# Gili islands horses, Bromo rides and Java's carriage horses

> Are Gili islands horses treated well? Cidomo, Bromo ride and Yogyakarta carriage horses: signs of overwork, welfare standards, the law and how to report.

Source: https://panduanhewan.org/en/animal-causes/gili-islands-horses-bromo-rides-indonesia/ · Updated 1 October 2026 · English · Bahasa Indonesia: https://panduanhewan.org/id/isu-satwa/kuda-delman-andong-cidomo-kuda-bromo/
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## Quick answer

Delman, andong and cidomo horses still pull passengers and goods in Java, Lombok and the Gili islands, and horses at Bromo carry tourists towards the crater. Studies have found many working horses wounded, lame or thin, and some still worked while ill; the WOAH standard recommends no more than six hours' work a day with water, rest and shade. Since 2 January 2026, cruelty to animals and using them beyond their natural ability have been offences under Articles 337 and 338 of Indonesia's Criminal Code, and cases can be reported to the police (110) or the local livestock and animal health office.

- **Horses in Indonesia (2024, preliminary):** about 125,800 ([Kementan: Statistik Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan 2024, Tabel 8.5 Populasi Kuda](https://satudata.pertanian.go.id/assets/docs/publikasi/Buku_Statistik_PKH_2024_.pdf))
- **WOAH working limit for horses:** Max 6 hours a day; at least 1 rest day in 7 ([WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 7.12: Welfare of working equids (first adopted 2016, updated 2018)](https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_working_equids.pdf))
- **Gili Trawangan ponies with at least one wound (2017):** 86.1% of 36 ponies ([Pinsky TC, Puja IK, Aleri J, Hood J, Sasadara MM, Collins T (2019) A Pilot Welfare Assessment of Working Ponies on Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. Animals 9(7):433](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6680438/))
- **Gili drivers who would work an injured or ill pony (2017):** 30% ([Pinsky TC, Puja IK, Aleri J, Hood J, Sasadara MM, Collins T (2019) A Pilot Welfare Assessment of Working Ponies on Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. Animals 9(7):433](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6680438/))
- **Andong drivers who had never taken their horse to a vet (2024):** 54.3% (Malioboro and Parangtritis) ([Pranaja MRS et al. (2024) Kajian Kesehatan Kuda Andong di Kawasan Pantai Parangtritis dan Malioboro dari Sudut Pandang Manajemen Pemeliharaan. Jurnal Sain Veteriner 42(3):471-482](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jsv/article/download/100737/40724))
- **Andong horses in Malioboro (April 2025):** About 421 ([Pemerintah Kota Yogyakarta: Pemeriksaan Kesehatan Kuda di Malioboro Dukung Layanan Wisata Kota Yogya (25 April 2025)](https://warta.jogjakota.go.id/detail/index/39471/pemeriksaan-kesehatan-kuda-di-malioboro-dukung-layanan-wisata-kota-yogya-2025-04-25))
- **Horses treated at Bromo livestock health post (31 August 2025):** 211 ([ANTARA Jawa Timur: Pemkab Probolinggo buka layanan kesehatan kuda di Gunung Bromo (1 September 2025)](https://jatim.antaranews.com/berita/968977/pemkab-probolinggo-buka-layanan-kesehatan-kuda-di-gunung-bromo))
- **Andong horse rules in Yogyakarta:** Healthy, trained, at least 3 years old; max 6 passengers ([Perda Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Nomor 5 Tahun 2016 tentang Moda Transportasi Tradisional Becak dan Andong](https://yogyakarta.bpk.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/perda-prop.-diy-no-5-th-2016.pdf))
- **Penalty for cruelty causing disability or death (KUHP Art. 337(2)):** Up to 1 year 6 months in prison or a fine of up to Rp50 million ([UU Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP), berlaku 2 Januari 2026](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/287456/UU%20Nomor%201%20Tahun%202023.pdf))

## What are delman, andong and cidomo, and how many horses still work in Indonesia?

Delman, andong, dokar and cidomo are regional names for horse-drawn carts. Yogyakarta's Regional Regulation No. 5 of 2016 defines an andong as a traditional two- or four-wheeled vehicle pulled by one or two horses. On Lombok and the Gili islands the equivalent cart is the cidomo, an acronym of cikar, dokar and mobil (car), because it runs on two car tyres.

Ministry of Agriculture statistics put Indonesia's horse population at about 125,800 in 2024 (preliminary figures), with the largest number in South Sulawesi. In the provinces where tourist carriages are common, there were 5,331 horses in West Java, 1,436 in Yogyakarta, 2,613 in East Java and 8,614 in West Nusa Tenggara, which includes Lombok. These figures cover all horses, not only those pulling carts.

Working horses are most visible at tourist sites. Yogyakarta city counted about 421 andong horses in Malioboro in April 2025. A study estimated some 300 ponies on the Gili islands in 2017, about 200 of them on Gili Trawangan, an island without motor vehicles where horses carry tourists, water, food, rubbish and building materials. On Bromo's sand sea, 211 horses owned by residents of Sukapura district attended a regency animal health service on 31 August 2025.

Evidence: [Perda Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Nomor 5 Tahun 2016 tentang Moda Transportasi Tradisional Becak dan Andong](https://yogyakarta.bpk.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/perda-prop.-diy-no-5-th-2016.pdf) · [Perda Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Nomor 5 Tahun 2016 tentang Moda Transportasi Tradisional Becak dan Andong](https://yogyakarta.bpk.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/perda-prop.-diy-no-5-th-2016.pdf) · [ANTARA NTB: Lombok Utara ingin gantikan Cidomo dengan kendaraan listrik di Gili Trawangan (28 Juli 2023)](https://mataram.antaranews.com/berita/289488/lombok-utara-ingin-gantikan-cidomo-dengan-kendaraan-listrik-di-gili-trawangan) · [ANTARA NTB: Lombok Utara ingin gantikan Cidomo dengan kendaraan listrik di Gili Trawangan (28 Juli 2023)](https://mataram.antaranews.com/berita/289488/lombok-utara-ingin-gantikan-cidomo-dengan-kendaraan-listrik-di-gili-trawangan) · [Kementan: Statistik Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan 2024, Tabel 8.5 Populasi Kuda](https://satudata.pertanian.go.id/assets/docs/publikasi/Buku_Statistik_PKH_2024_.pdf) · [Kementan: Statistik Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan 2024, Tabel 8.5 Populasi Kuda](https://satudata.pertanian.go.id/assets/docs/publikasi/Buku_Statistik_PKH_2024_.pdf) · [Kementan: Statistik Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan 2024, Tabel 8.5 Populasi Kuda](https://satudata.pertanian.go.id/assets/docs/publikasi/Buku_Statistik_PKH_2024_.pdf) · [Kementan: Statistik Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan 2024, Tabel 8.5 Populasi Kuda](https://satudata.pertanian.go.id/assets/docs/publikasi/Buku_Statistik_PKH_2024_.pdf) · [Kementan: Statistik Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan 2024, Tabel 8.5 Populasi Kuda](https://satudata.pertanian.go.id/assets/docs/publikasi/Buku_Statistik_PKH_2024_.pdf) · [Pemerintah Kota Yogyakarta: Pemeriksaan Kesehatan Kuda di Malioboro Dukung Layanan Wisata Kota Yogya (25 April 2025)](https://warta.jogjakota.go.id/detail/index/39471/pemeriksaan-kesehatan-kuda-di-malioboro-dukung-layanan-wisata-kota-yogya-2025-04-25) · [Pinsky TC, Puja IK, Aleri J, Hood J, Sasadara MM, Collins T (2019) A Pilot Welfare Assessment of Working Ponies on Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. Animals 9(7):433](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6680438/) · [Pinsky TC, Puja IK, Aleri J, Hood J, Sasadara MM, Collins T (2019) A Pilot Welfare Assessment of Working Ponies on Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. Animals 9(7):433](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6680438/) · [ANTARA Jawa Timur: Pemkab Probolinggo buka layanan kesehatan kuda di Gunung Bromo (1 September 2025)](https://jatim.antaranews.com/berita/968977/pemkab-probolinggo-buka-layanan-kesehatan-kuda-di-gunung-bromo) · [ANTARA Jawa Timur: Pemkab Probolinggo buka layanan kesehatan kuda di Gunung Bromo (1 September 2025)](https://jatim.antaranews.com/berita/968977/pemkab-probolinggo-buka-layanan-kesehatan-kuda-di-gunung-bromo)

## Are the horses on Gili Trawangan treated well?

The first peer-reviewed study of Gili horse health examined 38 ponies and interviewed 33 cart drivers on Gili Trawangan in May 2017. It found that 86.1% of the ponies had at least one wound, 92% had foot or hoof problems and 38% were lame. Of the 142 wounds recorded, 43.7% were on the head, lips and inside the mouth. In all, 39.5% of the ponies had a body condition score the researchers said warranted intervention, probably because of poor nutrition and worms.

The workload is heavy. Drivers reported working their ponies an average of 4.4 hours a day and 5.3 days a week. The researchers estimated that a tourist cart carries about 385 kg of passengers and luggage, and a water cart about 1,050 kg, not counting the cart itself. Thirty per cent of drivers said they would keep working a pony that was lame, injured or ill, and 93.9% did not recognise the term animal welfare. The authors named limited education, poor access to vets and the islands' remoteness as the main barriers.

The concern has not gone away. In June 2026 a video of horses hauling asbestos sheets and building materials on Gili Trawangan went viral and prompted calls for a boycott. The head of Trawangan hamlet replied that every cidomo has at least three horses that work in rotation over six hours, and that the horses are given vitamins. That is a statement from a local official, not the result of a published health check.

Evidence: [Pinsky TC, Puja IK, Aleri J, Hood J, Sasadara MM, Collins T (2019) A Pilot Welfare Assessment of Working Ponies on Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. Animals 9(7):433](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6680438/) · [Pinsky TC, Puja IK, Aleri J, Hood J, Sasadara MM, Collins T (2019) A Pilot Welfare Assessment of Working Ponies on Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. Animals 9(7):433](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6680438/) · [Pinsky TC, Puja IK, Aleri J, Hood J, Sasadara MM, Collins T (2019) A Pilot Welfare Assessment of Working Ponies on Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. Animals 9(7):433](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6680438/) · [Pinsky TC, Puja IK, Aleri J, Hood J, Sasadara MM, Collins T (2019) A Pilot Welfare Assessment of Working Ponies on Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. Animals 9(7):433](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6680438/) · [Pinsky TC, Puja IK, Aleri J, Hood J, Sasadara MM, Collins T (2019) A Pilot Welfare Assessment of Working Ponies on Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. Animals 9(7):433](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6680438/) · [Pinsky TC, Puja IK, Aleri J, Hood J, Sasadara MM, Collins T (2019) A Pilot Welfare Assessment of Working Ponies on Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. Animals 9(7):433](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6680438/) · [Pinsky TC, Puja IK, Aleri J, Hood J, Sasadara MM, Collins T (2019) A Pilot Welfare Assessment of Working Ponies on Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. Animals 9(7):433](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6680438/) · [Pinsky TC, Puja IK, Aleri J, Hood J, Sasadara MM, Collins T (2019) A Pilot Welfare Assessment of Working Ponies on Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. Animals 9(7):433](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6680438/) · [Pinsky TC, Puja IK, Aleri J, Hood J, Sasadara MM, Collins T (2019) A Pilot Welfare Assessment of Working Ponies on Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. Animals 9(7):433](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6680438/) · [Pinsky TC, Puja IK, Aleri J, Hood J, Sasadara MM, Collins T (2019) A Pilot Welfare Assessment of Working Ponies on Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. Animals 9(7):433](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6680438/) · [Pinsky TC, Puja IK, Aleri J, Hood J, Sasadara MM, Collins T (2019) A Pilot Welfare Assessment of Working Ponies on Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. Animals 9(7):433](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6680438/) · [Pinsky TC, Puja IK, Aleri J, Hood J, Sasadara MM, Collins T (2019) A Pilot Welfare Assessment of Working Ponies on Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. Animals 9(7):433](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6680438/) · [detikBali: Dugaan Eksploitasi Kuda Picu Ajakan Boikot Gili Trawangan (23 Juni 2026)](https://www.detik.com/bali/nusra/d-8544477/dugaan-eksploitasi-kuda-picu-ajakan-boikot-gili-trawangan) · [detikBali: Dugaan Eksploitasi Kuda Picu Ajakan Boikot Gili Trawangan (23 Juni 2026)](https://www.detik.com/bali/nusra/d-8544477/dugaan-eksploitasi-kuda-picu-ajakan-boikot-gili-trawangan) · [detikBali: Dugaan Eksploitasi Kuda Picu Ajakan Boikot Gili Trawangan (23 Juni 2026)](https://www.detik.com/bali/nusra/d-8544477/dugaan-eksploitasi-kuda-picu-ajakan-boikot-gili-trawangan) · [detikBali: Dugaan Eksploitasi Kuda Picu Ajakan Boikot Gili Trawangan (23 Juni 2026)](https://www.detik.com/bali/nusra/d-8544477/dugaan-eksploitasi-kuda-picu-ajakan-boikot-gili-trawangan)

## How are the andong horses of Yogyakarta and delman horses in Java faring?

A study by Gadjah Mada University's veterinary faculty surveyed 51 andong drivers in Malioboro and at Parangtritis beach between May and June 2024. Of the drivers, 53.1% had never attended training on horse care, 54.3% had never taken their horse to a vet and 16.1% never dewormed it. According to the questionnaire, 12.8% of the tourist horses showed dehydration and 7.5% were thin. The researchers concluded that most care was adequate but still needed to improve.

In April 2025, Yogyakarta city's agriculture and food office examined Malioboro's andong horses free of charge, including deworming and vitamins. Most horses were found healthy, with minor leg wounds and a few fungal infections. The office's vet warned that pregnant mares, especially those near nine months, must not pull andong. The same month, the mayor floated the idea of horse nappies because the andong dung catchers do not hold urine, which spills onto the street.

Away from the tourist areas, delman horses collapsing in the street keep making the news. In January 2021 in Cianjur, West Java, a delman horse fell while carrying passengers and was whipped to make it stand; local residents described it as thin with visible bones. WOAH lists working unfit animals, overloading, working under heat stress and beating or whipping among poor management practices.

Evidence: [Pranaja MRS et al. (2024) Kajian Kesehatan Kuda Andong di Kawasan Pantai Parangtritis dan Malioboro dari Sudut Pandang Manajemen Pemeliharaan. Jurnal Sain Veteriner 42(3):471-482](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jsv/article/download/100737/40724) · [Pranaja MRS et al. (2024) Kajian Kesehatan Kuda Andong di Kawasan Pantai Parangtritis dan Malioboro dari Sudut Pandang Manajemen Pemeliharaan. Jurnal Sain Veteriner 42(3):471-482](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jsv/article/download/100737/40724) · [Pranaja MRS et al. (2024) Kajian Kesehatan Kuda Andong di Kawasan Pantai Parangtritis dan Malioboro dari Sudut Pandang Manajemen Pemeliharaan. Jurnal Sain Veteriner 42(3):471-482](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jsv/article/download/100737/40724) · [Pranaja MRS et al. (2024) Kajian Kesehatan Kuda Andong di Kawasan Pantai Parangtritis dan Malioboro dari Sudut Pandang Manajemen Pemeliharaan. Jurnal Sain Veteriner 42(3):471-482](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jsv/article/download/100737/40724) · [Pranaja MRS et al. (2024) Kajian Kesehatan Kuda Andong di Kawasan Pantai Parangtritis dan Malioboro dari Sudut Pandang Manajemen Pemeliharaan. Jurnal Sain Veteriner 42(3):471-482](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jsv/article/download/100737/40724) · [Pranaja MRS et al. (2024) Kajian Kesehatan Kuda Andong di Kawasan Pantai Parangtritis dan Malioboro dari Sudut Pandang Manajemen Pemeliharaan. Jurnal Sain Veteriner 42(3):471-482](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jsv/article/download/100737/40724) · [Pranaja MRS et al. (2024) Kajian Kesehatan Kuda Andong di Kawasan Pantai Parangtritis dan Malioboro dari Sudut Pandang Manajemen Pemeliharaan. Jurnal Sain Veteriner 42(3):471-482](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jsv/article/download/100737/40724) · [Pranaja MRS et al. (2024) Kajian Kesehatan Kuda Andong di Kawasan Pantai Parangtritis dan Malioboro dari Sudut Pandang Manajemen Pemeliharaan. Jurnal Sain Veteriner 42(3):471-482](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jsv/article/download/100737/40724) · [Pemerintah Kota Yogyakarta: Pemeriksaan Kesehatan Kuda di Malioboro Dukung Layanan Wisata Kota Yogya (25 April 2025)](https://warta.jogjakota.go.id/detail/index/39471/pemeriksaan-kesehatan-kuda-di-malioboro-dukung-layanan-wisata-kota-yogya-2025-04-25) · [Pemerintah Kota Yogyakarta: Pemeriksaan Kesehatan Kuda di Malioboro Dukung Layanan Wisata Kota Yogya (25 April 2025)](https://warta.jogjakota.go.id/detail/index/39471/pemeriksaan-kesehatan-kuda-di-malioboro-dukung-layanan-wisata-kota-yogya-2025-04-25) · [Pemerintah Kota Yogyakarta: Pemeriksaan Kesehatan Kuda di Malioboro Dukung Layanan Wisata Kota Yogya (25 April 2025)](https://warta.jogjakota.go.id/detail/index/39471/pemeriksaan-kesehatan-kuda-di-malioboro-dukung-layanan-wisata-kota-yogya-2025-04-25) · [Pemerintah Kota Yogyakarta: Pemeriksaan Kesehatan Kuda di Malioboro Dukung Layanan Wisata Kota Yogya (25 April 2025)](https://warta.jogjakota.go.id/detail/index/39471/pemeriksaan-kesehatan-kuda-di-malioboro-dukung-layanan-wisata-kota-yogya-2025-04-25) · [ANTARA Yogyakarta: Wali Kota Yogyakarta gagas penggunaan popok untuk kuda andong di kawasan Malioboro (9 April 2025)](https://jogja.antaranews.com/berita/739717/wali-kota-yogyakarta-gagas-penggunaan-popok-untuk-kuda-andong-di-kawasan-malioboro) · [ANTARA Yogyakarta: Wali Kota Yogyakarta gagas penggunaan popok untuk kuda andong di kawasan Malioboro (9 April 2025)](https://jogja.antaranews.com/berita/739717/wali-kota-yogyakarta-gagas-penggunaan-popok-untuk-kuda-andong-di-kawasan-malioboro) · [Kompas.com: Video Viral Kuda Delman Terkapar Kelelahan, Dipaksa Berdiri dengan Dicambuk (14 Januari 2021)](https://regional.kompas.com/read/2021/01/14/19011921/video-viral-kuda-delman-terkapar-kelelahan-dipaksa-berdiri-dengan-dicambuk?page=all) · [Kompas.com: Video Viral Kuda Delman Terkapar Kelelahan, Dipaksa Berdiri dengan Dicambuk (14 Januari 2021)](https://regional.kompas.com/read/2021/01/14/19011921/video-viral-kuda-delman-terkapar-kelelahan-dipaksa-berdiri-dengan-dicambuk?page=all) · [Kompas.com: Video Viral Kuda Delman Terkapar Kelelahan, Dipaksa Berdiri dengan Dicambuk (14 Januari 2021)](https://regional.kompas.com/read/2021/01/14/19011921/video-viral-kuda-delman-terkapar-kelelahan-dipaksa-berdiri-dengan-dicambuk?page=all) · [WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 7.12: Welfare of working equids (first adopted 2016, updated 2018)](https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_working_equids.pdf) · [WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 7.12: Welfare of working equids (first adopted 2016, updated 2018)](https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_working_equids.pdf)

## Bromo horse riding: is it ethical, and what should you know about the horses?

At Bromo, residents' horses carry tourists up and down between the sand sea and the crater, work that the regency government says demands peak fitness. At a livestock health post in Ngadisari village on 31 August 2025, 211 horses received deworming, vitamins and treatment for skin problems, itching and lameness. The Probolinggo agriculture office hopes to make the service a regular event.

Colouring horses as a tourist attraction is still found in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park. The Ministry of Tourism sent a letter dated 23 January 2026 urging tourism that puts animal protection first in the park. On 6 February 2026 the Probolinggo youth, sports and tourism office issued a circular banning the colouring of horses as a tourist attraction in any form, because it is inconsistent with animal welfare principles. Bromo's visitor rules also ban bringing paint, spray paint and other dyes.

The head of the national park authority has stressed that tourist horses are not wildlife, because they are kept animals. What applies to Bromo's horses is therefore animal welfare law, including Permentan 32/2025, which treats horses used for tourism as service animals, and the criminal provisions on animal cruelty. For riders, research on horses used for tour riding notes that carrying more weight affects a horse's physiological response, and some tour riding operators set rider weight limits to protect their horses' welfare.

Evidence: [ANTARA Jawa Timur: Pemkab Probolinggo buka layanan kesehatan kuda di Gunung Bromo (1 September 2025)](https://jatim.antaranews.com/berita/968977/pemkab-probolinggo-buka-layanan-kesehatan-kuda-di-gunung-bromo) · [ANTARA Jawa Timur: Pemkab Probolinggo buka layanan kesehatan kuda di Gunung Bromo (1 September 2025)](https://jatim.antaranews.com/berita/968977/pemkab-probolinggo-buka-layanan-kesehatan-kuda-di-gunung-bromo) · [ANTARA Jawa Timur: Pemkab Probolinggo buka layanan kesehatan kuda di Gunung Bromo (1 September 2025)](https://jatim.antaranews.com/berita/968977/pemkab-probolinggo-buka-layanan-kesehatan-kuda-di-gunung-bromo) · [ANTARA Jawa Timur: Pemkab Probolinggo buka layanan kesehatan kuda di Gunung Bromo (1 September 2025)](https://jatim.antaranews.com/berita/968977/pemkab-probolinggo-buka-layanan-kesehatan-kuda-di-gunung-bromo) · [Radar Bromo: Kuda-Kuda di Bromo Dilarang Diwarnai, Pemkab Probolinggo Keluarkan SE (9 Februari 2026)](https://radarbromo.jawapos.com/probolinggo/2602090015/kuda-kuda-di-bromo-dilarang-diwarnai-dinilai-rusak-citra-pariwisata-pemkab-probolinggo-keluarkan-se) · [Radar Bromo: Kuda-Kuda di Bromo Dilarang Diwarnai, Pemkab Probolinggo Keluarkan SE (9 Februari 2026)](https://radarbromo.jawapos.com/probolinggo/2602090015/kuda-kuda-di-bromo-dilarang-diwarnai-dinilai-rusak-citra-pariwisata-pemkab-probolinggo-keluarkan-se) · [Radar Bromo: Kuda-Kuda di Bromo Dilarang Diwarnai, Pemkab Probolinggo Keluarkan SE (9 Februari 2026)](https://radarbromo.jawapos.com/probolinggo/2602090015/kuda-kuda-di-bromo-dilarang-diwarnai-dinilai-rusak-citra-pariwisata-pemkab-probolinggo-keluarkan-se) · [Radar Bromo: Kuda-Kuda di Bromo Dilarang Diwarnai, Pemkab Probolinggo Keluarkan SE (9 Februari 2026)](https://radarbromo.jawapos.com/probolinggo/2602090015/kuda-kuda-di-bromo-dilarang-diwarnai-dinilai-rusak-citra-pariwisata-pemkab-probolinggo-keluarkan-se) · [Radar Bromo: Kuda-Kuda di Bromo Dilarang Diwarnai, Pemkab Probolinggo Keluarkan SE (9 Februari 2026)](https://radarbromo.jawapos.com/probolinggo/2602090015/kuda-kuda-di-bromo-dilarang-diwarnai-dinilai-rusak-citra-pariwisata-pemkab-probolinggo-keluarkan-se) · [Radar Bromo: Kuda-Kuda di Bromo Dilarang Diwarnai, Pemkab Probolinggo Keluarkan SE (9 Februari 2026)](https://radarbromo.jawapos.com/probolinggo/2602090015/kuda-kuda-di-bromo-dilarang-diwarnai-dinilai-rusak-citra-pariwisata-pemkab-probolinggo-keluarkan-se) · [Disporaparbud Kabupaten Probolinggo: Peraturan kunjungan Gunung Bromo](https://disporaparbud.probolinggokab.go.id/peraturan/gunung-bromo) · [Radar Bromo: Kuda-Kuda di Bromo Dilarang Diwarnai, Pemkab Probolinggo Keluarkan SE (9 Februari 2026)](https://radarbromo.jawapos.com/probolinggo/2602090015/kuda-kuda-di-bromo-dilarang-diwarnai-dinilai-rusak-citra-pariwisata-pemkab-probolinggo-keluarkan-se) · [Permentan Nomor 32 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/405742/Permentan%20Nomor%2032%20Tahun%202025.pdf) · [Permentan Nomor 32 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/405742/Permentan%20Nomor%2032%20Tahun%202025.pdf) · [Söderroos D et al. (2025) Physiological response to weight carrying and associations with conformation traits in Icelandic horses used for tour riding. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12180175/) · [Söderroos D et al. (2025) Physiological response to weight carrying and associations with conformation traits in Icelandic horses used for tour riding. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12180175/)

## How can you tell if a horse is tired, overheated, in pain or abused?

WOAH's standard on working equid welfare lists signs you can observe without touching the horse. Heat stress, common in working equids in hot, humid places, shows as fast and laboured breathing, flared nostrils, increased head movement, lack of response to surroundings and excessive sweating. Permentan 32/2025 uses almost the same signs and requires the owners of service animals to recognise and prevent it.

A horse that is dull, depressed or unresponsive when it would normally be alert has a welfare problem. Shifting weight, resting or holding up a leg, abnormal movement and reluctance to move can mean leg or foot pain. Head shaking, fighting the bit and difficulty eating can mean head or dental pain.

WOAH also lists physical signs: foot or limb problems, wounds, dehydration, abnormal discharges, parasites, hair loss, heavy soiling with dung or mud, and emaciation. In its words, a horse cannot do the work demanded of it if it shows heat stress, lameness, poor body condition or weight loss, harness wounds, or resists having equipment fitted. Misuse of whips and sticks causes fear and distress; kicking, biting and avoiding people can be signs of it.

Do not try to examine, water or handle a horse that looks ill or has collapsed. Note the time, place and any cart number, then report it to the authorities.

Evidence: [WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 7.12: Welfare of working equids (first adopted 2016, updated 2018)](https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_working_equids.pdf) · [WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 7.12: Welfare of working equids (first adopted 2016, updated 2018)](https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_working_equids.pdf) · [Permentan Nomor 32 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/405742/Permentan%20Nomor%2032%20Tahun%202025.pdf) · [WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 7.12: Welfare of working equids (first adopted 2016, updated 2018)](https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_working_equids.pdf) · [WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 7.12: Welfare of working equids (first adopted 2016, updated 2018)](https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_working_equids.pdf) · [WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 7.12: Welfare of working equids (first adopted 2016, updated 2018)](https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_working_equids.pdf) · [WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 7.12: Welfare of working equids (first adopted 2016, updated 2018)](https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_working_equids.pdf) · [WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 7.12: Welfare of working equids (first adopted 2016, updated 2018)](https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_working_equids.pdf) · [WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 7.12: Welfare of working equids (first adopted 2016, updated 2018)](https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_working_equids.pdf) · [WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 7.12: Welfare of working equids (first adopted 2016, updated 2018)](https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_working_equids.pdf) · [WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 7.12: Welfare of working equids (first adopted 2016, updated 2018)](https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_working_equids.pdf) · [WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 7.12: Welfare of working equids (first adopted 2016, updated 2018)](https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_working_equids.pdf) · [UU Nomor 41 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan atas UU Nomor 18 Tahun 2009 tentang Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/28131/UU%20Nomor%2041%20Tahun%202014.pdf)

## How long should a working horse work? The welfare standards

Chapter 7.12 of WOAH's Terrestrial Animal Health Code, first adopted in 2016, is the international standard for horses, donkeys and mules used for traction, transport and earning a living. In general, animals should work no more than six hours a day and get at least one, preferably two, full rest days in every seven. Breaks with drinkable water should come at least every two hours, work should be reduced in very hot weather, and sick or injured animals should not be worked.

WOAH calls water the most important nutrient for working equids. A horse's working life should generally start at three years or older, never under two. Harness should fit properly, be checked daily and be repaired promptly, and thin cord or wire must never be used as a bit.

In Indonesia, Permentan 32/2025 lists horses as service animals used for tourism and hauling loads. Owners must provide unrestricted (ad libitum) drinking water, shaded waiting areas and body protection in heat or rain. Horses must not be worked beyond their physical strength, when disabled, injured, lame or wounded, or when pregnant, nursing or young. Owners must not dope them, must check their coat, skin, legs and hooves before or after work, and must either care for horses they no longer work or cull them. The regulation sets no number of working hours; the six-hour limit comes from the WOAH standard.

Evidence: [WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 7.12: Welfare of working equids (first adopted 2016, updated 2018)](https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_working_equids.pdf) · [WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 7.12: Welfare of working equids (first adopted 2016, updated 2018)](https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_working_equids.pdf) · [WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 7.12: Welfare of working equids (first adopted 2016, updated 2018)](https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_working_equids.pdf) · [WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 7.12: Welfare of working equids (first adopted 2016, updated 2018)](https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_working_equids.pdf) · [WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 7.12: Welfare of working equids (first adopted 2016, updated 2018)](https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_working_equids.pdf) · [WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 7.12: Welfare of working equids (first adopted 2016, updated 2018)](https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_working_equids.pdf) · [WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 7.12: Welfare of working equids (first adopted 2016, updated 2018)](https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_working_equids.pdf) · [WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 7.12: Welfare of working equids (first adopted 2016, updated 2018)](https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_working_equids.pdf) · [WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 7.12: Welfare of working equids (first adopted 2016, updated 2018)](https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_working_equids.pdf) · [WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 7.12: Welfare of working equids (first adopted 2016, updated 2018)](https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_working_equids.pdf) · [Permentan Nomor 32 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/405742/Permentan%20Nomor%2032%20Tahun%202025.pdf) · [Permentan Nomor 32 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/405742/Permentan%20Nomor%2032%20Tahun%202025.pdf) · [Permentan Nomor 32 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/405742/Permentan%20Nomor%2032%20Tahun%202025.pdf) · [Permentan Nomor 32 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/405742/Permentan%20Nomor%2032%20Tahun%202025.pdf) · [Permentan Nomor 32 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/405742/Permentan%20Nomor%2032%20Tahun%202025.pdf) · [Permentan Nomor 32 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/405742/Permentan%20Nomor%2032%20Tahun%202025.pdf) · [Permentan Nomor 32 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/405742/Permentan%20Nomor%2032%20Tahun%202025.pdf) · [Permentan Nomor 32 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/405742/Permentan%20Nomor%2032%20Tahun%202025.pdf) · [Permentan Nomor 32 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/405742/Permentan%20Nomor%2032%20Tahun%202025.pdf) · [Permentan Nomor 32 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/405742/Permentan%20Nomor%2032%20Tahun%202025.pdf) · [Permentan Nomor 32 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/405742/Permentan%20Nomor%2032%20Tahun%202025.pdf)

## What does Indonesian law say about cruelty to horses and overworking them?

Indonesia's new Criminal Code (KUHP, Law 1/2023) took effect on 2 January 2026. Article 337(1) punishes anyone who hurts or injures an animal or harms its health excessively or without a proper purpose: up to 1 year in prison or a fine of up to category II (Rp10 million). If the animal is sick for more than a week, disabled, gravely injured or dies, the maximum rises to 1 year 6 months or a category III fine (Rp50 million). An animal owned by the offender can be confiscated and placed somewhere suitable.

For working horses, Article 338(1)(a) is especially relevant: using an animal beyond its natural ability in a way that can damage its health, threaten its safety or kill it carries up to 1 year in prison or a category II fine. The explanatory notes say the article is not meant to punish cultural, customary or religious activities. Government Regulation 95/2012, Article 92, already banned using an animal's physical strength beyond its limits; its explanatory notes mention draught animals and give examples such as working young, sick, disabled or pregnant animals.

Article 66A of Law 41/2014 on livestock and animal health bans abusing or misusing animals so that they become disabled or unproductive, and obliges anyone who knows of it to report to the authorities. Law 1/2026 on penalty adjustment, in force since 2 January 2026, sets the penalty under Article 91B, for abusers and for those who fail to report, at a fine of up to category II. Permentan 32/2025 tasks district and city animal health offices with following up public reports of welfare breaches.

Domestic horses do not appear in the annex to P.106/2018, the list of protected species; the rules that apply to them are the KUHP, the livestock and animal health law, Permentan 32/2025 and regional regulations. In May 2025, police in Cimahi, West Java, investigated a viral video of a cart driver hitting a horse with a wooden beam and questioned witnesses, including the man who struck it. In April 2026, Mataram police on Lombok applied Article 337 to a suspect in a dog cruelty case, a sign the new article is already in use in West Nusa Tenggara.

Evidence: [JDIH BPK: UU No. 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (metadata)](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/234935/uu-no-1-tahun-2023) · [UU Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP), berlaku 2 Januari 2026](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/287456/UU%20Nomor%201%20Tahun%202023.pdf) · [UU Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP), berlaku 2 Januari 2026](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/287456/UU%20Nomor%201%20Tahun%202023.pdf) · [UU Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP), berlaku 2 Januari 2026](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/287456/UU%20Nomor%201%20Tahun%202023.pdf) · [UU Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP), berlaku 2 Januari 2026](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/287456/UU%20Nomor%201%20Tahun%202023.pdf) · [UU Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP), berlaku 2 Januari 2026](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/287456/UU%20Nomor%201%20Tahun%202023.pdf) · [UU Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP), berlaku 2 Januari 2026](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/287456/UU%20Nomor%201%20Tahun%202023.pdf) · [UU Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP), berlaku 2 Januari 2026](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/287456/UU%20Nomor%201%20Tahun%202023.pdf) · [UU Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP), berlaku 2 Januari 2026](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/287456/UU%20Nomor%201%20Tahun%202023.pdf) · [UU Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP), berlaku 2 Januari 2026](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/287456/UU%20Nomor%201%20Tahun%202023.pdf) · [PP Nomor 95 Tahun 2012 tentang Kesehatan Masyarakat Veteriner dan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/35362/PP%20Nomor%2095%20Tahun%202012.pdf) · [PP Nomor 95 Tahun 2012 tentang Kesehatan Masyarakat Veteriner dan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/35362/PP%20Nomor%2095%20Tahun%202012.pdf) · [PP Nomor 95 Tahun 2012 tentang Kesehatan Masyarakat Veteriner dan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/35362/PP%20Nomor%2095%20Tahun%202012.pdf) · [UU Nomor 41 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan atas UU Nomor 18 Tahun 2009 tentang Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/28131/UU%20Nomor%2041%20Tahun%202014.pdf) · [UU Nomor 41 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan atas UU Nomor 18 Tahun 2009 tentang Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/28131/UU%20Nomor%2041%20Tahun%202014.pdf) · [UU Nomor 41 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan atas UU Nomor 18 Tahun 2009 tentang Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/28131/UU%20Nomor%2041%20Tahun%202014.pdf) · [JDIH BPK: UU No. 1 Tahun 2026 tentang Penyesuaian Pidana (metadata)](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/337869/uu-no-1-tahun-2026) · [UU Nomor 1 Tahun 2026 tentang Penyesuaian Pidana](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/400929/UU%20Nomor%201%20Tahun%202026.pdf) · [UU Nomor 1 Tahun 2026 tentang Penyesuaian Pidana](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/400929/UU%20Nomor%201%20Tahun%202026.pdf) · [Permentan Nomor 32 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/405742/Permentan%20Nomor%2032%20Tahun%202025.pdf) · [Permen LHK P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi (lampiran)](https://jdih.kehutanan.go.id/new2/uploads/files/P_106_2018_JENIS_TSL_menlhk_07252019152513.pdf) · [Radar Bromo: Kuda-Kuda di Bromo Dilarang Diwarnai, Pemkab Probolinggo Keluarkan SE (9 Februari 2026)](https://radarbromo.jawapos.com/probolinggo/2602090015/kuda-kuda-di-bromo-dilarang-diwarnai-dinilai-rusak-citra-pariwisata-pemkab-probolinggo-keluarkan-se) · [kumparan: Viral Penganiayaan Kuda di Cimahi, Polisi Periksa Pemilik dan Kusir (Mei 2025)](https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/viral-penganiayaan-kuda-di-cimahi-polisi-periksa-pemilik-dan-kusir-251lomRsnyp) · [kumparan: Viral Penganiayaan Kuda di Cimahi, Polisi Periksa Pemilik dan Kusir (Mei 2025)](https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/viral-penganiayaan-kuda-di-cimahi-polisi-periksa-pemilik-dan-kusir-251lomRsnyp) · [kumparan: Viral Penganiayaan Kuda di Cimahi, Polisi Periksa Pemilik dan Kusir (Mei 2025)](https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/viral-penganiayaan-kuda-di-cimahi-polisi-periksa-pemilik-dan-kusir-251lomRsnyp) · [Suara NTB: Polisi Amankan Terduga Pelaku Penganiayaan Hewan yang Viral di Mataram (8 April 2026)](https://suarantb.com/2026/04/08/polisi-amankan-terduga-pelaku-penganiayaan-hewan-yang-viral-di-mataram/) · [Suara NTB: Polisi Amankan Terduga Pelaku Penganiayaan Hewan yang Viral di Mataram (8 April 2026)](https://suarantb.com/2026/04/08/polisi-amankan-terduga-pelaku-penganiayaan-hewan-yang-viral-di-mataram/) · [Suara NTB: Polisi Amankan Terduga Pelaku Penganiayaan Hewan yang Viral di Mataram (8 April 2026)](https://suarantb.com/2026/04/08/polisi-amankan-terduga-pelaku-penganiayaan-hewan-yang-viral-di-mataram/)

## How are delman, andong and cidomo regulated locally?

Yogyakarta regulates the andong in detail. Its Regional Regulation No. 5 of 2016 requires andong horses to be trained, healthy, at least three years old and controllable by the driver. An andong may carry at most six passengers, or fewer if the horse, brakes and axles cannot cope, and must have a dung catcher, a feed container and a water container. The regulation also obliges the provincial government to protect traditional transport, including by training drivers and helping them get social security.

Motor vehicles are not allowed on Gili Trawangan, so residents and visitors walk, cycle or ride a cidomo. North Lombok's transport office levies a fee on cidomo under Regional Regulation No. 5 of 2021 and Regent Regulation No. 12 of 2023; in 2023 it recorded 65 dongol and 50 kap cidomo on Gili Trawangan. In October 2024 the office confirmed there would be no additional cidomo on the three Gili islands and said it was enforcing this with the civil service police and the police. These reported rules cover permits, numbers and fees. In July 2023 the North Lombok regent said he wanted to replace cidomo with electric vehicles, partly because foreign tourists regard them as cruel to animals.

In Bandung, after a delman driver charged a tourist Rp600,000 in April 2025, the mayor said he would review the rules on delman operations. At Bromo, the ban on colouring horses applies through a circular issued in February 2026. Above all regional rules, Permentan 32/2025 applies to service horses throughout Indonesia, supervised by the minister, governors, and regents or mayors within their powers.

Evidence: [Perda Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Nomor 5 Tahun 2016 tentang Moda Transportasi Tradisional Becak dan Andong](https://yogyakarta.bpk.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/perda-prop.-diy-no-5-th-2016.pdf) · [Perda Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Nomor 5 Tahun 2016 tentang Moda Transportasi Tradisional Becak dan Andong](https://yogyakarta.bpk.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/perda-prop.-diy-no-5-th-2016.pdf) · [Perda Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Nomor 5 Tahun 2016 tentang Moda Transportasi Tradisional Becak dan Andong](https://yogyakarta.bpk.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/perda-prop.-diy-no-5-th-2016.pdf) · [Perda Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Nomor 5 Tahun 2016 tentang Moda Transportasi Tradisional Becak dan Andong](https://yogyakarta.bpk.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/perda-prop.-diy-no-5-th-2016.pdf) · [Perda Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Nomor 5 Tahun 2016 tentang Moda Transportasi Tradisional Becak dan Andong](https://yogyakarta.bpk.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/perda-prop.-diy-no-5-th-2016.pdf) · [RRI Mataram: Cidomo Gili Trawangan, Warisan Kearifan Lokal yang Tetap Bertahan (30 Juli 2026)](https://rri.co.id/mataram/wisata/2611079/cidomo-gili-trawanganwarisan-kearifan-lokal-yang-tetap-bertahan) · [RRI Mataram: Cidomo Gili Trawangan, Warisan Kearifan Lokal yang Tetap Bertahan (30 Juli 2026)](https://rri.co.id/mataram/wisata/2611079/cidomo-gili-trawanganwarisan-kearifan-lokal-yang-tetap-bertahan) · [Pinsky TC, Puja IK, Aleri J, Hood J, Sasadara MM, Collins T (2019) A Pilot Welfare Assessment of Working Ponies on Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. Animals 9(7):433](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6680438/) · [Grafikanews: Cidomo dan Sepeda di Gili Trawangan Mulai Ditarik Retribusi (16 Oktober 2023)](https://grafikanews.com/berita-cidomo-dan-sepeda-di-gili-trawangan-mulai-ditarik-retribusi.html) · [Grafikanews: Cidomo dan Sepeda di Gili Trawangan Mulai Ditarik Retribusi (16 Oktober 2023)](https://grafikanews.com/berita-cidomo-dan-sepeda-di-gili-trawangan-mulai-ditarik-retribusi.html) · [Tanjung TV: Tidak Ada Penambahan Cidomo di 3 Gili, Dinas Perhubungan Lombok Utara Pastikan Penertiban (5 Oktober 2024)](https://tanjungtv.com/tidak-ada-penambahan-cidomo-di-3-gili-dinas-perhubungan-lombok-utara-pastikan-penertiban-ketat/) · [Tanjung TV: Tidak Ada Penambahan Cidomo di 3 Gili, Dinas Perhubungan Lombok Utara Pastikan Penertiban (5 Oktober 2024)](https://tanjungtv.com/tidak-ada-penambahan-cidomo-di-3-gili-dinas-perhubungan-lombok-utara-pastikan-penertiban-ketat/) · [Tanjung TV: Tidak Ada Penambahan Cidomo di 3 Gili, Dinas Perhubungan Lombok Utara Pastikan Penertiban (5 Oktober 2024)](https://tanjungtv.com/tidak-ada-penambahan-cidomo-di-3-gili-dinas-perhubungan-lombok-utara-pastikan-penertiban-ketat/) · [ANTARA NTB: Lombok Utara ingin gantikan Cidomo dengan kendaraan listrik di Gili Trawangan (28 Juli 2023)](https://mataram.antaranews.com/berita/289488/lombok-utara-ingin-gantikan-cidomo-dengan-kendaraan-listrik-di-gili-trawangan) · [ANTARA NTB: Lombok Utara ingin gantikan Cidomo dengan kendaraan listrik di Gili Trawangan (28 Juli 2023)](https://mataram.antaranews.com/berita/289488/lombok-utara-ingin-gantikan-cidomo-dengan-kendaraan-listrik-di-gili-trawangan) · [Kompas.com: Kusir Delman di Bandung Getok Wisatawan Rp 600.000, Pemkot Tindak Tegas (22 April 2025)](https://travel.kompas.com/read/2025/04/22/101000427/kusir-delman-di-bandung-getok-wisatawan-rp-600.000-pemkot-tindak-tegas) · [Kompas.com: Kusir Delman di Bandung Getok Wisatawan Rp 600.000, Pemkot Tindak Tegas (22 April 2025)](https://travel.kompas.com/read/2025/04/22/101000427/kusir-delman-di-bandung-getok-wisatawan-rp-600.000-pemkot-tindak-tegas) · [Radar Bromo: Kuda-Kuda di Bromo Dilarang Diwarnai, Pemkab Probolinggo Keluarkan SE (9 Februari 2026)](https://radarbromo.jawapos.com/probolinggo/2602090015/kuda-kuda-di-bromo-dilarang-diwarnai-dinilai-rusak-citra-pariwisata-pemkab-probolinggo-keluarkan-se) · [Permentan Nomor 32 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/405742/Permentan%20Nomor%2032%20Tahun%202025.pdf)

## Can horse dung cause tetanus? Horse diseases worth knowing about

According to WHO, tetanus spores (Clostridium tetani) are everywhere in the environment, especially in soil, ash, the gut and faeces of animals and humans, on skin and on rusty objects. So horse dung can carry spores, but tetanus develops only when spores get into a cut or wound; it does not pass from person to person and is preventable by vaccination. Tetanus is a medical emergency. Anyone wounded, bitten or kicked by a horse should go to a health facility promptly.

Horses are vulnerable too. A scientific review of working equid diseases in low- and middle-income countries says tetanus is very common in working equids because vaccines are unavailable there, and that it is linked to tethering and harness wounds.

Glanders is a contagious and fatal disease of horses, donkeys and mules caused by the bacterium Burkholderia mallei, and it can pass to humans. Indonesia's quarantine disease list (Ministerial Decree 3238/2009) classes glanders as an exotic, zoonotic disease. In 2018 the Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health declared the Pulomas equestrian venue compartment in Jakarta free of glanders and five other horse diseases after two years of surveillance and laboratory testing. The same review describes glanders as an occupational illness that is fatal if untreated.

A more everyday problem is worms. The Gadjah Mada study found worm eggs in 11.8% of andong horse dung samples; worm infections can cause weakness, weight loss, colic, loss of appetite, diarrhoea and even death.

Evidence: [WHO: Tetanus fact sheet (15 July 2026)](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tetanus) · [WHO: Tetanus fact sheet (15 July 2026)](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tetanus) · [WHO: Tetanus fact sheet (15 July 2026)](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tetanus) · [WHO: Tetanus fact sheet (15 July 2026)](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tetanus) · [WHO: Tetanus fact sheet (15 July 2026)](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tetanus) · [Bonsi M, Anderson NE, Carder G (2023) The Socioeconomic Impact of Diseases of Working Equids in Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Critical Review. Animals 13(24):3865](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10741040/) · [WOAH Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals: Glanders and melioidosis](https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/03/3-05-11-glanders.pdf) · [WOAH Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals: Glanders and melioidosis](https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/03/3-05-11-glanders.pdf) · [Keputusan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 3238/Kpts/PD.630/9/2009 tentang Penggolongan Jenis-jenis Hama Penyakit Hewan Karantina (lampiran, salinan teks di Pasal.id)](https://pasal.id/peraturan/permen/permentan-no-3238-kpts-pd-630-9-2009-tahun-2009) · [Keputusan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 3238/Kpts/PD.630/9/2009 tentang Penggolongan Jenis-jenis Hama Penyakit Hewan Karantina (lampiran, salinan teks di Pasal.id)](https://pasal.id/peraturan/permen/permentan-no-3238-kpts-pd-630-9-2009-tahun-2009) · [Republika: OtoVet Deklarasikan Zona Bebas Penyakit Kuda Jakarta (25 Juli 2018)](https://news.republika.co.id/berita/pceyea453/otovet-deklarasikan-zona-bebas-penyakit-kuda-jakarta) · [Republika: OtoVet Deklarasikan Zona Bebas Penyakit Kuda Jakarta (25 Juli 2018)](https://news.republika.co.id/berita/pceyea453/otovet-deklarasikan-zona-bebas-penyakit-kuda-jakarta) · [Republika: OtoVet Deklarasikan Zona Bebas Penyakit Kuda Jakarta (25 Juli 2018)](https://news.republika.co.id/berita/pceyea453/otovet-deklarasikan-zona-bebas-penyakit-kuda-jakarta) · [Bonsi M, Anderson NE, Carder G (2023) The Socioeconomic Impact of Diseases of Working Equids in Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Critical Review. Animals 13(24):3865](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10741040/) · [Pranaja MRS et al. (2024) Kajian Kesehatan Kuda Andong di Kawasan Pantai Parangtritis dan Malioboro dari Sudut Pandang Manajemen Pemeliharaan. Jurnal Sain Veteriner 42(3):471-482](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jsv/article/download/100737/40724) · [Pranaja MRS et al. (2024) Kajian Kesehatan Kuda Andong di Kawasan Pantai Parangtritis dan Malioboro dari Sudut Pandang Manajemen Pemeliharaan. Jurnal Sain Veteriner 42(3):471-482](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jsv/article/download/100737/40724)

## Where can drivers and owners get their horses checked? Puskeswan and government services

Permentan 32/2025 defines a Puskeswan (Pusat Kesehatan Hewan, animal health centre) as a unit providing animal health services, alongside private vets, animal clinics and animal hospitals. Owners of service animals must recognise signs of illness in the stable or at work and promptly take the animal to the nearest animal health service. Health care is carried out by the owner, a vet, or a veterinary paraprofessional supervised by a vet.

Some local governments have stepped in. In April 2025 Yogyakarta city's agriculture and food office examined Malioboro's andong horses free of charge, giving deworming, vitamins and ointment and teaching drivers about horse health and welfare. In August 2025 the Probolinggo agriculture office ran a livestock health post for 211 horses at Bromo. Government Regulation 95/2012 requires governors, regents and mayors to guide animal owners and handlers by providing facilities, outreach and education.

The gaps are still wide: 54.3% of the andong drivers in the Gadjah Mada study had never taken their horse to a vet, and the Gili Trawangan study recorded poor access to veterinary services. Drivers and owners can ask the local Puskeswan or the district or city livestock and animal health office about check-ups, deworming and wound treatment. WOAH advises owners who suspect illness they cannot manage to seek a vet's advice. Community groups may also run animal welfare training, as long as they report it to the relevant office.

Evidence: [Permentan Nomor 32 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/405742/Permentan%20Nomor%2032%20Tahun%202025.pdf) · [Permentan Nomor 32 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/405742/Permentan%20Nomor%2032%20Tahun%202025.pdf) · [Permentan Nomor 32 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/405742/Permentan%20Nomor%2032%20Tahun%202025.pdf) · [Permentan Nomor 32 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/405742/Permentan%20Nomor%2032%20Tahun%202025.pdf) · [Pemerintah Kota Yogyakarta: Pemeriksaan Kesehatan Kuda di Malioboro Dukung Layanan Wisata Kota Yogya (25 April 2025)](https://warta.jogjakota.go.id/detail/index/39471/pemeriksaan-kesehatan-kuda-di-malioboro-dukung-layanan-wisata-kota-yogya-2025-04-25) · [Pemerintah Kota Yogyakarta: Pemeriksaan Kesehatan Kuda di Malioboro Dukung Layanan Wisata Kota Yogya (25 April 2025)](https://warta.jogjakota.go.id/detail/index/39471/pemeriksaan-kesehatan-kuda-di-malioboro-dukung-layanan-wisata-kota-yogya-2025-04-25) · [Pemerintah Kota Yogyakarta: Pemeriksaan Kesehatan Kuda di Malioboro Dukung Layanan Wisata Kota Yogya (25 April 2025)](https://warta.jogjakota.go.id/detail/index/39471/pemeriksaan-kesehatan-kuda-di-malioboro-dukung-layanan-wisata-kota-yogya-2025-04-25) · [ANTARA Jawa Timur: Pemkab Probolinggo buka layanan kesehatan kuda di Gunung Bromo (1 September 2025)](https://jatim.antaranews.com/berita/968977/pemkab-probolinggo-buka-layanan-kesehatan-kuda-di-gunung-bromo) · [ANTARA Jawa Timur: Pemkab Probolinggo buka layanan kesehatan kuda di Gunung Bromo (1 September 2025)](https://jatim.antaranews.com/berita/968977/pemkab-probolinggo-buka-layanan-kesehatan-kuda-di-gunung-bromo) · [PP Nomor 95 Tahun 2012 tentang Kesehatan Masyarakat Veteriner dan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/35362/PP%20Nomor%2095%20Tahun%202012.pdf) · [PP Nomor 95 Tahun 2012 tentang Kesehatan Masyarakat Veteriner dan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/35362/PP%20Nomor%2095%20Tahun%202012.pdf) · [Pranaja MRS et al. (2024) Kajian Kesehatan Kuda Andong di Kawasan Pantai Parangtritis dan Malioboro dari Sudut Pandang Manajemen Pemeliharaan. Jurnal Sain Veteriner 42(3):471-482](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jsv/article/download/100737/40724) · [Pinsky TC, Puja IK, Aleri J, Hood J, Sasadara MM, Collins T (2019) A Pilot Welfare Assessment of Working Ponies on Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. Animals 9(7):433](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6680438/) · [WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 7.12: Welfare of working equids (first adopted 2016, updated 2018)](https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_working_equids.pdf) · [Permentan Nomor 32 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/405742/Permentan%20Nomor%2032%20Tahun%202025.pdf) · [Permentan Nomor 32 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/405742/Permentan%20Nomor%2032%20Tahun%202025.pdf)

## How to help

- Look at the horse before you get in. Walk away if it seems dull, thin or lame, is sweating heavily or panting, or has wounds at the mouth, on the back or where the harness rubs.
- Do not add to the load. In Yogyakarta an andong may carry at most six passengers; do not pile heavy luggage onto a cidomo, and walk if a Bromo horse looks tired or too small for you.
- Avoid the hottest hours and never ask the driver to go faster. Ask whether the horse has had water and rest; WOAH recommends breaks with drinking water at least every two hours.
- On Gili Trawangan, walk or cycle for short trips; the island has no motor traffic, and every unnecessary ride is extra work for a horse.
- Do not pay for rides or photos with horses that have been painted or dyed. At Bromo the practice has been banned since February 2026.
- If you see a horse being beaten, forced to work after collapsing, or left without water or shade, do not intervene physically. Note the time, place and cart number, film if it is safe, and report it to the police (110) or the district or city livestock or agriculture office. See our emergency guide to reporting animal cruelty.
- Drivers and owners: ask your local Puskeswan or animal health office about free check-ups, deworming, wound treatment and training.
- Raise concerns about horses' condition with the tourism operator and the local government, not only on social media; district and city offices must follow up public reports.
- If you want to donate, first check the organisation's registration and accounts using our guide to checking an appeal. PanduanHewan does not take donations.
- Volunteer only through official programmes supervised by vets or the animal health office. Untrained volunteers should not examine, treat or handle horses.

## Common questions

### What is a cidomo?

A cidomo is a passenger cart on two car tyres, pulled by one horse, used on Lombok and the Gili islands. The name combines cikar, dokar and mobil (car). Its exact origin is unknown, but on Gili Trawangan cidomo have been widely used since tourism took off in the 1980s.

### Are horse carriages cruel, and should I ride a horse cart on the Gili islands?

Not necessarily, but the risks are real. On Gili Trawangan in 2017 most ponies examined had wounds and foot problems, and 30% of drivers said they would work an ill or injured pony. A healthy horse that works no more than six hours a day with water and rest, and is not overloaded, meets the WOAH standard. If in doubt, check the horse's condition, or walk or cycle instead.

### How old are the Gili Trawangan horses, and how long do they live?

There is no official data on the life expectancy of Gili horses. In the 2017 study sample the ponies' average age was eight, and 31.4% were 11 or older. All the ponies examined were stallions, and 91.9% had been brought from Lombok.

### Is horse dung dangerous? Can it cause tetanus?

Tetanus spores live in soil, ash and the faeces of animals and humans, including horse dung. Tetanus develops when spores enter a wound; it does not spread between people and is preventable by vaccination. If you are wounded, bitten or kicked by a horse, go to a health facility promptly.

### What is glanders, and is it found in Indonesia?

Glanders is a contagious, fatal disease of horses, donkeys and mules caused by Burkholderia mallei, and it can infect humans. Indonesia's 2009 quarantine disease list classes it as exotic and zoonotic. The most recent official surveillance statement we found is the 2018 declaration that the Pulomas equestrian venue compartment in Jakarta was free of glanders.

### Do Yogyakarta andong have to carry dung bags or horse nappies?

Yogyakarta's Regional Regulation No. 5 of 2016 requires every andong to carry a dung catcher, a feed container and a water container. Horse nappies are not compulsory; in April 2025 the mayor only floated the idea because dung catchers do not hold urine.

### Why are some Bromo horses painted pink or rainbow colours, and is it allowed?

In January 2026, videos of Bromo tourist horses with pink, purple and rainbow manes went viral; owners were thought to colour them to attract riders and people wanting photos. Since 6 February 2026 the Probolinggo tourism office has banned the practice in any form as inconsistent with animal welfare, following a letter from the Ministry of Tourism. Horses already coloured must be returned to their natural colour.

### Are horses a protected species in Indonesia?

Domestic horses do not appear in the annex to P.106/2018, Indonesia's list of protected species, and the head of the Bromo Tengger Semeru national park authority has said tourist horses are not wildlife because they are kept. Horses are still covered by the cruelty provisions of KUHP Articles 337 and 338, Law 41/2014 and Permentan 32/2025.

### How do I report horse abuse in Indonesia?

Note the time, place and cart number and film if it is safe, without intervening physically. Report to the police on 110 or to the district or city livestock or agriculture office, which Permentan 32/2025 requires to follow up public reports. Law 41/2014 even obliges anyone who knows of animal abuse to report it.

### How many horses are there in Indonesia?

The 2024 livestock and animal health statistics record about 125,800 horses (preliminary), most of them in South Sulawesi (67,690) and East Nusa Tenggara (29,477).

Readers outside Indonesia can [help working horses](https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/appeals/working-horses/) with World Animal Rescue Network. Related site: PanduanHewan’s founder is also a director of World Animal Rescue Network. PanduanHewan does not accept donations.

## Sources

- [Kementan: Statistik Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan 2024, Tabel 8.5 Populasi Kuda](https://satudata.pertanian.go.id/assets/docs/publikasi/Buku_Statistik_PKH_2024_.pdf)
- [WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 7.12: Welfare of working equids (first adopted 2016, updated 2018)](https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_working_equids.pdf)
- [Pinsky TC, Puja IK, Aleri J, Hood J, Sasadara MM, Collins T (2019) A Pilot Welfare Assessment of Working Ponies on Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. Animals 9(7):433](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6680438/)
- [Pranaja MRS et al. (2024) Kajian Kesehatan Kuda Andong di Kawasan Pantai Parangtritis dan Malioboro dari Sudut Pandang Manajemen Pemeliharaan. Jurnal Sain Veteriner 42(3):471-482](https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jsv/article/download/100737/40724)
- [Pemerintah Kota Yogyakarta: Pemeriksaan Kesehatan Kuda di Malioboro Dukung Layanan Wisata Kota Yogya (25 April 2025)](https://warta.jogjakota.go.id/detail/index/39471/pemeriksaan-kesehatan-kuda-di-malioboro-dukung-layanan-wisata-kota-yogya-2025-04-25)
- [ANTARA Jawa Timur: Pemkab Probolinggo buka layanan kesehatan kuda di Gunung Bromo (1 September 2025)](https://jatim.antaranews.com/berita/968977/pemkab-probolinggo-buka-layanan-kesehatan-kuda-di-gunung-bromo)
- [Perda Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Nomor 5 Tahun 2016 tentang Moda Transportasi Tradisional Becak dan Andong](https://yogyakarta.bpk.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/perda-prop.-diy-no-5-th-2016.pdf)
- [UU Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP), berlaku 2 Januari 2026](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/287456/UU%20Nomor%201%20Tahun%202023.pdf)
- [ANTARA NTB: Lombok Utara ingin gantikan Cidomo dengan kendaraan listrik di Gili Trawangan (28 Juli 2023)](https://mataram.antaranews.com/berita/289488/lombok-utara-ingin-gantikan-cidomo-dengan-kendaraan-listrik-di-gili-trawangan)
- [detikBali: Dugaan Eksploitasi Kuda Picu Ajakan Boikot Gili Trawangan (23 Juni 2026)](https://www.detik.com/bali/nusra/d-8544477/dugaan-eksploitasi-kuda-picu-ajakan-boikot-gili-trawangan)
- [ANTARA Yogyakarta: Wali Kota Yogyakarta gagas penggunaan popok untuk kuda andong di kawasan Malioboro (9 April 2025)](https://jogja.antaranews.com/berita/739717/wali-kota-yogyakarta-gagas-penggunaan-popok-untuk-kuda-andong-di-kawasan-malioboro)
- [Kompas.com: Video Viral Kuda Delman Terkapar Kelelahan, Dipaksa Berdiri dengan Dicambuk (14 Januari 2021)](https://regional.kompas.com/read/2021/01/14/19011921/video-viral-kuda-delman-terkapar-kelelahan-dipaksa-berdiri-dengan-dicambuk?page=all)
- [Radar Bromo: Kuda-Kuda di Bromo Dilarang Diwarnai, Pemkab Probolinggo Keluarkan SE (9 Februari 2026)](https://radarbromo.jawapos.com/probolinggo/2602090015/kuda-kuda-di-bromo-dilarang-diwarnai-dinilai-rusak-citra-pariwisata-pemkab-probolinggo-keluarkan-se)
- [Disporaparbud Kabupaten Probolinggo: Peraturan kunjungan Gunung Bromo](https://disporaparbud.probolinggokab.go.id/peraturan/gunung-bromo)
- [Permentan Nomor 32 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/405742/Permentan%20Nomor%2032%20Tahun%202025.pdf)
- [Söderroos D et al. (2025) Physiological response to weight carrying and associations with conformation traits in Icelandic horses used for tour riding. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12180175/)
- [UU Nomor 41 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan atas UU Nomor 18 Tahun 2009 tentang Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/28131/UU%20Nomor%2041%20Tahun%202014.pdf)
- [JDIH BPK: UU No. 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (metadata)](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/234935/uu-no-1-tahun-2023)
- [PP Nomor 95 Tahun 2012 tentang Kesehatan Masyarakat Veteriner dan Kesejahteraan Hewan](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/35362/PP%20Nomor%2095%20Tahun%202012.pdf)
- [JDIH BPK: UU No. 1 Tahun 2026 tentang Penyesuaian Pidana (metadata)](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/337869/uu-no-1-tahun-2026)
- [UU Nomor 1 Tahun 2026 tentang Penyesuaian Pidana](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/400929/UU%20Nomor%201%20Tahun%202026.pdf)
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