through the organisation

WWF-Indonesia says volunteering opportunities are announced periodically. Cikananga also distinguishes volunteering and internships; do not assume applications are always open.

## Leave something useful

Agree on a useful handover, such as approved educational material or work documentation. Respect data confidentiality, sensitive locations, and photography permissions.

## Sources & references

1. [WWF-Indonesia — Volunteer programmes](https://www.wwf.id/id/id/volunteer)
2. [Cikananga — Official programmes and participation](https://www.cikanangawildlifecenter.com/mission-and-vision/)

## Keep exploring

- [WWF-Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/wwf-indonesia/)
- [Cikananga Wildlife Center](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/cikananga/)
- [Gili Eco Trust](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/gili-eco-trust/)
- [Fostering Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/fostering-animals/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Volunteering for Animals. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/


---

# Tropical Rainforests

> Rainforests connect life from the forest floor to the canopy.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/habitat/hutan-hujan-tropis/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Editorial summary of the listed sources.

## Many layers, one forest

Canopies, tree trunks, leaf litter, and waterways provide different living spaces. Reading the habitat helps explain why species are not distributed evenly.

## The Indonesian context

Sumatra’s Tropical Rainforest Heritage includes Gunung Leuser, Kerinci Seblat, and Bukit Barisan Selatan. UNESCO highlights its biodiversity and pressures on these landscapes.

## What to look for

Notice continuity of forest cover and connections with rivers. Forests that look equally green in photographs need not have the same condition or animal community.

## Learn without disturbing

Use permitted routes and follow the site manager’s guidance. Keep observation notes, but avoid sharing nest coordinates or locations of species vulnerable to collection.

## Sources & references

1. [UNESCO — Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1167/)
2. [FAO — Urban and peri-urban forestry](https://www.fao.org/sustainable-forest-management-toolbox/modules/urban-and-peri-urban-forestry/2/)

## Keep exploring

- [Sumatran orangutan](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-orangutan/)
- [Sumatran tiger](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/sumatran-tiger/)
- [Aceh Animal Guide](https://panduanhewan.org/en/regions/aceh/)
- [Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/socp/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Tropical Rainforests. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/


---

# Mangroves

> Mangroves connect land, tides, and coastal life.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/habitat/mangrove/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Editorial summary of the listed sources.

## Life shaped by tides

Mangroves grow on tropical and subtropical coasts influenced by tides. Complex roots help trap sediment and provide shelter for organisms.

## More than a row of trees

Mangrove function depends on connections among water, mud, roots, and the surrounding coast. Understanding water flow matters when assessing restoration work.

## Read the local setting

Jakarta’s government publishes mangrove work at several Angke and Muara Angke locations. Access and site purposes differ; check with the manager before visiting.

## A useful contribution

Support work led by site managers or local communities. Ask how recovery is monitored after planting, beyond the number of seedlings put in the ground.

## Sources & references

1. [NOAA — What is a mangrove forest?](https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/mangroves.html)
2. [Pemprov DKI Jakarta — Coastal mangrove work](https://www.jakarta.go.id/siaran-pers/6898-SP-HMS-07-2026)

## Keep exploring

- [Proboscis monkey](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/proboscis-monkey/)
- [Jakarta Animal Guide](https://panduanhewan.org/en/regions/jakarta/)
- [Yayasan Konservasi Alam Nusantara](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/ykan/)
- [Freshwater Wetlands](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Mangroves. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/


---

# Coral Reefs

> Coral reefs are living ecosystems, beyond an underwater view.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/habitat/terumbu-karang/
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**Review status:** Editorial summary of the listed sources.

## Sensitive to change

Warmer seas can trigger coral bleaching. Ocean acidification also affects corals’ ability to build skeletons; these pressures differ from local physical damage.

## Understand the site

Do not judge an entire reef’s health from one photograph or visit. Ask managers about monitoring, seasons, visitor zones, and current rules.

## When you are at sea

Choose an operator that explains conduct before entry. Keep your body and equipment clear of coral; do not collect animals or marine souvenirs.

## Support long-term work

Understand restoration alongside habitat protection and monitoring. Read project descriptions from Misool Foundation or Gili Eco Trust to explore different conservation approaches.

## Sources & references

1. [NOAA — Climate change and coral reefs](https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/coralreef-climate.html)

## Keep exploring

- [Misool Foundation](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/misool-foundation/)
- [Gili Eco Trust](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/gili-eco-trust/)
- [Green turtle](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/green-turtle/)
- [Finding a Stranded Marine Animal](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/stranded-marine-animal/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Coral Reefs. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/coral-reefs/


---

# Savannas

> Open landscapes have seasonal rhythms and wildlife different from dense forest.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/habitat/sabana/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Editorial summary of the listed sources.

## Recognise open landscapes

Savannas are dominated by herbaceous vegetation with more scattered trees. Water availability and seasonal change shape how animals use the landscape.

## An example from Komodo

UNESCO describes Komodo National Park through savanna hills, patches of woody vegetation, and coastal environments. One park can contain several connected habitats.

## Do not read it as empty land

Open ground is not automatically forest awaiting trees. Before supporting a project, ask about its reference habitat and the ecological reasons for proposed actions.

## A responsible visit

Check permits, guides, and visiting conditions with the official manager. Follow designated routes and safety instructions; never lure animals closer with food.

## Sources & references

1. [UNESCO — Komodo National Park](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/609/)

## Keep exploring

- [Komodo dragon](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/komodo-dragon/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Volunteering for Animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/volunteering-for-animals/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Savannas. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/savanna/


---

# Freshwater Wetlands

> Rivers, lakes, marshes, and floodplains are connected by water.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/habitat/lahan-basah-air-tawar/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Editorial summary of the listed sources.

## Water shapes habitat

Wetlands support living communities, water availability, and disaster-risk reduction. Their condition reflects activities upstream as well as on the site itself.

## Change is not always obvious

Drainage, pollution, and altered flows can change habitat function. Calm-looking water is not evidence that an entire ecosystem is healthy.

## Look for connections

When learning about a site, note links among wetlands, rivers, waterside vegetation, and surrounding land. Separate observations from conclusions requiring surveys.

## Help within the catchment

Join coordinated monitoring or clean-up work. Do not release fish, turtles, or companion animals into waterways as a rescue gesture.

## Sources & references

1. [Ramsar — Global Wetland Outlook](https://www.global-wetland-outlook.ramsar.org/report)

## Keep exploring

- [Mangroves](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/mangroves/)
- [Tropical Rainforests](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/tropical-rainforest/)
- [Borneo Nature Foundation](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/borneo-nature-foundation/)
- [Animal Safety During Disasters](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/animals-in-disasters/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Freshwater Wetlands. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/freshwater-wetlands/


---

# Urban Habitats

> Parks, trees, rivers, and gardens shape life in cities.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/habitat/perkotaan/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Editorial summary of the listed sources.

## Habitat around us

FAO describes urban forests as varied spaces with different owners and functions. Fragmentation makes connections between green areas an important consideration.

## Design for the place

Locally native plants can support local biodiversity. Tree choices also need to account for roots, drainage, utilities, and public safety.

## Share the space

Manage food waste and rubbish carefully. Observe wildlife from a distance; avoid feeding or animal releases as educational activities.

## Start with observation

Record habitat, time, and observed behaviour from safety. If an animal is injured or trapped, use the appropriate help route.

## Sources & references

1. [FAO — Urban and peri-urban forestry](https://www.fao.org/sustainable-forest-management-toolbox/modules/urban-and-peri-urban-forestry/2/)
2. [NParks / AVS — Snake encounters](https://avs.nparks.gov.sg/wildlife/encountering-wildlife/snakes/)
3. [NParks — Nature reserve visitor etiquette](https://www.nparks.gov.sg/visit/when-visiting-parks/etiquette/nature-parks-reserve-dos-donts)

## Keep exploring

- [Jakarta Animal Guide](https://panduanhewan.org/en/regions/jakarta/)
- [Domestic cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/)
- [Domestic dog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dog/)
- [Snake in the Home](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/snake-at-home/)
- [Finding a Young Wild Animal](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/found-young-wild-animal/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Urban Habitats. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/urban/


---

# How to observe and identify wildlife safely

> Record features, date and habitat without approaching; identify only as far as the evidence allows.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/observe-and-identify-wildlife/ · Updated 23 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/panduan/mengamati-dan-mengenali-satwa/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Guide based on public sources and safe-observation practice; not an expert identification of any particular animal.

## How do I start identifying an animal I saw?

Start with the broad group you can recognise—such as bird, mammal, reptile or insect. Record the date, broad area, approximate size, colour and pattern, body shape, behaviour and habitat. A safe-distance photo or sound recording can help, but one feature rarely establishes a species.

Compare visible characters with guides for several similar species. If the evidence supports only a genus or family, record that level. A confident-looking app suggestion still needs checking against features and locality; do not turn a guess into a certain identification.

Evidence: [iNaturalist — What is an Identification?](https://help.inaturalist.org/en/support/solutions/articles/151000170241-what-is-an-identification-)

## What makes an observation useful?

A useful record says when and where the encounter happened, shows the animal or its sound, and describes what was actually visible. Several views can help when obtained without disturbing the animal. On observation platforms, distinguish a wild animal from a pet, zoo animal or captive individual.

Before sharing a record, recheck its date, area and certainty of identification. Other observers may offer an identification, but community agreement should still be read alongside the quality of the evidence.

Evidence: [iNaturalist — How to Make an Observation](https://help.inaturalist.org/en/support/solutions/articles/151000192921-how-to-make-an-observation) · [iNaturalist — How can I get help identifying what I saw or heard?](https://help.inaturalist.org/en/support/solutions/articles/151000169934-how-can-i-get-help-identifying-what-i-saw-or-heard-)

## How close should I get?

No photograph is worth a bite, stressing an animal or damaging a nest. Keep your distance, do not touch or feed, and do not chase wildlife for another angle. If the animal changes its behaviour because you are there, step back. Use a zoom lens or written notes when a safe photograph is impossible.

For snakes, large wildlife or an injured animal, do not attempt a close inspection to settle the identification. Move to safety and seek appropriate official or veterinary guidance. Species guides on this site are learning resources, not handling instructions.

Evidence: [U.S. National Park Service — 7 Ways to Safely Watch Wildlife](https://www.nps.gov/subjects/watchingwildlife/7ways.htm)

## Should I share an exact location?

Consider the risk before publishing a nest, roost or location of wildlife vulnerable to poaching or disturbance. Use a broad area in a public account and learn the obscured or private location settings of the platform you use. Do not ask others to reveal hidden coordinates without a clear reason and their consent.

Some public records can support research, but an apparently empty map does not prove an animal is absent. Privacy settings and uneven observation effort can change what a map shows.

Evidence: [iNaturalist — Sensitive-species location guidance](https://help.inaturalist.org/en/support/solutions/articles/151000170343-how-can-i-access-the-hidden-coordinates-of-sensitive-species-)

## How should I use PanduanHewan guides?

Start in the animal directory with a broad group, then compare scientific names, species characters, sources and linked relatives. Explore habitat guides when you know the encounter setting; the habitat filter uses only relationships supported by a species source. A “GBIF records” section describes indexed records on a particular date, not the number of wild animals or a native-range map.

If uncertain, keep the identification at a broader group and seek help from a wildlife-identification community or local specialist. If there is danger or an animal needs help, put safety and the right response route first; perfect identification can wait.

Evidence: [iNaturalist — What is an Identification?](https://help.inaturalist.org/en/support/solutions/articles/151000170241-what-is-an-identification-) · [iNaturalist — How can I get help identifying what I saw or heard?](https://help.inaturalist.org/en/support/solutions/articles/151000169934-how-can-i-get-help-identifying-what-i-saw-or-heard-)

## Sources & references

1. [iNaturalist — How to Make an Observation](https://help.inaturalist.org/en/support/solutions/articles/151000192921-how-to-make-an-observation)
2. [iNaturalist — What is an Identification?](https://help.inaturalist.org/en/support/solutions/articles/151000170241-what-is-an-identification-)
3. [iNaturalist — How can I get help identifying what I saw or heard?](https://help.inaturalist.org/en/support/solutions/articles/151000169934-how-can-i-get-help-identifying-what-i-saw-or-heard-)
4. [iNaturalist — Sensitive-species location guidance](https://help.inaturalist.org/en/support/solutions/articles/151000170343-how-can-i-access-the-hidden-coordinates-of-sensitive-species-)
5. [U.S. National Park Service — 7 Ways to Safely Watch Wildlife](https://www.nps.gov/subjects/watchingwildlife/7ways.htm)

## Keep exploring

- [Meet the animals](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/)
- [Habitats](https://panduanhewan.org/en/habitats/)
- [Snake in the Home](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/snake-at-home/)
- [Finding a Young Wild Animal](https://panduanhewan.org/en/emergency/found-young-wild-animal/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). How to observe and identify wildlife safely. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/guides/observe-and-identify-wildlife/


---

# Cat vaccinations: types, schedule and benefits

> Core cat vaccines protect against panleukopenia, herpesvirus and calicivirus. Kittens start at 6–8 weeks; in endemic areas, rabies vaccine is also core.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vaccinations/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kesehatan-hewan/vaksin-kucing/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed veterinary and health organisations’ guidance; not yet reviewed by a veterinarian.

**Caution:** General information for owners, not a substitute for examination, diagnosis or treatment by a veterinarian. If your animal seems very unwell, in pain, struggling to breathe or may have been poisoned, contact a vet immediately.

## Key points

- Every cat needs the core vaccines that protect against panleukopenia, feline herpesvirus and feline calicivirus.
- Kittens start vaccination at 6–8 weeks, with repeats every 2–4 weeks until at least 16 weeks, then one more dose at about 6 months.
- Cats that stay indoors still need core vaccines, because panleukopenia virus is very hardy and can be carried into the home.
- In rabies-endemic areas, including 26 of Indonesia's 38 provinces according to Kemenkes (2025), rabies vaccine is a core vaccine for cats.
- Ask for and keep a vaccination card, and keep up regular health checks, usually once a year.

## When should you see a vet?

- Go to a vet immediately if a kitten or a cat with incomplete vaccinations is vomiting, has diarrhoea or a fever, is very lethargic, will not eat, or looks dehydrated (sunken eyes, dry gums).
- Go to a vet immediately if, soon after a vaccination, your cat develops hives, a swollen face, difficulty breathing or severe weakness.
- Sneezing, discharge from the eyes or nose, or sores in the mouth; get your cat seen urgently if its breathing looks fast or laboured.
- Lethargy or loss of appetite after a vaccination that does not quickly improve.
- A lump at the injection site that is still there 3 months after vaccination, is larger than 2 cm, or is still growing a month after vaccination.
- Your cat has been bitten by a dog, another cat or a wild animal in a rabies-endemic area.

## Which vaccines does every cat need?

Every cat needs the core vaccines that protect against feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) and feline calicivirus (FCV), according to the 2024 WSAVA guidelines. WSAVA defines core vaccines as those that all cats worldwide should receive. In rabies-endemic areas, rabies vaccine is also a core vaccine, even where the law does not require it. Where feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) is still common, FeLV vaccine is core for cats under one year old and for adult cats that go outdoors or live with cats that do.

Non-core vaccines are recommended only when a cat's location or lifestyle puts it at risk, for example cats with outdoor access or those living in multi-cat households. Examples are vaccines against FIV, Chlamydia felis and Bordetella bronchiseptica. WSAVA notes that FIV vaccine is currently available only in Asia, Australia and New Zealand, and reports of its efficacy vary widely. Some vaccines, such as those against FIP, are classed as not recommended for pet cats. Decide with your vet whether any non-core vaccines are needed.

Evidence: [WSAVA — 2024 Guidelines for the Vaccination of Dogs and Cats: Executive Summary](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2024-Guidelines-for-the-Vaccination-of-Dogs-and-Cats.pdf) · [WSAVA — Core and non-core vaccines for pet cats (2024 guidelines table)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Cats-Vaccination-Table.pdf)

## When should a kitten have its first vaccination?

Kittens usually start core vaccinations at 6–8 weeks of age, with repeat doses every 2–4 weeks until they are 16 weeks old or older. The repeats are needed because antibodies from the mother, passed on in her first milk, can block the vaccine. These antibody levels vary between kittens, even within one litter, so without a blood test nobody can predict when a vaccine will start to work. That is why the last dose of the kitten series should be given at 16 weeks of age or later.

WSAVA also advises an extra dose at 26 weeks (about 6 months) or older, rather than waiting until the cat is one year old. This dose protects the small number of kittens that had not yet built their own immunity at 16 weeks. The total number of injections depends on the age at which vaccination starts and the gap between doses. If cost allows only one vaccination, WSAVA suggests giving the core vaccine at 16 weeks or older. Unvaccinated adult cats are generally given two doses 2–4 weeks apart.

Evidence: [WSAVA — 2024 Guidelines for the Vaccination of Dogs and Cats: Executive Summary](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2024-Guidelines-for-the-Vaccination-of-Dogs-and-Cats.pdf) · [WSAVA — 2024 guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats (full text, Journal of Small Animal Practice)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/WSAVA-Vaccination-guidelines-2024.pdf) · [WSAVA — Core and non-core vaccines for pet cats (2024 guidelines table)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Cats-Vaccination-Table.pdf) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feline panleukopenia virus](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-panleukopenia-virus)

## How often does a cat need booster vaccinations?

After the kitten series and the 6-month dose, low-risk cats generally receive core boosters at 3 years old, then no more often than every 3 years. This applies to modified live (MLV) core vaccines, which WSAVA says give immunity lasting many years. Higher-risk cats, such as those that often stay in boarding catteries or in crowded, stressful places, may need boosters more often, up to once a year. Core vaccines should not be given more often than necessary.

Non-core vaccines follow a different schedule. WSAVA says immunity from most non-core vaccines lasts about a year, so they are usually repeated yearly while the risk remains. FeLV vaccine is repeated one year after the initial series and then according to the risk of exposure. Rabies boosters follow local regulations or the product leaflet. Because vets may use slightly different schedules, write the next due date on the vaccination card. WSAVA stresses that regular health checks, usually yearly, still matter even when no vaccine is due.

Evidence: [WSAVA — 2024 Guidelines for the Vaccination of Dogs and Cats: Executive Summary](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2024-Guidelines-for-the-Vaccination-of-Dogs-and-Cats.pdf) · [WSAVA — Core and non-core vaccines for pet cats (2024 guidelines table)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Cats-Vaccination-Table.pdf)

## Do indoor cats need vaccinations?

Yes, cats that never go outside still need core vaccines. The Cornell Feline Health Center explains that panleukopenia virus is everywhere, and almost all cats are exposed to it at some point in their lives. The virus is very hardy and can survive indoors for months without proper disinfection. It can also be carried on bedding, litter trays and bowls, and on the hands or clothes of people who have handled a sick cat. Cornell therefore recommends this vaccine for all cats, including those that never go outdoors.

Herpesvirus and calicivirus, the main causes of "cat flu", are also very common. According to Cornell, up to 97% of cats are exposed to herpesvirus in their lifetime. Vaccines do not always prevent infection with these two viruses, but they reduce how severe the disease is and how much virus the cat sheds. This also protects other cats in the same home. Kittens and unvaccinated cats are most at risk of serious illness, especially in crowded places such as shelters, boarding catteries and feral colonies.

Evidence: [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feline panleukopenia virus](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-panleukopenia-virus) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Respiratory infections](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/respiratory-infections)

## Do cats need rabies vaccination in Indonesia?

In rabies-endemic areas, yes: WSAVA recommends that all cats are vaccinated against rabies to protect both animals and people, even where the law does not require it. According to a 2025 Ministry of Health (Kemenkes) circular, 26 of Indonesia's 38 provinces are still rabies-endemic. Cats are counted as rabies-transmitting animals (HPR), along with dogs and monkeys. Kemenkes reports that about 98% of rabies cases in Indonesia are spread by dog bites and about 2% by cats and monkeys. Government rabies vaccination programmes in endemic areas, such as Bali, therefore include cats.

Rabies vaccine for animals is available through government programmes and through vet clinics and private vets, according to the Ministry of Agriculture (Kementan). Some animal health centres (puskeswan) and local offices, for example in Buleleng Regency and Bali Province, offer free rabies vaccination during working hours. Bali also has a provincial regulation (Perda No. 15 of 2009) on rabies control. According to WSAVA, the age for the first dose and the booster schedule follow local regulations first, then the vaccine leaflet. Ask your vet, puskeswan or local animal health office.

Evidence: [WSAVA — 2024 guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats (full text, Journal of Small Animal Practice)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/WSAVA-Vaccination-guidelines-2024.pdf) · [WSAVA — Core and non-core vaccines for pet cats (2024 guidelines table)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Cats-Vaccination-Table.pdf) · [Kemenkes — Surat Edaran HK.02.02/C/508/2025 tentang Kewaspadaan terhadap Kasus Rabies (PDF)](https://www.kemkes.go.id/app_asset/file_content_download/174239565067dad9023342a5.65970066.pdf) · [Kemenkes — 8 dari 34 Provinsi di Indonesia Bebas Rabies (2020)](https://kemkes.go.id/id/8-34-provinsi-indonesia-bebas-rabies) · [Dinas Pertanian dan Ketahanan Pangan Provinsi Bali — Vaksinasi Rabies Massal 2025 pada Hewan Penular Rabies (HPR)](https://distanpangan.baliprov.go.id/vaksinasi-rabies-massal-2025-pada-hewan-penular-rabies-hpr/) · [Ditjen PKH Kementan (BVet Subang) — Gencar Vaksinasi Hewan Tertular, Indonesia Siap Bebas Rabies di Tahun 2030](https://bvetsubang.ditjenpkh.pertanian.go.id/berita/gencar-vaksinasi-hewan-tertular-indonesia-siap-bebas-rabies-di-tahun-2030) · [Dinas Pertanian, Ketahanan Pangan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Buleleng — Pelayanan Vaksinasi Rabies di Puskeswan Buleleng](https://distankan.bulelengkab.go.id/informasi/detail/berita/36_pelayanan-vaksinasi-rabies-di-puskeswan-buleleng)

## What happens when a cat is vaccinated at the vet?

Vaccination should be part of a full health check, not just an injection. WSAVA encourages vets to discuss vaccine needs based on the cat's age, lifestyle and environment, and to check parasites, teeth, nutrition and behaviour at the same visit. Before FeLV vaccination, the cat should be tested, because only FeLV-negative cats should be vaccinated. Tell your vet if your cat is unwell, pregnant or has reacted to a vaccine before, because live vaccines are not advised for pregnant cats.

The vet will record the date, the vaccine name and batch number, and the injection site in the medical record. Ask for a vaccination card and keep it safe. WSAVA recommends that vaccination cards or certificates also state how long the animal is expected to be protected. After vaccination, mild reactions such as pain or swelling at the injection site, tiredness, reduced appetite, fever or occasional vomiting are fairly common. Hives and severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) are less common. Contact your vet if you are unsure, and report any reaction.

Evidence: [WSAVA — 2024 guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats (full text, Journal of Small Animal Practice)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/WSAVA-Vaccination-guidelines-2024.pdf) · [WSAVA — Core and non-core vaccines for pet cats (2024 guidelines table)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Cats-Vaccination-Table.pdf)

## Sources & references

1. [WSAVA — 2024 Guidelines for the Vaccination of Dogs and Cats: Executive Summary](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2024-Guidelines-for-the-Vaccination-of-Dogs-and-Cats.pdf)
2. [WSAVA — 2024 guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats (full text, Journal of Small Animal Practice)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/WSAVA-Vaccination-guidelines-2024.pdf)
3. [WSAVA — Core and non-core vaccines for pet cats (2024 guidelines table)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Cats-Vaccination-Table.pdf)
4. [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feline panleukopenia virus](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-panleukopenia-virus)
5. [Cornell Feline Health Center — Respiratory infections](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/respiratory-infections)
6. [Kemenkes — Surat Edaran HK.02.02/C/508/2025 tentang Kewaspadaan terhadap Kasus Rabies (PDF)](https://www.kemkes.go.id/app_asset/file_content_download/174239565067dad9023342a5.65970066.pdf)
7. [Kemenkes — 8 dari 34 Provinsi di Indonesia Bebas Rabies (2020)](https://kemkes.go.id/id/8-34-provinsi-indonesia-bebas-rabies)
8. [Dinas Pertanian dan Ketahanan Pangan Provinsi Bali — Vaksinasi Rabies Massal 2025 pada Hewan Penular Rabies (HPR)](https://distanpangan.baliprov.go.id/vaksinasi-rabies-massal-2025-pada-hewan-penular-rabies-hpr/)
9. [Ditjen PKH Kementan (BVet Subang) — Gencar Vaksinasi Hewan Tertular, Indonesia Siap Bebas Rabies di Tahun 2030](https://bvetsubang.ditjenpkh.pertanian.go.id/berita/gencar-vaksinasi-hewan-tertular-indonesia-siap-bebas-rabies-di-tahun-2030)
10. [Dinas Pertanian, Ketahanan Pangan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Buleleng — Pelayanan Vaksinasi Rabies di Puskeswan Buleleng](https://distankan.bulelengkab.go.id/informasi/detail/berita/36_pelayanan-vaksinasi-rabies-di-puskeswan-buleleng)
11. [MSD Veterinary Manual — Rabies in animals](https://www.msdvetmanual.com/nervous-system/rabies/rabies-in-animals)

## Keep exploring

- [Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/)
- [Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Choosing a vet and vet clinic in Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/choosing-a-vet-in-indonesia/)
- [Feline panleukopenia: signs, spread and vaccination](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/feline-panleukopenia/)
- [Domestic cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Cat vaccinations: types, schedule and benefits. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vaccinations/


---

# Dog vaccinations: types, schedule and boosters

> Core dog vaccines protect against distemper, adenovirus hepatitis and parvovirus, plus rabies in endemic areas. Puppies start at 6–8 weeks.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/dog-vaccinations/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kesehatan-hewan/vaksin-anjing/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed veterinary and health organisations’ guidance; not yet reviewed by a veterinarian.

**Caution:** General information for owners, not a substitute for examination, diagnosis or treatment by a veterinarian. If your animal seems very unwell, in pain, struggling to breathe or may have been poisoned, contact a vet immediately.

## Key points

- Every dog needs core vaccines against distemper (CDV), adenovirus (CAV) and parvovirus (CPV-2).
- In rabies-endemic areas, WSAVA treats rabies vaccine as core even where the law does not require it.
- Puppies start vaccination at 6–8 weeks, with repeats every 2–4 weeks until at least 16 weeks, then one more dose at about 6 months.
- After that, core vaccines are generally repeated no more often than every 3 years, while non-core vaccines are usually yearly.
- Kemenkes reports that about 98% of rabies cases in Indonesia are spread by dog bites, so vaccinating your dog also protects your family.

## When should you see a vet?

- Go to a vet immediately if a puppy or a dog with incomplete vaccinations is lethargic, will not eat, has a fever, is vomiting or has diarrhoea, especially bloody diarrhoea.
- Go to a vet immediately if, soon after a vaccination, your dog develops hives, a swollen face, difficulty breathing or collapses.
- Discharge from the eyes or nose, fever, breathing problems, diarrhoea, or muscle twitching and seizures in a dog whose vaccinations are incomplete or unknown.
- A dog that suddenly changes behaviour, becoming aggressive or withdrawn, drools excessively or has trouble swallowing: keep away and contact a vet and the local animal health office or puskeswan.
- Your dog has been bitten by another dog or a wild animal in a rabies-endemic area.
- Lethargy or loss of appetite after a vaccination that does not quickly improve.

## Which vaccines does every dog need?

Every dog worldwide needs the core vaccines that protect against distemper (CDV), infectious hepatitis caused by canine adenovirus (CAV) and parvovirus (CPV-2), according to the 2024 WSAVA guidelines. In rabies-endemic areas, rabies vaccine is also core, even where the law does not require it. Leptospirosis vaccine is core where canine leptospirosis is endemic, the bacterial types involved are known and suitable vaccines are available. Modern core vaccines use CAV-2, which gives strong cross-protection against CAV-1, the cause of hepatitis.

Non-core vaccines are given according to risk, for example when a dog often stays in kennels, goes to shows or lives with many dogs. Examples are parainfluenza and Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccines, which target two causes of the infectious respiratory disease often called kennel cough. Some vaccines matter only in certain regions, such as those against Lyme disease, canine influenza (currently licensed only in the USA) and leishmaniosis. WSAVA does not recommend canine enteric coronavirus or Giardia vaccines for pet dogs. Discuss your dog's needs with your vet.

Evidence: [WSAVA — 2024 Guidelines for the Vaccination of Dogs and Cats: Executive Summary](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2024-Guidelines-for-the-Vaccination-of-Dogs-and-Cats.pdf) · [WSAVA — 2024 guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats (full text, Journal of Small Animal Practice)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/WSAVA-Vaccination-guidelines-2024.pdf) · [WSAVA — Core and non-core vaccines for pet dogs (2024 guidelines table)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Dogs-Vaccination-Table.pdf)

## When should a puppy be vaccinated?

Puppies usually start core vaccinations at 6–8 weeks of age, with repeat doses every 2–4 weeks until they are 16 weeks old or older. Antibodies from the mother, taken in through colostrum, protect puppies in their first weeks but can also block the vaccine. These antibody levels vary between puppies, so vaccines are repeated to shorten the period when a puppy is unprotected. WSAVA does not advise vaccinating more often than every 2 weeks, and calls the dose given at 16 weeks or older the most important dose in the series.

After that, WSAVA advises revaccinating at 26 weeks (about 6 months) or older, rather than waiting until 12–16 months of age. This dose protects the small number of puppies whose maternal antibodies were still blocking the vaccine at 16 weeks. The total number of injections depends on the starting age and the gap between doses. For unvaccinated dogs over 16 weeks, a single dose of MLV or recombinant core vaccine will likely protect most dogs, although some manufacturers recommend two doses. Timing of the first rabies dose follows local regulations.

Evidence: [WSAVA — 2024 Guidelines for the Vaccination of Dogs and Cats: Executive Summary](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2024-Guidelines-for-the-Vaccination-of-Dogs-and-Cats.pdf) · [WSAVA — 2024 guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats (full text, Journal of Small Animal Practice)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/WSAVA-Vaccination-guidelines-2024.pdf) · [WSAVA — Core and non-core vaccines for pet dogs (2024 guidelines table)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Dogs-Vaccination-Table.pdf)

## How long do dog vaccines last, and when are boosters due?

After the 6-month dose, MLV core vaccines for dogs are generally repeated at 3 years of age, then no more often than every 3 years. WSAVA cites extensive evidence that modern core vaccines give immunity lasting many years, so they should not be given more often than necessary. As an alternative, your vet may offer a blood antibody test (serology) to judge whether a core booster is needed yet. For older dogs, WSAVA says revaccination every three years, or perhaps more often, can be considered.

Non-core vaccines, including leptospirosis, parainfluenza and Bordetella, are usually repeated every year because their immunity lasts about a year. Rabies vaccine is repeated at one year of age or one year after the first dose, then according to the protection period stated on the product, either 1 or 3 years, unless local regulations say otherwise. Exact schedules can differ between clinics. Write booster dates on the vaccination card, and keep up yearly health checks even when no vaccine is due.

Evidence: [WSAVA — 2024 Guidelines for the Vaccination of Dogs and Cats: Executive Summary](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2024-Guidelines-for-the-Vaccination-of-Dogs-and-Cats.pdf) · [WSAVA — 2024 guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats (full text, Journal of Small Animal Practice)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/WSAVA-Vaccination-guidelines-2024.pdf) · [WSAVA — Core and non-core vaccines for pet dogs (2024 guidelines table)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Dogs-Vaccination-Table.pdf)

## Why is rabies vaccination for dogs important in Indonesia?

Dogs are the main source of rabies in people, and WHO calls mass dog vaccination the most cost-effective way to prevent human rabies. Kemenkes reports that about 98% of rabies cases in Indonesia are spread by dog bites. According to a 2025 Kemenkes circular, 26 of 38 provinces are still rabies-endemic, and 185,359 bites by rabies-transmitting animals and 122 human deaths were reported in 2024. Because rabies is almost always fatal once symptoms appear, prevention in dogs is vital.

The Ministry of Agriculture states that if more than 70% of the susceptible animal population is vaccinated, the spread of the virus can be suppressed or even stopped. Rabies vaccine is available through government programmes, vet clinics and private vets. In some areas, animal health centres (puskeswan) and local offices provide free rabies vaccination, for example in Buleleng Regency and Bali Province. Ask for a vaccination card every time your dog is vaccinated, keep it safe, and keep the vaccine up to date with boosters.

Evidence: [WHO — Rabies fact sheet](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies) · [Kemenkes — 8 dari 34 Provinsi di Indonesia Bebas Rabies (2020)](https://kemkes.go.id/id/8-34-provinsi-indonesia-bebas-rabies) · [Kemenkes — Surat Edaran HK.02.02/C/508/2025 tentang Kewaspadaan terhadap Kasus Rabies (PDF)](https://www.kemkes.go.id/app_asset/file_content_download/174239565067dad9023342a5.65970066.pdf) · [Ditjen PKH Kementan (BVet Subang) — Gencar Vaksinasi Hewan Tertular, Indonesia Siap Bebas Rabies di Tahun 2030](https://bvetsubang.ditjenpkh.pertanian.go.id/berita/gencar-vaksinasi-hewan-tertular-indonesia-siap-bebas-rabies-di-tahun-2030) · [Dinas Pertanian, Ketahanan Pangan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Buleleng — Pelayanan Vaksinasi Rabies di Puskeswan Buleleng](https://distankan.bulelengkab.go.id/informasi/detail/berita/36_pelayanan-vaksinasi-rabies-di-puskeswan-buleleng) · [Dinas Pertanian dan Ketahanan Pangan Provinsi Bali — Vaksinasi Rabies Massal 2025 pada Hewan Penular Rabies (HPR)](https://distanpangan.baliprov.go.id/vaksinasi-rabies-massal-2025-pada-hewan-penular-rabies-hpr/)

## Can a puppy go out before its vaccinations are complete?

Yes, with care: WSAVA supports early socialisation and says it can begin before the vaccination series is finished, as long as it happens under controlled conditions. Socialisation is important for healthy behavioural development. However, puppies with incomplete vaccinations should be kept away from outdoor places that may be contaminated, and should only meet healthy puppies or fully vaccinated adult dogs. According to WSAVA, research shows that the parvovirus risk for puppies attending well-run early socialisation classes is low.

This care matters because parvovirus spreads through contact with faeces containing the virus, or through contaminated objects and surroundings. According to the MSD Veterinary Manual, young dogs aged 6 weeks to 6 months that are unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated are the most susceptible. Early signs can include lethargy, loss of appetite and fever, followed by vomiting and diarrhoea that is often bloody. Distemper spreads mainly through respiratory droplets from infected dogs and can affect the airways, the gut and the nervous system.

Evidence: [WSAVA — 2024 guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats (full text, Journal of Small Animal Practice)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/WSAVA-Vaccination-guidelines-2024.pdf) · [MSD Veterinary Manual — Canine parvovirus](https://www.msdvetmanual.com/digestive-system/diseases-of-the-stomach-and-intestines-in-small-animals/canine-parvovirus) · [MSD Veterinary Manual — Canine distemper](https://www.msdvetmanual.com/generalized-conditions/canine-distemper/canine-distemper)

## What are the side effects of dog vaccines?

Most dogs have only mild reactions, such as pain or swelling at the injection site, tiredness, reduced appetite, fever or occasional vomiting. More serious reactions, such as hives and anaphylaxis, are less common. In a Japanese study cited by WSAVA, most reactions appeared within 12 hours of vaccination, and every case of anaphylaxis began within 60 minutes. WSAVA also notes that small dogs receiving several vaccines at one visit are at higher risk of acute reactions.

At a vaccination visit, the vet should give your dog a full health check and discuss which vaccines suit its lifestyle. Tell your vet if your dog is unwell, pregnant or has reacted to a vaccine before. The vet will record the vaccine name, batch number, date and injection site in the medical record. Because severe reactions usually appear quickly, ask whether you should wait at the clinic for a short time after vaccination, and contact your vet promptly if anything worries you.

Evidence: [WSAVA — 2024 guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats (full text, Journal of Small Animal Practice)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/WSAVA-Vaccination-guidelines-2024.pdf) · [WSAVA — 2024 Guidelines for the Vaccination of Dogs and Cats: Executive Summary](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2024-Guidelines-for-the-Vaccination-of-Dogs-and-Cats.pdf)

## Sources & references

1. [WSAVA — 2024 Guidelines for the Vaccination of Dogs and Cats: Executive Summary](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2024-Guidelines-for-the-Vaccination-of-Dogs-and-Cats.pdf)
2. [WSAVA — 2024 guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats (full text, Journal of Small Animal Practice)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/WSAVA-Vaccination-guidelines-2024.pdf)
3. [WSAVA — Core and non-core vaccines for pet dogs (2024 guidelines table)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Dogs-Vaccination-Table.pdf)
4. [MSD Veterinary Manual — Canine parvovirus](https://www.msdvetmanual.com/digestive-system/diseases-of-the-stomach-and-intestines-in-small-animals/canine-parvovirus)
5. [MSD Veterinary Manual — Canine distemper](https://www.msdvetmanual.com/generalized-conditions/canine-distemper/canine-distemper)
6. [WHO — Rabies fact sheet](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies)
7. [Kemenkes — Surat Edaran HK.02.02/C/508/2025 tentang Kewaspadaan terhadap Kasus Rabies (PDF)](https://www.kemkes.go.id/app_asset/file_content_download/174239565067dad9023342a5.65970066.pdf)
8. [Kemenkes — 8 dari 34 Provinsi di Indonesia Bebas Rabies (2020)](https://kemkes.go.id/id/8-34-provinsi-indonesia-bebas-rabies)
9. [Ditjen PKH Kementan (BVet Subang) — Gencar Vaksinasi Hewan Tertular, Indonesia Siap Bebas Rabies di Tahun 2030](https://bvetsubang.ditjenpkh.pertanian.go.id/berita/gencar-vaksinasi-hewan-tertular-indonesia-siap-bebas-rabies-di-tahun-2030)
10. [Dinas Pertanian, Ketahanan Pangan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Buleleng — Pelayanan Vaksinasi Rabies di Puskeswan Buleleng](https://distankan.bulelengkab.go.id/informasi/detail/berita/36_pelayanan-vaksinasi-rabies-di-puskeswan-buleleng)
11. [Dinas Pertanian dan Ketahanan Pangan Provinsi Bali — Vaksinasi Rabies Massal 2025 pada Hewan Penular Rabies (HPR)](https://distanpangan.baliprov.go.id/vaksinasi-rabies-massal-2025-pada-hewan-penular-rabies-hpr/)
12. [MSD Veterinary Manual — Rabies in animals](https://www.msdvetmanual.com/nervous-system/rabies/rabies-in-animals)

## Keep exploring

- [Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/)
- [Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Choosing a vet and vet clinic in Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/choosing-a-vet-in-indonesia/)
- [Canine parvovirus: signs, spread and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/canine-parvovirus/)
- [Domestic dog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dog/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Dog vaccinations: types, schedule and boosters. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/dog-vaccinations/


---

# Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention

> Rabies is a viral brain infection that is almost always fatal once signs appear. Vaccinating dogs and cats prevents it; 26 provinces are still endemic.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kesehatan-hewan/rabies-anjing-kucing/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed veterinary and health organisations’ guidance; not yet reviewed by a veterinarian.

**Caution:** General information for owners, not a substitute for examination, diagnosis or treatment by a veterinarian. If your animal seems very unwell, in pain, struggling to breathe or may have been poisoned, contact a vet immediately.

## Key points

- Rabies spreads through the saliva of infected animals, mainly by bites, and is almost always fatal once symptoms appear.
- In Indonesia, about 98% of rabies cases are spread by dog bites and the rest by cats and monkeys, according to Kemenkes.
- According to Kemenkes (2025), 26 of Indonesia's 38 provinces are rabies-endemic and 12 are rabies-free.
- Vaccinating at least 70% of dogs in at-risk areas can reduce human rabies cases to zero, according to WOAH.
- If someone is bitten, seek medical care at a health facility immediately and report the biting animal to the local animal health office or puskeswan.

## When should you see a vet?

- Keep away from the animal and immediately contact a vet and the local animal health office or puskeswan if a dog or cat suddenly changes behaviour (becoming aggressive or withdrawn), bites for no reason, drools excessively, has trouble swallowing or starts to become paralysed.
- Your pet has been bitten or scratched by a dog, cat or wild animal of unknown vaccination status, especially in an endemic area.
- Your pet has bitten a person: that person must go to a health facility immediately, and the animal should be reported to the animal health office or puskeswan for observation.
- Your dog or cat has never been vaccinated against rabies, or its rabies booster is overdue.
- A newly adopted puppy or kitten whose vaccination history is unknown.

## What is rabies?

Rabies is a viral disease that attacks the central nervous system and can pass from animals to people (a zoonosis). The virus can infect mammals, including dogs, cats, livestock and wildlife. According to WHO, once clinical symptoms appear, rabies is virtually 100% fatal. WOAH confirms that the same is true in animals and in people. The good news is that rabies is preventable with vaccines, so vaccinating pets is one of the most important ways to protect a family.

The incubation period, the time from infection to the first symptoms, can be long and variable. In people, WHO says it is typically 2–3 months but can range from one week to one year. In dogs, most cases appear 21–80 days after exposure, according to the MSD Veterinary Manual. Infected dogs and cats can shed the virus in their saliva up to 10 days before signs appear. This means an animal that still looks healthy can already pass on the virus during that time.

Evidence: [WHO — Rabies fact sheet](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies) · [WOAH — Rabies](https://www.woah.org/en/disease/rabies/) · [MSD Veterinary Manual — Rabies in animals](https://www.msdvetmanual.com/nervous-system/rabies/rabies-in-animals)

## How does rabies spread?

Rabies spreads through the saliva of an infected animal, usually through bites, scratches, or saliva contact with mucous membranes (eyes, mouth) or open wounds. WHO reports that dogs are responsible for up to 99% of human rabies cases worldwide. In Indonesia, Kemenkes says about 98% of rabies cases are spread by dog bites and 2% by cats and monkeys. Dogs, cats and monkeys are therefore called rabies-transmitting animals (HPR) and are the main targets of mass rabies vaccination.

Cats can also transmit rabies. The MSD Veterinary Manual notes that the virus is present in the saliva of infected cats, and people have developed rabies after being bitten by cats. According to WHO, bites from rodents are not known to transmit rabies, while spread through raw meat, milk or the air is extremely rare. Human-to-human spread is theoretically possible but has never been confirmed. In Indonesia, dogs remain the main source, so vaccinating dogs is the key to prevention.

Evidence: [WHO — Rabies fact sheet](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies) · [Kemenkes — 8 dari 34 Provinsi di Indonesia Bebas Rabies (2020)](https://kemkes.go.id/id/8-34-provinsi-indonesia-bebas-rabies) · [Dinas Pertanian dan Ketahanan Pangan Provinsi Bali — Vaksinasi Rabies Massal 2025 pada Hewan Penular Rabies (HPR)](https://distanpangan.baliprov.go.id/vaksinasi-rabies-massal-2025-pada-hewan-penular-rabies-hpr/) · [MSD Veterinary Manual — Rabies in animals](https://www.msdvetmanual.com/nervous-system/rabies/rabies-in-animals)

## What are the signs of rabies in dogs and cats?

The most reliable signs are a sudden change in behaviour and paralysis that keeps getting worse without an obvious cause, according to the MSD Veterinary Manual. Early signs can be vague, such as lethargy, fever, vomiting and loss of appetite. According to WOAH, within days the animal may lose coordination, become weak or paralysed, have difficulty breathing and swallowing, drool excessively, behave abnormally and become aggressive. A normally gentle animal may suddenly turn vicious, or instead become withdrawn.

In the "furious" form, the animal is irritable, bites with little provocation, loses its fear and roams widely. Rabid cats can attack suddenly, biting and scratching. IPB University also notes that infected animals may seem withdrawn and lethargic rather than aggressive, with excessive drooling. These signs can look like other diseases, and WOAH stresses that rabies can only be confirmed by laboratory testing. Keep yourself and children away from a suspected animal, and contact animal health officers straight away.

Evidence: [MSD Veterinary Manual — Rabies in animals](https://www.msdvetmanual.com/nervous-system/rabies/rabies-in-animals) · [WOAH — Rabies](https://www.woah.org/en/disease/rabies/) · [IPB University (Unit Kesehatan) — Hari Rabies Sedunia](https://unitkesehatan.ipb.ac.id/hari-rabies-sedunia/) · [Dinas Pertanian Kota Denpasar — Dinas Pertanian Bentuk UPT Pusat Pelayanan Kesehatan Hewan](https://www.pertanian.denpasarkota.go.id/berita/dinas-pertanian-bentuk-upt-pusat-pelayanan-kesehatan-hewan)

## Which Indonesian provinces are free of rabies?

According to Kemenkes circular No. HK.02.02/C/508/2025, 12 of Indonesia's 38 provinces are rabies-free and the other 26 are endemic. The rabies-free provinces are DKI Jakarta, Central Java, East Java, DI Yogyakarta, Riau Islands, Bangka Belitung Islands, Papua, West Papua, Southwest Papua, Central Papua, Highland Papua and South Papua. The Ministry of Agriculture says East Java has not recorded a single rabies case since 1996. Status can change, so check the latest information from your local authorities.

Rabies remains a public health problem. Kemenkes reported 185,359 bites by rabies-transmitting animals and 122 human rabies deaths in 2024, and 25 deaths from January to 7 March 2025. IPB University notes that East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) is among the worst affected provinces, with 19,320 bite cases and 35 deaths in 2023. Rabies-free provinces still need to stay alert. The Yogyakarta City agriculture and food office warns that animals moving in from endemic provinces on the same island could bring rabies back.

Evidence: [Kemenkes — Surat Edaran HK.02.02/C/508/2025 tentang Kewaspadaan terhadap Kasus Rabies (PDF)](https://www.kemkes.go.id/app_asset/file_content_download/174239565067dad9023342a5.65970066.pdf) · [Kemenkes — Surat Edaran Kewaspadaan terhadap Kasus Rabies di Indonesia](https://www.kemkes.go.id/id/surat-edaran-kewaspadaan-terhadap-kasus-rabies-di-indonesia) · [Ditjen PKH Kementan (BVet Subang) — Gencar Vaksinasi Hewan Tertular, Indonesia Siap Bebas Rabies di Tahun 2030](https://bvetsubang.ditjenpkh.pertanian.go.id/berita/gencar-vaksinasi-hewan-tertular-indonesia-siap-bebas-rabies-di-tahun-2030) · [IPB University (Unit Kesehatan) — Hari Rabies Sedunia](https://unitkesehatan.ipb.ac.id/hari-rabies-sedunia/) · [Dinas Pertanian dan Pangan Kota Yogyakarta — Respon Cepat Penanganan Kasus Gigitan Hewan Pembawa Rabies](https://pertanian.jogjakota.go.id/detail/index/15300)

## Why does vaccinating dogs prevent rabies in people?

Because almost all human rabies cases come from dogs, vaccinating dogs cuts transmission at its source. WHO calls mass dog vaccination, including puppies, the most cost-effective strategy for preventing rabies in people. According to WOAH, vaccinating at least 70% of dogs in at-risk areas can reduce human cases to zero. The Ministry of Agriculture also names vaccination of rabies-transmitting animals, especially dogs and cats, as the key to preventing rabies in Indonesia.

In 2015 the world set a goal of zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030, known as "Zero by 30". The global strategic plan was drawn up jointly by WHO, WOAH, FAO and the Global Alliance for Rabies Control. Indonesia is also aiming to be rabies-free by 2030. WHO stresses that culling free-roaming dogs is not effective in controlling rabies. What works is dog vaccination, access to care after bites, and public education on bite prevention.

Evidence: [WHO — Rabies fact sheet](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies) · [WHO — Zero by 30: the global strategic plan to end human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030](https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241513838) · [WOAH — Rabies](https://www.woah.org/en/disease/rabies/) · [Ditjen PKH Kementan (BVet Subang) — Gencar Vaksinasi Hewan Tertular, Indonesia Siap Bebas Rabies di Tahun 2030](https://bvetsubang.ditjenpkh.pertanian.go.id/berita/gencar-vaksinasi-hewan-tertular-indonesia-siap-bebas-rabies-di-tahun-2030) · [IPB University (Unit Kesehatan) — Hari Rabies Sedunia](https://unitkesehatan.ipb.ac.id/hari-rabies-sedunia/)

## What should dog and cat owners do?

The most important step is to vaccinate your dogs and cats against rabies and keep them up to date, especially if you live in an endemic province. WSAVA recommends that all dogs and cats in endemic areas are vaccinated against rabies even where the law does not require it. Use mass vaccination campaigns or services at the puskeswan and local offices; in Bali, rabies vaccination for HPR is free. Keep the vaccination card, because Kemenkes says an animal's vaccination status is one factor officers consider if it bites someone.

Do not let dogs roam unsupervised in public places. Bali's Perda No. 5 of 2023 prohibits releasing pets in public places without the owner's supervision, and Kementan is encouraging rules on confining and tethering dogs in Bali. Never abandon dogs or cats on the street, because stray dogs can become a main source of rabies spread. Sterilisation also helps control populations of rabies-transmitting animals. If you see an animal with signs of rabies, report it immediately to the local animal health office or puskeswan.

Evidence: [WSAVA — 2024 guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats (full text, Journal of Small Animal Practice)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/WSAVA-Vaccination-guidelines-2024.pdf) · [Dinas Pertanian dan Ketahanan Pangan Provinsi Bali — Vaksinasi Rabies Massal 2025 pada Hewan Penular Rabies (HPR)](https://distanpangan.baliprov.go.id/vaksinasi-rabies-massal-2025-pada-hewan-penular-rabies-hpr/) · [Kemenkes — Surat Edaran HK.02.02/C/508/2025 tentang Kewaspadaan terhadap Kasus Rabies (PDF)](https://www.kemkes.go.id/app_asset/file_content_download/174239565067dad9023342a5.65970066.pdf) · [Ditjen PKH Kementan (BPMSPH) — Kementan Pacu Bali Bebas Rabies: Vaksinasi dan Edukasi Diperkuat](https://bpmsph.ditjenpkh.pertanian.go.id/berita/kementan-pacu-bali-bebas-rabies-vaksinasi-dan-edukasi-diperkuat) · [Dinas Pertanian Kota Denpasar — Dinas Pertanian Bentuk UPT Pusat Pelayanan Kesehatan Hewan](https://www.pertanian.denpasarkota.go.id/berita/dinas-pertanian-bentuk-upt-pusat-pelayanan-kesehatan-hewan)

## What should you do if someone is bitten by a dog or cat?

Seek medical care at a health facility immediately, such as a puskesmas (community health centre), hospital or rabies centre, without waiting for symptoms. Kemenkes asks the public to report bite cases to the nearest health facility straight away. Health workers will assess the risk and decide what care is needed. Do not delay just because the animal that bit looks healthy or is known to you, because WHO says rabies is almost always fatal once symptoms appear.

Also report the biting animal to the local animal health office or puskeswan. According to the Kemenkes circular, a rabies-transmitting animal that has bitten someone can be observed for 14 days by the animal health authority, with results coordinated with the health office. In Yogyakarta City, health workers and animal health officers work together on integrated bite case management (Takgit). Leave decisions about the animal to the officers, and do not try to handle a suspected rabid animal yourself.

Evidence: [Kemenkes — Surat Edaran Kewaspadaan terhadap Kasus Rabies di Indonesia](https://www.kemkes.go.id/id/surat-edaran-kewaspadaan-terhadap-kasus-rabies-di-indonesia) · [Kemenkes — Surat Edaran HK.02.02/C/508/2025 tentang Kewaspadaan terhadap Kasus Rabies (PDF)](https://www.kemkes.go.id/app_asset/file_content_download/174239565067dad9023342a5.65970066.pdf) · [WHO — Rabies fact sheet](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies) · [Dinas Pertanian dan Pangan Kota Yogyakarta — Respon Cepat Penanganan Kasus Gigitan Hewan Pembawa Rabies](https://pertanian.jogjakota.go.id/detail/index/15300)

## Sources & references

1. [WHO — Rabies fact sheet](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies)
2. [WHO — Zero by 30: the global strategic plan to end human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030](https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241513838)
3. [WOAH — Rabies](https://www.woah.org/en/disease/rabies/)
4. [MSD Veterinary Manual — Rabies in animals](https://www.msdvetmanual.com/nervous-system/rabies/rabies-in-animals)
5. [Kemenkes — Surat Edaran HK.02.02/C/508/2025 tentang Kewaspadaan terhadap Kasus Rabies (PDF)](https://www.kemkes.go.id/app_asset/file_content_download/174239565067dad9023342a5.65970066.pdf)
6. [Kemenkes — Surat Edaran Kewaspadaan terhadap Kasus Rabies di Indonesia](https://www.kemkes.go.id/id/surat-edaran-kewaspadaan-terhadap-kasus-rabies-di-indonesia)
7. [Kemenkes — 8 dari 34 Provinsi di Indonesia Bebas Rabies (2020)](https://kemkes.go.id/id/8-34-provinsi-indonesia-bebas-rabies)
8. [Ditjen PKH Kementan (BVet Subang) — Gencar Vaksinasi Hewan Tertular, Indonesia Siap Bebas Rabies di Tahun 2030](https://bvetsubang.ditjenpkh.pertanian.go.id/berita/gencar-vaksinasi-hewan-tertular-indonesia-siap-bebas-rabies-di-tahun-2030)
9. [Ditjen PKH Kementan (BPMSPH) — Kementan Pacu Bali Bebas Rabies: Vaksinasi dan Edukasi Diperkuat](https://bpmsph.ditjenpkh.pertanian.go.id/berita/kementan-pacu-bali-bebas-rabies-vaksinasi-dan-edukasi-diperkuat)
10. [IPB University (Unit Kesehatan) — Hari Rabies Sedunia](https://unitkesehatan.ipb.ac.id/hari-rabies-sedunia/)
11. [Dinas Pertanian dan Pangan Kota Yogyakarta — Respon Cepat Penanganan Kasus Gigitan Hewan Pembawa Rabies](https://pertanian.jogjakota.go.id/detail/index/15300)
12. [Dinas Pertanian dan Ketahanan Pangan Provinsi Bali — Vaksinasi Rabies Massal 2025 pada Hewan Penular Rabies (HPR)](https://distanpangan.baliprov.go.id/vaksinasi-rabies-massal-2025-pada-hewan-penular-rabies-hpr/)
13. [Dinas Pertanian Kota Denpasar — Dinas Pertanian Bentuk UPT Pusat Pelayanan Kesehatan Hewan](https://www.pertanian.denpasarkota.go.id/berita/dinas-pertanian-bentuk-upt-pusat-pelayanan-kesehatan-hewan)
14. [WSAVA — 2024 guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats (full text, Journal of Small Animal Practice)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/WSAVA-Vaccination-guidelines-2024.pdf)

## Keep exploring

- [Cat vaccinations: types, schedule and benefits](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vaccinations/)
- [Dog vaccinations: types, schedule and boosters](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/dog-vaccinations/)
- [Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Choosing a vet and vet clinic in Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/choosing-a-vet-in-indonesia/)
- [Domestic cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/)
- [Domestic dog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dog/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/


---

# Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare

> Neutering prevents pregnancy and some reproductive diseases. Cats are usually neutered at about 4 months; a dog's timing should be agreed with a vet.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kesehatan-hewan/steril-kucing-anjing/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed veterinary and health organisations’ guidance; not yet reviewed by a veterinarian.

**Caution:** General information for owners, not a substitute for examination, diagnosis or treatment by a veterinarian. If your animal seems very unwell, in pain, struggling to breathe or may have been poisoned, contact a vet immediately.

## Key points

- Neutering prevents pregnancy, stops heat cycles and prevents diseases such as womb infection and testicular cancer.
- Many organisations recommend neutering cats at about 4 months old, before they can become pregnant.
- For dogs there is no single right age; size, breed, sex and health all play a part.
- After surgery, limit activity, stop your pet licking the wound, and reduce food portions because calorie needs fall.
- TNR (trap, neuter, return) helps control street cat populations and is already used in several parts of Indonesia.

## When should you see a vet?

- Contact a vet immediately if the surgical wound has opened, or if your pet is very lethargic and not itself after coming home.
- The wound looks red or swollen, or has discharge.
- Vomiting, diarrhoea or refusing food after surgery.
- Your pet keeps licking, chewing or scratching the wound.
- A swollen or red scrotum after castration.
- An unneutered female cat or dog may be pregnant or has recently mated.

## What is neutering in cats and dogs?

Neutering is surgery that stops an animal from reproducing: in males both testicles are removed (castration), and in females the ovaries are removed, with or without the womb (spaying). It is done under general anaesthetic with pain relief. In male cats the cuts are so small that stitches are usually not needed. In females the surgery is done through a cut in the belly or the side, which is then stitched. According to International Cat Care, cats can usually go home the same day.

Besides surgery, there are non-surgical options, such as hormone implants that suppress fertility for a time. WSAVA explains that each option has benefits and side effects, and not all are available in every country. The type of surgery also varies, for example removing only the ovaries or the ovaries and womb, including keyhole (laparoscopic) surgery at clinics with the right equipment. Your vet will explain which option suits your pet.

Evidence: [PDSA — Cat neutering: a guide to castration and spaying](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/other-veterinary-advice/cat-neutering-a-guide-to-castration-and-spaying) · [PDSA — Dog neutering: a guide to castration and spaying](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/other-veterinary-advice/dog-neutering-a-guide-to-castration-and-spaying) · [International Cat Care — Neutering your cat](https://icatcare.org/advice/neutering-your-cat/) · [WSAVA — Guidelines for the Control of Reproduction in Dogs and Cats: Executive Summary (2024)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Executive-Summary.pdf)

## What are the benefits of neutering?

Neutering prevents unwanted pregnancies and brings several health and behaviour benefits. In females it stops heat cycles, prevents womb infection (pyometra) and ovarian or uterine cancer, and lowers the risk of mammary tumours, especially when done before the first heat. In males it prevents testicular cancer and can reduce roaming and urine marking. Neutered cats also fight less, which lowers the risk of catching FIV and FeLV through bites.

However, neutering also carries risks, so the decision should be discussed with your vet. WSAVA notes that neutered cats, especially males, are more prone to obesity and diabetes, and neutered dogs are also more often overweight, although this can be reduced with exercise and calorie control. In female dogs, 5–20% may develop urinary incontinence after spaying. Neutering young, under 6 or 12 months of age, has also been linked to joint problems in some dog breeds. Neutering does not always solve behaviour problems either, including aggression in dogs.

Evidence: [PDSA — Cat neutering: a guide to castration and spaying](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/other-veterinary-advice/cat-neutering-a-guide-to-castration-and-spaying) · [International Cat Care — Neutering your cat](https://icatcare.org/advice/neutering-your-cat/) · [ASPCA — Spay/neuter your pet](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/general-pet-care/spayneuter-your-pet) · [WSAVA — Guidelines for the Control of Reproduction in Dogs and Cats: Executive Summary (2024)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Executive-Summary.pdf) · [PDSA — Dog neutering: a guide to castration and spaying](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/other-veterinary-advice/dog-neutering-a-guide-to-castration-and-spaying)

## When should a cat be neutered?

Many animal welfare organisations recommend neutering cats at about 4 months old, before they reach sexual maturity. International Cat Care says kittens can become sexually mature from around 4 months, and siblings can mate with each other. WSAVA states that cats of ordinary domestic size can be neutered from 3–4 months of age without harm to health, life expectancy or behaviour, as long as they are in good body condition and vaccinated.

Your vet may wait a little longer if a kitten is small for its age or unwell. For large breeds, discuss timing with your vet. Older cats that have not been neutered can usually still be neutered safely. While waiting for surgery, PDSA advises keeping your cat indoors, and keeping unneutered males and females apart once they reach 4 months, even if they are siblings.

Evidence: [International Cat Care — Neutering your cat](https://icatcare.org/advice/neutering-your-cat/) · [PDSA — Cat neutering: a guide to castration and spaying](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/other-veterinary-advice/cat-neutering-a-guide-to-castration-and-spaying) · [WSAVA — Guidelines for the Control of Reproduction in Dogs and Cats: Executive Summary (2024)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Executive-Summary.pdf)

## When should a dog be neutered?

There is no single right age for every dog; the timing should be decided with your vet. PDSA says most dogs can be neutered at around 6 months old, taking into account breed and size, weight, behaviour and health history. Large or giant breeds may be advised to wait longer, because there is some evidence that neutering at 4–6 months can lead to joint problems later in life. Dogs that are overweight or underweight also face a higher risk of surgical complications.

The 2024 WSAVA guidelines are more cautious for dogs. WSAVA suggests that owned female dogs are ideally spayed after their first or second heat, and discourages neutering puppies except in shelters that require every animal to be neutered before rehoming. For a female dog that has already had a season, PDSA advises waiting about 2–3 months after it before spaying. Because recommendations differ, ask your vet to explain the benefits and risks for your dog.

Evidence: [PDSA — Dog neutering: a guide to castration and spaying](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/other-veterinary-advice/dog-neutering-a-guide-to-castration-and-spaying) · [WSAVA — Guidelines for the Control of Reproduction in Dogs and Cats: Executive Summary (2024)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Executive-Summary.pdf)

## How do you care for a pet after neutering?

After neutering, give your pet a quiet place to rest indoors and limit activity as your vet advises. Pets are usually sleepy and disorientated for several hours to two days after the anaesthetic. ASPCA advises preventing running and jumping for up to two weeks, or as long as your vet recommends. PDSA says dogs need 7–10 days of rest, while female cats need about 10–14 days of rest before going outside. Before surgery, follow the clinic's fasting instructions.

Stop your pet licking or chewing the wound, for example with a cone-shaped protective collar or a medical body suit, because the wound can become infected or open up. Check the wound daily and attend follow-up appointments. Dissolvable stitches do not need removing, while ordinary stitches are usually removed 7–14 days after surgery. Calorie needs drop after neutering, so adjust portions and ask your vet about your pet's ideal weight. Never give any medicine without your vet's instructions.

Evidence: [ASPCA — Spay/neuter your pet](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/general-pet-care/spayneuter-your-pet) · [PDSA — Cat neutering: a guide to castration and spaying](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/other-veterinary-advice/cat-neutering-a-guide-to-castration-and-spaying) · [PDSA — Dog neutering: a guide to castration and spaying](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/other-veterinary-advice/dog-neutering-a-guide-to-castration-and-spaying) · [International Cat Care — Neutering your cat](https://icatcare.org/advice/neutering-your-cat/)

## Should a female pet have one litter before neutering?

No. RSPCA says pets do not need to have a litter before being neutered, and PDSA says there is no evidence that having a litter benefits cats or dogs. Pregnancy and birth can bring complications, and caring for a litter of kittens or puppies takes a lot of time and money. In female dogs, spaying before the first season actually lowers the risk of mammary tumours and pyometra significantly, according to PDSA.

Another myth is that neutering always makes pets fat. In fact, neutering lowers energy needs so the risk of weight gain rises, but weight can still be controlled. ASPCA says weight gain is caused by too little exercise and overfeeding, not by neutering itself. PDSA estimates that cats need about 25% fewer calories and dogs about 30% fewer after neutering. Reduce portions or choose a suitable food, and monitor your pet's body condition with your vet.

Evidence: [RSPCA — Benefits of neutering your pet](https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/general/neutering) · [PDSA — Cat neutering: a guide to castration and spaying](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/other-veterinary-advice/cat-neutering-a-guide-to-castration-and-spaying) · [PDSA — Dog neutering: a guide to castration and spaying](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/other-veterinary-advice/dog-neutering-a-guide-to-castration-and-spaying) · [ASPCA — Spay/neuter your pet](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/general-pet-care/spayneuter-your-pet)

## What is TNR for street cats?

TNR (trap-neuter-return) is a humane way to manage street cat populations: cats are trapped, neutered and often vaccinated, then returned to where they live. ASPCA says TNR with ongoing monitoring can stabilise a colony if at least 75% of its cats are neutered within six months and new unneutered arrivals keep being caught. Neutered cats are usually marked by removing a small tip of one ear during surgery, so they are not trapped and operated on again.

WSAVA notes that TNR's success is hard to measure and depends on the environment, food supply and the arrival of new unneutered animals. These programmes can also help control diseases such as rabies when combined with vaccination. In Indonesia, the Jakarta food, marine and agriculture office (Dinas KPKP) offers free neutering for local male cats from TNR, Yogyakarta City neuters unowned cats at markets, Boyolali Regency runs subsidised neutering at puskeswan, and Kementan has held free neutering in Denpasar.

Evidence: [ASPCA — A closer look at community cats](https://www.aspca.org/helping-people-pets/shelter-intake-and-surrender/closer-look-community-cats) · [WSAVA — Guidelines for the Control of Reproduction in Dogs and Cats: Executive Summary (2024)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Executive-Summary.pdf) · [Dinas KPKP Provinsi DKI Jakarta — Sterilisasi kucing liar hasil Trap Neuter Release (TNR)](https://dkpkp.jakarta.go.id/news/Sterilisasi-kucing-liar-hasil-Trap-Neuter-Release-TNR) · [Dinas Pertanian dan Pangan Kota Yogyakarta — Dinas Pertanian dan Pangan Gelar Kegiatan Sterilisasi Kucing Pasar](https://pertanian.jogjakota.go.id/detail/index/42226/dinas-pertanian-dan-pangan-gelar-kegiatan-sterilisasi-kucing-pasar-2025-08-22) · [Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Tengah — Sterilisasi Kucing, Kurangi Populasi dan Cegah Rabies](https://jatengprov.go.id/beritadaerah/sterilisasi-kucing-kurangi-populasi-dan-cegah-rabies/) · [Ditjen PKH Kementan (BPMSPH) — Kementan Gelar Vaksinasi dan Sterilisasi Gratis di Denpasar, Dukung Bali Bebas Rabies](https://bpmsph.ditjenpkh.pertanian.go.id/berita/kementan-gelar-vaksinasi-dan-sterilisasi-gratis-di-denpasar-dukung-bali-bebas-rabies)

## Sources & references

1. [WSAVA — Guidelines for the Control of Reproduction in Dogs and Cats: Executive Summary (2024)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Executive-Summary.pdf)
2. [PDSA — Cat neutering: a guide to castration and spaying](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/other-veterinary-advice/cat-neutering-a-guide-to-castration-and-spaying)
3. [PDSA — Dog neutering: a guide to castration and spaying](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/other-veterinary-advice/dog-neutering-a-guide-to-castration-and-spaying)
4. [International Cat Care — Neutering your cat](https://icatcare.org/advice/neutering-your-cat/)
5. [RSPCA — Benefits of neutering your pet](https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/general/neutering)
6. [ASPCA — Spay/neuter your pet](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/general-pet-care/spayneuter-your-pet)
7. [ASPCA — A closer look at community cats](https://www.aspca.org/helping-people-pets/shelter-intake-and-surrender/closer-look-community-cats)
8. [Dinas KPKP Provinsi DKI Jakarta — Sterilisasi kucing liar hasil Trap Neuter Release (TNR)](https://dkpkp.jakarta.go.id/news/Sterilisasi-kucing-liar-hasil-Trap-Neuter-Release-TNR)
9. [Dinas Pertanian dan Pangan Kota Yogyakarta — Dinas Pertanian dan Pangan Gelar Kegiatan Sterilisasi Kucing Pasar](https://pertanian.jogjakota.go.id/detail/index/42226/dinas-pertanian-dan-pangan-gelar-kegiatan-sterilisasi-kucing-pasar-2025-08-22)
10. [Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Tengah — Sterilisasi Kucing, Kurangi Populasi dan Cegah Rabies](https://jatengprov.go.id/beritadaerah/sterilisasi-kucing-kurangi-populasi-dan-cegah-rabies/)
11. [Ditjen PKH Kementan (BPMSPH) — Kementan Gelar Vaksinasi dan Sterilisasi Gratis di Denpasar, Dukung Bali Bebas Rabies](https://bpmsph.ditjenpkh.pertanian.go.id/berita/kementan-gelar-vaksinasi-dan-sterilisasi-gratis-di-denpasar-dukung-bali-bebas-rabies)

## Keep exploring

- [Cat vaccinations: types, schedule and benefits](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vaccinations/)
- [Dog vaccinations: types, schedule and boosters](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/dog-vaccinations/)
- [Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/)
- [Choosing a vet and vet clinic in Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/choosing-a-vet-in-indonesia/)
- [Domestic cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/)
- [Domestic dog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dog/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/


---

# Choosing a vet and vet clinic in Indonesia

> Vets in Indonesia must hold a practice licence (SIP DRH). Learn how clinics, animal hospitals and puskeswan differ, and what to ask before a visit.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/choosing-a-vet-in-indonesia/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kesehatan-hewan/memilih-dokter-hewan/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed veterinary and health organisations’ guidance; not yet reviewed by a veterinarian.

**Caution:** General information for owners, not a substitute for examination, diagnosis or treatment by a veterinarian. If your animal seems very unwell, in pain, struggling to breathe or may have been poisoned, contact a vet immediately.

## Key points

- A vet (dokter hewan) is a qualified veterinary professional with a competency certificate; veterinary paramedics work under a vet's supervision.
- Practising vets must hold a veterinary practice licence (SIP DRH) issued by the regency or city government.
- A puskeswan is a local-government animal health unit offering check-ups, treatment and vaccination, including free rabies vaccine in some places.
- Choose a vet before your pet falls ill, and ask about licensing, opening hours, emergency cover and likely costs.
- Take the vaccination card to every visit and keep up regular health checks, usually once a year.

## When should you see a vet?

- Go to the nearest vet or animal hospital immediately if your pet has difficulty breathing, collapses, or has severe vomiting and diarrhoea, especially if the diarrhoea is bloody.
- A kitten or puppy with incomplete vaccinations is lethargic, will not eat, has a fever, is vomiting or has diarrhoea.
- An animal that suddenly changes behaviour, drools excessively or has trouble swallowing: keep away and contact a vet and the local animal health office or puskeswan.
- A surgical wound that has opened, looks red or swollen, or has discharge.
- Your pet has never had a check-up or vaccinations, or it has been more than a year since its last check-up.

## What is a vet, and how is a vet different from a veterinary paramedic?

Under Law No. 18 of 2009, a vet (dokter hewan) is someone with a veterinary profession, a competency certificate and veterinary medical authority to provide animal health services. Vets and specialist vets are classed as veterinary medical personnel. There are also veterinary paramedics, who hold an animal health diploma or vocational certificate, and veterinary science graduates who are not yet qualified vets.

This difference matters to owners. The same law says veterinary paramedics and veterinary science graduates work under a vet's supervision. Minister of Agriculture Regulation (Permentan) No. 3 of 2019 adds that when working independently they may only carry out non-parenteral procedures, meaning treatments not given by injection or drip. Anything else must be done under a vet's supervision. So make sure vaccinations, anaesthesia and surgery are carried out by a vet or under a vet's supervision.

Evidence: [JDIH Kementerian Keuangan — Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2009 tentang Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan (teks lengkap)](https://jdih-old.kemenkeu.go.id/FullText/2009/18TAHUN2009UU.htm) · [JDIH BPK — Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 3 Tahun 2019 tentang Pelayanan Jasa Medik Veteriner (PDF)](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/266201/Permentan%20Nomor%203%20Tahun%202019.pdf)

## Do vets need a licence to practise?

Yes. Law No. 18 of 2009 requires animal health workers who provide animal health services to hold a practice licence issued by the regent or mayor. Permentan No. 3 of 2019 calls it the Veterinary Practice Licence (SIP DRH), valid for one practice location. Vets apply online through the one-stop licensing service (PTSP), and must provide, among other things, their vet degree, a competency certificate from the professional organisation, a recommendation from its local branch, and a recommendation from the regency or city office.

According to the Yogyakarta City agriculture and food office, licensing rules are being adjusted to the Job Creation Law, so procedures may differ between regions. The same office found that some vets and paramedics were practising without a licence. You can ask to see a vet's practice licence and the clinic's premises licence before using its services. If in doubt, contact the animal health office in your regency or city, because it takes part in the licensing process.

Evidence: [JDIH Kementerian Keuangan — Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2009 tentang Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan (teks lengkap)](https://jdih-old.kemenkeu.go.id/FullText/2009/18TAHUN2009UU.htm) · [JDIH BPK — Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 3 Tahun 2019 tentang Pelayanan Jasa Medik Veteriner (PDF)](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/266201/Permentan%20Nomor%203%20Tahun%202019.pdf) · [JDIH BPK — Permentan No. 03 Tahun 2019 tentang Pelayanan Jasa Medik Veteriner (status peraturan)](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/161056/) · [Dinas Pertanian dan Pangan Kota Yogyakarta — Sosialisasi Perizinan Pelayanan Jasa Medik Veteriner](https://pertanian.jogjakota.go.id/detail/index/14398)

## What is PDHI?

PDHI (Perhimpunan Dokter Hewan Indonesia) is Indonesia's professional organisation for vets. According to its official portal, as of December 2025 PDHI had 15,813 active members and 57 branches across Indonesia, and more than half of its members work in practice. The portal also handles competency certificates for vets. Law No. 18 of 2009 requires animal health workers to follow a code of ethics and uphold their professional oath or pledge.

PDHI branches often take part in animal health programmes with the government. For example, PDHI's Bali branch joined Kementan's free rabies vaccination and neutering event in Denpasar, and a Central Java branch worked on subsidised neutering at puskeswan in Boyolali Regency. Under Permentan No. 3 of 2019, a recommendation from the professional organisation's local branch is also one of the requirements for a vet's practice licence.

Evidence: [PB PDHI (myPDHI) — Tentang PDHI](https://mypdhi.com/about) · [JDIH Kementerian Keuangan — Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2009 tentang Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan (teks lengkap)](https://jdih-old.kemenkeu.go.id/FullText/2009/18TAHUN2009UU.htm) · [Ditjen PKH Kementan (BPMSPH) — Kementan Gelar Vaksinasi dan Sterilisasi Gratis di Denpasar, Dukung Bali Bebas Rabies](https://bpmsph.ditjenpkh.pertanian.go.id/berita/kementan-gelar-vaksinasi-dan-sterilisasi-gratis-di-denpasar-dukung-bali-bebas-rabies) · [Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Tengah — Sterilisasi Kucing, Kurangi Populasi dan Cegah Rabies](https://jatengprov.go.id/beritadaerah/sterilisasi-kucing-kurangi-populasi-dan-cegah-rabies/) · [JDIH BPK — Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 3 Tahun 2019 tentang Pelayanan Jasa Medik Veteriner (PDF)](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/266201/Permentan%20Nomor%203%20Tahun%202019.pdf)

## How do vet clinics, animal hospitals and puskeswan differ?

Permentan No. 3 of 2019 recognises several kinds of animal health service unit: independent vet practices, ambulatory services (mobile clinics or house calls), vet clinics, puskeswan and animal hospitals. A vet clinic is a practice with a vet and facilities for treating animals. An animal hospital is led by a vet in charge and has emergency care, a diagnostic laboratory, inpatient care, an intensive care unit and isolation rooms, and can accept referrals.

A puskeswan (animal health centre) is a unit that provides animal health services and is usually run by the local government office. According to Buleleng Regency's agriculture office, puskeswan operate at district (kecamatan) level and offer routine check-ups for pets and livestock, treatment, consultations, reproductive care, vaccination and education. Some puskeswan offer free rabies vaccination. Mobile services also exist; for example, since July 2026 Jakarta's Dinas KPKP has run five mobile animal clinics, each staffed by a vet and a veterinary paramedic.

Evidence: [JDIH BPK — Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 3 Tahun 2019 tentang Pelayanan Jasa Medik Veteriner (PDF)](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/266201/Permentan%20Nomor%203%20Tahun%202019.pdf) · [Dinas Pertanian, Ketahanan Pangan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Buleleng — Pelayanan Vaksinasi Rabies di Puskeswan Buleleng](https://distankan.bulelengkab.go.id/informasi/detail/berita/36_pelayanan-vaksinasi-rabies-di-puskeswan-buleleng) · [Dinas KPKP Provinsi DKI Jakarta — Dinas KPKP DKI Jakarta Luncurkan 5 Unit Mobil Klinik Hewan Keliling](https://dkpkp.jakarta.go.id/news/dinas-kpkp-dki-jakarta-luncurkan-5-unit-mobil-klinik-hewan-keliling-jangkau-seluruh-wilayah-jakarta-mulai-13-juli-2026)

## What should you ask when choosing a vet?

Choose a vet before your pet falls ill, because finding a clinic in an emergency is much harder. International Cat Care suggests contacting the clinic and asking to visit without your pet to see the facilities. Ask whether the vet holds a practice licence, when the clinic is open, and where animals are referred if they need emergency or inpatient care the clinic cannot provide. Also ask for likely costs of routine care, because prices differ between practices.

Watch how staff handle animals and how they explain things to you. A good clinic is clean, well ventilated and free of an overpowering smell of disinfectant. For cats, International Cat Care suggests looking for a waiting area separate from dogs, raised places to put carriers off the floor, and staff who handle cats gently. If your pet needs to stay in, feel free to ask to see where it will be kept. Recommendations from family or friends with similar pets can also help.

Evidence: [International Cat Care — How to choose a veterinary clinic for your cat](https://icatcare.org/articles/how-to-choose-a-veterinary-clinic-for-your-cat) · [JDIH BPK — Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 3 Tahun 2019 tentang Pelayanan Jasa Medik Veteriner (PDF)](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/266201/Permentan%20Nomor%203%20Tahun%202019.pdf) · [PDSA — Dog neutering: a guide to castration and spaying](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/other-veterinary-advice/dog-neutering-a-guide-to-castration-and-spaying)

## How do you prepare for a vet visit?

Bring the vaccination card and health records, and note the problems you have seen and when they started. Vets record every vaccine in the medical record, so a complete history helps them decide what is needed next. WSAVA recommends regular health checks, usually once a year, covering vaccines, parasites, teeth, nutrition and behaviour. International Cat Care also says every cat should have at least one check at the clinic each year. If your pet is having surgery, follow the clinic's fasting instructions.

Bring cats in a sturdy carrier, and never let a cat travel loose in a vehicle. A carrier that opens at the top makes it easier to lift the cat out gently. Get your cat used to the carrier at home as a place to sleep or eat, line it with bedding that smells of home, and cover it with a cloth while travelling. Hold the carrier from underneath rather than swinging it by the handle. Puppies with incomplete vaccinations should not have contact with unknown dogs in the waiting room.

Evidence: [WSAVA — 2024 guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats (full text, Journal of Small Animal Practice)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/WSAVA-Vaccination-guidelines-2024.pdf) · [International Cat Care — Taking your cat to the vet](https://icatcare.org/articles/taking-your-cat-to-the-vet) · [WSAVA — 2024 Guidelines for the Vaccination of Dogs and Cats: Executive Summary](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2024-Guidelines-for-the-Vaccination-of-Dogs-and-Cats.pdf)

## Sources & references

1. [JDIH Kementerian Keuangan — Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2009 tentang Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan (teks lengkap)](https://jdih-old.kemenkeu.go.id/FullText/2009/18TAHUN2009UU.htm)
2. [JDIH BPK — Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 3 Tahun 2019 tentang Pelayanan Jasa Medik Veteriner (PDF)](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/266201/Permentan%20Nomor%203%20Tahun%202019.pdf)
3. [JDIH BPK — Permentan No. 03 Tahun 2019 tentang Pelayanan Jasa Medik Veteriner (status peraturan)](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/161056/)
4. [Dinas Pertanian dan Pangan Kota Yogyakarta — Sosialisasi Perizinan Pelayanan Jasa Medik Veteriner](https://pertanian.jogjakota.go.id/detail/index/14398)
5. [PB PDHI (myPDHI) — Tentang PDHI](https://mypdhi.com/about)
6. [Ditjen PKH Kementan (BPMSPH) — Kementan Gelar Vaksinasi dan Sterilisasi Gratis di Denpasar, Dukung Bali Bebas Rabies](https://bpmsph.ditjenpkh.pertanian.go.id/berita/kementan-gelar-vaksinasi-dan-sterilisasi-gratis-di-denpasar-dukung-bali-bebas-rabies)
7. [Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Tengah — Sterilisasi Kucing, Kurangi Populasi dan Cegah Rabies](https://jatengprov.go.id/beritadaerah/sterilisasi-kucing-kurangi-populasi-dan-cegah-rabies/)
8. [Dinas Pertanian, Ketahanan Pangan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Buleleng — Pelayanan Vaksinasi Rabies di Puskeswan Buleleng](https://distankan.bulelengkab.go.id/informasi/detail/berita/36_pelayanan-vaksinasi-rabies-di-puskeswan-buleleng)
9. [Dinas KPKP Provinsi DKI Jakarta — Dinas KPKP DKI Jakarta Luncurkan 5 Unit Mobil Klinik Hewan Keliling](https://dkpkp.jakarta.go.id/news/dinas-kpkp-dki-jakarta-luncurkan-5-unit-mobil-klinik-hewan-keliling-jangkau-seluruh-wilayah-jakarta-mulai-13-juli-2026)
10. [International Cat Care — How to choose a veterinary clinic for your cat](https://icatcare.org/articles/how-to-choose-a-veterinary-clinic-for-your-cat)
11. [International Cat Care — Taking your cat to the vet](https://icatcare.org/articles/taking-your-cat-to-the-vet)
12. [WSAVA — 2024 Guidelines for the Vaccination of Dogs and Cats: Executive Summary](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2024-Guidelines-for-the-Vaccination-of-Dogs-and-Cats.pdf)
13. [WSAVA — 2024 guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats (full text, Journal of Small Animal Practice)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/WSAVA-Vaccination-guidelines-2024.pdf)
14. [PDSA — Dog neutering: a guide to castration and spaying](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/other-veterinary-advice/dog-neutering-a-guide-to-castration-and-spaying)
15. [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feline panleukopenia virus](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-panleukopenia-virus)
16. [MSD Veterinary Manual — Canine parvovirus](https://www.msdvetmanual.com/digestive-system/diseases-of-the-stomach-and-intestines-in-small-animals/canine-parvovirus)
17. [MSD Veterinary Manual — Rabies in animals](https://www.msdvetmanual.com/nervous-system/rabies/rabies-in-animals)
18. [ASPCA — Spay/neuter your pet](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/general-pet-care/spayneuter-your-pet)
19. [Cornell Feline Health Center — Respiratory infections](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/respiratory-infections)

## Keep exploring

- [Cat vaccinations: types, schedule and benefits](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vaccinations/)
- [Dog vaccinations: types, schedule and boosters](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/dog-vaccinations/)
- [Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/)
- [Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Domestic cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/)
- [Domestic dog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dog/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Choosing a vet and vet clinic in Indonesia. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/choosing-a-vet-in-indonesia/


---

# Feline panleukopenia: signs, spread and vaccination

> Feline panleukopenia is a highly contagious, often fatal parvovirus infection of cats, especially kittens. Vaccination is the main way to prevent it.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/feline-panleukopenia/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kesehatan-hewan/panleukopenia-kucing/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed veterinary and health organisations’ guidance; not yet reviewed by a veterinarian.

**Caution:** General information for owners, not a substitute for examination, diagnosis or treatment by a veterinarian. If your animal seems very unwell, in pain, struggling to breathe or may have been poisoned, contact a vet immediately.

## Key points

- Panleukopenia is caused by feline parvovirus and is often fatal, especially in kittens under 5 months old.
- The virus spreads through faeces, vomit and body fluids, and is carried on hands, shoes, clothing and cat equipment.
- The virus can survive indoors for up to about a year and is not killed by many common disinfectants.
- The panleukopenia vaccine is a core vaccine for every cat, including cats that always stay indoors.
- Panleukopenia does not infect people, and this cat virus does not cause disease in dogs.

## When should you see a vet?

- Contact a vet immediately if your cat or kitten is vomiting, has diarrhoea or a fever, is lethargic or will not eat, especially if its vaccinations are not complete.
- Signs of dehydration, such as sunken eyes or dry gums.
- A painful belly, or a cat that is very dull and reluctant to move.
- Several cats in the same home or neighbourhood falling ill or dying suddenly within a short time.
- A pregnant cat that is unwell, miscarries or gives birth to stillborn kittens.
- A kitten that walks unsteadily, is uncoordinated or trembles when it moves.

## What is feline panleukopenia?

Feline panleukopenia is a highly contagious and often fatal viral disease of cats, caused by feline parvovirus (FPV). It is also known as feline distemper or feline infectious enteritis. The name means a shortage of all types of white blood cell. The virus attacks fast-dividing cells, especially in the bone marrow, lymphoid tissue and gut lining. This weakens the immune system and damages the intestine. Panleukopenia does not infect people, and this cat virus does not cause disease in dogs. However, newer strains of canine parvovirus can infect cats, and panleukopenia vaccines also protect cats against them.

Evidence: [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feline Panleukopenia Virus](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-panleukopenia-virus) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (Cat Owners) — Feline Panleukopenia](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/disorders-affecting-multiple-body-systems-of-cats/feline-panleukopenia) · [Merck Veterinary Manual — Feline Panleukopenia](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/infectious-diseases-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract-in-small-animals/feline-panleukopenia)

## What are the signs of panleukopenia in cats?

The common signs of panleukopenia are fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, vomiting and diarrhoea, which can quickly lead to severe dehydration. Signs usually appear 2–7 days after exposure. Vomiting often comes first, while diarrhoea does not always occur. Dehydration may show as sunken eyes or dry gums, and the belly may be painful. In kittens, severe infection can cause sudden death with little or no warning. In pregnant cats, the virus can cause miscarriage or stillbirth. Kittens infected in the womb may suffer damage to the cerebellum, leaving them with a wobbly gait and tremors for life.

Evidence: [Merck Veterinary Manual (Cat Owners) — Feline Panleukopenia](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/disorders-affecting-multiple-body-systems-of-cats/feline-panleukopenia) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feline Panleukopenia Virus](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-panleukopenia-virus) · [Merck Veterinary Manual — Feline Panleukopenia](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/infectious-diseases-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract-in-small-animals/feline-panleukopenia)

## How does panleukopenia spread?

Panleukopenia spreads through the faeces, vomit, urine and nasal secretions of sick cats, either by direct contact or via contaminated objects. Cages, litter trays, food and water bowls, toys, bedding, shoes and clothing can all carry the virus. Fleas from infected cats can also spread it. The virus is very hardy and can survive indoors for up to about a year without proper disinfection. This is why cats that never go outside can still be infected. Recovered cats can shed the virus in their faeces for up to six weeks, so they should be kept away from unvaccinated cats.

Evidence: [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feline Panleukopenia Virus](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-panleukopenia-virus) · [ABCD (European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases) — Guideline for Feline Panleukopenia](https://www.abcdcatsvets.org/guideline-for-feline-panleukopenia/) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (Cat Owners) — Feline Panleukopenia](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/disorders-affecting-multiple-body-systems-of-cats/feline-panleukopenia)

## Why are kittens most at risk of panleukopenia?

Kittens are most at risk because the antibody protection they get from their mother is only temporary, while their own vaccinations are not yet complete. Antibodies from the mother's milk protect them early in life, but cannot be relied on beyond 6–8 weeks of age. These antibodies can also block vaccines given too early. Kittens under 5 months old are the most likely to die from the disease. In Indonesia, studies in Yogyakarta and Madiun found that cats aged 6 months or younger, unvaccinated cats and bringing a new cat into the home were linked to panleukopenia. The Yogyakarta study also found higher risk in cats that went outdoors or came from pet shops, markets or the street.

Risk is also high in street cat colonies and in cats with little access to preventive care, especially where there are many kittens. In shelters, outbreaks are common when cats are not vaccinated on arrival. Because the death rate is so high, the loss of many community cats in a short time is sometimes mistaken for mass poisoning. If you care for or feed street cats, watch for cats that are lethargic, vomiting or have diarrhoea. Separate sick cats from the others where possible, wash your hands after handling them, and get help from a vet promptly.

Evidence: [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feline Panleukopenia Virus](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-panleukopenia-virus) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (Cat Owners) — Feline Panleukopenia](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/disorders-affecting-multiple-body-systems-of-cats/feline-panleukopenia) · [Merck Veterinary Manual — Feline Panleukopenia](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/infectious-diseases-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract-in-small-animals/feline-panleukopenia) · [Jurnal Sain Veteriner (UGM) — Faktor Risiko Feline Panleukopenia pada Kucing di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jsv/article/view/48922) · [Jurnal Medik Veteriner (Universitas Airlangga) — Retrospective Study of Feline Panleukopenia Risk Factors in Pet Cats in Madiun](https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JMV/article/view/30477)

## When and how often should cats be vaccinated against panleukopenia?

Kittens usually start vaccination at 6–8 weeks of age, with repeat doses every 2–4 weeks until they are 16 weeks old or older. The 2024 WSAVA guidelines list the panleukopenia vaccine as a core vaccine for every cat worldwide, alongside the herpesvirus and calicivirus vaccines. WSAVA also advises a further dose at 26 weeks of age or later, because in some kittens the mother's antibodies still block the earlier doses. After that, panleukopenia vaccination is generally repeated no more often than every three years, as your vet advises. Adult cats that were never vaccinated, or whose history is unknown, can still be protected.

The vaccine is also recommended for cats that always stay indoors, because the virus can be carried in on objects, shoes and clothing. The Blitar Regency livestock and fisheries office lists panleukopenia among the diseases that cat vaccination prevents, and advises owners to visit their nearest vet. It also advises vaccinating only when the cat is healthy: a normal body temperature, a good appetite, and no diarrhoea, coughing or sneezing. Ask your vet for a schedule that suits your cat's age, vaccination history and surroundings.

Evidence: [WSAVA — 2024 Guidelines for the Vaccination of Dogs and Cats](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/WSAVA-Vaccination-guidelines-2024.pdf) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feline Panleukopenia Virus](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-panleukopenia-virus) · [Merck Veterinary Manual — Feline Panleukopenia](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/infectious-diseases-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract-in-small-animals/feline-panleukopenia) · [Dinas Peternakan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Blitar — Pentingnya Vaksinasi pada Hewan Peliharaan](https://disnakkan.blitarkab.go.id/2021/03/09/pentingnya-vaksinasi-pada-hewan-peliharaan/)

## Can a cat recover from panleukopenia?

Some cats do recover, but usually only with intensive veterinary care, and many still die, especially kittens. There is no specific medicine that kills the virus. Vets give supportive care, such as intravenous fluids and medicines to control the signs, often in an isolation ward in hospital. Published reports show that only about 20–51% of cats treated in hospital survive. The chance of recovery depends on age, general health, how severe the illness is and how quickly treatment starts. Do not try to treat the cat yourself at home. Cats that recover usually have lifelong immunity, but can still spread the virus for several weeks.

Evidence: [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feline Panleukopenia Virus](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-panleukopenia-virus) · [Merck Veterinary Manual — Feline Panleukopenia](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/infectious-diseases-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract-in-small-animals/feline-panleukopenia) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (Cat Owners) — Feline Panleukopenia](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/disorders-affecting-multiple-body-systems-of-cats/feline-panleukopenia)

## How do you clean your home after panleukopenia?

First clean away faeces and other organic matter, then use a disinfectant proven to kill parvovirus, because many common disinfectants do not work. According to the ABCD guideline, the virus is inactivated by products containing sodium hypochlorite (bleach), peracetic acid or aldehydes. The Cornell Feline Health Center advises household bleach diluted 1:32 and left on surfaces for at least 10 minutes. Quaternary ammonium products are often ineffective, even when their labels claim to kill parvovirus. Use disinfectant only on surfaces and objects, never on the cat, and follow the label. Throw away items that cannot be disinfected. Ask your vet when it is safe to bring a new cat home.

Evidence: [ABCD (European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases) — Guideline for Feline Panleukopenia](https://www.abcdcatsvets.org/guideline-for-feline-panleukopenia/) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feline Panleukopenia Virus](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-panleukopenia-virus) · [Merck Veterinary Manual — Feline Panleukopenia](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/infectious-diseases-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract-in-small-animals/feline-panleukopenia)

## Sources & references

1. [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feline Panleukopenia Virus](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-panleukopenia-virus)
2. [Merck Veterinary Manual (Cat Owners) — Feline Panleukopenia](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/disorders-affecting-multiple-body-systems-of-cats/feline-panleukopenia)
3. [Merck Veterinary Manual — Feline Panleukopenia](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/infectious-diseases-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract-in-small-animals/feline-panleukopenia)
4. [ABCD (European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases) — Guideline for Feline Panleukopenia](https://www.abcdcatsvets.org/guideline-for-feline-panleukopenia/)
5. [Jurnal Sain Veteriner (UGM) — Faktor Risiko Feline Panleukopenia pada Kucing di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jsv/article/view/48922)
6. [Jurnal Medik Veteriner (Universitas Airlangga) — Retrospective Study of Feline Panleukopenia Risk Factors in Pet Cats in Madiun](https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JMV/article/view/30477)
7. [WSAVA — 2024 Guidelines for the Vaccination of Dogs and Cats](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/WSAVA-Vaccination-guidelines-2024.pdf)
8. [Dinas Peternakan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Blitar — Pentingnya Vaksinasi pada Hewan Peliharaan](https://disnakkan.blitarkab.go.id/2021/03/09/pentingnya-vaksinasi-pada-hewan-peliharaan/)

## Keep exploring

- [Cat vaccinations: types, schedule and benefits](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vaccinations/)
- [Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/)
- [Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Choosing a vet and vet clinic in Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/choosing-a-vet-in-indonesia/)
- [Domestic cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Feline panleukopenia: signs, spread and vaccination. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/feline-panleukopenia/


---

# Canine parvovirus: signs, spread and prevention

> Canine parvovirus (parvo) is a highly contagious, often fatal viral disease of dogs, especially puppies. A full vaccination course is the main protection.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/canine-parvovirus/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kesehatan-hewan/parvo-anjing/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed veterinary and health organisations’ guidance; not yet reviewed by a veterinarian.

**Caution:** General information for owners, not a substitute for examination, diagnosis or treatment by a veterinarian. If your animal seems very unwell, in pain, struggling to breathe or may have been poisoned, contact a vet immediately.

## Key points

- Parvo damages the gut lining and bone marrow, causing vomiting, bloody diarrhoea and a weakened immune system.
- Puppies aged 6 weeks to 6 months and dogs with incomplete vaccinations are most at risk.
- The virus spreads in dog faeces and can be carried on soil, shoes, hands, bowls and leads.
- Parvo is nearly always fatal without treatment, so a dog with signs must see a vet straight away.
- Canine parvovirus does not infect people, but the CPV-2c strain can infect cats not vaccinated against panleukopenia.

## When should you see a vet?

- Contact a vet immediately if a puppy, or a dog whose vaccinations are incomplete, is vomiting, has diarrhoea or is very lethargic; tell the clinic you suspect parvo.
- Watery, foul-smelling or bloody diarrhoea.
- Repeated vomiting or refusing food.
- Pale gums, a painful belly, or a body temperature that is very high or very low.
- A newly bought or adopted puppy that becomes dull within the first few days.
- A dog recovering from parvo that starts vomiting again, stops eating or seems lethargic.

## What is parvo in dogs?

Parvo is a disease caused by canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV), a highly contagious virus that can cause severe illness and death in dogs. The virus damages the gut lining, causing severe vomiting and diarrhoea. It also attacks the bone marrow cells that make white blood cells, which weakens the immune system. In very young puppies, the virus can also attack the heart muscle. Parvo appeared in dogs in the late 1970s and quickly spread worldwide. The virus is closely related to feline panleukopenia virus. Canine parvovirus does not infect people.

Parvo is also found in Indonesia. A Universitas Udayana study recorded parvo in 3.26% of dogs in private veterinary practice records in Denpasar between 2004 and 2007. Another study reports that Kintamani puppies sold at the Denpasar animal market often die of parvo. Around the year 2000 a newer strain, CPV-2c, appeared that can pass from dogs to cats. Cats vaccinated against panleukopenia are protected against it. If you keep both dogs and cats, make sure both get their core vaccines on the schedule your vet recommends.

Evidence: [Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine (Baker Institute) — Canine Parvovirus](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/baker-institute-animal-health/research-baker-institute/canine-parvovirus) · [PDSA — Parvovirus in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/parvovirus-in-dogs-and-puppies) · [Jurnal Veteriner (Universitas Udayana) — Prevalensi dan Faktor Risiko Penyakit Virus Parvo pada Anjing di Denpasar](https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/jvet/article/view/3521) · [Jurnal Veteriner (Universitas Udayana) — Infeksi Alami Canine Parvovirus pada Anjing Kintamani di Desa Sukawana, Bangli, Bali](https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/jvet/article/view/42023)

## What are the signs of parvo in dogs?

Signs of parvo usually appear 3–7 days after infection: severe lethargy, loss of appetite, vomiting and watery, foul-smelling diarrhoea that is often bloody. Body temperature may be very high or, instead, very low. The gums may look pale and the belly may be painful. Vomiting and diarrhoea make the dog lose fluid quickly. In severe cases, bacteria from the damaged gut can enter the bloodstream and cause shock. Bloody diarrhoea and vomiting can also have other causes, so only a vet can confirm parvo, for example with a quick test on a faecal sample.

Evidence: [PDSA — Parvovirus in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/parvovirus-in-dogs-and-puppies) · [Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine (Baker Institute) — Canine Parvovirus](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/baker-institute-animal-health/research-baker-institute/canine-parvovirus) · [Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine — What every dog owner needs to know about parvovirus](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/about-us/news/20141013/what-every-dog-owner-needs-know-about-parvovirus)

## How does parvo spread?

Parvo spreads through the faeces of infected dogs, either by direct contact or through contaminated objects and places. Dogs start shedding the virus a few days after infection, often before signs appear, and keep shedding it for several weeks after they recover. The virus can be carried on soil, shoe soles, leads and collars, bowls, clothing, toys and even human hands. Indoors, it survives for at least two months. Outdoors, when protected from sunlight and drying out, it can last for many months and possibly years. This is why puppies that have never met another dog can still be infected.

Evidence: [Merck Veterinary Manual — Canine Parvovirus Infection (Parvoviral Enteritis in Dogs)](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/infectious-diseases-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract-in-small-animals/canine-parvovirus-infection-parvoviral-enteritis-in-dogs) · [PDSA — Parvovirus in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/parvovirus-in-dogs-and-puppies) · [Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine — What every dog owner needs to know about parvovirus](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/about-us/news/20141013/what-every-dog-owner-needs-know-about-parvovirus)

## Which dogs are most at risk of parvo?

Puppies aged 6 weeks to 6 months, and dogs that are unvaccinated or not fully vaccinated, are most at risk of parvo. Antibodies from the mother protect puppies early in life, but their level keeps falling and varies from puppy to puppy. These antibodies can also block vaccines given too early. In Denpasar, a Universitas Udayana study found that dogs with incomplete vaccination were about 10 times more likely to get parvo. Puppies aged 0–3 months were about 3 times more likely to be affected than older dogs. Another Bali study reports that parvo can kill up to 91% of infected puppies, especially unvaccinated ones.

Evidence: [Merck Veterinary Manual — Canine Parvovirus Infection (Parvoviral Enteritis in Dogs)](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/infectious-diseases-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract-in-small-animals/canine-parvovirus-infection-parvoviral-enteritis-in-dogs) · [WSAVA — 2024 Guidelines for the Vaccination of Dogs and Cats](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/WSAVA-Vaccination-guidelines-2024.pdf) · [Jurnal Veteriner (Universitas Udayana) — Prevalensi dan Faktor Risiko Penyakit Virus Parvo pada Anjing di Denpasar](https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/jvet/article/view/3521) · [Jurnal Veteriner (Universitas Udayana) — Infeksi Alami Canine Parvovirus pada Anjing Kintamani di Desa Sukawana, Bangli, Bali](https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/jvet/article/view/42023)

## When should puppies be vaccinated against parvo?

Puppies usually receive several parvo vaccinations, starting at around 6–8 weeks of age and repeated every 2–4 weeks, with the last one given at 16 weeks of age or later. The 2024 WSAVA guidelines list the parvo vaccine as a core vaccine for every dog worldwide, alongside the distemper and adenovirus vaccines. WSAVA advises a further dose at 26 weeks of age or later. After that, core vaccines are generally repeated no more often than every three years. No vaccine gives 100% protection, but vaccination is still the best way to prevent parvo and reduce how severe it is.

Until the vaccination course is finished, keep your puppy away from places likely to hold a lot of virus, such as shelters and boarding kennels. In public places, carry your puppy rather than putting it on the ground. Buy or adopt puppies from responsible sources, and check that the puppy looks healthy and lively. The Blitar Regency livestock and fisheries office lists parvovirus among the dog diseases that vaccination prevents, advises owners to visit their nearest vet, and recommends vaccinating only when the dog is healthy.

Evidence: [WSAVA — 2024 Guidelines for the Vaccination of Dogs and Cats](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/WSAVA-Vaccination-guidelines-2024.pdf) · [Merck Veterinary Manual — Canine Parvovirus Infection (Parvoviral Enteritis in Dogs)](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/infectious-diseases-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract-in-small-animals/canine-parvovirus-infection-parvoviral-enteritis-in-dogs) · [PDSA — Parvovirus in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/parvovirus-in-dogs-and-puppies) · [Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine (Baker Institute) — Canine Parvovirus](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/baker-institute-animal-health/research-baker-institute/canine-parvovirus) · [Dinas Peternakan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Blitar — Pentingnya Vaksinasi pada Hewan Peliharaan](https://disnakkan.blitarkab.go.id/2021/03/09/pentingnya-vaksinasi-pada-hewan-peliharaan/)

## What should you do if you think your dog has parvo?

Contact your vet immediately, say that you suspect parvo, and follow the clinic's instructions so your dog does not infect other animals in the waiting room. The chance of survival is much higher when the dog reaches a vet quickly. There is no medicine that kills the virus. Dogs usually need intensive care, such as intravenous fluids and medicines to control the signs, often in a hospital isolation ward. With appropriate supportive care, about 70–90% of dogs survive. Without treatment, parvo is nearly always fatal. Do not treat your dog at home or wait for the signs to improve.

Evidence: [PDSA — Parvovirus in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/parvovirus-in-dogs-and-puppies) · [Merck Veterinary Manual — Canine Parvovirus Infection (Parvoviral Enteritis in Dogs)](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/infectious-diseases-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract-in-small-animals/canine-parvovirus-infection-parvoviral-enteritis-in-dogs) · [Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine — What every dog owner needs to know about parvovirus](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/about-us/news/20141013/what-every-dog-owner-needs-know-about-parvovirus)

## How do you clean up after parvo?

First clean away faeces and vomit, then use diluted household bleach or a disinfectant labelled as effective against parvovirus. According to the Merck Veterinary Manual, bleach diluted 1:30 can inactivate the virus. Quaternary ammonium disinfectants are not reliable against parvo. Even so, it is almost impossible to remove all of the virus, especially from gardens and soil. Recovered dogs still shed the virus for 2–4 weeks, so keep them away from other dogs and public places during that time. If you plan to get a new puppy, it is best to wait until it is fully vaccinated before bringing it home, and to ask your vet for advice.

Evidence: [Merck Veterinary Manual — Canine Parvovirus Infection (Parvoviral Enteritis in Dogs)](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/infectious-diseases-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract-in-small-animals/canine-parvovirus-infection-parvoviral-enteritis-in-dogs) · [PDSA — Parvovirus in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/parvovirus-in-dogs-and-puppies)

## Sources & references

1. [Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine (Baker Institute) — Canine Parvovirus](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/baker-institute-animal-health/research-baker-institute/canine-parvovirus)
2. [PDSA — Parvovirus in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/parvovirus-in-dogs-and-puppies)
3. [Jurnal Veteriner (Universitas Udayana) — Prevalensi dan Faktor Risiko Penyakit Virus Parvo pada Anjing di Denpasar](https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/jvet/article/view/3521)
4. [Jurnal Veteriner (Universitas Udayana) — Infeksi Alami Canine Parvovirus pada Anjing Kintamani di Desa Sukawana, Bangli, Bali](https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/jvet/article/view/42023)
5. [Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine — What every dog owner needs to know about parvovirus](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/about-us/news/20141013/what-every-dog-owner-needs-know-about-parvovirus)
6. [Merck Veterinary Manual — Canine Parvovirus Infection (Parvoviral Enteritis in Dogs)](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/infectious-diseases-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract-in-small-animals/canine-parvovirus-infection-parvoviral-enteritis-in-dogs)
7. [WSAVA — 2024 Guidelines for the Vaccination of Dogs and Cats](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/WSAVA-Vaccination-guidelines-2024.pdf)
8. [Dinas Peternakan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Blitar — Pentingnya Vaksinasi pada Hewan Peliharaan](https://disnakkan.blitarkab.go.id/2021/03/09/pentingnya-vaksinasi-pada-hewan-peliharaan/)

## Keep exploring

- [Dog vaccinations: types, schedule and boosters](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/dog-vaccinations/)
- [Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/)
- [Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Choosing a vet and vet clinic in Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/choosing-a-vet-in-indonesia/)
- [Domestic dog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dog/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Canine parvovirus: signs, spread and prevention. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/canine-parvovirus/


---

# Fleas, ticks and mites in cats and dogs

> Fleas, ticks and mites are external parasites that make cats and dogs itch, spread disease and can affect people. In the tropics, prevent them year-round.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/fleas-ticks-and-mites/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kesehatan-hewan/kutu-caplak-tungau/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed veterinary and health organisations’ guidance; not yet reviewed by a veterinarian.

**Caution:** General information for owners, not a substitute for examination, diagnosis or treatment by a veterinarian. If your animal seems very unwell, in pain, struggling to breathe or may have been poisoned, contact a vet immediately.

## Key points

- In the tropics, parasite guidelines advise protecting cats and dogs from fleas and ticks all year round.
- Almost all of the flea life cycle happens in the environment, so both the animal and the home need attention.
- Scabies and ear mites spread easily between animals, so every animal in contact should be checked by a vet.
- Some flea products for dogs are highly toxic to cats; never use them on a cat.
- Some fleas, ticks and mites can spread infections or cause itchy rashes in people.

## When should you see a vet?

- Go to a vet immediately if a cat trembles, twitches, has a seizure or struggles to breathe after a flea treatment or after contact with a recently treated dog.
- A kitten or puppy with many fleas that looks weak and pale.
- Intense itching, crusts, scratch wounds or bald patches, especially on the ear edges, face, elbows or legs.
- Frequent head shaking, ear scratching, or dark, smelly ear wax.
- A tilted head or loss of balance in an animal with ear problems.
- A dog that is lethargic, feverish or off its food after a tick infestation.
- So many ticks that removing them one by one is not possible.

## What is the difference between fleas, ticks and mites?

Fleas are small, wingless, blood-sucking insects that jump, ticks are larger parasites that attach to the skin, and mites are microscopic. The flea most often found on cats and dogs worldwide is the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, which also infests dogs. In the tropics, the most common tick on dogs is the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Ticks can stay attached and feed on blood for several days. Mites live in the skin or ear canal, such as scabies mites and ear mites, and usually only a vet can confirm them, using a microscope or an instrument for examining the ear.

Evidence: [TroCCAP — Guidelines for the control of ectoparasites of dogs and cats in the tropics (2022)](https://www.troccap.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/TroCCAP-Canine-Feline-Ecto-Guidelines-English-v1.pdf) · [Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) — Fleas](https://capcvet.org/guidelines/fleas/)

## Why prevent fleas and ticks all year round?

In the tropics, the TroCCAP parasite guidelines advise protecting cats and dogs from fleas and ticks all year round, not just in certain seasons. Nearly 95% of the flea life cycle takes place in the environment, as eggs, larvae and cocoons in bedding, carpets and furniture. Flea cocoons are very tough and can wait a long time before hatching. Brown dog ticks can complete more than one generation a year in the tropics. They can also hide in cracks in the walls of homes and kennels, and a home infestation can take months to bring under control. Even dogs that rarely go out can be exposed, for example during grooming at a pet shop.

Evidence: [TroCCAP — Guidelines for the control of ectoparasites of dogs and cats in the tropics (2022)](https://www.troccap.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/TroCCAP-Canine-Feline-Ecto-Guidelines-English-v1.pdf) · [Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) — Ticks](https://capcvet.org/guidelines/ticks/)

## How do fleas and ticks harm cats and dogs?

Fleas and ticks cause itching and skin sores, feed on blood and can spread disease. Some animals are allergic to flea saliva, which causes severe itching, small bumps and hair loss. In kittens and puppies, very heavy flea burdens can cause anaemia, which can be fatal. Fleas also carry the tapeworm Dipylidium caninum, which infects animals when they swallow a flea. Brown dog ticks can spread blood infections such as Ehrlichia, Babesia and Anaplasma platys, and some germs can pass within a few hours of a tick attaching. Check your dog's body regularly, especially the ears, armpits, groin, around the eyes and between the toes.

Evidence: [TroCCAP — Guidelines for the control of ectoparasites of dogs and cats in the tropics (2022)](https://www.troccap.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/TroCCAP-Canine-Feline-Ecto-Guidelines-English-v1.pdf) · [Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) — Fleas](https://capcvet.org/guidelines/fleas/) · [Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) — Ticks](https://capcvet.org/guidelines/ticks/) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (Cat Owners) — Fleas of Cats](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/skin-disorders-of-cats/fleas-of-cats) · [CDC — About Dog or Cat Tapeworm Infection (Dipylidium)](https://www.cdc.gov/dipylidium/about/index.html)

## What is scabies (mange) in cats and dogs?

Scabies is a skin disease caused by mites that burrow into the skin; it is highly contagious and intensely itchy. In dogs, scabies is caused by Sarcoptes scabiei and usually starts on the ear edges and elbows, followed by crusts and scratch wounds. In cats, scabies is often caused by Notoedres cati, which starts on the ear edges and spreads to the face, paws and body. Young cats can become very weak, feverish and thin. Sarcoptes mites do not survive long in the environment, so they spread mainly through direct contact between animals. Every animal in contact with a sick one should be checked and treated as your vet advises.

Scabies in cats is common in Indonesia. A Universitas Gadjah Mada study at the Pemalang animal health centre (Puskeswan) in Central Java found scabies in about 33% of cat patients between May and July 2022. The researchers noted that the humid tropical climate supports the development of scabies mites. They also cite findings that affected cats are, on average, under one year old. Vets confirm the diagnosis by scraping a little skin and examining it under a microscope. A Puskeswan or a veterinary clinic can be the first place to have your pet checked.

Evidence: [TroCCAP — Guidelines for the control of ectoparasites of dogs and cats in the tropics (2022)](https://www.troccap.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/TroCCAP-Canine-Feline-Ecto-Guidelines-English-v1.pdf) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (Dog Owners) — Mite Infestation (Mange, Acariasis, Scabies) in Dogs](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/dog-owners/skin-disorders-of-dogs/mite-infestation-mange-acariasis-scabies-in-dogs) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (Cat Owners) — Mite Infestation (Mange, Acariasis, Scabies) of Cats](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/skin-disorders-of-cats/mite-infestation-mange-acariasis-scabies-of-cats) · [Jurnal Sain Veteriner (UGM) — Cat Scabies Prevalence at Animal Health Center Pemalang](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jsv/article/download/79996/38201)

## What are the signs of ear mites in cats and dogs?

Signs of ear mites are itchy ears, frequent head shaking, ear scratching and dark, waxy ear discharge. The ears may also smell unpleasant. The ear mite, Otodectes cynotis, is more common in cats than in dogs, and more common in feral cats and cats under one year old. Infestations can cause no signs at all, so an animal that looks healthy can still pass mites on. In severe cases, scratching can injure the ears and the animal may lose its balance. This is why all cats and dogs living together need treatment, and why kittens' and puppies' ears should be checked at vaccination visits.

Evidence: [TroCCAP — Guidelines for the control of ectoparasites of dogs and cats in the tropics (2022)](https://www.troccap.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/TroCCAP-Canine-Feline-Ecto-Guidelines-English-v1.pdf) · [Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) — Otodectic Mite](https://capcvet.org/guidelines/otodectic-mite/) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (Cat Owners) — Mite Infestation (Mange, Acariasis, Scabies) of Cats](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/skin-disorders-of-cats/mite-infestation-mange-acariasis-scabies-of-cats)

## Can fleas, ticks and mites affect people?

Yes, some can spread to people or cause illness, although mites from animals usually cause only temporary itching. Dog scabies mites can cause an itchy rash in people who have close contact, for example on the arms, chest or thighs. Notoedres mites from cats sometimes cause an itchy rash on the arms too. Cat fleas can carry Bartonella henselae, the bacterium behind cat scratch disease, as well as Rickettsia felis and a tapeworm that children may swallow. Ticks carried into the home by pets can also move onto people. If you or a family member develop an itchy rash or other symptoms after contact with animals, see a doctor or health facility.

Evidence: [TroCCAP — Guidelines for the control of ectoparasites of dogs and cats in the tropics (2022)](https://www.troccap.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/TroCCAP-Canine-Feline-Ecto-Guidelines-English-v1.pdf) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (Dog Owners) — Mite Infestation (Mange, Acariasis, Scabies) in Dogs](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/dog-owners/skin-disorders-of-dogs/mite-infestation-mange-acariasis-scabies-in-dogs) · [Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) — Fleas](https://capcvet.org/guidelines/fleas/) · [Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) — Ticks](https://capcvet.org/guidelines/ticks/) · [CDC — About Dog or Cat Tapeworm Infection (Dipylidium)](https://www.cdc.gov/dipylidium/about/index.html)

## Why use flea and tick products recommended by a vet?

Parasite products differ for cats and dogs, and some dog products are highly toxic to cats. Permethrin, found in some spot-on flea treatments for dogs, can cause tremors, seizures, serious illness and even death in cats. Even a very small amount is dangerous, and cats can also be poisoned through contact with a recently treated dog. Parasite guidelines advise using only products licensed for that species, applied as a vet directs. Your vet can choose products and a schedule that are safe for your pet. For control to work, treat every pet in the home and regularly vacuum bedding, carpets and furniture.

Evidence: [International Cat Care — Permethrin poisoning](https://icatcare.org/articles/permethrin-poisoning) · [TroCCAP — Guidelines for the control of ectoparasites of dogs and cats in the tropics (2022)](https://www.troccap.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/TroCCAP-Canine-Feline-Ecto-Guidelines-English-v1.pdf) · [Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) — Ticks](https://capcvet.org/guidelines/ticks/) · [Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) — Fleas](https://capcvet.org/guidelines/fleas/)

## Sources & references

1. [TroCCAP — Guidelines for the control of ectoparasites of dogs and cats in the tropics (2022)](https://www.troccap.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/TroCCAP-Canine-Feline-Ecto-Guidelines-English-v1.pdf)
2. [Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) — Fleas](https://capcvet.org/guidelines/fleas/)
3. [Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) — Ticks](https://capcvet.org/guidelines/ticks/)
4. [Merck Veterinary Manual (Cat Owners) — Fleas of Cats](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/skin-disorders-of-cats/fleas-of-cats)
5. [CDC — About Dog or Cat Tapeworm Infection (Dipylidium)](https://www.cdc.gov/dipylidium/about/index.html)
6. [Merck Veterinary Manual (Dog Owners) — Mite Infestation (Mange, Acariasis, Scabies) in Dogs](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/dog-owners/skin-disorders-of-dogs/mite-infestation-mange-acariasis-scabies-in-dogs)
7. [Merck Veterinary Manual (Cat Owners) — Mite Infestation (Mange, Acariasis, Scabies) of Cats](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/skin-disorders-of-cats/mite-infestation-mange-acariasis-scabies-of-cats)
8. [Jurnal Sain Veteriner (UGM) — Cat Scabies Prevalence at Animal Health Center Pemalang](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jsv/article/download/79996/38201)
9. [Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) — Otodectic Mite](https://capcvet.org/guidelines/otodectic-mite/)
10. [International Cat Care — Permethrin poisoning](https://icatcare.org/articles/permethrin-poisoning)

## Keep exploring

- [Cat vaccinations: types, schedule and benefits](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vaccinations/)
- [Dog vaccinations: types, schedule and boosters](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/dog-vaccinations/)
- [Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/)
- [Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Domestic cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/)
- [Domestic dog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dog/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Fleas, ticks and mites in cats and dogs. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/fleas-ticks-and-mites/


---

# Worms in cats and dogs: types, risks and prevention

> Worms in cats and dogs are mainly roundworms, hookworms and tapeworms. Some can infect people, especially children, so ask a vet about routine control.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/worms-in-cats-and-dogs/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kesehatan-hewan/cacingan-kucing-anjing/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed veterinary and health organisations’ guidance; not yet reviewed by a veterinarian.

**Caution:** General information for owners, not a substitute for examination, diagnosis or treatment by a veterinarian. If your animal seems very unwell, in pain, struggling to breathe or may have been poisoned, contact a vet immediately.

## Key points

- Toxocara roundworms from cats and dogs can cause toxocariasis in people, especially children who play in soil.
- Kittens and puppies can catch worms from their mother, so worm control starts when they are a few weeks old.
- Roundworm eggs can survive and stay infective in soil for years.
- A vet should set the deworming schedule and product, based on the animal's age, lifestyle and risk.
- Picking up pet faeces promptly, washing hands and wearing footwear all lower the risk to people.

## When should you see a vet?

- Go to a vet immediately if a kitten or puppy is very weak, has a swollen, painful belly, keeps vomiting or has bloody diarrhoea.
- An animal that looks weak and pale, which can mean anaemia from hookworms.
- A pot belly, thin body, dull coat or poor growth.
- Spaghetti-like worms in vomit or faeces.
- Small segments like grains of rice around the bottom or in faeces, or frequent scooting.
- Coughing or breathing problems in kittens and puppies.

## Which worms commonly affect cats and dogs?

The most common intestinal worms in cats and dogs are roundworms (Toxocara), hookworms (Ancylostoma) and tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum). Toxocara canis infects dogs and Toxocara cati infects cats, and both can infect people. Hookworms can cause bloody diarrhoea and anaemia. One species, Ancylostoma braziliense, is found in the wet tropics, including Indonesia. The tapeworm Dipylidium caninum infects dogs and cats when they swallow a flea carrying its larvae. This is why flea control is also an important part of preventing worms. All of these worms occur worldwide, including in hot, humid regions.

Roundworms are also common in pet cats in Indonesia. An IPB University study in Bogor found Toxocara cati infection in 85 of 243 pet cats examined, or about 35%. Deworming, type of food, providing sand for toileting and the cat's sex were among the factors linked to infection. The researchers concluded that the rate remained high even though cats were generally well cared for. In other words, even well-kept cats still need regular worm checks and prevention planned with a vet.

Evidence: [TroCCAP — Canine guidelines: Roundworms](https://www.troccap.com/canine-guidelines/gastrointestinal-parasites/roundworms/) · [TroCCAP — Feline guidelines: Ascarids](https://www.troccap.com/feline-guidelines/gastrointestinal-parasites/ascarids-feline/) · [TroCCAP — Canine guidelines: Hookworms](https://www.troccap.com/canine-guidelines/gastrointestinal-parasites/hookworms/) · [CDC — About Dog or Cat Tapeworm Infection (Dipylidium)](https://www.cdc.gov/dipylidium/about/index.html) · [TroCCAP — Canine guidelines: Flea tapeworm (Dipylidium caninum)](https://www.troccap.com/canine-guidelines/gastrointestinal-parasites/flea-tapeworm/) · [Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan (Murniati, Sudarnika & Ridwan, IPB) — Prevalensi dan Faktor Risiko Infeksi Toxocara cati pada Kucing Peliharaan di Kota Bogor](https://jurnal.usk.ac.id/JKH/article/view/5044)

## What are the signs of worms in cats and dogs?

Adult animals with worms often show no signs, but kittens and puppies may look thin and pot-bellied, with a dull coat, vomiting or diarrhoea. Adult roundworms are sometimes seen in vomit or faeces; they are cream-coloured and look like spaghetti. Heavy infections in young animals can block the gut and be fatal. Hookworms can cause bloody diarrhoea, anaemia and even death in puppies. Tapeworms often cause no signs, but their segments, which look like grains of rice, may be seen around the bottom, and the animal may scoot along the floor. Finding no eggs in a faecal sample does not always mean the animal is free of worms.

Evidence: [Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) — Ascarid](https://capcvet.org/guidelines/ascarid/) · [TroCCAP — Feline guidelines: Ascarids](https://www.troccap.com/feline-guidelines/gastrointestinal-parasites/ascarids-feline/) · [TroCCAP — Canine guidelines: Roundworms](https://www.troccap.com/canine-guidelines/gastrointestinal-parasites/roundworms/) · [TroCCAP — Canine guidelines: Hookworms](https://www.troccap.com/canine-guidelines/gastrointestinal-parasites/hookworms/) · [TroCCAP — Canine guidelines: Flea tapeworm (Dipylidium caninum)](https://www.troccap.com/canine-guidelines/gastrointestinal-parasites/flea-tapeworm/) · [CDC — About Dog or Cat Tapeworm Infection (Dipylidium)](https://www.cdc.gov/dipylidium/about/index.html)

## Can worms from cats and dogs infect people?

Yes, Toxocara roundworms and hookworms from cats and dogs can infect people, and children are most at risk. Toxocariasis happens when roundworm eggs from animal faeces are swallowed via soil or dirty hands. The larvae can travel to the liver, lungs, brain or eyes, causing fever, cough, stomach pain, vision problems and even blindness. Hookworm larvae can burrow into the skin when people walk barefoot on contaminated soil or sand, leaving very itchy red tracks. In Asia, dogs are also a source of the hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum, which can infect the human gut. If symptoms appear, see a doctor or health facility.

Evidence: [CDC — About Toxocariasis](https://www.cdc.gov/toxocariasis/about/index.html) · [TroCCAP — Canine guidelines: Roundworms](https://www.troccap.com/canine-guidelines/gastrointestinal-parasites/roundworms/) · [CDC — About Zoonotic Hookworm](https://www.cdc.gov/zoonotic-hookworm/about/index.html) · [TroCCAP — Canine guidelines: Hookworms](https://www.troccap.com/canine-guidelines/gastrointestinal-parasites/hookworms/) · [International Cat Care — Toxocara cati in cats and people](https://icatcare.org/articles/toxocara-cati-in-cats-and-people)

## Why do kittens and puppies get worms so easily?

Kittens and puppies can catch worms from their mother, even before birth or through her milk. In dogs, Toxocara canis larvae can pass from the mother to the unborn puppies. These larvae can also lie dormant in the mother's tissues and reactivate during pregnancy, so a mother that seems worm-free can still pass them on. In cats, Toxocara cati can pass through the mother's milk. Puppies can also pick up hookworms through milk. Severe signs can appear very early, even in puppies 10 days old or kittens 3 weeks old. This is why pregnant and nursing mothers also need to be checked and treated as a vet advises.

Evidence: [Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) — Ascarid](https://capcvet.org/guidelines/ascarid/) · [TroCCAP — Canine guidelines: Roundworms](https://www.troccap.com/canine-guidelines/gastrointestinal-parasites/roundworms/) · [TroCCAP — Canine guidelines: Hookworms](https://www.troccap.com/canine-guidelines/gastrointestinal-parasites/hookworms/) · [TroCCAP — Feline guidelines: Ascarids](https://www.troccap.com/feline-guidelines/gastrointestinal-parasites/ascarids-feline/) · [International Cat Care — Toxocara cati in cats and people](https://icatcare.org/articles/toxocara-cati-in-cats-and-people)

## How often should cats and dogs be dewormed?

A vet should set the deworming schedule, because each animal's needs vary with age, pregnancy, lifestyle and the worms found locally. The TroCCAP parasite guidelines for the tropics advise starting puppies at 2 weeks of age and kittens at about 3 weeks, then repeating every 2 weeks. After that, TroCCAP advises routine worm control for adult animals, generally every month. Each product works against particular worms, and the amount must be right, so do not guess. Your vet can also check faecal samples regularly, for example at vaccination visits, to see whether the prevention plan is working.

Evidence: [TroCCAP — Canine guidelines: Roundworms](https://www.troccap.com/canine-guidelines/gastrointestinal-parasites/roundworms/) · [TroCCAP — Feline guidelines: Ascarids](https://www.troccap.com/feline-guidelines/gastrointestinal-parasites/ascarids-feline/) · [TroCCAP — Canine guidelines: Hookworms](https://www.troccap.com/canine-guidelines/gastrointestinal-parasites/hookworms/) · [Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) — Ascarid](https://capcvet.org/guidelines/ascarid/)

## How can you stop worms spreading at home?

The most important steps are removing pet faeces promptly, keeping hands clean and controlling fleas. Roundworm eggs need 2–4 weeks in the environment to become infective, but after that they can survive in soil for years. So pick up your pet's faeces every time, then bury it or bag it and put it in the bin. Clean cat litter trays regularly and cover children's sandpits so cats cannot use them as toilets. Wash your hands after handling animals, gardening or playing outside. Teach children not to eat soil, and wear footwear on soil or sand that may be contaminated with animal faeces.

Evidence: [Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) — Ascarid](https://capcvet.org/guidelines/ascarid/) · [CDC — About Toxocariasis](https://www.cdc.gov/toxocariasis/about/index.html) · [International Cat Care — Toxocara cati in cats and people](https://icatcare.org/articles/toxocara-cati-in-cats-and-people) · [CDC — About Zoonotic Hookworm](https://www.cdc.gov/zoonotic-hookworm/about/index.html) · [CDC — About Dog or Cat Tapeworm Infection (Dipylidium)](https://www.cdc.gov/dipylidium/about/index.html)

## Sources & references

1. [TroCCAP — Canine guidelines: Roundworms](https://www.troccap.com/canine-guidelines/gastrointestinal-parasites/roundworms/)
2. [TroCCAP — Feline guidelines: Ascarids](https://www.troccap.com/feline-guidelines/gastrointestinal-parasites/ascarids-feline/)
3. [TroCCAP — Canine guidelines: Hookworms](https://www.troccap.com/canine-guidelines/gastrointestinal-parasites/hookworms/)
4. [CDC — About Dog or Cat Tapeworm Infection (Dipylidium)](https://www.cdc.gov/dipylidium/about/index.html)
5. [TroCCAP — Canine guidelines: Flea tapeworm (Dipylidium caninum)](https://www.troccap.com/canine-guidelines/gastrointestinal-parasites/flea-tapeworm/)
6. [Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan (Murniati, Sudarnika & Ridwan, IPB) — Prevalensi dan Faktor Risiko Infeksi Toxocara cati pada Kucing Peliharaan di Kota Bogor](https://jurnal.usk.ac.id/JKH/article/view/5044)
7. [Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) — Ascarid](https://capcvet.org/guidelines/ascarid/)
8. [CDC — About Toxocariasis](https://www.cdc.gov/toxocariasis/about/index.html)
9. [CDC — About Zoonotic Hookworm](https://www.cdc.gov/zoonotic-hookworm/about/index.html)
10. [International Cat Care — Toxocara cati in cats and people](https://icatcare.org/articles/toxocara-cati-in-cats-and-people)

## Keep exploring

- [Cat vaccinations: types, schedule and benefits](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vaccinations/)
- [Dog vaccinations: types, schedule and boosters](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/dog-vaccinations/)
- [Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/)
- [Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Domestic cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/)
- [Domestic dog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dog/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Worms in cats and dogs: types, risks and prevention. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/worms-in-cats-and-dogs/


---

# Ringworm in cats: signs, spread and when to see a vet

> Ringworm is a fungal skin infection, not a worm. It causes scaly bald patches in cats and can spread to people, so a vet should confirm and treat it.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/ringworm-in-cats/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kesehatan-hewan/jamur-kulit-kucing/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed veterinary and health organisations’ guidance; not yet reviewed by a veterinarian.

**Caution:** General information for owners, not a substitute for examination, diagnosis or treatment by a veterinarian. If your animal seems very unwell, in pain, struggling to breathe or may have been poisoned, contact a vet immediately.

## Key points

- Ringworm is caused by dermatophyte fungi, not worms, and the patches are not always ring-shaped.
- Kittens, longhaired cats such as Persians, older cats and cats that are already unwell are at higher risk.
- Fungal spores can survive for up to two years on bedding, brushes and surfaces in the home.
- Ringworm can spread from cats to people, so wash your hands after handling animals.
- A vet needs to confirm the diagnosis, because other skin diseases can look similar.

## When should you see a vet?

- See a vet promptly if skin patches spread quickly, or appear on a kitten, an older cat or a cat that is already unwell, as these cats are most at risk of severe infection.
- Roughly round bald patches that are scaly or crusty, especially on the head, ears or legs.
- Broken hairs, dandruff, or changes in skin or coat colour.
- Red, inflamed skin, or excessive licking and scratching.
- Claws or nail beds that look infected.
- Open sores on bald skin.
- A family member with an itchy, scaly rash: take the cat to a vet and have the person seen at a health facility.

## What is ringworm in cats?

Ringworm is a fungal infection of the skin, hair and claws, not a worm infection; its medical name is dermatophytosis. The fungi that cause it, dermatophytes, come from soil and live by digesting keratin, the main protein in hair and nails. Common types include Microsporum and Trichophyton. The name comes from the circular rash it often causes, but the patches are not always ring-shaped. Ringworm is one of the most common skin diseases of cats worldwide. The fungus can also live on a cat's skin without causing any signs, so a cat that looks healthy can sometimes carry spores.

Evidence: [Cornell Feline Health Center — Ringworm: A Serious but Readily Treatable Affliction](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/ringworm-serious-readily-treatable-affliction) · [CDC — Ringworm Basics](https://www.cdc.gov/ringworm/about/index.html) · [PDSA — Ringworm in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/ringworm-in-cats) · [International Cat Care — Ringworm in cats](https://icatcare.org/articles/ringworm-in-cats)

## What are the signs of ringworm in cats?

The most common sign is roughly round patches of hair loss, especially on the head, ears or legs, with scaly or crusty skin. Hairs around the patches are often broken and stubbly. Other signs include dandruff, red and inflamed skin, changes in skin or coat colour, and infected claws or nail beds. Itching is usually mild, but some cats lick and scratch excessively. Some cats have only mild signs or none at all. A 2020–2022 study at a veterinary clinic in West Bandung Regency found hair loss most often on the ears and back, with crusts on the back.

Evidence: [International Cat Care — Ringworm in cats](https://icatcare.org/articles/ringworm-in-cats) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Ringworm: A Serious but Readily Treatable Affliction](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/ringworm-serious-readily-treatable-affliction) · [PDSA — Ringworm in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/ringworm-in-cats) · [Journal of Parasite Science (Universitas Airlangga) — Incidence and Characteristics of Dermatophytosis Lesions in Cats at Go Pet Care Animal Clinic (2020–2022)](https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JoPS/article/view/61621)

## Which cats are most likely to get ringworm?

Young cats under one year old, longhaired cats and Persians get ringworm most often. Kittens' immune systems and skin defences are not yet fully developed. In longhaired cats, fungal spores are trapped more easily in the coat and are harder to remove. Persians also have a genetic tendency to the disease. PDSA says kittens, older cats and cats that are already unwell are most at risk of serious infection. Grazed or broken skin also lets infection develop faster. A similar pattern is seen in Indonesia: the West Bandung Regency study recorded the most cases in cats under one year old, with many cases in Persians.

Evidence: [International Cat Care — Ringworm in cats](https://icatcare.org/articles/ringworm-in-cats) · [PDSA — Ringworm in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/ringworm-in-cats) · [Journal of Parasite Science (Universitas Airlangga) — Incidence and Characteristics of Dermatophytosis Lesions in Cats at Go Pet Care Animal Clinic (2020–2022)](https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JoPS/article/view/61621)

## How does ringworm spread, and how do you clean the home?

Ringworm spreads through direct contact with an infected animal, or through an environment or objects contaminated with fungal spores, such as bedding, towels and brushes. Infected cats keep shedding hairs that carry spores, and these spores can survive in the environment for up to two years. This is why treating the cat must go hand in hand with cleaning the home. Vacuum and clean surfaces regularly, wash bedding and soft furnishings, and disinfect collars, baskets, toys and grooming tools. Cardboard boxes used as beds should be thrown away at least once a week. When caring for an infected cat, wear disposable gloves and keep up good hygiene.

Evidence: [International Cat Care — Ringworm in cats](https://icatcare.org/articles/ringworm-in-cats) · [PDSA — Ringworm in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/ringworm-in-cats) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Ringworm: A Serious but Readily Treatable Affliction](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/ringworm-serious-readily-treatable-affliction)

## Can people catch ringworm from cats?

Yes, ringworm is a zoonotic disease that can spread from cats to people through contact with infected animals, people or objects. In people, ringworm causes an itchy, scaly rash that is often ring-shaped. The rash looks red on lighter skin, and grey or brown on darker skin. Risk factors include close contact with infected animals and heavy sweating. People with weakened immune systems are more at risk and may find the infection harder to clear. Do not let children play with an infected cat. Wash your hands after handling animals, keep your skin clean and dry, and have any suspicious rash checked at a health facility.

Evidence: [CDC — Ringworm Basics](https://www.cdc.gov/ringworm/about/index.html) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Ringworm: A Serious but Readily Treatable Affliction](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/ringworm-serious-readily-treatable-affliction) · [PDSA — Ringworm in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/ringworm-in-cats) · [International Cat Care — Ringworm in cats](https://icatcare.org/articles/ringworm-in-cats)

## Does ringworm in cats go away on its own?

In an otherwise healthy cat, ringworm sometimes clears up on its own, but this can take 9–12 months, and during that time the cat can keep spreading spores. Hair keeps falling out, and the exposed skin is more prone to wounds and infection. So do not wait. A vet needs to confirm the diagnosis, because other skin diseases, such as flea allergy, can look similar. Tests may include a Wood's lamp, examining hairs under a microscope and a fungal culture. Fungal culture is the most accurate, but results can take up to three weeks. Treatment usually lasts at least about six weeks, sometimes longer, and works in most cases.

Evidence: [Cornell Feline Health Center — Ringworm: A Serious but Readily Treatable Affliction](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/ringworm-serious-readily-treatable-affliction) · [International Cat Care — Ringworm in cats](https://icatcare.org/articles/ringworm-in-cats) · [PDSA — Ringworm in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/ringworm-in-cats)

## Sources & references

1. [Cornell Feline Health Center — Ringworm: A Serious but Readily Treatable Affliction](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/ringworm-serious-readily-treatable-affliction)
2. [CDC — Ringworm Basics](https://www.cdc.gov/ringworm/about/index.html)
3. [PDSA — Ringworm in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/ringworm-in-cats)
4. [International Cat Care — Ringworm in cats](https://icatcare.org/articles/ringworm-in-cats)
5. [Journal of Parasite Science (Universitas Airlangga) — Incidence and Characteristics of Dermatophytosis Lesions in Cats at Go Pet Care Animal Clinic (2020–2022)](https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JoPS/article/view/61621)

## Keep exploring

- [Cat vaccinations: types, schedule and benefits](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vaccinations/)
- [Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/)
- [Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Choosing a vet and vet clinic in Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/choosing-a-vet-in-indonesia/)
- [Domestic cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Ringworm in cats: signs, spread and when to see a vet. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/ringworm-in-cats/


---

# Foods that are dangerous for cats and dogs

> Chocolate, coffee, xylitol, grapes, onions, alcohol and cooked bones can poison or injure cats and dogs. Learn what to avoid and when to call a vet.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/foods-dangerous-for-cats-and-dogs/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kesehatan-hewan/makanan-berbahaya-kucing-anjing/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed veterinary and health organisations’ guidance; not yet reviewed by a veterinarian.

**Caution:** General information for owners, not a substitute for examination, diagnosis or treatment by a veterinarian. If your animal seems very unwell, in pain, struggling to breathe or may have been poisoned, contact a vet immediately.

## Key points

- Chocolate, coffee and caffeinated drinks contain methylxanthines, which can cause vomiting, abnormal heart rhythm, seizures and even death.
- Garlic, shallots, onions and spring onions can damage red blood cells, and cats are the most sensitive.
- Grapes, raisins and tamarind can damage a dog's kidneys, while every part of a true lily can damage a cat's kidneys.
- Xylitol in sugar-free gum and human toothpaste can drop a dog's blood sugar within minutes.
- If your pet may have eaten something toxic, contact a vet at once and do not try to make it vomit yourself.

## When should you see a vet?

- Contact or go to a vet immediately if your pet may have eaten chocolate, xylitol, grapes, raisins, onion, garlic, alcohol or any part of a lily, even if it seems well.
- Vomiting or diarrhoea after eating something unusual.
- Trembling, seizures, staggering or marked weakness.
- Restlessness, heavy panting or a very fast heartbeat.
- Pale or yellowish gums, or reddish-brown urine, in the days after eating onion or garlic.
- A cat that is quiet, drooling or vomiting after being near lilies.

## Which foods are dangerous for cats and dogs?

Foods to keep away from pets include chocolate, coffee and caffeinated drinks, xylitol, grapes and raisins, onions and garlic, alcohol, macadamia nuts and bones. ASPCA Animal Poison Control lists them among the human foods pets should not be given, and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also names them as hazards. Cat owners should watch for two more things: lilies, which can damage a cat's kidneys, and milk, which often upsets digestion. How harmful each one is depends on what it is and how much is eaten. The safest approach is not to share these foods at all and to store them where your pet cannot reach them.

Evidence: [ASPCA Animal Poison Control — People Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Pets](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/people-foods-avoid-feeding-your-pets) · [US FDA — Potentially Dangerous Items for Your Pet](https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/potentially-dangerous-items-your-pet)

## Why are chocolate, coffee and tea dangerous for dogs and cats?

Chocolate, coffee and caffeinated drinks contain methylxanthines, which can cause vomiting, diarrhoea, restlessness, abnormal heart rhythm, tremors, seizures and even death. ASPCA says the darker the chocolate or the higher the caffeine content, the greater the risk. Cocoa powder and baking chocolate are the most dangerous, and white chocolate contains the least. The FDA notes that caffeine is also found in tea, soft drinks and energy drinks. The Merck Veterinary Manual says signs of chocolate poisoning usually begin 6–12 hours after eating and can last up to 72 hours in severe cases. Because signs can be delayed, call a vet even if your pet still seems well.

Evidence: [ASPCA Animal Poison Control — People Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Pets](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/people-foods-avoid-feeding-your-pets) · [US FDA — Potentially Dangerous Items for Your Pet](https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/potentially-dangerous-items-your-pet) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (pet owner version) — Food Hazards](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/special-pet-topics/poisoning/food-hazards)

## Are onions and garlic dangerous for cats and dogs?

Yes, onions and their relatives in the Allium genus can damage red blood cells and cause anaemia, and cats are the most sensitive species. ASPCA and the Merck Veterinary Manual name garlic, onions, chives and leeks; shallots (bawang merah) and spring onions (daun bawang) belong to the same genus. Merck says raw, cooked, dried and powdered forms can all be toxic, and poisoning in cats and dogs is most often linked to concentrated forms such as onion or garlic powder. So leftovers cooked with onion or garlic, fried shallots (bawang goreng) and powdered seasonings should not be shared. Signs of anaemia often appear only days later, such as weakness, pale or yellowish gums, reddish-brown urine or collapse.

Evidence: [ASPCA Animal Poison Control — People Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Pets](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/people-foods-avoid-feeding-your-pets) · [Merck Veterinary Manual — Garlic and Onion (Allium spp) Toxicosis in Animals](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/toxicology/food-hazards/garlic-and-onion-allium-spp-toxicosis-in-animals)

## Can dogs eat grapes, raisins or sugar-free sweets?

No, grapes, raisins and tamarind can damage a dog's kidneys, and xylitol in sugar-free products can make its blood sugar drop fast. The Merck Veterinary Manual links this kidney damage to tartaric acid in these fruits. Vomiting or diarrhoea usually starts 6–12 hours after eating, and kidney failure can develop within 24–72 hours. Tamarind (asam jawa), common in Indonesian cooking, has also caused kidney failure in dogs. There are anecdotal reports of kidney failure in cats after eating grapes or raisins, although no published case reports, so keep these fruits away from cats too.

Xylitol is a sweetener found in some sugar-free gum and sweets, baked goods, cough syrup, mouthwash and toothpaste. The FDA explains that in dogs it triggers a surge of insulin, so blood sugar can fall steeply within 10–60 minutes. Signs start with vomiting, followed by weakness, staggering, collapse and seizures, and larger amounts can also damage the liver. Check labels, especially on products sold as sugar-free, and use only pet toothpaste for pets. The FDA says xylitol does not seem to be as dangerous for cats, but these products should still be kept well out of any pet's reach.

Evidence: [Merck Veterinary Manual — Grape, Raisin, and Tamarind (Vitis spp, Tamarindus spp) Toxicosis in Dogs](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/toxicology/food-hazards/grape-raisin-and-tamarind-vitis-spp-tamarindus-spp-toxicosis-in-dogs) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (pet owner version) — Food Hazards](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/special-pet-topics/poisoning/food-hazards) · [US FDA — Paws Off Xylitol; It's Dangerous for Dogs](https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/paws-xylitol-its-dangerous-dogs) · [ASPCA Animal Poison Control — People Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Pets](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/people-foods-avoid-feeding-your-pets)

## Can cats drink milk, and can dogs have chicken bones?

It is best not to, because many cats are lactose-intolerant, and bones can injure or block the gut of both cats and dogs. The Cornell Feline Health Center does not recommend milk as a treat for cats because dairy products can cause digestive problems. ASPCA explains that pets lack enough lactase, the enzyme that digests milk sugar, so milk can cause diarrhoea. For bones, ASPCA warns of injury or blockage in the digestive tract that may need surgery. The American Kennel Club adds that cooked bones, such as leftover chicken or rib bones, splinter into sharp shards that can cause choking and damage the mouth, throat and intestines.

Alcohol is also dangerous. ASPCA says alcoholic drinks and foods containing alcohol can cause vomiting, diarrhoea, poor coordination, breathing difficulty, tremors, coma and even death, and that alcohol is absorbed quickly. Macadamia nuts are a particular danger to dogs: within 12 hours they can cause vomiting, weakness, tremors, wobbliness and fever. Do not put bones or leftovers in a bin your pet can raid. If your pet swallows any of these, contact a vet straight away.

Evidence: [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feeding Your Cat](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feeding-your-cat) · [ASPCA Animal Poison Control — People Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Pets](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/people-foods-avoid-feeding-your-pets) · [American Kennel Club — Can Dogs Eat Bones? Be Careful Before Giving Your Pup a Bone](https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/nutrition/can-dogs-eat-bones/) · [US FDA — Potentially Dangerous Items for Your Pet](https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/potentially-dangerous-items-your-pet) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (pet owner version) — Food Hazards](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/special-pet-topics/poisoning/food-hazards)

## Why are lilies dangerous for cats?

Every part of true lilies (Lilium) and daylilies (Hemerocallis), including the pollen and the water in the vase, can cause fatal kidney failure in cats. The FDA explains that chewing a small piece of leaf or petal, licking a few pollen grains off the fur or drinking vase water can lead to kidney failure in less than three days. Named types include Asiatic, Easter, Oriental, Stargazer and Tiger lilies. Early signs within 0–12 hours are reduced activity, drooling and vomiting. ASPCA says kidney injury can be prevented with aggressive treatment at a veterinary hospital, but it is often fatal if treatment is delayed beyond 18 hours. If you have a cat, it is best not to bring these lilies home.

Evidence: [US FDA — Lovely Lilies and Curious Cats: A Dangerous Combination](https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/lovely-lilies-and-curious-cats-dangerous-combination) · [ASPCA — Which Lilies Are Toxic to Pets?](https://www.aspca.org/news/which-lilies-are-toxic-pets)

## What should you do if your cat or dog eats something toxic?

Contact or go to a vet straight away, even if your pet still seems well, because some poisons cause signs only hours or days later. The FDA advises calling a vet right away if your pet may have eaten something dangerous, and ASPCA suggests noting how much was eaten. Also be ready to say what the food was, when it was eaten and what signs you have seen. The Merck Veterinary Manual notes that calling ahead helps the clinic prepare for your arrival.

Do not try to make your pet vomit and do not give any medicine yourself. The Merck Veterinary Manual says home attempts to induce vomiting are not recommended for xylitol poisoning because signs can start very quickly, and each poison needs different handling. Let the vet decide what is needed. To prevent a repeat, keep chocolate, coffee, sugar-free sweets, toothpaste and medicines in closed cupboards, and do not give pets leftovers cooked with seasonings.

Evidence: [US FDA — Potentially Dangerous Items for Your Pet](https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/potentially-dangerous-items-your-pet) · [ASPCA Animal Poison Control — People Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Pets](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/people-foods-avoid-feeding-your-pets) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (pet owner version) — What to Do in a Dog or Cat Emergency](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/special-pet-topics/emergencies/what-to-do-in-a-dog-or-cat-emergency) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (pet owner version) — Food Hazards](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/special-pet-topics/poisoning/food-hazards)

## Sources & references

1. [ASPCA Animal Poison Control — People Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Pets](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/people-foods-avoid-feeding-your-pets)
2. [US FDA — Potentially Dangerous Items for Your Pet](https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/potentially-dangerous-items-your-pet)
3. [Merck Veterinary Manual (pet owner version) — Food Hazards](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/special-pet-topics/poisoning/food-hazards)
4. [Merck Veterinary Manual — Garlic and Onion (Allium spp) Toxicosis in Animals](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/toxicology/food-hazards/garlic-and-onion-allium-spp-toxicosis-in-animals)
5. [Merck Veterinary Manual — Grape, Raisin, and Tamarind (Vitis spp, Tamarindus spp) Toxicosis in Dogs](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/toxicology/food-hazards/grape-raisin-and-tamarind-vitis-spp-tamarindus-spp-toxicosis-in-dogs)
6. [US FDA — Paws Off Xylitol; It's Dangerous for Dogs](https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/paws-xylitol-its-dangerous-dogs)
7. [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feeding Your Cat](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feeding-your-cat)
8. [American Kennel Club — Can Dogs Eat Bones? Be Careful Before Giving Your Pup a Bone](https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/nutrition/can-dogs-eat-bones/)
9. [US FDA — Lovely Lilies and Curious Cats: A Dangerous Combination](https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/lovely-lilies-and-curious-cats-dangerous-combination)
10. [ASPCA — Which Lilies Are Toxic to Pets?](https://www.aspca.org/news/which-lilies-are-toxic-pets)
11. [Merck Veterinary Manual (pet owner version) — What to Do in a Dog or Cat Emergency](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/special-pet-topics/emergencies/what-to-do-in-a-dog-or-cat-emergency)

## Keep exploring

- [Cat vaccinations: types, schedule and benefits](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vaccinations/)
- [Dog vaccinations: types, schedule and boosters](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/dog-vaccinations/)
- [Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/)
- [Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Domestic cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/)
- [Domestic dog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dog/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Foods that are dangerous for cats and dogs. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/foods-dangerous-for-cats-and-dogs/


---

# Toxoplasmosis and cats: facts, myths and prevention

> Toxoplasmosis is often caught from undercooked meat and unwashed produce, not from cat fur. Learn the facts, the infertility myth and how to prevent it.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/toxoplasmosis-and-cats/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kesehatan-hewan/toksoplasmosis-kucing/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed veterinary and health organisations’ guidance; not yet reviewed by a veterinarian.

**Caution:** General information for owners, not a substitute for examination, diagnosis or treatment by a veterinarian. If your animal seems very unwell, in pain, struggling to breathe or may have been poisoned, contact a vet immediately.

## Key points

- Toxoplasmosis is caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii; cats are the only hosts in which it produces oocysts, but nearly all warm-blooded animals can be infected.
- People can be infected through undercooked meat or shellfish, unwashed fruit and vegetables, and soil or cat faeces that contain the parasite.
- Indonesia's Ministry of Health says cat fur does not cause infertility, because the parasite spreads through cat faeces, not fur.
- A first infection during or just before pregnancy can pass to the baby, so pregnant women need extra precautions.
- Cleaning the litter tray every day lowers the risk, because oocysts only become infectious 1–5 days after a cat passes them.

## When should you see a vet?

- Take your cat to a vet immediately if it has a seizure, struggles to breathe or suddenly seems unable to see.
- Fever, lethargy and loss of appetite.
- A yellow tinge to the skin, inner ears or gums.
- Red or cloudy eyes, or pupils of an unusual size.
- Wobbliness, circling or sudden changes in behaviour.
- If you are pregnant or have a weakened immune system, discuss toxoplasmosis with your doctor, and ask your vet about your cat's risk.

## What is toxoplasmosis and how are cats involved?

Toxoplasmosis is an infection with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, and cats are the only hosts in which it reproduces and produces oocysts in their faeces. According to the Cornell Feline Health Center, the parasite infects nearly all warm-blooded animals, including people. Cats usually become infected by eating infected prey or raw meat, then shed oocysts for around 10–14 days. Most infected cats show no signs of illness. In healthy people, the CDC says infection is also often symptom-free or causes only flu-like illness. Universitas Airlangga notes that toxoplasmosis is classed in Indonesia as a strategic infectious animal disease and a priority zoonosis.

Evidence: [Cornell Feline Health Center — Toxoplasmosis in Cats](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/toxoplasmosis-cats) · [CDC — About Toxoplasmosis](https://www.cdc.gov/toxoplasmosis/about/index.html) · [Universitas Airlangga — Kucing Bukan Satu-Satunya Penyebar Toksoplasmosis, Daging Juga!](https://unair.ac.id/kucing-bukan-satu-satunya-penyebar-toksoplasmosis-daging-juga/)

## How do people catch toxoplasmosis?

People are mainly infected through undercooked meat or shellfish, unwashed fruit and vegetables, and soil or cat faeces that contain the parasite. The CDC also lists mother-to-baby transmission, and, rarely, organ transplants or blood transfusions. The WHO counts toxoplasmosis among the parasitic diseases that can be spread through food. Universitas Airlangga explains that infection after birth mainly comes from cysts in undercooked meat, such as satay or steak that is not fully cooked, and from vegetables or drinks contaminated with oocysts. Cornell notes that in the United States people are much more likely to be infected by eating raw meat and unwashed fruit and vegetables than by handling cat faeces.

Evidence: [CDC — About Toxoplasmosis](https://www.cdc.gov/toxoplasmosis/about/index.html) · [World Health Organization — Food safety (fact sheet)](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/food-safety) · [Universitas Airlangga — Kucing Bukan Satu-Satunya Penyebar Toksoplasmosis, Daging Juga!](https://unair.ac.id/kucing-bukan-satu-satunya-penyebar-toksoplasmosis-daging-juga/) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Toxoplasmosis in Cats](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/toxoplasmosis-cats)

## Does toxoplasmosis from cats cause infertility?

Cat fur does not cause infertility; Indonesia's Ministry of Health explains that the parasite spreads through cat faeces, not fur. Cornell also says you are unlikely to be exposed just by touching a cat, because cats usually do not carry the parasite on their fur, and bites or scratches are unlikely routes too. Owning a cat does not mean you will be infected. The same Ministry of Health article mentions a possible link between toxoplasma infection and fertility problems or miscarriage. That risk comes from infection with the parasite, which can be caught from food, not from keeping or stroking a cat. The CDC's risk page focuses on infection passing to an unborn baby, not on infertility.

Evidence: [Kementerian Kesehatan RI, Ditjen Pelayanan Kesehatan — Mitos atau Fakta, Bulu Kucing Penyebab Toxso](https://keslan.kemkes.go.id/view_artikel/1769/mitos-atau-fakta-bulu-kucing-penyebab-toxso) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Toxoplasmosis in Cats](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/toxoplasmosis-cats) · [CDC — People at Increased Risk for Toxoplasmosis](https://www.cdc.gov/toxoplasmosis/risk-factors/index.html)

## Why does toxoplasmosis matter in pregnancy?

If someone is infected for the first time during pregnancy or just before it, the parasite can pass to the baby and cause serious problems. The CDC explains that most infected babies have no symptoms at birth but can develop serious problems later, such as blindness or intellectual disability; occasionally babies are born with eye or brain damage. The WHO also says infection in pregnancy can have serious outcomes for the baby. According to Cornell, a third to half of babies born to mothers infected during pregnancy are infected too, even though the mother often has no symptoms. If you are pregnant or planning a pregnancy, talk to your doctor or midwife about prevention and testing.

Evidence: [CDC — People at Increased Risk for Toxoplasmosis](https://www.cdc.gov/toxoplasmosis/risk-factors/index.html) · [World Health Organization — Food safety (fact sheet)](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/food-safety) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Toxoplasmosis in Cats](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/toxoplasmosis-cats) · [Kementerian Kesehatan RI, Ditjen Pelayanan Kesehatan — Mitos atau Fakta, Bulu Kucing Penyebab Toxso](https://keslan.kemkes.go.id/view_artikel/1769/mitos-atau-fakta-bulu-kucing-penyebab-toxso)

## Should pregnant women stay away from cats?

There is no need to give up your cat; Cornell notes that the CDC no longer advises pregnant women to avoid cats, but specific precautions still matter. The CDC advises pregnant or immunocompromised people to have someone else change the litter; if no one can, wear disposable gloves and wash your hands afterwards. Indonesia's Ministry of Health also advises pregnant women not to clean the cat's area, and notes that cats roaming outdoors or hunting rats are more likely to be infected. The CDC recommends keeping cats indoors, feeding commercial dry or canned food and never raw meat. It also advises not adopting or handling stray cats, especially kittens, and not getting a new cat while pregnant.

Evidence: [Cornell Feline Health Center — Toxoplasmosis in Cats](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/toxoplasmosis-cats) · [CDC — People at Increased Risk for Toxoplasmosis](https://www.cdc.gov/toxoplasmosis/risk-factors/index.html) · [Kementerian Kesehatan RI, Ditjen Pelayanan Kesehatan — Mitos atau Fakta, Bulu Kucing Penyebab Toxso](https://keslan.kemkes.go.id/view_artikel/1769/mitos-atau-fakta-bulu-kucing-penyebab-toxso)

## How can you prevent toxoplasmosis at home?

Cook meat thoroughly, wash fruit and vegetables, wear gloves when gardening and clean the litter tray every day. The CDC recommends using a food thermometer: cook whole cuts of meat to 63 °C and let them rest for three minutes, minced meat to 71 °C and poultry to 74 °C. Wash chopping boards, knives and worktops with hot, soapy water after preparing raw meat, avoid untreated drinking water and cover children's sandpits. Clean the litter tray daily because oocysts only become infectious 1–5 days after they are passed. Feed your cat cooked or commercial food and stop it from hunting rodents.

Evidence: [CDC — Preventing Toxoplasmosis](https://www.cdc.gov/toxoplasmosis/prevention/index.html) · [CDC — About Toxoplasmosis](https://www.cdc.gov/toxoplasmosis/about/index.html) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Toxoplasmosis in Cats](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/toxoplasmosis-cats) · [Universitas Airlangga — Kucing Bukan Satu-Satunya Penyebar Toksoplasmosis, Daging Juga!](https://unair.ac.id/kucing-bukan-satu-satunya-penyebar-toksoplasmosis-daging-juga/)

## Sources & references

1. [Cornell Feline Health Center — Toxoplasmosis in Cats](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/toxoplasmosis-cats)
2. [CDC — About Toxoplasmosis](https://www.cdc.gov/toxoplasmosis/about/index.html)
3. [Universitas Airlangga — Kucing Bukan Satu-Satunya Penyebar Toksoplasmosis, Daging Juga!](https://unair.ac.id/kucing-bukan-satu-satunya-penyebar-toksoplasmosis-daging-juga/)
4. [World Health Organization — Food safety (fact sheet)](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/food-safety)
5. [Kementerian Kesehatan RI, Ditjen Pelayanan Kesehatan — Mitos atau Fakta, Bulu Kucing Penyebab Toxso](https://keslan.kemkes.go.id/view_artikel/1769/mitos-atau-fakta-bulu-kucing-penyebab-toxso)
6. [CDC — People at Increased Risk for Toxoplasmosis](https://www.cdc.gov/toxoplasmosis/risk-factors/index.html)
7. [CDC — Preventing Toxoplasmosis](https://www.cdc.gov/toxoplasmosis/prevention/index.html)

## Keep exploring

- [Cat vaccinations: types, schedule and benefits](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vaccinations/)
- [Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/)
- [Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Choosing a vet and vet clinic in Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/choosing-a-vet-in-indonesia/)
- [Domestic cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Toxoplasmosis and cats: facts, myths and prevention. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/toxoplasmosis-and-cats/


---

# Heatstroke in cats and dogs: signs and prevention

> Heatstroke happens when a pet's body temperature climbs too high, and it can kill. Learn which pets are at risk, the warning signs and how to prevent it.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/heatstroke-in-cats-and-dogs/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kesehatan-hewan/heatstroke-kucing-anjing/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed veterinary and health organisations’ guidance; not yet reviewed by a veterinarian.

**Caution:** General information for owners, not a substitute for examination, diagnosis or treatment by a veterinarian. If your animal seems very unwell, in pain, struggling to breathe or may have been poisoned, contact a vet immediately.

## Key points

- Heatstroke is an emergency that can damage organs and kill, so a pet with heatstroke needs a vet immediately.
- Flat-faced, overweight, very young, old or thick-coated pets, and those with heart or lung disease, are most at risk.
- Never leave a pet in a parked car, even briefly, with the windows open or in the shade.
- Walk dogs in the early morning or evening rather than in the midday heat, and always provide shade and drinking water.
- Hot or humid surroundings and strenuous exercise are the main triggers of heatstroke in dogs.

## When should you see a vet?

- Go to a vet immediately if your pet collapses, has a seizure, is unconscious or is breathing very hard after overheating, and phone the clinic on the way.
- Heavy panting or noisy breathing, especially in flat-faced breeds.
- A cat that is panting or breathing fast with its mouth open.
- Bright red, dark red or very pale gums or tongue.
- Heavy drooling, vomiting or diarrhoea, sometimes with blood.
- Weakness, confusion, wobbliness or unwillingness to get up.
- A pet that seemed to recover from overheating but then vomits, has diarrhoea, seems confused or stops eating.

## What is heatstroke in cats and dogs?

Heatstroke is an emergency in which a pet's body temperature rises too high and cannot be brought down effectively, which can damage organs and kill. PDSA gives normal body temperature as about 38–39 °C for dogs and 38.1–39.2 °C for cats. Above 40 °C, pets are at risk of seizures, organ damage, internal bleeding, coma and death. The longer the temperature stays high, the more dangerous it becomes. Dogs have sweat glands only on their paws and rely on panting to cool down, while cats lick their fur and look for shade. Cornell explains that heatstroke commonly leads to acute kidney injury, blood clotting problems and shock.

Evidence: [Cornell Richard P. Riney Canine Health Center — Heatstroke: A medical emergency](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/heatstroke-medical-emergency) · [PDSA — Heatstroke in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/heatstroke-in-dogs) · [PDSA — Heatstroke in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/heatstroke-in-cats)

## Why is hot, humid weather risky for pets?

Because heatstroke is triggered by hot or humid conditions, and Indonesia has a tropical climate with naturally high humidity. BMKG, Indonesia's meteorology agency, explains that what usually happens in Indonesia is a rise in daily heat on clear days with little cloud, especially as the dry season begins. BMKG also notes that high humidity multiplies the danger of heat for the body. Cornell says dogs are most at risk when exercising in hot, humid weather, left outside without shade and water, or left in a car. According to PDSA, nearly three quarters of heatstroke cases in dogs happen during play and exercise.

Evidence: [BMKG, Stasiun Pemantau Atmosfer Global Lore Lindu Bariri — Krisis Gelombang Panas Global: Pelajaran dari Eropa dan Potensi Dampaknya di Iklim Tropis Indonesia](https://gaw-bariri.bmkg.go.id/publikasi/artikel/495-krisis-gelombang-panas-global-pelajaran-dari-eropa-dan-potensi-dampaknya-di-iklim-tropis-indonesia) · [Cornell Richard P. Riney Canine Health Center — Heatstroke: A medical emergency](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/heatstroke-medical-emergency) · [PDSA — Heatstroke in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/heatstroke-in-dogs)

## Which pets are most at risk of heatstroke?

Flat-faced (brachycephalic), overweight, very young or old and thick-coated pets, and those with heart or breathing problems, are most at risk. PDSA explains that pets lose a lot of heat through the nose as they breathe, but flat-faced breeds have much less space inside the nose, so they are at high risk even on days that do not feel very hot. According to PDSA, British Bulldogs are 14 times and Pugs 6 times more likely to develop heatstroke than Labradors. Other breeds named include French Bulldogs, Shih Tzus, Pomeranians and Boston Terriers. In cats, flat-faced breeds such as Persians, long-haired cats and overweight cats also find it harder to cool down.

Evidence: [PDSA — Heatstroke in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/heatstroke-in-dogs) · [PDSA — Heatstroke in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/heatstroke-in-cats) · [RSPCA — How to Recognise & Treat Heatstroke in Dogs](https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/dogs/health/heatstroke) · [Cornell Richard P. Riney Canine Health Center — Heatstroke: A medical emergency](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/heatstroke-medical-emergency)

## What are the signs of heatstroke in cats and dogs?

Signs include heavy panting, drooling, red or pale gums, vomiting, diarrhoea, weakness and wobbliness; in severe cases pets can collapse, have seizures or lose consciousness. RSPCA also lists noisy breathing, a fast heartbeat, confusion and muscle spasms in dogs. PDSA lists these signs in cats: panting and fast breathing, bright red, dark red or very pale gums, vomiting, diarrhoea that may contain blood, weakness, confusion, wobbliness, collapse, seizures, blindness and unconsciousness. The Merck Veterinary Manual adds hot skin. Cats are most often affected after being shut by accident in a hot, poorly ventilated place such as a shed, garage or car.

Evidence: [RSPCA — How to Recognise & Treat Heatstroke in Dogs](https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/dogs/health/heatstroke) · [PDSA — Heatstroke in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/heatstroke-in-cats) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (pet owner version) — What to Do in a Dog or Cat Emergency](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/special-pet-topics/emergencies/what-to-do-in-a-dog-or-cat-emergency) · [Cornell Richard P. Riney Canine Health Center — Heatstroke: A medical emergency](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/heatstroke-medical-emergency)

## What should you do if your pet has heatstroke?

Treat it as an emergency: move your pet away from the heat into shade or a cool room, then contact and go to a vet straight away. PDSA, Cornell and the Merck Veterinary Manual say cooling can begin by wetting the pet with cool tap water and using a fan or air conditioning, including on the way to the clinic. Do not cover your pet with a wet towel, because this can trap heat, and do not force it to drink. Take your pet to the vet even if it seems to improve. Cornell explains that heatstroke needs intensive care and can damage many organs, and PDSA asks owners to report any worsening after the pet goes home.

Evidence: [PDSA — Heatstroke in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/heatstroke-in-dogs) · [PDSA — Heatstroke in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/heatstroke-in-cats) · [Cornell Richard P. Riney Canine Health Center — Heatstroke: A medical emergency](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/heatstroke-medical-emergency) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (pet owner version) — What to Do in a Dog or Cat Emergency](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/special-pet-topics/emergencies/what-to-do-in-a-dog-or-cat-emergency) · [RSPCA — How to Recognise & Treat Heatstroke in Dogs](https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/dogs/health/heatstroke)

## How can you prevent heatstroke in cats and dogs?

Avoid activity in the midday heat, provide shade and drinking water, and never leave a pet in a parked car. RSPCA explains that when it is 22 °C outside, the inside of a car can reach 47 °C within an hour. PDSA stresses never to leave a dog in a car, not even for a few minutes, with the windows open or in the shade. Walk dogs in the early morning or evening, and skip exercise on hot days for dogs that are old, very young, overweight, unwell or have breathing problems.

PDSA suggests testing the ground by holding the palm of your hand on it for seven seconds; if that is uncomfortable, it is too hot for a dog's paws. Tarmac, sand and artificial grass can get very hot. For flat-faced breeds, use a harness rather than a neck collar so the dog can pant more easily. Keep your pet at a healthy weight. For cats, check sheds, garages and cars before closing them, and never leave a cat in a hot, poorly ventilated room.

Evidence: [RSPCA — Dogs Die in Hot Cars](https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/dogs/health/dogsinhotcars) · [PDSA — Heatstroke in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/heatstroke-in-dogs) · [PDSA — Heatstroke in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/heatstroke-in-cats)

## Sources & references

1. [Cornell Richard P. Riney Canine Health Center — Heatstroke: A medical emergency](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/heatstroke-medical-emergency)
2. [PDSA — Heatstroke in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/heatstroke-in-dogs)
3. [PDSA — Heatstroke in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/heatstroke-in-cats)
4. [BMKG, Stasiun Pemantau Atmosfer Global Lore Lindu Bariri — Krisis Gelombang Panas Global: Pelajaran dari Eropa dan Potensi Dampaknya di Iklim Tropis Indonesia](https://gaw-bariri.bmkg.go.id/publikasi/artikel/495-krisis-gelombang-panas-global-pelajaran-dari-eropa-dan-potensi-dampaknya-di-iklim-tropis-indonesia)
5. [RSPCA — How to Recognise & Treat Heatstroke in Dogs](https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/dogs/health/heatstroke)
6. [Merck Veterinary Manual (pet owner version) — What to Do in a Dog or Cat Emergency](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/special-pet-topics/emergencies/what-to-do-in-a-dog-or-cat-emergency)
7. [RSPCA — Dogs Die in Hot Cars](https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/dogs/health/dogsinhotcars)

## Keep exploring

- [Cat vaccinations: types, schedule and benefits](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vaccinations/)
- [Dog vaccinations: types, schedule and boosters](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/dog-vaccinations/)
- [Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/)
- [Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Domestic cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/)
- [Domestic dog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dog/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Heatstroke in cats and dogs: signs and prevention. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/heatstroke-in-cats-and-dogs/


---

# Cat vomiting: causes and when to see a vet

> An occasional vomit can be normal for a cat, but repeated or bloody vomiting, or vomiting with lethargy, needs a vet. Learn the causes and red flags.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vomiting-when-to-see-a-vet/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kesehatan-hewan/kucing-muntah/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed veterinary and health organisations’ guidance; not yet reviewed by a veterinarian.

**Caution:** General information for owners, not a substitute for examination, diagnosis or treatment by a veterinarian. If your animal seems very unwell, in pain, struggling to breathe or may have been poisoned, contact a vet immediately.

## Key points

- Even healthy cats vomit now and then, but Cornell advises a vet check if a cat vomits more than once a week.
- Hairballs, eating too fast and sudden diet changes are common, relatively mild causes.
- Vomiting can also signal poisoning, a swallowed object, worms, or kidney, liver, thyroid or diabetic disease.
- Vomiting for more than 24 hours, blood in the vomit, or being unable to keep food and water down needs a vet urgently.
- Noting how often your cat vomits, what comes up and any other signs helps the vet find the cause.

## When should you see a vet?

- Contact a vet immediately if your cat has been vomiting for more than 24 hours, cannot keep food or water down, has blood or black specks in its vomit, or may have swallowed a poison, string or thread.
- Vomiting with lethargy, pale gums or a painful belly.
- Vomiting with diarrhoea, or drinking and urinating more than usual.
- Vomiting in a kitten or an elderly cat.
- Repeated retching that brings nothing up, or lethargy and refusing food for more than a day.
- Vomiting more than once a week, or vomiting with weight loss.

## Is it normal for a cat to vomit often?

Healthy cats can vomit now and then, but frequent vomiting is not normal; Cornell advises a vet check if a cat vomits more than once a week. According to Cornell, bringing up a hairball once every week or two is usually not a problem. Cats Protection says a cat that vomits once and is otherwise bright and healthy should recover quickly. Even so, any kind of vomit can point to disease, so it is sensible to mention every episode to your vet. PDSA advises watching your cat closely and calling your vet if it vomits again, seems unwell or shows any other signs.

Evidence: [Cornell Feline Health Center — Vomiting](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/vomiting) · [Cats Protection — Vomiting in cats](https://www.cats.org.uk/help-and-advice/health/vomiting-in-cats) · [PDSA — Vomiting in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/vomiting-in-cats)

## What commonly makes cats vomit?

Common causes include hairballs, eating too fast or too much, a sudden change of food, mild stomach upsets and worms. Hairballs form because cats swallow hair while grooming; Cornell notes that long-haired breeds such as Persians are at greater risk. The Merck Veterinary Manual says regular brushing can reduce the hair a cat swallows. Cats Protection advises changing food gradually and lists eating too fast as a cause. A cat that gulps its food may regurgitate, meaning food comes back up without effort soon after eating, often in a tube shape. If regurgitation keeps happening, ask your vet for advice.

Evidence: [PDSA — Vomiting in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/vomiting-in-cats) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — A Hairy Dilemma](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/hairy-dilemma) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (cat owner version) — Vomiting in Cats](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/digestive-disorders-of-cats/vomiting-in-cats) · [Cats Protection — Vomiting in cats](https://www.cats.org.uk/help-and-advice/health/vomiting-in-cats)

## When is vomiting a sign of something serious?

Vomiting can be a sign of poisoning, a gut blockage from a swallowed object, parasites, inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, or kidney, liver, thyroid or diabetic disease. Cornell notes that cats may vomit after eating leaves of poisonous plants, spoiled food, human medicines, string or yarn, rubber bands, or human foods such as chocolate and onions. The Merck Veterinary Manual adds infections, food allergy and tumours as causes. Long-term vomiting can lead to weakness, weight loss and dehydration. Cornell also warns that repeated hacking mistaken for a hairball may be a sign of a breathing illness such as asthma, which can need emergency treatment.

Evidence: [Cornell Feline Health Center — Vomiting](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/vomiting) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (cat owner version) — Vomiting in Cats](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/digestive-disorders-of-cats/vomiting-in-cats) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — A Hairy Dilemma](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/hairy-dilemma)

## When should a vomiting cat see a vet straight away?

Contact a vet at once if vomiting lasts more than 24 hours, your cat cannot keep food or water down, or there is blood or black specks in the vomit. PDSA also lists lethargy, pale gums, diarrhoea, a painful belly, drinking or urinating more than usual, and possibly having eaten something harmful. Kittens and elderly cats need checking sooner. Cornell advises seeing a vet without delay if a cat is lethargic and refuses food for more than a day, or keeps retching without bringing anything up, because a hairball can block the intestine. Merck adds vomiting more than once or twice a day, fever and weight loss.

Evidence: [PDSA — Vomiting in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/vomiting-in-cats) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — A Hairy Dilemma](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/hairy-dilemma) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (cat owner version) — Vomiting in Cats](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/digestive-disorders-of-cats/vomiting-in-cats) · [Cats Protection — Vomiting in cats](https://www.cats.org.uk/help-and-advice/health/vomiting-in-cats)

## What should you tell the vet?

Say when the vomiting started, how often it happens, what the vomit looks like, what your cat last ate and any other signs you have noticed. Cornell explains that diagnosis starts with a thorough history from the owner. Describe whether your cat seemed nauseous and heaved, which suggests vomiting, or whether food simply slid out without effort, which suggests regurgitation. Cats Protection explains that vomit may contain hairballs, undigested food, white froth or worms. Also mention any diet change, access to plants, medicines, string or household chemicals, and changes in appetite, drinking, toileting and weight. Phoning ahead helps the clinic prepare.

In Indonesia, cats can be examined at a veterinary clinic. Some local governments also run a puskeswan (animal health centre) or a government veterinary clinic that treats cats, as the service pages of the Batam city puskeswan and the East Kalimantan livestock and animal health office show. Check the services and opening hours of facilities in your area before you go. Do not give your cat human medicine without a vet's advice, as Cornell notes that various human medicines can make cats vomit.

Evidence: [Cornell Feline Health Center — Vomiting](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/vomiting) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (cat owner version) — Vomiting in Cats](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/digestive-disorders-of-cats/vomiting-in-cats) · [Cats Protection — Vomiting in cats](https://www.cats.org.uk/help-and-advice/health/vomiting-in-cats) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (pet owner version) — What to Do in a Dog or Cat Emergency](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/special-pet-topics/emergencies/what-to-do-in-a-dog-or-cat-emergency) · [Puskeswan Kota Batam — Layanan](https://puskeswan.batam.go.id/layanan/) · [Dinas Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Provinsi Kalimantan Timur — Klinik Hewan](https://peternakan.kaltimprov.go.id/halaman/klinik-hewan)

## How can you reduce vomiting from hairballs or fast eating?

Brush your cat regularly, change its food gradually and slow down a cat that gulps its meals. Cats Protection suggests daily brushing to cut down on hairballs, especially in long-haired cats. For cats that eat too fast, Cats Protection suggests smaller, more frequent meals or a slow-feeder bowl. Cornell recommends keeping floors clear of thread, paper clips and string, because these are dangerous if swallowed. Also keep toxic plants, medicines and human foods such as chocolate and onions out of reach. If your cat still vomits often, ask your vet to look for the cause.

Evidence: [Cats Protection — Vomiting in cats](https://www.cats.org.uk/help-and-advice/health/vomiting-in-cats) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — A Hairy Dilemma](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/hairy-dilemma) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Vomiting](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/vomiting) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (cat owner version) — Vomiting in Cats](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/digestive-disorders-of-cats/vomiting-in-cats)

## Sources & references

1. [Cornell Feline Health Center — Vomiting](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/vomiting)
2. [Cats Protection — Vomiting in cats](https://www.cats.org.uk/help-and-advice/health/vomiting-in-cats)
3. [PDSA — Vomiting in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/vomiting-in-cats)
4. [Cornell Feline Health Center — A Hairy Dilemma](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/hairy-dilemma)
5. [Merck Veterinary Manual (cat owner version) — Vomiting in Cats](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/digestive-disorders-of-cats/vomiting-in-cats)
6. [Merck Veterinary Manual (pet owner version) — What to Do in a Dog or Cat Emergency](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/special-pet-topics/emergencies/what-to-do-in-a-dog-or-cat-emergency)
7. [Puskeswan Kota Batam — Layanan](https://puskeswan.batam.go.id/layanan/)
8. [Dinas Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Provinsi Kalimantan Timur — Klinik Hewan](https://peternakan.kaltimprov.go.id/halaman/klinik-hewan)

## Keep exploring

- [Cat vaccinations: types, schedule and benefits](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vaccinations/)
- [Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/)
- [Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Choosing a vet and vet clinic in Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/choosing-a-vet-in-indonesia/)
- [Domestic cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Cat vomiting: causes and when to see a vet. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vomiting-when-to-see-a-vet/


---

# Cat not eating: causes, risks and when to see a vet

> A cat that stops eating risks hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver), which can be fatal. Learn the causes, the red flags and when to see a vet.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-not-eating/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kesehatan-hewan/kucing-tidak-mau-makan/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed veterinary and health organisations’ guidance; not yet reviewed by a veterinarian.

**Caution:** General information for owners, not a substitute for examination, diagnosis or treatment by a veterinarian. If your animal seems very unwell, in pain, struggling to breathe or may have been poisoned, contact a vet immediately.

## Key points

- A cat that will not eat always needs a vet check, because Cornell says it is never simply a case of the cat deciding not to eat.
- Without food, cats risk hepatic lipidosis, a build-up of fat in the liver cells that can be fatal.
- Cornell says 24 hours without food can seriously affect an adult cat, and 12 hours can be life-threatening for a kitten under six weeks old.
- Common causes include dental pain, other pain, fever, stress, kidney disease and a sudden change of food.
- Do not force-feed a cat by hand or syringe, because it causes stress and food can be inhaled into the airway.

## When should you see a vet?

- Contact a vet as soon as you notice your cat has stopped eating; do not wait, because 24 hours without food can seriously affect a cat, and 12 hours can for a kitten under six weeks.
- A yellow tinge to the skin, gums, inner ears or whites of the eyes.
- Not eating together with vomiting, diarrhoea, lethargy or heavy drooling.
- Approaching food then backing away, pawing at the mouth, hissing, or chewing on one side only.
- Eating much less than usual, or losing weight.
- An overweight cat that is eating less or has stopped eating, because its risk of hepatic lipidosis is higher.
- Not eating together with drinking and urinating more than usual.

## Why is it dangerous when a cat stops eating?

A cat that stops eating can develop hepatic lipidosis, a build-up of fat in the liver cells that stops the liver working and can be fatal without prompt care. The Cornell Feline Health Center explains that when a cat does not eat, large amounts of fat move from the body's stores to the liver, which cannot process it. The Merck Veterinary Manual calls hepatic lipidosis the most common cause of liver disease in cats, typically after a few days to several weeks of poor appetite. The risk is higher in overweight cats. According to the University of Illinois, once hepatic lipidosis develops, a cat usually will not start eating again on its own.

Evidence: [Cornell Feline Health Center — Hepatic Lipidosis](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/hepatic-lipidosis) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (cat owner version) — Disorders of the Liver and Gallbladder in Cats](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/digestive-disorders-of-cats/disorders-of-the-liver-and-gallbladder-in-cats) · [University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine — Hepatic Lipidosis If Cats Don't Eat](https://vetmed.illinois.edu/pet-health-columns/hepatic-lipidosis-when-cats-dont-eat/)

## How long can a cat go without eating?

Do not wait: Cornell says 24 hours without food can seriously affect an adult cat, and 12 hours can be life-threatening for a kitten under six weeks old. PDSA explains that most cats graze through the day, so stopping eating is usually a sign that something is wrong. International Cat Care says every day a cat eats less than normal can harm its health, and owners should contact their veterinary team as soon as possible. A University of Illinois veterinarian advises keeping cats lean and seeking veterinary attention promptly if a cat stops eating. In homes with several pets, watch each cat's bowl, because other animals may be finishing its food.

Evidence: [Cornell Feline Health Center — Anorexia](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/anorexia) · [PDSA — Anorexia in cats (my cat's not eating)](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/my-cats-not-eating) · [International Cat Care — Inappetence in cats](https://icatcare.org/articles/inappetence-in-cats) · [University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine — Hepatic Lipidosis If Cats Don't Eat](https://vetmed.illinois.edu/pet-health-columns/hepatic-lipidosis-when-cats-dont-eat/)

## Why do cats stop eating?

The causes vary, from dental pain, other pain, fever and nausea to kidney disease, pancreatitis, diabetes, an overactive thyroid, heart disease and cancer. PDSA notes that tooth and gum disease is often painful and can put cats off their food. Stress also plays a part, such as a change in routine, moving home, a new pet or fighting with another cat. The Merck Veterinary Manual lists triggers such as a change of diet, boarding, getting lost, or the loss of another pet or an owner. Moving the food bowl or switching food suddenly can also stop a cat eating. Cornell stresses that a cat never stops eating simply because it has decided not to.

Evidence: [PDSA — Anorexia in cats (my cat's not eating)](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/my-cats-not-eating) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Anorexia](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/anorexia) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (cat owner version) — Disorders of the Liver and Gallbladder in Cats](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/digestive-disorders-of-cats/disorders-of-the-liver-and-gallbladder-in-cats) · [International Cat Care — Inappetence in cats](https://icatcare.org/articles/inappetence-in-cats)

## What are the signs of hepatic lipidosis in cats?

Signs include not eating, dramatic weight loss, vomiting, lethargy, drooling and a yellow tinge to the gums, ear skin or eyes. Cornell explains that affected cats often become reclusive, avoid their food bowl and may drool when they see food. The Merck Veterinary Manual also lists diarrhoea, an enlarged liver and being unable to hold the head up. Vets confirm the diagnosis with blood tests, abdominal ultrasound and a liver sample. Treatment is carried out by a vet and often needs a feeding tube. According to Merck, the outlook is good when the diagnosis is made early and any underlying disease can be treated, and relapse is rare.

Evidence: [Cornell Feline Health Center — Hepatic Lipidosis](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/hepatic-lipidosis) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (cat owner version) — Disorders of the Liver and Gallbladder in Cats](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/digestive-disorders-of-cats/disorders-of-the-liver-and-gallbladder-in-cats) · [University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine — Hepatic Lipidosis If Cats Don't Eat](https://vetmed.illinois.edu/pet-health-columns/hepatic-lipidosis-when-cats-dont-eat/)

## When should a cat that is not eating see a vet?

Straight away, as soon as you notice your cat has stopped eating or is eating much less, and even more urgently if there is vomiting, lethargy or yellowing. Cornell recommends a full examination, including the teeth and gums, because dental pain is often to blame. PDSA asks owners to look for other signs such as weight loss, yellow skin or gums, a painful mouth, vomiting and diarrhoea. Tell the vet when the appetite changed, what your cat normally eats, any change in food or routine, and any change in drinking, toileting and weight. As well as private vet clinics, some local governments run a puskeswan or a veterinary clinic that treats cats.

Evidence: [Cornell Feline Health Center — Anorexia](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/anorexia) · [PDSA — Anorexia in cats (my cat's not eating)](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/my-cats-not-eating) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (cat owner version) — Disorders of the Liver and Gallbladder in Cats](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/digestive-disorders-of-cats/disorders-of-the-liver-and-gallbladder-in-cats) · [Puskeswan Kota Batam — Layanan](https://puskeswan.batam.go.id/layanan/) · [Dinas Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Provinsi Kalimantan Timur — Klinik Hewan](https://peternakan.kaltimprov.go.id/halaman/klinik-hewan)

## What should you avoid when your cat will not eat?

Do not force your cat to eat, do not give medicines yourself and do not wait for its appetite to return on its own. International Cat Care stresses that cats should never be syringe-fed by force, as this can cause severe distress or serious complications if food is inhaled. Cornell also notes that forcing food into a cat's mouth can make its aversion to food worse. Any home methods to tempt a cat to eat should only be used on your vet's advice. To prevent problems, keep your cat at a healthy weight, change its food gradually and weigh it regularly as your vet suggests, so weight loss is spotted early.

Evidence: [International Cat Care — Inappetence in cats](https://icatcare.org/articles/inappetence-in-cats) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Anorexia](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/anorexia) · [University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine — Hepatic Lipidosis If Cats Don't Eat](https://vetmed.illinois.edu/pet-health-columns/hepatic-lipidosis-when-cats-dont-eat/)

## Sources & references

1. [Cornell Feline Health Center — Hepatic Lipidosis](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/hepatic-lipidosis)
2. [Merck Veterinary Manual (cat owner version) — Disorders of the Liver and Gallbladder in Cats](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/digestive-disorders-of-cats/disorders-of-the-liver-and-gallbladder-in-cats)
3. [University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine — Hepatic Lipidosis If Cats Don't Eat](https://vetmed.illinois.edu/pet-health-columns/hepatic-lipidosis-when-cats-dont-eat/)
4. [Cornell Feline Health Center — Anorexia](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/anorexia)
5. [PDSA — Anorexia in cats (my cat's not eating)](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/my-cats-not-eating)
6. [International Cat Care — Inappetence in cats](https://icatcare.org/articles/inappetence-in-cats)
7. [Puskeswan Kota Batam — Layanan](https://puskeswan.batam.go.id/layanan/)
8. [Dinas Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Provinsi Kalimantan Timur — Klinik Hewan](https://peternakan.kaltimprov.go.id/halaman/klinik-hewan)

## Keep exploring

- [Cat vaccinations: types, schedule and benefits](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vaccinations/)
- [Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/)
- [Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Choosing a vet and vet clinic in Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/choosing-a-vet-in-indonesia/)
- [Domestic cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Cat not eating: causes, risks and when to see a vet. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-not-eating/


---

# Feeding your cat well: nutrients, taurine and water

> Cats are obligate carnivores that need taurine and animal nutrients. Feed a complete and balanced food, give fresh water, and avoid rice-and-fish-only diets.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/feeding-your-cat/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kesehatan-hewan/makanan-kucing/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed veterinary and health organisations’ guidance; not yet reviewed by a veterinarian.

**Caution:** General information for owners, not a substitute for examination, diagnosis or treatment by a veterinarian. If your animal seems very unwell, in pain, struggling to breathe or may have been poisoned, contact a vet immediately.

## Key points

- Cats are obligate carnivores, so their food must contain protein and nutrients from animals, including taurine.
- Choose a cat food whose label says it is complete and balanced for your cat's life stage.
- A diet of only rice and fish, or of human leftovers, can leave a cat short of calcium, vitamins and taurine.
- Provide fresh water at all times, especially if your cat eats mostly dry food.
- Supplements are not needed with a complete and balanced food, and can be harmful without a vet's approval.

## When should you see a vet?

- Go to a vet immediately if your cat will not eat at all, is very weak, or seems dehydrated, for example with dry gums or sunken eyes.
- A cat fed mainly fish for a long time becomes weak, holds its head bent down, walks unsteadily or has seizures.
- Weight loss or gain without an obvious reason.
- A change in eating or drinking habits, such as drinking much more than usual.
- Tilting the head while eating, dropping food, or accepting only soft food.
- Repeated vomiting or diarrhoea, including after a change of food.

## What food does a cat need?

Cats need animal-based food because they are obligate carnivores, which means they depend on nutrients found only in animal products. The Cornell Feline Health Center explains that cats evolved as hunters eating prey that is high in protein, moderate in fat and low in carbohydrate, and they still need those proportions today. Cats also need more than a dozen other nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, fatty acids and amino acids. International Cat Care adds that cats need far more protein than dogs or people because they use protein as a source of energy. WSAVA states that cats cannot thrive on vegetarian diets. Do not feed dog food to cats either, because their nutritional needs are very different.

Evidence: [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feeding Your Cat](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feeding-your-cat) · [International Cat Care — Feeding your cat or kitten](https://icatcare.org/articles/feeding-your-cat-or-kitten) · [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Frequently Asked Questions & Myths](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Frequently-Asked-Questions-and-Myths.pdf) · [RSPCA Australia Knowledgebase — Do cats have special nutritional requirements?](https://kb.rspca.org.au/categories/companion-animals/cats/caring-for-my-cat/do-cats-have-special-nutritional-requirements)

## Why do cats need taurine?

Taurine is an essential amino acid for cats, and a shortage can cause heart muscle disease (dilated cardiomyopathy) and damage to the retina that affects sight. According to the Merck Veterinary Manual, plant protein sources contain no taurine, so cats must get animal protein or taurine added to their food. Unlike dogs, cats must also get enough preformed vitamin A, arachidonic acid and niacin from their diet. RSPCA Australia warns never to feed puppy or dog food to a cat, because it will be deficient in taurine for a cat. Complete and balanced commercial cat foods are formulated to meet these special needs.

Evidence: [Merck Veterinary Manual — Nutritional Requirements of Small Animals](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-small-animals/nutritional-requirements-of-small-animals) · [RSPCA Australia Knowledgebase — What should I feed my cat?](https://kb.rspca.org.au/categories/companion-animals/cats/caring-for-my-cat/what-should-i-feed-my-cat) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feeding Your Cat](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feeding-your-cat)

## What does “complete and balanced” cat food mean?

A complete and balanced food supplies every nutrient a cat needs in the right amounts and proportions for its life stage. WSAVA advises checking the nutritional adequacy statement on the label: a food marked “complete” can be the main diet, while “complementary” products, treats or foods for intermittent feeding should be only a small portion, about 10% or less. Make sure the label names the right life stage. Kittens grow fast and need food made for kittens, not adult cat food. Dry food, wet food or a mix can all work, as long as the food is complete and balanced. WSAVA notes that the ingredient list does not show nutritional quality, and terms such as “premium” or “holistic” are unregulated.

Evidence: [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Guidelines on Selecting Pet Foods](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Selecting-a-pet-food-for-your-pet-updated-2021_WSAVA-Global-Nutrition-Toolkit.pdf) · [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Frequently Asked Questions & Myths](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Frequently-Asked-Questions-and-Myths.pdf) · [International Cat Care — Feeding your cat or kitten](https://icatcare.org/articles/feeding-your-cat-or-kitten) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — How Often Should You Feed Your Cat?](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/how-often-should-you-feed-your-cat)

## Can a cat live on rice and fish alone?

It is not recommended, because a diet built from only a few foods, such as rice and fish, is almost certainly unbalanced for a cat. The Merck Veterinary Manual explains that diets made almost entirely of meat, fish or poultry can cause calcium deficiency that weakens bones, and cats fed saltwater fish can become short of iodine. Cats given large amounts of canned tuna can become deficient in vitamin E and develop inflamed body fat (pansteatitis). Raw freshwater fish contains thiaminase, an enzyme that destroys vitamin B1 and can lead to nervous system problems. Rice provides no taurine either, because plant protein contains none. Cornell notes that some cats fed canned fish meant for people have developed serious neurological problems.

Human leftovers are no substitute. The RSPCA says most human food will not meet a cat's nutritional needs, and some ingredients, such as onions, are even poisonous. Making cat food at home is difficult; Cornell and WSAVA advise a home-made diet only when a veterinary nutritionist formulates it and a vet monitors the cat. These needs are the same for a pet cat and for a street cat you feed regularly. See also our guide to foods that are dangerous for cats and dogs.

Evidence: [Merck Veterinary Manual — Nutritional Requirements of Small Animals](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-small-animals/nutritional-requirements-of-small-animals) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feeding Your Cat](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feeding-your-cat) · [RSPCA — What to Feed Your Pet Cat](https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/cats/diet) · [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Frequently Asked Questions & Myths](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Frequently-Asked-Questions-and-Myths.pdf)

## How can you make sure your cat drinks enough?

Provide fresh, clean water at all times, because WSAVA notes that cats are generally not good drinkers. According to Cornell, cats that eat dry food take in more of their water by drinking, while wet food can contain up to about 80% water. Place several water bowls in different rooms, away from the litter tray, and make sure other cats do not block access. Some cats drink more from a water fountain, but preferences vary. The RSPCA reminds owners that cow's milk is not a substitute for water. Dehydration shows as lethargy, weakness, poor appetite, dry gums and, in severe cases, sunken eyes; contact a vet promptly if you see these signs.

Evidence: [Cornell Feline Health Center — Hydration](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/hydration) · [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Frequently Asked Questions & Myths](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Frequently-Asked-Questions-and-Myths.pdf) · [RSPCA — What to Feed Your Pet Cat](https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/cats/diet) · [RSPCA Australia Knowledgebase — Do cats have special nutritional requirements?](https://kb.rspca.org.au/categories/companion-animals/cats/caring-for-my-cat/do-cats-have-special-nutritional-requirements)

## How often should a cat eat, and are treats OK?

Kittens need to eat more often than adult cats, and the total daily amount should be measured. Cornell suggests feeding kittens under six months three meals a day, and cats from six months to a year twice a day. International Cat Care and RSPCA Australia recommend feeding adult cats little and often, ideally using food puzzles. The amount on the packet is only a starting point; adjust it to your cat's body condition with your vet. Treats and human food should make up less than 10% of daily calories. Change foods gradually to avoid vomiting or diarrhoea, and do not give supplements without a vet's approval.

Evidence: [Cornell Feline Health Center — How Often Should You Feed Your Cat?](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/how-often-should-you-feed-your-cat) · [International Cat Care — Feeding your cat or kitten](https://icatcare.org/articles/feeding-your-cat-or-kitten) · [RSPCA Australia Knowledgebase — Do cats have special nutritional requirements?](https://kb.rspca.org.au/categories/companion-animals/cats/caring-for-my-cat/do-cats-have-special-nutritional-requirements) · [WSAVA — Feeding treats to your cat](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/WSAVA_GuidetoTreats_Cats_251107.pdf) · [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Frequently Asked Questions & Myths](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Frequently-Asked-Questions-and-Myths.pdf) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feeding Your Cat](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feeding-your-cat)

## Sources & references

1. [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feeding Your Cat](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feeding-your-cat)
2. [International Cat Care — Feeding your cat or kitten](https://icatcare.org/articles/feeding-your-cat-or-kitten)
3. [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Frequently Asked Questions & Myths](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Frequently-Asked-Questions-and-Myths.pdf)
4. [RSPCA Australia Knowledgebase — Do cats have special nutritional requirements?](https://kb.rspca.org.au/categories/companion-animals/cats/caring-for-my-cat/do-cats-have-special-nutritional-requirements)
5. [Merck Veterinary Manual — Nutritional Requirements of Small Animals](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-small-animals/nutritional-requirements-of-small-animals)
6. [RSPCA Australia Knowledgebase — What should I feed my cat?](https://kb.rspca.org.au/categories/companion-animals/cats/caring-for-my-cat/what-should-i-feed-my-cat)
7. [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Guidelines on Selecting Pet Foods](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Selecting-a-pet-food-for-your-pet-updated-2021_WSAVA-Global-Nutrition-Toolkit.pdf)
8. [Cornell Feline Health Center — How Often Should You Feed Your Cat?](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/how-often-should-you-feed-your-cat)
9. [RSPCA — What to Feed Your Pet Cat](https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/cats/diet)
10. [Cornell Feline Health Center — Hydration](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/hydration)
11. [WSAVA — Feeding treats to your cat](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/WSAVA_GuidetoTreats_Cats_251107.pdf)

## Keep exploring

- [Cat vaccinations: types, schedule and benefits](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vaccinations/)
- [Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/)
- [Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Choosing a vet and vet clinic in Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/choosing-a-vet-in-indonesia/)
- [Domestic cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Feeding your cat well: nutrients, taurine and water. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/feeding-your-cat/


---

# Feeding your dog well: choosing food, portions and treats

> Dogs need a complete and balanced food for their life stage, measured portions, limited treats and fresh water. How to choose food, following WSAVA guidance.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/feeding-your-dog/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kesehatan-hewan/makanan-anjing/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed veterinary and health organisations’ guidance; not yet reviewed by a veterinarian.

**Caution:** General information for owners, not a substitute for examination, diagnosis or treatment by a veterinarian. If your animal seems very unwell, in pain, struggling to breathe or may have been poisoned, contact a vet immediately.

## Key points

- Feed a complete and balanced food suited to your dog's life stage, made by a company that can answer questions about its nutrition.
- Large-breed puppies need a growth food made for large breeds and should not grow too fast.
- Rice with leftovers, or home-made recipes from the internet, are often unbalanced as a main diet.
- Treats, including human food, should make up less than 10% of daily calories.
- Clean drinking water must always be available.

## When should you see a vet?

- Go to a vet immediately if your dog eats something toxic such as chocolate, xylitol, grapes or onion, swallows raw bread dough, or its belly looks swollen and bloated.
- Repeated vomiting or diarrhoea, including after a change of food.
- Refusing food or eating much less than usual.
- Drinking much more or much less than usual.
- Weight gain or loss without an obvious reason, or a puppy that is not growing well.
- Choking, vomiting or appearing in pain after swallowing a bone.

## What is the best food for a dog?

The best food is a complete and balanced diet for dogs and for your dog's life stage, made by a reputable company. WSAVA explains that such a food provides every essential nutrient in the right amounts and proportions. The choice also depends on your dog's size, neutering status and health, so your vet is the best person to ask. The Merck Veterinary Manual notes that in higher-income countries, nutritional disease is rare in dogs fed a complete and balanced commercial food or a home-made diet formulated by a veterinary nutritionist. Problems arise most often in dogs fed unbalanced home-made diets. The RSPCA adds that most human meals do not give dogs the nutrition they need.

Evidence: [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Frequently Asked Questions & Myths](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Frequently-Asked-Questions-and-Myths.pdf) · [Merck Veterinary Manual — Nutritional Requirements of Small Animals](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-small-animals/nutritional-requirements-of-small-animals) · [RSPCA — How to Feed Your Dog a Healthy Diet](https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/dogs/diet)

## How do you read a dog food label?

Look for a nutritional adequacy statement saying the food is complete for a particular life stage, such as growth or adult maintenance. WSAVA explains that products labelled “complementary”, treats or foods for intermittent feeding should be only about 10% or less of the diet, unless a vet is supervising a therapeutic diet. A label saying “for all life stages” means the food is formulated for growth and reproduction. The ingredient list does not show quality or digestibility, and terms such as “premium” or “holistic” are unregulated. WSAVA also suggests choosing a company that employs a qualified nutritionist, has quality control and is easy to contact. Properly cooked grains are not mere “fillers” and dogs can digest them.

Evidence: [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Guidelines on Selecting Pet Foods](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Selecting-a-pet-food-for-your-pet-updated-2021_WSAVA-Global-Nutrition-Toolkit.pdf) · [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Frequently Asked Questions & Myths](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Frequently-Asked-Questions-and-Myths.pdf) · [Merck Veterinary Manual — Dog and Cat Foods](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-small-animals/dog-and-cat-foods)

## Can dogs eat rice and household leftovers?

Plain cooked white rice is fine in small amounts, but rice with leftovers is not a balanced main diet. WSAVA says dogs can digest properly cooked grains as long as the overall diet is complete and balanced. The problem is balance: the Merck Veterinary Manual notes that diets built from a few foods, such as only minced meat and rice, can cause calcium deficiency and bone problems. Leftovers are often seasoned with onion or garlic, which can damage red blood cells. Recipes from books or the internet are also often deficient; WSAVA and Merck advise using a recipe formulated by a veterinary nutritionist, with veterinary check-ups. See also our guide to foods that are dangerous for cats and dogs.

Evidence: [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Frequently Asked Questions & Myths](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Frequently-Asked-Questions-and-Myths.pdf) · [Merck Veterinary Manual — Nutritional Requirements of Small Animals](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-small-animals/nutritional-requirements-of-small-animals) · [Merck Veterinary Manual — Dog and Cat Foods](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-small-animals/dog-and-cat-foods) · [RSPCA — How to Feed Your Dog a Healthy Diet](https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/dogs/diet) · [ASPCA Animal Poison Control — People Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Pets](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/people-foods-avoid-feeding-your-pets)

## How often should puppies and adult dogs eat?

Puppies usually eat three meals a day until six months, then two until a year old, and most adult dogs do well on two measured meals daily. The Merck Veterinary Manual explains that small-breed puppies may need to eat more often. Large- and giant-breed puppies should get a growth food made for large breeds, and slow growth is better than fast growth, because overfeeding during growth harms skeletal development. Keep feeding a growth food until the skeleton is mature, not just until growth seems to stop. In adult dogs, leaving food out all the time makes many dogs overweight. The amount on the packet is only a starting point; adjust it to body condition score.

Evidence: [Merck Veterinary Manual — Feeding Practices in Small Animals](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-small-animals/feeding-practices-in-small-animals) · [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Frequently Asked Questions & Myths](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Frequently-Asked-Questions-and-Myths.pdf)

## Do dogs need supplements, raw food or a vegetarian diet?

Dogs eating a complete and balanced food generally do not need vitamin or mineral supplements, and too much of some nutrients can be toxic. WSAVA and Merck advise using supplements only on a vet's advice. WSAVA also states there is no evidence that raw meat diets are healthier than commercial foods or balanced home-cooked diets. Raw meat can carry bacteria such as Salmonella and E. coli that can spread to people, especially young children, older people, pregnant women and anyone with a weak immune system. A vegetarian diet may be able to meet a dog's needs, but it is harder to formulate, so talk to your vet first.

Evidence: [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Frequently Asked Questions & Myths](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Frequently-Asked-Questions-and-Myths.pdf) · [Merck Veterinary Manual — Feeding Practices in Small Animals](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-small-animals/feeding-practices-in-small-animals) · [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Raw Meat Based Diets for Pets](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Raw-Meat-Based-Diets-for-Pets_WSAVA-Global-Nutrition-Toolkit.pdf)

## How many treats can a dog have, and what about water?

Treats, including human food, should make up less than 10% of daily calories and should never replace a meal. WSAVA warns that the wrong treat can cause obesity, injury, a blocked gut or even death. Bones, cooked or raw, and very hard chews such as antlers or hooves can break teeth and damage the gut. Some fruits and vegetables make good low-calorie treats, as long as they are not grapes, raisins or onions and are not cooked with butter, sauces or salt. Provide clean water at all times, because the RSPCA says a dog without water can become seriously ill within hours. If you change foods, do it gradually over several days to prevent vomiting and diarrhoea.

Evidence: [WSAVA — Feeding treats to your dog](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/WSAVA_GuidetoTreats_Dogs_251107.pdf) · [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Frequently Asked Questions & Myths](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Frequently-Asked-Questions-and-Myths.pdf) · [Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Petfoodology — The Most Popular Holiday Foods… That Your Pet Should Avoid!](https://sites.tufts.edu/petfoodology/2023/12/08/the-most-popular-holiday-foodsthat-your-pet-should-avoid/) · [RSPCA — How to Feed Your Dog a Healthy Diet](https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/dogs/diet)

## Sources & references

1. [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Frequently Asked Questions & Myths](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Frequently-Asked-Questions-and-Myths.pdf)
2. [Merck Veterinary Manual — Nutritional Requirements of Small Animals](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-small-animals/nutritional-requirements-of-small-animals)
3. [RSPCA — How to Feed Your Dog a Healthy Diet](https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/dogs/diet)
4. [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Guidelines on Selecting Pet Foods](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Selecting-a-pet-food-for-your-pet-updated-2021_WSAVA-Global-Nutrition-Toolkit.pdf)
5. [Merck Veterinary Manual — Dog and Cat Foods](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-small-animals/dog-and-cat-foods)
6. [ASPCA Animal Poison Control — People Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Pets](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/people-foods-avoid-feeding-your-pets)
7. [Merck Veterinary Manual — Feeding Practices in Small Animals](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-small-animals/feeding-practices-in-small-animals)
8. [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Raw Meat Based Diets for Pets](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Raw-Meat-Based-Diets-for-Pets_WSAVA-Global-Nutrition-Toolkit.pdf)
9. [WSAVA — Feeding treats to your dog](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/WSAVA_GuidetoTreats_Dogs_251107.pdf)
10. [Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Petfoodology — The Most Popular Holiday Foods… That Your Pet Should Avoid!](https://sites.tufts.edu/petfoodology/2023/12/08/the-most-popular-holiday-foodsthat-your-pet-should-avoid/)

## Keep exploring

- [Dog vaccinations: types, schedule and boosters](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/dog-vaccinations/)
- [Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/)
- [Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Choosing a vet and vet clinic in Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/choosing-a-vet-in-indonesia/)
- [Domestic dog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dog/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Feeding your dog well: choosing food, portions and treats. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/feeding-your-dog/


---

# Can cats and dogs eat rice, tofu, eggs or milk?

> Plain rice and cooked egg are fine as small treats, salted fish and milk are best avoided, and evidence on tempeh and tofu is limited. Here is why.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/can-cats-and-dogs-eat-human-food/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kesehatan-hewan/makanan-manusia-untuk-kucing-anjing/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed veterinary and health organisations’ guidance; not yet reviewed by a veterinarian.

**Caution:** General information for owners, not a substitute for examination, diagnosis or treatment by a veterinarian. If your animal seems very unwell, in pain, struggling to breathe or may have been poisoned, contact a vet immediately.

## Key points

- Human food should be only a small treat, under 10% of daily calories, alongside a complete and balanced main diet.
- Plain cooked white rice is not toxic, but rice with leftovers is not a balanced diet, especially for cats.
- Eggs must be fully cooked and unseasoned, because raw eggs can carry bacteria and block the absorption of biotin.
- Salted fish and very salty foods are best avoided, and milk often causes diarrhoea.
- No veterinary source specifically assesses tempeh, and advice on tofu exists only for dogs.

## When should you see a vet?

- Contact a vet immediately if your pet eats food seasoned with onion or garlic, chocolate, sugar-free sweets or baked goods, or a lot of salty food, or if it trembles, has seizures or becomes very weak.
- Vomiting or diarrhoea after eating human food, especially if it keeps happening.
- Great thirst and frequent urination after eating salty food.
- Choking, vomiting or appearing in pain after swallowing a fish or chicken bone.
- A cat fed a lot of fish becomes lethargic, is painful when its belly is touched, is weak or walks unsteadily.
- Itching, skin problems or an upset stomach after trying a new food such as tofu or egg.

## Can cats and dogs eat human food?

Yes, in small plain amounts, but only as a treat alongside a complete and balanced main diet. WSAVA advises that all treats, including human food, stay under 10% of daily calories, because too many treats unbalance the diet and add weight. Many home-cooked dishes are seasoned with garlic, shallots or onions, which can damage red blood cells, and with salt, which is dangerous in large amounts. See our guide to foods that are dangerous for cats and dogs for the full list. This guide answers only for ingredients that reputable veterinary sources cover, directly or by food group, and says clearly where the evidence is limited.

Evidence: [WSAVA — Feeding treats to your cat](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/WSAVA_GuidetoTreats_Cats_251107.pdf) · [WSAVA — Feeding treats to your dog](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/WSAVA_GuidetoTreats_Dogs_251107.pdf) · [ASPCA Animal Poison Control — People Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Pets](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/people-foods-avoid-feeding-your-pets)

## Can cats and dogs eat rice?

Plain cooked white rice is not toxic and is fine in small amounts, but it must not become the main diet. WSAVA explains that dogs and cats can digest properly cooked grains, as long as the overall diet is complete and balanced. The American Kennel Club notes that rice is sometimes used in commercial dog foods and advises boiling it in water without seasoning. But the Merck Veterinary Manual notes that diets built from a few foods, such as only meat and rice, can cause calcium deficiency and bone problems. For cats the risk is greater, as cats are less able to use carbohydrates and rice contains no taurine. Never share fried rice or rice seasoned with onion or garlic.

Evidence: [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Frequently Asked Questions & Myths](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Frequently-Asked-Questions-and-Myths.pdf) · [American Kennel Club — Can Dogs Eat Rice?](https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/nutrition/can-dogs-eat-rice/) · [Merck Veterinary Manual — Nutritional Requirements of Small Animals](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-small-animals/nutritional-requirements-of-small-animals) · [International Cat Care — Feeding your cat or kitten](https://icatcare.org/articles/feeding-your-cat-or-kitten)

## Can cats and dogs eat tempeh and tofu?

The evidence is limited: we found no veterinary source that specifically assesses tempeh, and advice on tofu exists only for dogs. The American Kennel Club's chief veterinarian says tofu is not toxic to dogs and can be given occasionally in small amounts, as long as it is plain, unsalted and free of onion or garlic. Tofu should not be a main protein source, can make dogs very gassy, and should be avoided if a dog is allergic or sensitive to soy. The Merck Veterinary Manual notes that soy protein is used in some commercial pet foods, and that the substances in raw soybeans that interfere with protein digestion are destroyed by cooking.

For cats, tempeh and tofu cannot replace meat, because plant protein contains no taurine, which cats must get from their food. Seasoned fried tempeh or tofu is best not shared with cats or dogs. The Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine lists high-fat foods among the foods pets should avoid, and onion or garlic seasoning can damage red blood cells. If you want to give a dog a little plain tofu, ask your vet first, especially if it has a history of digestive problems.

Evidence: [American Kennel Club — Can Dogs Eat Tofu?](https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/nutrition/can-dogs-eat-tofu/) · [Merck Veterinary Manual — Dog and Cat Foods](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-small-animals/dog-and-cat-foods) · [Merck Veterinary Manual — Nutritional Requirements of Small Animals](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-small-animals/nutritional-requirements-of-small-animals) · [Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Petfoodology — The Most Popular Holiday Foods… That Your Pet Should Avoid!](https://sites.tufts.edu/petfoodology/2023/12/08/the-most-popular-holiday-foodsthat-your-pet-should-avoid/) · [ASPCA Animal Poison Control — People Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Pets](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/people-foods-avoid-feeding-your-pets)

## Can cats and dogs eat salted fish?

It is best not to, because salted fish (ikan asin) is very high in salt. We found no veterinary source that discusses salted fish specifically, but ASPCA explains that too much salt can cause great thirst and frequent urination, then vomiting, diarrhoea, weakness, tremors, seizures and even death. The Merck Veterinary Manual notes that salt poisoning is increasingly reported in dogs, and the risk is much higher when drinking water is limited. Tufts adds that high-sodium foods are a particular concern for pets with heart or kidney disease. Fish bones can also injure the mouth and gut.

Plain, well-cooked, boneless fish can be given occasionally. RSPCA Australia lists canned sardines, tuna or salmon in spring water as an occasional treat for cats, while still taking care with bones. But fish must not become a cat's main diet: according to Merck, cats given a lot of canned tuna can become short of vitamin E, and raw freshwater fish destroys vitamin B1. Make sure no fish bones are left and that the fish is cooked without salt or seasoning.

Evidence: [ASPCA Animal Poison Control — People Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Pets](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/people-foods-avoid-feeding-your-pets) · [Merck Veterinary Manual — Salt Toxicosis in Animals](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/toxicology/salt-toxicosis/salt-toxicosis-in-animals) · [Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Petfoodology — The Most Popular Holiday Foods… That Your Pet Should Avoid!](https://sites.tufts.edu/petfoodology/2023/12/08/the-most-popular-holiday-foodsthat-your-pet-should-avoid/) · [RSPCA Australia Knowledgebase — What should I feed my cat?](https://kb.rspca.org.au/categories/companion-animals/cats/caring-for-my-cat/what-should-i-feed-my-cat) · [Merck Veterinary Manual — Nutritional Requirements of Small Animals](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-small-animals/nutritional-requirements-of-small-animals)

## Can cats and dogs eat eggs?

Yes, as long as the egg is fully cooked, without oil, butter, salt or seasoning, and given in small amounts as a treat. The Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine lists hard-boiled egg as one of the low-calorie treat options for healthy dogs and cats. The Merck Veterinary Manual notes that egg protein has the highest biological value. Raw egg is not recommended: ASPCA explains that raw eggs can carry Salmonella and E. coli bacteria, and raw egg white contains a substance that blocks absorption of the vitamin biotin, which can cause skin and coat problems. Eggs still contain calories, so too many can add weight. A few dogs are allergic to eggs, although this is uncommon.

Evidence: [Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Petfoodology — Treat Options for Dogs and Cats Without Unbalancing Their Diet](https://sites.tufts.edu/petfoodology/2021/10/21/treat-options-for-dogs-and-cats-without-unbalancing-their-diet/) · [Merck Veterinary Manual — Nutritional Requirements of Small Animals](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-small-animals/nutritional-requirements-of-small-animals) · [ASPCA Animal Poison Control — People Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Pets](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/people-foods-avoid-feeding-your-pets) · [American Kennel Club — Can Dogs Eat Eggs?](https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/nutrition/can-dogs-eat-eggs/)

## Can cats and dogs drink milk?

It is best not to, because many cats and dogs cannot digest lactose well. ASPCA explains that pets lack enough lactase, the enzyme that breaks down milk sugar, so milk and dairy products can cause diarrhoea or other digestive upset. The Cornell Feline Health Center does not recommend milk as a treat for cats because many cats are lactose-intolerant, and WSAVA's treat guidance says cats should avoid milk and dairy products. The RSPCA reminds owners that cow's milk is not a substitute for water. Clean water should remain your pet's main drink. If you want to give a dairy product for a particular reason, ask your vet first.

Evidence: [ASPCA Animal Poison Control — People Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Pets](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/people-foods-avoid-feeding-your-pets) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feeding Your Cat](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feeding-your-cat) · [WSAVA — Feeding treats to your cat](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/WSAVA_GuidetoTreats_Cats_251107.pdf) · [RSPCA — What to Feed Your Pet Cat](https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/cats/diet)

## How can you share food with cats and dogs safely?

Give only plain, cooked, boneless food in small pieces. Set your pet's portion aside before the dish is seasoned with onion, garlic, salt or coconut milk (santan); ASPCA notes that fresh coconut flesh and milk contain oils that can cause stomach upset and diarrhoea. Introduce one new food at a time and start small, so you know the cause if vomiting, diarrhoea or itching appears. Tufts recommends weighing treats so you do not overdo them, and warns that treats that suit a healthy pet may not suit one with a medical condition; WSAVA says the same for pets on a vet-prescribed diet. Keep bins covered so your pet cannot raid leftovers and bones.

Evidence: [ASPCA Animal Poison Control — People Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Pets](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/people-foods-avoid-feeding-your-pets) · [Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Petfoodology — Treat Options for Dogs and Cats Without Unbalancing Their Diet](https://sites.tufts.edu/petfoodology/2021/10/21/treat-options-for-dogs-and-cats-without-unbalancing-their-diet/) · [Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Petfoodology — The Most Popular Holiday Foods… That Your Pet Should Avoid!](https://sites.tufts.edu/petfoodology/2023/12/08/the-most-popular-holiday-foodsthat-your-pet-should-avoid/) · [WSAVA — Feeding treats to your dog](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/WSAVA_GuidetoTreats_Dogs_251107.pdf) · [American Kennel Club — Can Dogs Eat Rice?](https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/nutrition/can-dogs-eat-rice/)

## Sources & references

1. [WSAVA — Feeding treats to your cat](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/WSAVA_GuidetoTreats_Cats_251107.pdf)
2. [WSAVA — Feeding treats to your dog](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/WSAVA_GuidetoTreats_Dogs_251107.pdf)
3. [ASPCA Animal Poison Control — People Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Pets](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/people-foods-avoid-feeding-your-pets)
4. [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Frequently Asked Questions & Myths](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Frequently-Asked-Questions-and-Myths.pdf)
5. [American Kennel Club — Can Dogs Eat Rice?](https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/nutrition/can-dogs-eat-rice/)
6. [Merck Veterinary Manual — Nutritional Requirements of Small Animals](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-small-animals/nutritional-requirements-of-small-animals)
7. [International Cat Care — Feeding your cat or kitten](https://icatcare.org/articles/feeding-your-cat-or-kitten)
8. [American Kennel Club — Can Dogs Eat Tofu?](https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/nutrition/can-dogs-eat-tofu/)
9. [Merck Veterinary Manual — Dog and Cat Foods](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-small-animals/dog-and-cat-foods)
10. [Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Petfoodology — The Most Popular Holiday Foods… That Your Pet Should Avoid!](https://sites.tufts.edu/petfoodology/2023/12/08/the-most-popular-holiday-foodsthat-your-pet-should-avoid/)
11. [Merck Veterinary Manual — Salt Toxicosis in Animals](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/toxicology/salt-toxicosis/salt-toxicosis-in-animals)
12. [RSPCA Australia Knowledgebase — What should I feed my cat?](https://kb.rspca.org.au/categories/companion-animals/cats/caring-for-my-cat/what-should-i-feed-my-cat)
13. [Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Petfoodology — Treat Options for Dogs and Cats Without Unbalancing Their Diet](https://sites.tufts.edu/petfoodology/2021/10/21/treat-options-for-dogs-and-cats-without-unbalancing-their-diet/)
14. [American Kennel Club — Can Dogs Eat Eggs?](https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/nutrition/can-dogs-eat-eggs/)
15. [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feeding Your Cat](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feeding-your-cat)
16. [RSPCA — What to Feed Your Pet Cat](https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/cats/diet)

## Keep exploring

- [Cat vaccinations: types, schedule and benefits](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vaccinations/)
- [Dog vaccinations: types, schedule and boosters](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/dog-vaccinations/)
- [Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/)
- [Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Domestic cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/)
- [Domestic dog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dog/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Can cats and dogs eat rice, tofu, eggs or milk?. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/can-cats-and-dogs-eat-human-food/


---

# Dental care for cats and dogs: signs and prevention

> Gum disease is the most common medical problem in cats and dogs. Learn the signs, how to brush your pet's teeth, and when a vet should check the mouth.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/dental-care-for-cats-and-dogs/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kesehatan-hewan/gigi-kucing-anjing/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed veterinary and health organisations’ guidance; not yet reviewed by a veterinarian.

**Caution:** General information for owners, not a substitute for examination, diagnosis or treatment by a veterinarian. If your animal seems very unwell, in pain, struggling to breathe or may have been poisoned, contact a vet immediately.

## Key points

- Periodontal (gum) disease is the most common medical problem in cats and dogs, and it often shows no signs.
- Daily toothbrushing with a pet toothpaste is the best way to stop plaque hardening into tartar.
- Never use human toothpaste on a cat or dog.
- A thorough dental clean is done by a vet under anaesthesia, including below the gum line.
- Bones and very hard chews can break teeth and have not been shown to prevent gum disease.

## When should you see a vet?

- Go to a vet immediately if a tooth is broken, the mouth cannot close, the face is swollen, or your pet stops eating because of pain.
- Red, swollen or easily bleeding gums.
- Bad breath that does not go away.
- Chewing on one side, dropping food, tilting the head while eating, or swallowing without chewing.
- Drooling, sometimes with blood, or pawing at or rubbing the mouth.
- Loose or discoloured teeth, or in cats a pink defect at the gum line.
- Baby teeth still present when adult teeth have come through.

## How common is dental disease in cats and dogs?

Very common: WSAVA calls oral and dental disease the most common medical condition in companion animals, and periodontal disease can affect up to 90% of pets. The Cornell Feline Health Center reports that 50–90% of cats over four years old have some form of dental disease. It is painful and lowers quality of life, yet many animals keep eating and show no signs, because cats and dogs are good at hiding pain. PDSA explains that bacteria from tartar can enter the bloodstream and are linked with kidney, heart and liver problems. Prevention at home and regular veterinary checks are therefore better than waiting for signs.

Evidence: [WSAVA — Global Dental Guidelines](https://wsava.org/global-guidelines/dental-guidelines/) · [WSAVA Global Dental Committee — Toothbrushing Toolkit](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/GDC-Toothbrushing-Toolkit-1.pdf) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feline Dental Disease](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-dental-disease) · [PDSA — Dental disease in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/dental-disease-in-dogs) · [PDSA — Dental disease in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/dental-disease-in-cats)

## What causes tartar and gum inflammation in pets?

The main cause is plaque, a film of bacteria, food debris and saliva that constantly builds up on teeth. According to the Merck Veterinary Manual, plaque left for more than about three days hardens into tartar (calculus), which a toothbrush cannot remove. Bacteria at and below the gum line trigger gingivitis, an inflammation of the gums that can still be reversed with proper cleaning. Left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, which destroys the supporting tissues and bone, and this damage is permanent. Small-breed dogs are more prone, while crowded teeth, retained baby teeth, age and infections such as cat flu, FIV and FeLV also raise the risk.

Cats also commonly develop tooth resorption, a breakdown of the tooth structure that starts inside the tooth and has no known cause. Cornell estimates it affects 20–60% of cats, and the lesions can be very painful. Merck lists pain when the tooth is touched, loss of appetite and drooling as possible signs, but many cats show none. Because it usually cannot be prevented, tooth resorption is typically found when a vet examines the cat's mouth and takes dental X-rays.

Evidence: [Merck Veterinary Manual (pet owner version) — Dental Disorders of Cats](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/digestive-disorders-of-cats/dental-disorders-of-cats) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (pet owner version) — Dental Disorders of Dogs](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/dog-owners/digestive-disorders-of-dogs/dental-disorders-of-dogs) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feline Dental Disease](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-dental-disease) · [PDSA — Dental disease in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/dental-disease-in-cats) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Tooth Resorption](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/tooth-resorption)

## What are the signs of dental problems in cats and dogs?

The most common signs are bad breath, red or bleeding gums, and a yellow-brown coating on the teeth. PDSA and Cornell also describe difficulty eating, such as chewing on one side, tilting the head, dropping food, swallowing without chewing, or preferring soft food. Pets may drool, sometimes with blood, paw at the mouth, lose appetite and weight, or have loose or broken teeth. Swelling on the face, especially below the eye, can mean a tooth root abscess. In cats, tooth resorption often first appears as a pink defect at the gum line, and a cat with a sore mouth may groom less. Many animals show no signs at all.

Evidence: [PDSA — Dental disease in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/dental-disease-in-dogs) · [PDSA — Dental disease in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/dental-disease-in-cats) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feline Dental Disease](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-dental-disease) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Tooth Resorption](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/tooth-resorption)

## How do you brush a cat's or dog's teeth?

Brush your pet's teeth every day with a pet toothbrush and pet toothpaste, building up gradually over several weeks. Never use human toothpaste: Cornell warns that human products can be toxic to cats, whereas pet toothpaste is made to be safe to swallow. WSAVA recommends starting training from day one: touch your pet's face, lift the upper lip, touch one tooth, then gently massage along the gum line before moving to a brush. Regular brushing can start once the adult teeth are through, at about 6–7 months, or after a dental clean at the vet. Reward every step, stop if your pet is uncomfortable, and focus on the outer surfaces of the teeth along the gum line.

If the gums look very red, sore or bleeding, have your pet checked by a vet before you start brushing, because brushing inflamed gums can be very painful. If your pet will not accept a brush, Merck says wiping the teeth with gauze at least every two to three days can still remove plaque. Stop and contact your vet if your pet seems to be in pain or its gums bleed while brushing. Do not force an animal that resists having its mouth touched, so that you do not get bitten.

Evidence: [WSAVA Global Dental Committee — Toothbrushing Toolkit](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/GDC-Toothbrushing-Toolkit-1.pdf) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feline Dental Disease](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-dental-disease) · [PDSA — Dental disease in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/dental-disease-in-dogs) · [PDSA — Dental disease in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/dental-disease-in-cats) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (pet owner version) — Dental Disorders of Dogs](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/dog-owners/digestive-disorders-of-dogs/dental-disorders-of-dogs)

## When should a vet check and clean your pet's teeth?

Ask your vet to check your pet's mouth at least once a year, for example at the annual vaccination, and sooner if you see signs of a problem. A thorough dental clean is done under general anaesthesia, because it must reach below the gum line and often includes dental X-rays. The Merck Veterinary Manual explains that cleaning without anaesthesia may make teeth look better but does not treat the plaque below the gum line that drives the disease. Badly damaged teeth may need to be removed; cats and dogs usually cope very well without them. In kittens and puppies, the vet can also check for retained baby teeth and problems with the bite.

Evidence: [WSAVA Global Dental Committee — Toothbrushing Toolkit](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/GDC-Toothbrushing-Toolkit-1.pdf) · [PDSA — Dental disease in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/dental-disease-in-dogs) · [PDSA — Dental disease in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/dental-disease-in-cats) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (pet owner version) — Dental Disorders of Cats](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/digestive-disorders-of-cats/dental-disorders-of-cats) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (pet owner version) — Dental Disorders of Dogs](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/dog-owners/digestive-disorders-of-dogs/dental-disorders-of-dogs)

## Do bones, hard chews or dry food clean teeth?

Bones are not recommended for dental care. WSAVA explains that hard bones can fracture teeth and, if swallowed, block or damage the gut, while dogs fed raw meat and bones do not have less gum disease. Merck also notes that teeth often break from biting bones, hooves, antlers, hard nylon toys or rocks. Dry food and some dental treats or diets can help reduce plaque a little, but they do not replace brushing. Ask your vet which products have evidence behind them; Merck points to the list kept by the Veterinary Oral Health Council. Count dental chews as part of the daily treat allowance so your pet does not gain weight.

Evidence: [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Frequently Asked Questions & Myths](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Frequently-Asked-Questions-and-Myths.pdf) · [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Raw Meat Based Diets for Pets](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Raw-Meat-Based-Diets-for-Pets_WSAVA-Global-Nutrition-Toolkit.pdf) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (pet owner version) — Dental Disorders of Dogs](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/dog-owners/digestive-disorders-of-dogs/dental-disorders-of-dogs) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (pet owner version) — Dental Disorders of Cats](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/digestive-disorders-of-cats/dental-disorders-of-cats) · [PDSA — Dental disease in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/dental-disease-in-dogs) · [PDSA — Dental disease in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/dental-disease-in-cats)

## Sources & references

1. [WSAVA — Global Dental Guidelines](https://wsava.org/global-guidelines/dental-guidelines/)
2. [WSAVA Global Dental Committee — Toothbrushing Toolkit](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/GDC-Toothbrushing-Toolkit-1.pdf)
3. [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feline Dental Disease](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-dental-disease)
4. [PDSA — Dental disease in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/dental-disease-in-dogs)
5. [PDSA — Dental disease in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/dental-disease-in-cats)
6. [Merck Veterinary Manual (pet owner version) — Dental Disorders of Cats](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/digestive-disorders-of-cats/dental-disorders-of-cats)
7. [Merck Veterinary Manual (pet owner version) — Dental Disorders of Dogs](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/dog-owners/digestive-disorders-of-dogs/dental-disorders-of-dogs)
8. [Cornell Feline Health Center — Tooth Resorption](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/tooth-resorption)
9. [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Frequently Asked Questions & Myths](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Frequently-Asked-Questions-and-Myths.pdf)
10. [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Raw Meat Based Diets for Pets](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Raw-Meat-Based-Diets-for-Pets_WSAVA-Global-Nutrition-Toolkit.pdf)

## Keep exploring

- [Cat vaccinations: types, schedule and benefits](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vaccinations/)
- [Dog vaccinations: types, schedule and boosters](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/dog-vaccinations/)
- [Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/)
- [Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Domestic cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/)
- [Domestic dog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dog/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Dental care for cats and dogs: signs and prevention. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/dental-care-for-cats-and-dogs/


---

# Overweight cats and dogs: checks, risks and safe weight loss

> Obesity is the most common nutritional problem in cats and dogs. Learn WSAVA body condition scoring, the risks, and how to lose weight safely with your vet.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/overweight-cats-and-dogs/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kesehatan-hewan/obesitas-kucing-anjing/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed veterinary and health organisations’ guidance; not yet reviewed by a veterinarian.

**Caution:** General information for owners, not a substitute for examination, diagnosis or treatment by a veterinarian. If your animal seems very unwell, in pain, struggling to breathe or may have been poisoned, contact a vet immediately.

## Key points

- WSAVA body condition scoring (BCS) uses a 1–9 scale; 4–5 is ideal and anything above 5 is overweight.
- At an ideal weight, the ribs are easy to feel under a slight fat covering and a waist is visible from above.
- Obesity raises the risk of diabetes, arthritis, breathing problems, heat intolerance, anaesthetic complications and a shorter life.
- Weight loss should be gradual and planned with your vet.
- Never starve an overweight cat or cut its food drastically, because this can trigger a dangerous liver disease.

## When should you see a vet?

- Go to a vet immediately if an overweight cat stops eating, or if an overweight pet pants heavily, becomes very weak or collapses, especially in hot weather.
- Ongoing weight gain together with coat changes, low energy or increased thirst.
- Drinking and urinating much more, or losing weight despite a good appetite.
- Limping, or reluctance to walk, jump or play.
- Difficulty breathing or tiring quickly with exercise.
- A cat that can no longer groom itself properly or develops skin problems.

## When is a cat or dog overweight?

A cat or dog is overweight when it is 10–20% above its ideal weight, and obese when it is more than 20% above. This is the definition used by the Merck Veterinary Manual, which also calls obesity the most common nutritional problem in dogs and cats. Ideal weight varies with breed, age and build, so the number on the scale is often not enough on its own. Vets therefore use a body condition score (BCS) to judge how much body fat an animal carries. Cornell notes that many owners of obese cats do not recognise that their cat is obese, so regular checks really help.

Evidence: [Merck Veterinary Manual — Nutrition in Disease Management in Small Animals](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-small-animals/nutrition-in-disease-management-in-small-animals) · [International Cat Care — Obesity in cats](https://icatcare.org/articles/obesity-in-cats) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — How Often Should You Feed Your Cat?](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/how-often-should-you-feed-your-cat)

## How does WSAVA body condition scoring work?

WSAVA uses a scale of 1 to 9: 1 is emaciated, 4–5 is ideal, and 6–9 ranges from overweight to severely obese. The score is judged by looking at and feeling the ribs, waist and belly. In an ideal dog, the ribs can be felt without excess fat, a waist is visible behind the ribs from above, and the belly is tucked up when seen from the side. In an ideal cat (score 5), the body is well proportioned, the ribs can be felt under a slight fat covering, the waist is visible but not pronounced, and the belly fat pad is minimal. WSAVA notes that a score of 6 may be acceptable in some cats, especially older cats.

From a score of 7 upwards, the ribs are hard or impossible to feel under fat, the waist disappears and the belly becomes rounded. Fat builds up over the lower back and base of the tail in dogs, and over the lower back, face and limbs in severely obese cats. The score measures fat, not muscle; WSAVA uses a separate muscle condition score because muscle can waste with disease or age. Ask your vet to show you how to score your own pet.

Evidence: [WSAVA — Body Condition Score: Dogs](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/WSAVA_BCSCat_BCSDog_Nutrition_250612.pdf) · [WSAVA — Body Condition Score: Cats](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/WSAVA_BCSCat_BCSCat_Nutrition_250612.pdf) · [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Frequently Asked Questions & Myths](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Frequently-Asked-Questions-and-Myths.pdf) · [WSAVA — Global Nutrition Guidelines and Nutrition Toolkit](https://wsava.org/global-guidelines/global-nutrition-guidelines/)

## How can you check your pet's weight at home?

Feel the ribs, look for a waist from above, and check the belly from the side. The RSPCA says you should be able to feel a dog's ribs without excess fat, see a clear waist from above, and see the belly tucked up from the side. PDSA adds that the base of the tail should have no build-up of fat, and the spine and hip bones should be easy to feel but not stick out. In cats, the waist should be visible from above and the belly should not sag. Weigh your pet every week or two and record the results. Talk to your vet if the weight keeps going up or down, or if you are unsure.

Evidence: [RSPCA — Pet Obesity: Causes, Treatment and Prevention](https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/general/obesity) · [PDSA — Obesity in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/obesity-in-dogs) · [RSPCA Australia Knowledgebase — Do cats have special nutritional requirements?](https://kb.rspca.org.au/categories/companion-animals/cats/caring-for-my-cat/do-cats-have-special-nutritional-requirements)

## Why is obesity harmful to cats and dogs?

Obesity shortens life and lowers its quality. The Merck Veterinary Manual links it with arthritis, heart and breathing problems, weaker immunity, poor tolerance of heat and exercise, and higher risk during and after anaesthesia. In dogs, obesity is also linked with pancreatitis, cruciate ligament problems and heatstroke. In cats, it is associated with diabetes, lower urinary tract disease, skin problems and hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver disease). A Cornell study of more than 2,000 cats found that overweight cats were far more likely to develop diabetes and lameness, and obese cats were twice as likely to die in middle age. In hot weather, see also our guide to heatstroke in cats and dogs.

Evidence: [Merck Veterinary Manual — Nutrition in Disease Management in Small Animals](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-small-animals/nutrition-in-disease-management-in-small-animals) · [PDSA — Obesity in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/obesity-in-dogs) · [International Cat Care — Obesity in cats](https://icatcare.org/articles/obesity-in-cats) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — How Often Should You Feed Your Cat?](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/how-often-should-you-feed-your-cat) · [PDSA — Obesity in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/obesity-in-cats) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feline Diabetes](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-diabetes)

## What makes cats and dogs gain weight?

The most common cause is food and treats that supply more energy than the animal uses. Leaving food in the bowl all day leads many cats and dogs to overeat, and treats and human food add calories without owners noticing. International Cat Care explains that a cat's energy needs fall after neutering, and cats that are inactive or kept indoors are at greater risk. PDSA says neutering does not directly make dogs fat, but it can increase appetite and slow metabolism, so portions need adjusting. Diseases such as hypothyroidism and Cushing's disease, and some medicines such as steroids, can cause weight gain, although far less often than overeating and too little exercise.

Evidence: [International Cat Care — Obesity in cats](https://icatcare.org/articles/obesity-in-cats) · [PDSA — Obesity in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/obesity-in-dogs) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Obesity](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/obesity) · [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Frequently Asked Questions & Myths](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Frequently-Asked-Questions-and-Myths.pdf)

## How can a pet lose weight safely?

Start with a veterinary check, then follow a weight-loss plan made for your pet. The vet will assess body condition, look for any disease that may be involved, set a target weight and choose a food. The Merck Veterinary Manual explains that simply feeding less of the usual food can cause nutrient deficiencies, so vets often choose a dedicated weight-loss diet. The most successful programmes combine controlled feeding with more activity, and regular weigh-ins so the plan can be adjusted. Weigh the food with kitchen scales, split it into several meals, and cut down on treats.

Never starve a cat or cut its food drastically without your vet's guidance. International Cat Care and Merck warn that losing weight too quickly can trigger hepatic lipidosis, a liver disease that can be fatal. The goal is slow, steady loss, and a very overweight cat may need up to a year to reach its ideal condition. If your cat refuses the chosen diet, tell your vet promptly so another option can be found, because a cat must keep eating enough every day.

Evidence: [Merck Veterinary Manual — Nutrition in Disease Management in Small Animals](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-small-animals/nutrition-in-disease-management-in-small-animals) · [International Cat Care — Obesity in cats](https://icatcare.org/articles/obesity-in-cats) · [PDSA — Obesity in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/obesity-in-dogs) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Obesity](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/obesity)

## How can you keep your pet at a healthy weight?

Feed measured portions, limit treats and keep your pet active every day. WSAVA advises that treats stay under 10% of daily calories and never replace a meal. Use the amount on the packet only as a starting point, then adjust it to body condition score, because every animal's needs differ. For cats, wand toys, balls and food puzzles help increase activity. For dogs, match the type and length of exercise to age, breed and health. Once the target weight is reached, keep weighing regularly at home or at the clinic, and make sure weight is checked at the yearly vet visit.

Evidence: [WSAVA — Feeding treats to your dog](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/WSAVA_GuidetoTreats_Dogs_251107.pdf) · [WSAVA — Feeding treats to your cat](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/WSAVA_GuidetoTreats_Cats_251107.pdf) · [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Frequently Asked Questions & Myths](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Frequently-Asked-Questions-and-Myths.pdf) · [International Cat Care — Obesity in cats](https://icatcare.org/articles/obesity-in-cats) · [PDSA — Obesity in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/obesity-in-dogs) · [PDSA — Obesity in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/obesity-in-cats)

## Sources & references

1. [Merck Veterinary Manual — Nutrition in Disease Management in Small Animals](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-small-animals/nutrition-in-disease-management-in-small-animals)
2. [International Cat Care — Obesity in cats](https://icatcare.org/articles/obesity-in-cats)
3. [Cornell Feline Health Center — How Often Should You Feed Your Cat?](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/how-often-should-you-feed-your-cat)
4. [WSAVA — Body Condition Score: Dogs](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/WSAVA_BCSCat_BCSDog_Nutrition_250612.pdf)
5. [WSAVA — Body Condition Score: Cats](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/WSAVA_BCSCat_BCSCat_Nutrition_250612.pdf)
6. [WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee — Frequently Asked Questions & Myths](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Frequently-Asked-Questions-and-Myths.pdf)
7. [WSAVA — Global Nutrition Guidelines and Nutrition Toolkit](https://wsava.org/global-guidelines/global-nutrition-guidelines/)
8. [RSPCA — Pet Obesity: Causes, Treatment and Prevention](https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/general/obesity)
9. [PDSA — Obesity in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/obesity-in-dogs)
10. [RSPCA Australia Knowledgebase — Do cats have special nutritional requirements?](https://kb.rspca.org.au/categories/companion-animals/cats/caring-for-my-cat/do-cats-have-special-nutritional-requirements)
11. [PDSA — Obesity in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/obesity-in-cats)
12. [Cornell Feline Health Center — Obesity](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/obesity)
13. [WSAVA — Feeding treats to your dog](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/WSAVA_GuidetoTreats_Dogs_251107.pdf)
14. [WSAVA — Feeding treats to your cat](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/WSAVA_GuidetoTreats_Cats_251107.pdf)
15. [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feline Diabetes](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-diabetes)

## Keep exploring

- [Cat vaccinations: types, schedule and benefits](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vaccinations/)
- [Dog vaccinations: types, schedule and boosters](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/dog-vaccinations/)
- [Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/)
- [Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Domestic cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/)
- [Domestic dog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dog/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Overweight cats and dogs: checks, risks and safe weight loss. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/overweight-cats-and-dogs/


---

# Cat flu: signs, spread and vaccination

> Cat flu is an upper respiratory infection caused mainly by feline herpesvirus and calicivirus. Learn the signs, spread, vaccination and when to see a vet.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-flu/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kesehatan-hewan/flu-kucing/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed veterinary and health organisations’ guidance; not yet reviewed by a veterinarian.

**Caution:** General information for owners, not a substitute for examination, diagnosis or treatment by a veterinarian. If your animal seems very unwell, in pain, struggling to breathe or may have been poisoned, contact a vet immediately.

## Key points

- More than 90% of cat flu cases are caused by feline herpesvirus (FHV-1), feline calicivirus (FCV), or both.
- Cat flu spreads easily from sick cats, from healthy-looking carrier cats, and on objects such as food bowls, bedding and clothing.
- Kittens, unvaccinated cats and cats in shelters or multi-cat homes are most at risk.
- FHV and FCV vaccines are core vaccines; they do not always prevent infection, but they greatly reduce how severe the disease is.
- Cat flu does not spread to people and is not related to influenza viruses, but a sick cat still needs to see a vet.

## When should you see a vet?

- See a vet immediately if your cat is struggling to breathe or breathing fast, is very lethargic, has stopped eating and drinking, or if a kitten shows any flu signs.
- Your cat will not eat, because a blocked nose and mouth ulcers make eating hard.
- Eyes look painful or cloudy, or your cat blinks a lot or keeps them shut, because cat flu can cause corneal ulcers.
- Ulcers on the tongue or in the mouth, heavy drooling, or difficulty swallowing.
- Fever, coughing, or signs that are not improving or are getting worse.
- An elderly cat, or a cat with another illness such as FIV or FeLV, showing flu signs.

## What is cat flu and what causes it?

Cat flu is an upper respiratory infection caused mostly by feline herpesvirus (FHV-1) and feline calicivirus (FCV). International Cat Care (ICC) says more than 90% of upper respiratory infections in cats are caused by one or both of these viruses, often with a secondary bacterial infection. Bacteria such as Chlamydia felis and Bordetella bronchiseptica can also be involved. The Cornell Feline Health Center notes that up to 97% of cats are exposed to herpesvirus during their lives. Infection is most common where many cats live together, such as shelters, breeding catteries and feral colonies. Most cats recover, but ICC warns that cat flu can occasionally be life-threatening.

Evidence: [International Cat Care — Cat flu – upper respiratory infection](https://icatcare.org/articles/cat-flu-upper-respiratory-infection) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Respiratory infections](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/respiratory-infections)

## What are the signs of cat flu?

The main signs of cat flu are sneezing, discharge from the nose and eyes, red eyes, fever, lethargy and poor appetite. PDSA also lists painful eyes from corneal ulcers, mouth ulcers, a sore throat and coughing. According to ICC, herpesvirus tends to affect the eyes more severely, while calicivirus often causes ulcers on the tongue; in very young kittens, calicivirus can cause severe pneumonia. In Indonesia, a case report in the Udayana University journal Indonesia Medicus Veterinus describes a kucing kampung (local domestic cat) with herpesvirus that stopped eating, was lethargic, sneezed and had eye and nose discharge. A Bandung study in the UGM journal Jurnal Sain Veteriner recorded calicivirus cases with red ulcers on the tongue and mouth.

Evidence: [PDSA — Cat flu](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/cat-flu) · [International Cat Care — Cat flu – upper respiratory infection](https://icatcare.org/articles/cat-flu-upper-respiratory-infection) · [Indonesia Medicus Veterinus (Universitas Udayana) — Laporan Kasus: Penanganan Flu Kucing akibat Feline Herpesvirus pada Kucing Kampung](https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/imv/article/view/86088) · [Jurnal Sain Veteriner (UGM) — Angka Kejadian dan Karakteristik Lesi Patologi Calicivirus pada Kucing (Felis catus) di Vee Vet Bandung Periode Agustus–September 2024](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jsv/article/view/101759)

## How does cat flu spread in multi-cat homes and shelters?

Cat flu spreads through contact with sick cats, with healthy-looking carrier cats, and through contaminated objects such as food bowls, bedding and clothing. ICC explains that the viruses can survive for days in the environment and on objects. Most cats that recover become carriers. Herpesvirus carriers can shed the virus again when stressed, while calicivirus carriers usually shed it for weeks to months. Cornell notes that calicivirus is found in about 10% of cats living in small groups, but in up to 90% of cats in crowded places such as shelters and catteries. The Merck Veterinary Manual adds that overcrowding and stress increase the risk of disease.

If you keep more than one cat, ICC advises isolating a sick cat in one room with its own food bowls and litter tray. The room should be easy to clean; ask your vet which disinfectant is safe for cats. ICC also stresses disinfection and careful hygiene when nursing a sick cat, because the viruses can be carried on clothing. Shelters, breeders and people caring for unowned cats may need extra measures, such as isolating new arrivals and vaccinating early, planned together with a vet.

Evidence: [International Cat Care — Cat flu – upper respiratory infection](https://icatcare.org/articles/cat-flu-upper-respiratory-infection) · [PDSA — Cat flu](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/cat-flu) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Respiratory infections](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/respiratory-infections) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (cat owner version) — Feline Respiratory Disease Complex (Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis, Feline Calicivirus)](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/lung-and-airway-disorders-of-cats/feline-respiratory-disease-complex-feline-viral-rhinotracheitis-feline-calicivirus)

## When should a cat with flu see a vet?

Take your cat to a vet as soon as you notice flu signs, and urgently if it is a kitten, is struggling to breathe or has stopped eating and drinking. PDSA stresses that kittens should be seen quickly because they can deteriorate fast. According to ICC, a cat that will not eat may need hospital care, as poor nutrition slows recovery; a blocked nose makes it hard for a cat to smell its food. Vets usually diagnose cat flu from the signs after ruling out other causes, and may take a throat or eye swab for laboratory testing. PDSA suggests waiting outside the clinic's waiting room so that other cats are not infected.

Your vet decides on treatment, which mainly aims to keep the cat comfortable while its body fights the virus. PDSA explains that antibiotics do not kill viruses, so they are only given if the vet suspects a bacterial infection. Do not give medicines or eye drops without your vet's advice. With treatment, signs often improve within one to two weeks, but Merck notes that severe cases can last up to six weeks. Some cats are left with permanent damage inside the nose and a long-term runny nose (chronic rhinitis), or have flare-ups when stressed.

Evidence: [PDSA — Cat flu](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/cat-flu) · [International Cat Care — Cat flu – upper respiratory infection](https://icatcare.org/articles/cat-flu-upper-respiratory-infection) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (cat owner version) — Feline Respiratory Disease Complex (Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis, Feline Calicivirus)](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/lung-and-airway-disorders-of-cats/feline-respiratory-disease-complex-feline-viral-rhinotracheitis-feline-calicivirus)

## Can vaccination prevent cat flu?

Vaccination does not always prevent infection, but it greatly reduces the risk of severe cat flu and is a core vaccine for all cats. The WSAVA 2024 vaccination guidelines table lists herpesvirus and calicivirus, together with panleukopenia, as core cat vaccines worldwide. WSAVA says kitten vaccination should start no earlier than 6 weeks of age and be repeated until 16 weeks, while ICC and PDSA give 8–9 weeks as a common starting age. After that, cats need boosters on a schedule set by your vet. Cornell notes that herpesvirus vaccination also reduces virus shedding, which helps protect other cats in the home. PDSA adds that cats that have already had flu still benefit from vaccination.

In Indonesia, cat vaccination is offered by veterinary clinics and by some local government facilities. For example, the Batam city puskeswan (animal health centre) lists cat vaccination among its services, and the mobile animal clinics launched in July 2026 by the Jakarta food security, marine and agriculture office (Dinas KPKP) offer check-ups and vaccination. Ask about the vaccine type, schedule and cost before you go, and keep your cat's vaccination record for the next appointment.

Evidence: [WSAVA — Core and non-core vaccines for pet cats (2024 guidelines table)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Cats-Vaccination-Table.pdf) · [International Cat Care — Vaccinating your cat](https://icatcare.org/articles/vaccinating-your-cat) · [PDSA — Cat flu](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/cat-flu) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Respiratory infections](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/respiratory-infections) · [Puskeswan Kota Batam — Layanan](https://puskeswan.batam.go.id/layanan/) · [Dinas KPKP Provinsi DKI Jakarta — Dinas KPKP DKI Jakarta Luncurkan 5 Unit Mobil Klinik Hewan Keliling](https://dkpkp.jakarta.go.id/news/dinas-kpkp-dki-jakarta-luncurkan-5-unit-mobil-klinik-hewan-keliling-jangkau-seluruh-wilayah-jakarta-mulai-13-juli-2026)

## Can people catch cat flu?

No. Cat flu caused by herpesvirus and calicivirus only affects cats; PDSA confirms that people and other animals do not catch it. The US CDC explains that these two viruses are not related to influenza viruses. However, cats can also be infected with influenza A viruses, including H5N1 bird flu, which is a different disease. The CDC notes that cats infected with bird flu can become severely ill and die, although the risk of people catching influenza from a cat is low. Early signs can look similar, so do not guess the cause yourself. Ask a vet to examine a sick cat, and wash your hands after touching a sick cat or possibly contaminated surfaces, as the CDC advises.

Evidence: [PDSA — Cat flu](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/cat-flu) · [CDC — About Cat Flu (Influenza in Animals)](https://www.cdc.gov/flu-in-animals/about/cat-flu.html)

## Sources & references

1. [International Cat Care — Cat flu – upper respiratory infection](https://icatcare.org/articles/cat-flu-upper-respiratory-infection)
2. [Cornell Feline Health Center — Respiratory infections](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/respiratory-infections)
3. [PDSA — Cat flu](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/cat-flu)
4. [Indonesia Medicus Veterinus (Universitas Udayana) — Laporan Kasus: Penanganan Flu Kucing akibat Feline Herpesvirus pada Kucing Kampung](https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/imv/article/view/86088)
5. [Jurnal Sain Veteriner (UGM) — Angka Kejadian dan Karakteristik Lesi Patologi Calicivirus pada Kucing (Felis catus) di Vee Vet Bandung Periode Agustus–September 2024](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jsv/article/view/101759)
6. [Merck Veterinary Manual (cat owner version) — Feline Respiratory Disease Complex (Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis, Feline Calicivirus)](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/lung-and-airway-disorders-of-cats/feline-respiratory-disease-complex-feline-viral-rhinotracheitis-feline-calicivirus)
7. [WSAVA — Core and non-core vaccines for pet cats (2024 guidelines table)](https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Cats-Vaccination-Table.pdf)
8. [International Cat Care — Vaccinating your cat](https://icatcare.org/articles/vaccinating-your-cat)
9. [Puskeswan Kota Batam — Layanan](https://puskeswan.batam.go.id/layanan/)
10. [Dinas KPKP Provinsi DKI Jakarta — Dinas KPKP DKI Jakarta Luncurkan 5 Unit Mobil Klinik Hewan Keliling](https://dkpkp.jakarta.go.id/news/dinas-kpkp-dki-jakarta-luncurkan-5-unit-mobil-klinik-hewan-keliling-jangkau-seluruh-wilayah-jakarta-mulai-13-juli-2026)
11. [CDC — About Cat Flu (Influenza in Animals)](https://www.cdc.gov/flu-in-animals/about/cat-flu.html)

## Keep exploring

- [Cat vaccinations: types, schedule and benefits](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vaccinations/)
- [Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/)
- [Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Choosing a vet and vet clinic in Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/choosing-a-vet-in-indonesia/)
- [Domestic cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Cat flu: signs, spread and vaccination. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-flu/


---

# FIP in cats: causes, signs and diagnosis

> FIP is a serious disease caused by a mutated feline coronavirus. Learn the signs of wet and dry FIP, why diagnosis needs a vet, and how to lower the risk.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/fip-in-cats/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kesehatan-hewan/fip-kucing/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed veterinary and health organisations’ guidance; not yet reviewed by a veterinarian.

**Caution:** General information for owners, not a substitute for examination, diagnosis or treatment by a veterinarian. If your animal seems very unwell, in pain, struggling to breathe or may have been poisoned, contact a vet immediately.

## Key points

- FIP is caused by feline coronavirus mutating inside a cat's body; the virus is not the Covid-19 virus and does not spread to people.
- Feline coronavirus is very common and spreads mainly through faeces, but only a small proportion of infected cats go on to develop FIP.
- Around 80% of FIP cases are in cats under two years old, especially cats from places with many cats.
- No single test can confirm FIP; vets combine a physical examination, blood tests, imaging and fluid samples.
- FIP used to be almost always fatal, but antiviral treatment under veterinary supervision can now cure most cats.

## When should you see a vet?

- See a vet immediately if your cat is struggling to breathe or breathing fast, has a swollen belly, has seizures, is wobbly on its feet or has yellow gums.
- A fever that comes and goes, lethargy and poor appetite, especially in a young cat.
- Weight loss, or repeated diarrhoea and vomiting.
- Eye changes: cloudiness, redness, blood in the eye, or squinting and avoiding bright light.
- Your cat seems 'not itself', with good days and bad days that come and go.

## What is FIP in cats?

FIP (feline infectious peritonitis) is a serious disease that develops when feline coronavirus mutates inside a cat's body and the cat's immune system reacts in a particular way. The Cornell Feline Health Center explains that most feline coronavirus strains live in the gut and usually cause no significant disease, or only mild diarrhoea. In some cats, the virus changes so that it can infect white blood cells and spread through the body, triggering intense inflammation around blood vessels. PDSA and International Cat Care (ICC) stress that feline coronavirus is not the Covid-19 virus and cannot spread to people. An article from Universitas Airlangga likewise describes FIP as a mutation of feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) into FIP virus (FIPV).

Evidence: [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feline Infectious Peritonitis](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-infectious-peritonitis) · [PDSA — Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/feline-infectious-peritonitis-in-cats) · [International Cat Care — Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)](https://icatcare.org/articles/feline-infectious-peritonitis-fip) · [Universitas Airlangga — Tinjauan tentang Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)](https://unair.ac.id/tinjauan-tentang-feline-infectious-peritonitis-fip/)

## Is FIP contagious to other cats?

Feline coronavirus spreads easily between cats, mainly through faeces in shared litter trays, but FIP itself is not believed to be directly contagious. Cornell explains that FIP develops in individual cats after the virus mutates, and the FIP form is not thought to be shed in faeces, though research continues. PDSA says the virus can also spread via food bowls and mutual grooming. Cornell estimates that 5–10% of exposed cats go on to develop FIP, sometimes weeks to years later. ICC notes that around 80% of cases are in cats under two years old. Pedigree cats, recently stressed cats (for example after adoption or a move) and cats from crowded shelters or catteries are also at higher risk.

Evidence: [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feline Infectious Peritonitis](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-infectious-peritonitis) · [PDSA — Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/feline-infectious-peritonitis-in-cats) · [International Cat Care — Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)](https://icatcare.org/articles/feline-infectious-peritonitis-fip)

## What are the signs of wet and dry FIP?

Early signs of FIP are vague, such as a fever that comes and goes, lethargy, poor appetite and weight loss; a wet, dry or mixed form then develops. PDSA explains that signs may appear suddenly or come and go, with good days and bad days. In wet (effusive) FIP, fluid builds up in the belly or chest, so the belly swells and the cat may struggle to breathe. Cornell notes that the wet form usually progresses relatively quickly. ICC explains that many cats have both forms at different times, so it is important to watch for changing signs.

In dry (non-effusive) FIP, inflammation affects organs such as the kidneys, liver, eyes and brain. According to PDSA and Universitas Airlangga, signs include yellow gums, cloudy or bloody eyes, wobbliness, tremors, seizures, behaviour changes or blindness. A case report from Madiun, East Java, published in ARSHI Veterinary Letters (IPB), describes a cat with dry FIP that stopped eating, was lethargic and jaundiced, and lost a lot of weight. Because many other illnesses cause these signs too, only a vet can judge whether FIP is a likely cause.

Evidence: [PDSA — Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/feline-infectious-peritonitis-in-cats) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feline Infectious Peritonitis](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-infectious-peritonitis) · [International Cat Care — Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)](https://icatcare.org/articles/feline-infectious-peritonitis-fip) · [Universitas Airlangga — Tinjauan tentang Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)](https://unair.ac.id/tinjauan-tentang-feline-infectious-peritonitis-fip/) · [ARSHI Veterinary Letters (Sekolah Kedokteran Hewan dan Biomedis IPB) — Peneguhan diagnosa feline infectious peritonitis pada kucing](https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/arshivetlett/article/view/40823)

## How do vets diagnose FIP?

No single test can confirm FIP on its own; a vet reaches the diagnosis by combining several examinations. Cornell explains that a positive coronavirus antibody test only means the cat has been exposed to coronavirus, not that it has FIP. ICC likewise stresses that a positive coronavirus test is not the same as having the disease. Vets usually combine the history, a physical examination, blood tests, an eye examination, X-rays or ultrasound, and tests on fluid taken from the belly or chest. Tests such as PCR can detect the virus's genetic material, but Cornell notes that no test is 100% accurate. In the ARSHI Veterinary Letters case, vets in Madiun confirmed it using blood tests, blood biochemistry and PCR.

Evidence: [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feline Infectious Peritonitis](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-infectious-peritonitis) · [International Cat Care — Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)](https://icatcare.org/articles/feline-infectious-peritonitis-fip) · [PDSA — Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/feline-infectious-peritonitis-in-cats) · [ARSHI Veterinary Letters (Sekolah Kedokteran Hewan dan Biomedis IPB) — Peneguhan diagnosa feline infectious peritonitis pada kucing](https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/arshivetlett/article/view/40823) · [Universitas Airlangga — Tinjauan tentang Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)](https://unair.ac.id/tinjauan-tentang-feline-infectious-peritonitis-fip/)

## Can FIP be cured?

Yes, many cats can now recover: FIP used to be almost always fatal, but research in recent years shows that antiviral treatment cures most cats. ICC says studies show antivirals can cure more than 85% of cats with FIP. Without treatment, PDSA says most cats die within days or weeks of diagnosis. Treatment lasts several weeks and needs regular check-ups, and relapse after treatment ends is possible but uncommon. An article from Universitas Airlangga also notes that antivirals have improved survival, including in cats with neurological signs.

Legal availability of FIP antivirals differs from country to country. ICC explains that a vet must be confident a cat has FIP before starting treatment, because using antivirals in cats that do not have FIP could lead to viral resistance. PDSA warns that black-market medicines are not regulated, so their contents and safety are unknown, and advises getting all medicines through a vet so that dosing and monitoring are correct. For these reasons, do not buy or give FIP medicines yourself. Discuss treatment options, costs and monitoring with your vet.

Evidence: [International Cat Care — Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)](https://icatcare.org/articles/feline-infectious-peritonitis-fip) · [PDSA — Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/feline-infectious-peritonitis-in-cats) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feline Infectious Peritonitis](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-infectious-peritonitis) · [Universitas Airlangga — Tinjauan tentang Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)](https://unair.ac.id/tinjauan-tentang-feline-infectious-peritonitis-fip/)

## How can you lower the risk of FIP?

There is no sure way to prevent FIP, but you can lower the risk with clean litter trays, small groups of cats and a low-stress home. ICC and PDSA recommend at least one litter tray per cat plus one extra, cleaned daily and kept away from food and water bowls. Avoid crowding: PDSA suggests ideally no more than four cats in a household, and Cornell recommends no more than three cats per room. An FIP vaccine is available only in some countries; Cornell says its effectiveness is questionable and it is not routinely recommended. PDSA advises keeping a cat with suspected or confirmed FIP apart from other cats, with its own bowls and litter tray.

Evidence: [International Cat Care — Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)](https://icatcare.org/articles/feline-infectious-peritonitis-fip) · [PDSA — Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/feline-infectious-peritonitis-in-cats) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feline Infectious Peritonitis](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-infectious-peritonitis)

## Sources & references

1. [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feline Infectious Peritonitis](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-infectious-peritonitis)
2. [PDSA — Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/feline-infectious-peritonitis-in-cats)
3. [International Cat Care — Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)](https://icatcare.org/articles/feline-infectious-peritonitis-fip)
4. [Universitas Airlangga — Tinjauan tentang Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)](https://unair.ac.id/tinjauan-tentang-feline-infectious-peritonitis-fip/)
5. [ARSHI Veterinary Letters (Sekolah Kedokteran Hewan dan Biomedis IPB) — Peneguhan diagnosa feline infectious peritonitis pada kucing](https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/arshivetlett/article/view/40823)

## Keep exploring

- [Cat vaccinations: types, schedule and benefits](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vaccinations/)
- [Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/)
- [Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Choosing a vet and vet clinic in Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/choosing-a-vet-in-indonesia/)
- [Domestic cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). FIP in cats: causes, signs and diagnosis. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/fip-in-cats/


---

# Diarrhoea in cats and dogs: when to see a vet

> Mild diarrhoea can settle quickly, but bloody diarrhoea, diarrhoea with vomiting or lethargy, or diarrhoea in kittens and puppies needs a vet. Know the signs.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/diarrhoea-in-cats-and-dogs/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kesehatan-hewan/diare-kucing-anjing/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed veterinary and health organisations’ guidance; not yet reviewed by a veterinarian.

**Caution:** General information for owners, not a substitute for examination, diagnosis or treatment by a veterinarian. If your animal seems very unwell, in pain, struggling to breathe or may have been poisoned, contact a vet immediately.

## Key points

- Most mild diarrhoea improves within 24–48 hours, but diarrhoea lasting over 24 hours or coming with other signs needs a vet check.
- Kittens and puppies are more vulnerable to dehydration and serious illness, so diarrhoea in a young animal always needs a vet's advice.
- Blood or mucus in the stool, black tarry stools, vomiting, lethargy and refusing food are warning signs.
- Common causes include sudden diet changes, fatty food, milk and worms; parvovirus and panleukopenia are dangerous causes.
- Do not give human diarrhoea medicine or over-the-counter remedies without a vet's advice, as some can harm pets.

## When should you see a vet?

- See a vet immediately if your pet is very weak or collapses, vomits repeatedly, has bloody or black tarry diarrhoea, or shows dehydration signs such as sticky gums and sunken eyes.
- A puppy or kitten with diarrhoea, especially one that is not fully vaccinated.
- Diarrhoea for more than 24 hours, or very watery, constant diarrhoea.
- Diarrhoea with vomiting, refusing food or water, or a painful belly.
- An elderly pet, a pet with another illness, or a pet taking medication.
- Your pet may have swallowed a poison, human medicine or a foreign object.

## Is diarrhoea in cats and dogs dangerous?

Most mild diarrhoea settles within 24–48 hours, but some cases are serious and need a vet. PDSA explains that a pet that seems unwell, or has had diarrhoea for more than 24 hours, should be checked. According to International Cat Care (ICC), diarrhoea means soft, liquid or watery faeces, caused by gut contents moving too fast so that less water and nutrients are absorbed. The colour may be lighter or darker than usual, or coated in mucus. The Cornell Feline Health Center notes that diarrhoea can be brief and harmless, but it can also signal a life-threatening disease. PDSA adds that severe or untreated diarrhoea can lead to dehydration and serious illness.

Evidence: [PDSA — Dog diarrhoea](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/diarrhoea-in-dogs) · [PDSA — Diarrhoea in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/diarrhoea-in-cats) · [International Cat Care — Diarrhoea in cats](https://icatcare.org/articles/diarrhoea-in-cats) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Diarrhea](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/diarrhea)

## What causes diarrhoea in cats and dogs?

Common causes of diarrhoea are a sudden change of food, eating something unusual or fatty, worms and gut parasites such as giardia. PDSA also lists food allergies, bacterial infections such as Salmonella and Campylobacter, bowel inflammation, blockages from swallowed objects, pancreatitis, and liver and kidney disease. Cornell adds stress, for example a long car journey, and an overactive thyroid gland in cats. Milk is another frequent trigger: the ASPCA explains that pets lack enough of the enzyme lactase, so milk and dairy products can cause diarrhoea, and Cornell notes that many cats are lactose-intolerant. Dangerous causes include parvovirus in dogs, and panleukopenia and FIP in cats.

Evidence: [PDSA — Dog diarrhoea](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/diarrhoea-in-dogs) · [PDSA — Diarrhoea in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/diarrhoea-in-cats) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Diarrhea](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/diarrhea) · [ASPCA Animal Poison Control — People Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Pets](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/people-foods-avoid-feeding-your-pets) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feeding Your Cat](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feeding-your-cat)

## Why is diarrhoea more dangerous in puppies and kittens?

Puppies and kittens are more vulnerable to dehydration, and diarrhoea in them can signal a deadly viral infection. PDSA advises always contacting your vet if a kitten or elderly cat has diarrhoea, because they are more at risk of dehydration, and seeking advice for a puppy with diarrhoea because it can be more serious. Parvovirus causes severe, foul-smelling and often bloody diarrhoea; PDSA says it is nearly always fatal without treatment and especially dangerous for puppies and unvaccinated dogs. In cats, Cornell lists panleukopenia as one of the serious causes of diarrhoea.

Research in Indonesia shows why vaccination matters. A Universitas Udayana study in Denpasar found that dogs with incomplete vaccination were about 10 times more likely to get parvo, and puppies aged 0–3 months about 3 times more likely. A Universitas Gadjah Mada study in Yogyakarta found that vaccination status and the arrival of a new cat were the strongest risk factors for panleukopenia, alongside cats of stray origin and cats that spend time outdoors. So diarrhoea in a young animal that is not fully vaccinated needs a vet check straight away.

Evidence: [PDSA — Diarrhoea in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/diarrhoea-in-cats) · [PDSA — Dog diarrhoea](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/diarrhoea-in-dogs) · [PDSA — Parvovirus in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/parvovirus-in-dogs-and-puppies) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Diarrhea](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/diarrhea) · [Jurnal Veteriner (Universitas Udayana) — Prevalensi dan Faktor Risiko Penyakit Virus Parvo pada Anjing di Denpasar](https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/jvet/article/view/3521) · [Jurnal Sain Veteriner (UGM) — Faktor Risiko Feline Panleukopenia pada Kucing di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jsv/article/view/48922)

## What are the signs of dehydration in cats and dogs?

Signs of dehydration include dry, sticky gums, sunken and dry-looking eyes, lethargy and skin that has lost its elasticity. An American Kennel Club (AKC) article reviewed by its chief veterinarian also lists loss of appetite, a dry nose, thick saliva and panting. The AKC notes that sudden bouts of vomiting and diarrhoea can cause dehydration, and that a pet with dehydration signs or persistent vomiting should go to the vet immediately as an emergency. PDSA also lists sticky gums and sunken eyes as reasons to contact your vet. ICC explains that more severe diarrhoea can leave cats dehydrated. Do not wait for these signs to appear in a kitten or puppy with diarrhoea.

Evidence: [American Kennel Club — Dehydration in Dogs: Signs, Symptoms, Treatments](https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/health/warning-signs-dehydration-dogs/) · [PDSA — Vomiting in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/vomiting-in-dogs) · [International Cat Care — Diarrhoea in cats](https://icatcare.org/articles/diarrhoea-in-cats)

## When does a cat or dog with diarrhoea need a vet straight away?

Contact a vet straight away if the stool contains blood or mucus, or your pet has very watery or constant diarrhoea, vomiting, lethargy, no appetite or a painful belly. PDSA also advises prompt contact if diarrhoea lasts over 24 hours, or if the pet is very young or old, has another illness or takes medication. A dog with a painful belly may yelp when lifted, or stand with its front legs down and rear end raised. ICC explains that black, tarry stools can mean bleeding higher up in the gut and should be reported to the vet. Cornell advises veterinary care as soon as possible if diarrhoea lasts more than a day or two with poor appetite, lethargy or vomiting.

Evidence: [PDSA — Dog diarrhoea](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/diarrhoea-in-dogs) · [PDSA — Diarrhoea in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/diarrhoea-in-cats) · [International Cat Care — Diarrhoea in cats](https://icatcare.org/articles/diarrhoea-in-cats) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Diarrhea](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/diarrhea)

## Can you give human diarrhoea medicine to a cat or dog?

No. Do not give human diarrhoea medicine or over-the-counter remedies without a vet's advice. Cornell stresses that some over-the-counter medicines can be harmful to cats, so a vet should examine the animal as soon as signs appear. PDSA explains that antibiotics are rarely needed for diarrhoea in cats and, in the wrong situation, can make it worse by killing friendly gut bacteria. The right treatment depends on the cause. According to ICC, vets may test faecal samples for parasites and infections, run blood and urine tests, or use imaging such as X-rays and ultrasound.

Before you go, note when the diarrhoea started, how often it happens, its colour and consistency, and whether there is blood, mucus or straining, as ICC suggests. Also mention any diet change, possible access to rubbish, medicines or chemicals, vaccination status and other signs. In Indonesia, pets can be examined at veterinary clinics and at some government facilities, such as the Batam city puskeswan and the Jakarta Dinas KPKP mobile animal clinics. Check services and opening hours before you go.

Evidence: [Cornell Feline Health Center — Diarrhea](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/diarrhea) · [PDSA — Diarrhoea in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/diarrhoea-in-cats) · [International Cat Care — Diarrhoea in cats](https://icatcare.org/articles/diarrhoea-in-cats) · [Puskeswan Kota Batam — Layanan](https://puskeswan.batam.go.id/layanan/) · [Dinas KPKP Provinsi DKI Jakarta — Dinas KPKP DKI Jakarta Luncurkan 5 Unit Mobil Klinik Hewan Keliling](https://dkpkp.jakarta.go.id/news/dinas-kpkp-dki-jakarta-luncurkan-5-unit-mobil-klinik-hewan-keliling-jangkau-seluruh-wilayah-jakarta-mulai-13-juli-2026)

## How can you help prevent diarrhoea in cats and dogs?

Change food gradually, keep pets away from rubbish and fatty human food, do not give milk, and complete vaccinations as your vet advises. PDSA lists sudden diet changes and rich, fatty food as common causes of diarrhoea. Milk and dairy products can trigger diarrhoea because pets lack lactase, according to the ASPCA. PDSA calls vaccination the best way to prevent parvovirus, and researchers in Yogyakarta concluded that vaccination and quarantine of new animals are important to prevent panleukopenia. That study also found outdoor waste disposal to be one of the risk factors. Ask your vet about a suitable worming schedule, because worms are a common cause of diarrhoea.

Evidence: [PDSA — Dog diarrhoea](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/diarrhoea-in-dogs) · [PDSA — Diarrhoea in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/diarrhoea-in-cats) · [ASPCA Animal Poison Control — People Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Pets](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/people-foods-avoid-feeding-your-pets) · [PDSA — Parvovirus in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/parvovirus-in-dogs-and-puppies) · [Jurnal Sain Veteriner (UGM) — Faktor Risiko Feline Panleukopenia pada Kucing di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jsv/article/view/48922)

## Sources & references

1. [PDSA — Dog diarrhoea](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/diarrhoea-in-dogs)
2. [PDSA — Diarrhoea in cats](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/diarrhoea-in-cats)
3. [International Cat Care — Diarrhoea in cats](https://icatcare.org/articles/diarrhoea-in-cats)
4. [Cornell Feline Health Center — Diarrhea](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/diarrhea)
5. [ASPCA Animal Poison Control — People Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Pets](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/people-foods-avoid-feeding-your-pets)
6. [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feeding Your Cat](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feeding-your-cat)
7. [PDSA — Parvovirus in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/parvovirus-in-dogs-and-puppies)
8. [Jurnal Veteriner (Universitas Udayana) — Prevalensi dan Faktor Risiko Penyakit Virus Parvo pada Anjing di Denpasar](https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/jvet/article/view/3521)
9. [Jurnal Sain Veteriner (UGM) — Faktor Risiko Feline Panleukopenia pada Kucing di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jsv/article/view/48922)
10. [American Kennel Club — Dehydration in Dogs: Signs, Symptoms, Treatments](https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/health/warning-signs-dehydration-dogs/)
11. [PDSA — Vomiting in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/vomiting-in-dogs)
12. [Puskeswan Kota Batam — Layanan](https://puskeswan.batam.go.id/layanan/)
13. [Dinas KPKP Provinsi DKI Jakarta — Dinas KPKP DKI Jakarta Luncurkan 5 Unit Mobil Klinik Hewan Keliling](https://dkpkp.jakarta.go.id/news/dinas-kpkp-dki-jakarta-luncurkan-5-unit-mobil-klinik-hewan-keliling-jangkau-seluruh-wilayah-jakarta-mulai-13-juli-2026)

## Keep exploring

- [Cat vaccinations: types, schedule and benefits](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vaccinations/)
- [Dog vaccinations: types, schedule and boosters](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/dog-vaccinations/)
- [Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/)
- [Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Domestic cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/)
- [Domestic dog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dog/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Diarrhoea in cats and dogs: when to see a vet. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/diarrhoea-in-cats-and-dogs/


---

# Dog vomiting: when to see a vet

> A single vomit can be minor, but repeated or bloody vomiting, retching with a swollen belly, or vomiting in a puppy needs a vet urgently.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/dog-vomiting-when-to-see-a-vet/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kesehatan-hewan/anjing-muntah/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed veterinary and health organisations’ guidance; not yet reviewed by a veterinarian.

**Caution:** General information for owners, not a substitute for examination, diagnosis or treatment by a veterinarian. If your animal seems very unwell, in pain, struggling to breathe or may have been poisoned, contact a vet immediately.

## Key points

- A single vomit in a dog that stays bright is often minor, but repeated vomiting or vomiting with other signs needs a vet.
- Repeated retching that brings nothing up, especially with a swollen belly, can mean GDV (twisted stomach), a life-threatening emergency.
- Red, black or coffee-ground-like blood in the vomit means your dog needs checking straight away.
- A vomiting puppy, especially one not fully vaccinated, needs a vet quickly because of the risk of parvovirus and dehydration.
- Never try to make your dog vomit or give human medicines without your vet's advice.

## When should you see a vet?

- See a vet immediately if your dog keeps retching without bringing anything up, has a swollen belly, is very weak or collapses, vomits blood, or may have swallowed a poison or an object.
- Continuous vomiting, or vomiting for more than 24 hours.
- Vomiting with bloody diarrhoea, a fever or a painful belly.
- Signs of dehydration such as sticky gums and sunken eyes, or disorientation.
- A vomiting puppy, especially one that is not fully vaccinated.
- Repeated regurgitation (food coming up without effort), or vomiting once a week or more.

## Is it serious if my dog vomits once?

A single vomit in a dog that stays bright is often minor, but watch closely and call your vet if the vomiting returns or other signs appear. PDSA explains that most cases of vomiting are mild, but vomiting can also have much more serious causes. Contact your vet if your dog keeps vomiting, does not seem right after 24 hours, or gets worse at any point. The Cornell Riney Canine Health Center warns that vomiting should be taken seriously, because unresolved vomiting can upset electrolyte balance and cause life-threatening dehydration. Occasional vomiting, such as after eating grass, may be a one-off, but Cornell notes that vomiting even once a week may indicate disease. If in doubt, phone your vet.

Evidence: [PDSA — Vomiting in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/vomiting-in-dogs) · [Cornell Richard P. Riney Canine Health Center — Vomiting](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-topics/vomiting)

## What is the difference between vomiting, regurgitation and retching?

Vomiting is when a nauseous dog heaves and brings up stomach contents; regurgitation is food coming up without effort; retching is heaving without bringing anything up. PDSA explains that a nauseous dog often refuses food, licks its lips, swallows repeatedly, drools, and is restless or pacing. Regurgitation usually happens soon after eating and, as a one-off, may simply mean the dog ate too fast. However, Cornell notes that regurgitation comes without warning and may point to a problem with the oesophagus; PDSA mentions conditions such as megaoesophagus and reflux, which are more common in flat-faced breeds. A single retch is usually nothing to worry about, but continuous retching can be a sign of GDV.

Evidence: [PDSA — Vomiting in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/vomiting-in-dogs) · [Cornell Richard P. Riney Canine Health Center — Vomiting](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-topics/vomiting)

## What makes dogs vomit?

Dogs can vomit because of stomach inflammation, eating something harmful, a blockage from a swallowed object, worms, travel sickness or more serious disease. PDSA also lists parvovirus, pancreatitis, food allergies, womb infection (pyometra), medication side effects, liver and kidney disease, diabetes, and GDV. According to PDSA, objects that often block the gut include bones, rubber toys, stones, socks and underwear, and harmful substances include medicines, cleaning products, poisonous plants, chocolate, grapes and onions. The Merck Veterinary Manual notes that young, large-breed dogs are more likely to have a blockage from a swallowed object, and that vomit may contain grass, bile, froth, fresh blood, or digested blood that looks like coffee grounds.

Evidence: [PDSA — Vomiting in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/vomiting-in-dogs) · [PDSA — My dog has eaten something harmful](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/my-dog-has-eaten-something-harmful) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (dog owner version) — Disorders of the Stomach and Intestines in Dogs](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/dog-owners/digestive-disorders-of-dogs/disorders-of-the-stomach-and-intestines-in-dogs)

## When should a vomiting dog see a vet urgently?

Take your dog to a vet straight away if vomiting is continuous or bloody, or comes with bloody diarrhoea, lethargy, a painful belly, disorientation, collapse or dehydration. PDSA explains that blood in vomit can be red, black or brown, or look like coffee grounds if partly digested. Cornell advises calling your vet for lethargy, vomiting lasting over 24 hours, a painful belly or fever. Dehydration signs include sticky gums and sunken eyes; the AKC treats dehydration signs or persistent vomiting as an emergency. PDSA also advises contacting a vet if diarrhoea without blood lasts more than two to three days. If your dog may have swallowed something harmful, contact your vet at once for an emergency appointment.

Evidence: [PDSA — Vomiting in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/vomiting-in-dogs) · [Cornell Richard P. Riney Canine Health Center — Vomiting](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-topics/vomiting) · [American Kennel Club — Dehydration in Dogs: Signs, Symptoms, Treatments](https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/health/warning-signs-dehydration-dogs/) · [PDSA — My dog has eaten something harmful](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/my-dog-has-eaten-something-harmful)

## What is GDV (bloat) in dogs?

GDV (gastric dilatation-volvulus) is an emergency in which a dog's stomach fills with gas, fluid or food and then twists. Cornell's Riney Canine Health Center explains that the twist cuts off the stomach's blood supply and presses on major blood vessels, damaging tissue and affecting the whole body. Signs include trying to vomit without bringing anything up, heavy drooling, a bloated belly, and restlessness or pacing. GDV can happen in dogs of any size, but it is far more common in large, deep-chested dogs such as Great Danes, Saint Bernards, Weimaraners and Dobermans. Without medical and surgical treatment, GDV is fatal. PDSA stresses that a dog that keeps retching, especially with a bloated belly, must see a vet immediately.

Evidence: [Cornell Richard P. Riney Canine Health Center — Gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV) or 'bloat'](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-topics/gastric-dilatation-volvulus-gdv-or-bloat) · [PDSA — Vomiting in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/vomiting-in-dogs)

## Why should a vomiting puppy be checked quickly?

A vomiting puppy needs checking quickly because vomiting can be a sign of parvovirus, a disease that is nearly always fatal without treatment. PDSA explains that parvo is especially dangerous for unvaccinated dogs and puppies under six months old, causing vomiting, severe foul-smelling and often bloody diarrhoea, lethargy and loss of appetite. The virus spreads in faeces and can be carried on shoes, toys and bowls. In Denpasar, a Universitas Udayana study found that dogs with incomplete vaccination were about 10 times more likely to get parvo, and puppies aged 0–3 months about 3 times more likely. PDSA calls vaccination the best way to prevent parvovirus.

Evidence: [PDSA — Parvovirus in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/parvovirus-in-dogs-and-puppies) · [Jurnal Veteriner (Universitas Udayana) — Prevalensi dan Faktor Risiko Penyakit Virus Parvo pada Anjing di Denpasar](https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/jvet/article/view/3521)

## What should you do before taking a vomiting dog to the vet?

Phone your vet, note the signs, and do not try to make your dog vomit or give medicines yourself. PDSA stresses that you should never try to make your dog vomit unless your vet specifically tells you to. PDSA also lists medicines among substances that are harmful to dogs, so do not give human medicines without your vet's advice. Note when the vomiting started, how often it happens, what the vomit looks like and what your dog last ate. The Merck Veterinary Manual advises telling the vet about your dog's eating habits and any access to string, yarn, fabric, sewing needles or similar objects.

In Indonesia, dogs can be examined at veterinary clinics. Some local governments also offer services for dogs, such as the Batam city puskeswan, the East Kalimantan livestock and animal health office's animal clinic in Samarinda, and the Jakarta Dinas KPKP mobile animal clinics, which offer examination and treatment for dogs. Check the services and opening hours of your nearest facility before you go, and save your vet's phone number before an emergency happens.

Evidence: [PDSA — My dog has eaten something harmful](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/my-dog-has-eaten-something-harmful) · [PDSA — Vomiting in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/vomiting-in-dogs) · [Merck Veterinary Manual (dog owner version) — Disorders of the Stomach and Intestines in Dogs](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/dog-owners/digestive-disorders-of-dogs/disorders-of-the-stomach-and-intestines-in-dogs) · [Puskeswan Kota Batam — Layanan](https://puskeswan.batam.go.id/layanan/) · [Dinas Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Provinsi Kalimantan Timur — Klinik Hewan](https://peternakan.kaltimprov.go.id/halaman/klinik-hewan) · [Dinas KPKP Provinsi DKI Jakarta — Dinas KPKP DKI Jakarta Luncurkan 5 Unit Mobil Klinik Hewan Keliling](https://dkpkp.jakarta.go.id/news/dinas-kpkp-dki-jakarta-luncurkan-5-unit-mobil-klinik-hewan-keliling-jangkau-seluruh-wilayah-jakarta-mulai-13-juli-2026)

## Sources & references

1. [PDSA — Vomiting in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/vomiting-in-dogs)
2. [Cornell Richard P. Riney Canine Health Center — Vomiting](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-topics/vomiting)
3. [PDSA — My dog has eaten something harmful](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/my-dog-has-eaten-something-harmful)
4. [Merck Veterinary Manual (dog owner version) — Disorders of the Stomach and Intestines in Dogs](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/dog-owners/digestive-disorders-of-dogs/disorders-of-the-stomach-and-intestines-in-dogs)
5. [American Kennel Club — Dehydration in Dogs: Signs, Symptoms, Treatments](https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/health/warning-signs-dehydration-dogs/)
6. [Cornell Richard P. Riney Canine Health Center — Gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV) or 'bloat'](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-topics/gastric-dilatation-volvulus-gdv-or-bloat)
7. [PDSA — Parvovirus in dogs](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/parvovirus-in-dogs-and-puppies)
8. [Jurnal Veteriner (Universitas Udayana) — Prevalensi dan Faktor Risiko Penyakit Virus Parvo pada Anjing di Denpasar](https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/jvet/article/view/3521)
9. [Puskeswan Kota Batam — Layanan](https://puskeswan.batam.go.id/layanan/)
10. [Dinas Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Provinsi Kalimantan Timur — Klinik Hewan](https://peternakan.kaltimprov.go.id/halaman/klinik-hewan)
11. [Dinas KPKP Provinsi DKI Jakarta — Dinas KPKP DKI Jakarta Luncurkan 5 Unit Mobil Klinik Hewan Keliling](https://dkpkp.jakarta.go.id/news/dinas-kpkp-dki-jakarta-luncurkan-5-unit-mobil-klinik-hewan-keliling-jangkau-seluruh-wilayah-jakarta-mulai-13-juli-2026)

## Keep exploring

- [Dog vaccinations: types, schedule and boosters](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/dog-vaccinations/)
- [Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/)
- [Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Choosing a vet and vet clinic in Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/choosing-a-vet-in-indonesia/)
- [Domestic dog](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/dog/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Dog vomiting: when to see a vet. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/dog-vomiting-when-to-see-a-vet/


---

# Caring for orphaned kittens: the basics

> Orphaned kittens need warmth, kitten milk replacer (not cow's milk), help to go to the toilet, and a vet urgently if they are weak or cold.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/caring-for-orphaned-kittens/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kesehatan-hewan/merawat-anak-kucing/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

**Review status:** Compiled from the listed veterinary and health organisations’ guidance; not yet reviewed by a veterinarian.

**Caution:** General information for owners, not a substitute for examination, diagnosis or treatment by a veterinarian. If your animal seems very unwell, in pain, struggling to breathe or may have been poisoned, contact a vet immediately.

## Key points

- Before picking up kittens you find, watch from a distance for a few hours, because the mother may be nearby looking for food.
- Newborn kittens cannot keep themselves warm, so warmth is essential.
- Never give cow's or goat's milk; use a kitten milk replacer and ask your vet how much to give and how.
- Kittens under about three weeks old need gentle stimulation under the tail to pee and poo.
- Kittens can go downhill very fast; see a vet urgently if a kitten feels cold, is weak, will not suckle or has diarrhoea.

## When should you see a vet?

- See a vet immediately if a kitten feels cold, is very weak, will not suckle, has a seizure, is injured or looks ill.
- Crying constantly or not suckling well.
- Not gaining weight as expected.
- Diarrhoea, not passing any poo for a day, or straining hard.
- Bringing milk back up or seeming to choke during feeds, because inhaled milk can cause pneumonia.
- Closed eyelids that are swollen or stuck together with pus.

## What should you do if you find kittens without their mother?

Do not pick them up straight away: watch from a distance for a few hours, because the mother may be finding food or hiding from you. If the spot is unsafe, move them to a safe place nearby where the mother can still find them. However, kittens that look ill or injured should go to a vet or animal rescue as soon as possible; phone first to check they are open. According to the ASPCA, kittens that are clean, plump and quiet are probably being cared for by their mother; dirty, skinny, constantly crying kittens may be orphaned. Also check for an ID tag and ask a vet to scan for a microchip.

In Indonesia, stray cat populations can be large; the Jakarta Dinas KPKP, for example, runs Trap-Neuter-Release (TNR) sterilisation of stray cats to control their overpopulation in Jakarta. If you decide to care for orphaned kittens, International Cat Care (ICC) advises asking a vet first about feeding, toileting, handling, health and behaviour. Raising very young kittens takes a great deal of time, because newborn kittens need to be fed many times a day, including through the night.

Evidence: [ASPCA — I Found Kittens Outside, What Do I Do?](https://www.aspca.org/helping-people-pets/i-found-kittens-what-do-i-do) · [Dinas KPKP Provinsi DKI Jakarta — Sterilisasi kucing liar hasil Trap Neuter Release (TNR)](https://dkpkp.jakarta.go.id/news/Sterilisasi-kucing-liar-hasil-Trap-Neuter-Release-TNR) · [International Cat Care — Hand-rearing kittens](https://icatcare.org/articles/hand-rearing-kittens)

## Why must orphaned kittens be kept warm?

Newborn kittens cannot shiver and cannot yet control their body temperature, so warmth is essential for survival. The Merck Veterinary Manual explains that kittens cannot regulate their temperature until about four weeks old, and that low body temperature harms immunity, suckling and digestion. ICC and Cats Protection suggest a well-covered heat source, such as a hot water bottle or heat pad, that is not hot enough to burn. The bed must be big enough for kittens to move away from the heat if they get too warm. A kitten that feels cold is an emergency: do not force it to feed, as Merck notes that feeding should wait until body temperature is normal. Contact a vet straight away.

Evidence: [International Cat Care — Hand-rearing kittens](https://icatcare.org/articles/hand-rearing-kittens) · [Cats Protection — Hand-rearing kittens](https://www.cats.org.uk/help-and-advice/pregnancy-and-kitten-care/hand-rearing) · [Merck Veterinary Manual — Management of the Neonate in Dogs and Cats](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/management-of-the-neonate/management-of-the-neonate-in-dogs-and-cats)

## Can kittens drink cow's milk?

No. Never give kittens cow's or goat's milk; use a milk replacer made specifically for kittens. ICC explains that cow's and goat's milk contain too little protein and fat for kittens, while Cats Protection says kittens find them hard to digest. The ASPCA notes that pets lack enough of the enzyme lactase, so milk can cause diarrhoea, and Cornell says many cats are lactose-intolerant. Merck adds that commercial milk replacers are better than home-made mixtures, although none is equal to the mother's milk. Ask your vet which product to use, how much to give and how, and follow the instructions on the pack.

Cats Protection warns that overfeeding can be as dangerous as underfeeding, and that kittens can inhale milk and develop pneumonia, which can be fatal. ICC advises never feeding a kitten on its back and never forcing milk into it; kittens stop sucking when they are full. All equipment must be sterile, because orphaned kittens are very prone to infection. If a kitten refuses to feed, Cats Protection says to contact your vet urgently, because kittens have no energy reserves and deteriorate very quickly.

Evidence: [International Cat Care — Hand-rearing kittens](https://icatcare.org/articles/hand-rearing-kittens) · [Cats Protection — Hand-rearing kittens](https://www.cats.org.uk/help-and-advice/pregnancy-and-kitten-care/hand-rearing) · [ASPCA Animal Poison Control — People Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Pets](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/people-foods-avoid-feeding-your-pets) · [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feeding Your Cat](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feeding-your-cat) · [Merck Veterinary Manual — Management of the Neonate in Dogs and Cats](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/management-of-the-neonate/management-of-the-neonate-in-dogs-and-cats)

## How do you help a kitten pee and poo?

Kittens under about three weeks old cannot go to the toilet on their own, so they need gentle stimulation under the tail before and after each feed. ICC explains that the toileting reflex is normally triggered by the mother licking the kitten's bottom and genital area. Instead, gently rub the area with soft tissue, damp cotton wool or fragrance-free wet wipes. From about three weeks old, do this over a litter tray so the kitten learns to use it. Cats Protection says normal kitten poo has the consistency of toothpaste. Contact your vet if the poo becomes very hard, the kitten strains a lot, passes no poo for a day, or has diarrhoea.

Evidence: [International Cat Care — Hand-rearing kittens](https://icatcare.org/articles/hand-rearing-kittens) · [Cats Protection — Hand-rearing kittens](https://www.cats.org.uk/help-and-advice/pregnancy-and-kitten-care/hand-rearing)

## When does a kitten need a vet urgently?

See a vet straight away if a kitten feels cold, is weak, will not suckle, cries constantly or is not gaining weight, as kittens decline fast. ICC says healthy kittens spend most of their time feeding and sleeping, and should double their birth weight in the first one to two weeks. Other signs of illness include bringing milk back up, diarrhoea, constipation, and a kitten lying apart from its littermates. Cats Protection explains that too little or too infrequent feeding can cause low blood sugar, leading to severe weakness, muscle twitching and sometimes seizures. Weigh kittens every day at the same time to track their growth.

When you go to the vet, ICC advises taking the whole litter rather than only the sick kitten, because being separated from the nest is very stressful. In Indonesia, kittens can be examined at veterinary clinics, and some areas have government services, such as the Batam city puskeswan or the Jakarta Dinas KPKP mobile animal clinics, which offer consultations with a vet. Phone first to check services and opening hours, especially if the kitten is very young.

Evidence: [International Cat Care — Hand-rearing kittens](https://icatcare.org/articles/hand-rearing-kittens) · [International Cat Care — Bringing up a litter of kittens: health considerations](https://icatcare.org/articles/bringing-up-a-litter-of-kittens-health-considerations) · [Cats Protection — Hand-rearing kittens](https://www.cats.org.uk/help-and-advice/pregnancy-and-kitten-care/hand-rearing) · [Puskeswan Kota Batam — Layanan](https://puskeswan.batam.go.id/layanan/) · [Dinas KPKP Provinsi DKI Jakarta — Dinas KPKP DKI Jakarta Luncurkan 5 Unit Mobil Klinik Hewan Keliling](https://dkpkp.jakarta.go.id/news/dinas-kpkp-dki-jakarta-luncurkan-5-unit-mobil-klinik-hewan-keliling-jangkau-seluruh-wilayah-jakarta-mulai-13-juli-2026)

## How can you protect orphaned kittens from disease?

Keep strict hygiene, keep kittens away from other cats and their poo, and ask your vet to plan worming and vaccination. Cats Protection explains that kittens that received no colostrum, the mother's first milk containing antibodies, have little or no immunity. ICC says worms are common in kittens and vaccination usually starts at around 8–9 weeks of age, but orphaned kittens that never received colostrum need a schedule set by a vet. In Yogyakarta, a Universitas Gadjah Mada study found that cats of stray origin and the arrival of new cats were risk factors for panleukopenia, so the researchers stressed vaccination and quarantine of new animals. Weaning usually begins at three to four weeks of age and should be gradual.

Evidence: [Cats Protection — Hand-rearing kittens](https://www.cats.org.uk/help-and-advice/pregnancy-and-kitten-care/hand-rearing) · [International Cat Care — Hand-rearing kittens](https://icatcare.org/articles/hand-rearing-kittens) · [International Cat Care — Bringing up a litter of kittens: health considerations](https://icatcare.org/articles/bringing-up-a-litter-of-kittens-health-considerations) · [Jurnal Sain Veteriner (UGM) — Faktor Risiko Feline Panleukopenia pada Kucing di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jsv/article/view/48922)

## Sources & references

1. [ASPCA — I Found Kittens Outside, What Do I Do?](https://www.aspca.org/helping-people-pets/i-found-kittens-what-do-i-do)
2. [Dinas KPKP Provinsi DKI Jakarta — Sterilisasi kucing liar hasil Trap Neuter Release (TNR)](https://dkpkp.jakarta.go.id/news/Sterilisasi-kucing-liar-hasil-Trap-Neuter-Release-TNR)
3. [International Cat Care — Hand-rearing kittens](https://icatcare.org/articles/hand-rearing-kittens)
4. [Cats Protection — Hand-rearing kittens](https://www.cats.org.uk/help-and-advice/pregnancy-and-kitten-care/hand-rearing)
5. [Merck Veterinary Manual — Management of the Neonate in Dogs and Cats](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/management-of-the-neonate/management-of-the-neonate-in-dogs-and-cats)
6. [ASPCA Animal Poison Control — People Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Pets](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/people-foods-avoid-feeding-your-pets)
7. [Cornell Feline Health Center — Feeding Your Cat](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feeding-your-cat)
8. [International Cat Care — Bringing up a litter of kittens: health considerations](https://icatcare.org/articles/bringing-up-a-litter-of-kittens-health-considerations)
9. [Puskeswan Kota Batam — Layanan](https://puskeswan.batam.go.id/layanan/)
10. [Dinas KPKP Provinsi DKI Jakarta — Dinas KPKP DKI Jakarta Luncurkan 5 Unit Mobil Klinik Hewan Keliling](https://dkpkp.jakarta.go.id/news/dinas-kpkp-dki-jakarta-luncurkan-5-unit-mobil-klinik-hewan-keliling-jangkau-seluruh-wilayah-jakarta-mulai-13-juli-2026)
11. [Jurnal Sain Veteriner (UGM) — Faktor Risiko Feline Panleukopenia pada Kucing di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jsv/article/view/48922)

## Keep exploring

- [Cat vaccinations: types, schedule and benefits](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/cat-vaccinations/)
- [Rabies in dogs and cats: signs and prevention](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/rabies-in-dogs-and-cats/)
- [Neutering cats and dogs: benefits, timing and aftercare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/neutering-cats-and-dogs/)
- [Choosing a vet and vet clinic in Indonesia](https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/choosing-a-vet-in-indonesia/)
- [Domestic cat](https://panduanhewan.org/en/species/cat/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Caring for orphaned kittens: the basics. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/pet-health/caring-for-orphaned-kittens/


---

# About PanduanHewan

> A guide to understanding animals and finding the right help in Indonesia.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/about/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/tentang/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## It starts with curiosity

We connect animal knowledge with practical next steps: understanding habitats, finding organisations and seeking help through official sources. Indonesian is our primary language, with an English edition for international readers.

PanduanHewan is an information platform. We are not a clinic, shelter, rescue dispatch service or government agency.

## Built for shared benefit

This project is developed within Kaiser Khan’s Kode Nirlaba initiative. We keep this platform distinct from organisations we link to. A listing is not a partnership claim or guarantee of quality.

## Sources & references

1. [Kode Nirlaba](https://kodenirlaba.org/)

## Keep exploring

- [Our editorial approach](https://panduanhewan.org/en/editorial-policy/)
- [Understanding organisation evidence](https://panduanhewan.org/en/directory-methodology/)
- [Support and funding](https://panduanhewan.org/en/funding/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). About PanduanHewan. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/about/


---

# Our editorial approach

> Traceable sources, clear limits to our knowledge, and a way to correct mistakes.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/editorial-policy/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kebijakan-editorial/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## Sources before conclusions

We prioritise scientific institutions, official authorities and organisations describing their own work. We distinguish self-published information from independent checks. Every guide includes references for further reading.

The initial edition was prepared with AI assistance and checked against the listed references. This does not replace field verification, specialist taxonomic editing, or medical review by a doctor or veterinarian.

## Dates and uncertainty

The update date records substantive changes to a page, not a fresh check of every fact. Global conservation status, legal protection and local conditions are different matters. Unknown information is not converted to zero.

Emergency summaries awaiting expert review are labelled and excluded from search indexes. Readers should still contact professionals through official sources.

## Useful corrections

If information is incorrect or has changed, send the page address, a short explanation and supporting sources. Do not send patient information, other people’s private details or sensitive wildlife locations.

## Keep exploring

- [correction](https://panduanhewan.org/en/corrections/)
- [Understanding organisation evidence](https://panduanhewan.org/en/directory-methodology/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Our editorial approach. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/editorial-policy/


---

# Understanding organisation evidence

> A useful directory must be honest about what is known and what has not been checked.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/directory-methodology/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/metode-direktori/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## Information, not a rating

Initial profiles are compiled from official organisation websites. An official-source label means the information is attributable to its publisher; it does not mean an independent audit, legal verification or guaranteed emergency response.

We separate identity, legal status, contacts, services, activity reporting, financial reporting and audit evidence. An organisation can have evidence for one dimension while another remains unchecked.

## Compare with context

Compare service areas and types of work before making contact. Rescue or sterilisation totals are meaningful only with a reporting period and counting method. Unpublished data is not evidence of poor work.

Use official channels to confirm capacity, hours, location and the animals a service can accept. This site does not confirm live service availability.

## Keep exploring

- [Find organisations](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/)
- [submit](https://panduanhewan.org/en/submit-organisation/)
- [compare](https://panduanhewan.org/en/compare/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Understanding organisation evidence. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/directory-methodology/


---

# Support and funding

> PanduanHewan does not accept or process donations, including donations from Indonesia.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/funding/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/pendanaan/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## If you want to support animals

Visit the official website of the organisation you wish to support. Check who receives the money, programme terms and available reporting before deciding. PanduanHewan does not hold or distribute money through this directory.

World Animal Rescue Network (WARN) provides support information on its own website. WARN describes itself as a UK CIC, not a registered charity. Check programme and recipient status on WARN’s pages when you visit. This link does not mean organisations in our directory receive WARN grants.

## Sources & references

1. [World Animal Rescue Network — support and programme information](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/)

## Keep exploring

- [Get involved](https://panduanhewan.org/en/help/)
- [Find organisations](https://panduanhewan.org/en/organisations/)
- [Understanding organisation evidence](https://panduanhewan.org/en/directory-methodology/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Support and funding. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/funding/


---

# Privacy

> We ask for the information needed to review submissions and corrections.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/privacy/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/privasi/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## Information you submit

Forms collect your name and email alongside the organisation details or correction you choose to share. Submitter names and email addresses are stored privately for follow-up. Organisation information can be published only after review; submission does not automatically create a public profile.

Do not include identity documents, financial information, medical records or other people’s sensitive details. Use links to public sources where possible.

## Storage and control

Submissions are stored in a private Cloudflare D1 queue when the service is configured. Private submissions expire after 90 days and are removed in the next daily cleanup; approved public records are maintained separately. Abuse prevention uses short-lived masked network identifiers.

This edition does not install marketing trackers. Cloudflare Web Analytics measures visits and page performance to help improve the site. Organisation comparison choices may be stored on your device. The hosting provider may process connection data to deliver pages and secure the service. You can request a correction or deletion through the corrections form.

## Keep exploring

- [correction](https://panduanhewan.org/en/corrections/)
- [contact](https://panduanhewan.org/en/contact/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Privacy. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/privacy/


---

# Accessibility

> Animal information that is easier to use across devices and circumstances.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/accessibility/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/aksesibilitas/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## Our approach and feedback

Pages are designed with keyboard navigation, visible focus, structured headings, labelled forms and readable contrast. Motion respects reduced-motion preferences. Core information is available without JavaScript. We target WCAG 2.2 AA; this is not a claim of independent certification.

If you encounter a barrier, send the page address, your device or assistive technology, and a short description of the steps that reproduce the problem.

## Keep exploring

- [correction](https://panduanhewan.org/en/corrections/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Accessibility. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/accessibility/


---

# Terms of use

> Use this guide as a starting point for information and help.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/terms/ · Updated 19 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/ketentuan/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## Service boundaries

Information does not replace assessment by a doctor, veterinarian, conservation authority or legal adviser. We do not provide diagnosis, emergency dispatch, animal transport or guaranteed organisation availability. Check original sources and contact providers directly.

External links lead to services operated by others under their own terms. Photographs have their own licences and attribution. Do not use the forms for emergencies or send unsupported personal allegations.

## Keep exploring

- [Privacy](https://panduanhewan.org/en/privacy/)
- [Our editorial approach](https://panduanhewan.org/en/editorial-policy/)
- [credits](https://panduanhewan.org/en/photo-credits/)

---

Cite: PanduanHewan. (2026). Terms of use. PanduanHewan.org. https://panduanhewan.org/en/terms/


---

# Submit your organisation

> Submit an Indonesian animal welfare or conservation organisation for review before it can be listed in the directory.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/submit-organisation/ · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/daftarkan-organisasi/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

Page: https://panduanhewan.org/en/submit-organisation/


---

# Send a correction or feedback

> Report incorrect or outdated information on PanduanHewan, with a link to a supporting source.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/corrections/ · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/koreksi/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

Page: https://panduanhewan.org/en/corrections/


---

# Contact PanduanHewan

> How to contact PanduanHewan about corrections, organisation submissions and questions about the site. Not an emergency service.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/contact/ · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/hubungi/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

Page: https://panduanhewan.org/en/contact/


---

# Photography credits

> Photographers, licences and sources for every animal photograph used on PanduanHewan.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/photo-credits/ · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/kredit-foto/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

Page: https://panduanhewan.org/en/photo-credits/


---

# BKSDA conservation offices in Indonesia

> All 26 Indonesian BKSDA conservation offices by province, with official work areas, verified websites and contacts, and a warning about fake BKSDA sites.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/bksda-offices/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/bksda/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

## BKSDA offices

- Balai Besar Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Jawa Barat — Jawa Barat (kecuali Kab & Kota Bekasi), Banten (kecuali Kab & Kota Tangerang dan Tangerang Selatan)
- Balai Besar Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Jawa Timur — Jawa Timur
- Balai Besar Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Sumatera Utara — Sumatera Utara — https://bbksdasumut.ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/ (whatsapp: 0853-7669-9066; phone: 061 – 7860606; email: bbksdasumut@yahoo.co.id)
- Balai Besar Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Papua — Papua, Papua Selatan, Papua Pegunungan, Papua Tengah
- Balai Besar Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Nusa Tenggara Timur — Nusa Tenggara Timur — https://bbksdantt.ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/ (whatsapp: +6281138104999; email: bbksdantt@yahoo.co.id; email: bbksdantt@gmail.com; online report form: https://bbksdantt.ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/lapor/)
- Balai Besar Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Riau — Riau, Kepulauan Riau
- Balai Besar Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Papua Barat Daya — Papua Barat, Papua Barat Daya
- Balai Besar Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Sulawesi Selatan — Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Barat — https://bbksdasulsel.ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/ (call centre: +628114600883; whatsapp: 0811-4600-883; email: ksdasulsel@gmail.com)
- Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Sumatera Barat — Sumatera Barat — https://bksdasumbar.ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/ (call centre: 081266131222; email: cc.bksdasb@gmail.com)
- Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Bengkulu — Bengkulu, Lampung
- Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Jambi — Jambi
- Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Sumatera Selatan — Sumatera Selatan, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung — https://bksdasumsel.ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/ (call centre: +62 812-7141-2141; whatsapp: +62 812-7141-2141; phone: (0711) 410948; email: bksdasumsel@yahoo.co.id)
- Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Jakarta — Daerah Khusus Ibu Kota Jakarta, Banten (Kab & Kota Tangerang dan Tangerang Selatan), Jawa Barat (Kab & Kota Bekasi) — https://bksdadki.com/ (call centre: 0812 8964 3727; whatsapp: 0812 8964 3727; phone: (021) 315 8142; email: balai.ksda.jakarta@gmail.com)
- Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Nusa Tenggara Barat — Nusa Tenggara Barat
- Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Kalimantan Tengah — Kalimantan Tengah
- Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Kalimantan Selatan — Kalimantan Selatan
- Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Kalimantan Barat — Kalimantan Barat
- Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Kalimantan Timur — Kalimantan Timur, Kalimantan Utara, Ibu Kota Nusantara (IKN) — https://bksdakaltim.ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/ (call centre: 0821-1333-8181; whatsapp: 0821-1333-8181; email: bksda.kaltim@kehutanan.go.id; phone: 0541 743556; email: bksdakaltim@gmail.com)
- Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Maluku — Maluku, Maluku Utara — https://bksdamaluku.ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/ (whatsapp: +62 823-4002-8030; email: bksdamaluku.sosmed@gmail.com)
- Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Aceh — Daerah Istimewa Aceh
- Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Jawa Tengah — Jawa Tengah
- Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Yogyakarta — Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta — https://bksdajogja.org/ (complaints line: 082144449449; whatsapp: +6282144449449; phone: 0274-864203; email: bksdajogja@gmail.com; online report form: https://bksdajogja.org/e-lapor.html)
- Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Bali — Bali — https://ksda-bali.go.id/ (whatsapp: 0853-3377-4587; phone: (0361) 720063; email: info@ksda-bali.go.id)
- Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Sulawesi Tengah — Sulawesi Tengah
- Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Sulawesi Tenggara — Sulawesi Tenggara
- Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Sulawesi Utara — Sulawesi Utara, Gorontalo

Work areas per Regulation 4/2025; websites and contacts checked 2026-09-25. Beware of fake BKSDA websites.


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# Glossary of animal and conservation terms

> What terms such as endemic, IUCN Red List, CITES, protected species, BKSDA, zoonosis and core vaccines mean, with their official sources.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/glosarium/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

Page: https://panduanhewan.org/en/glossary/


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# Open data and AI access

> Download PanduanHewan species, IUCN status and organisation data (JSON, CSV), or connect an AI assistant through the MCP server.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/open-data/ · Updated 25 September 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/data-terbuka/
_This Markdown mirror is generated at build time from the same data as the HTML page. Cite the HTML page URL and its update date._

Page: https://panduanhewan.org/en/open-data/